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# SGS Beta Carbon Dating Service, Stable Isotope Analysis
radiocarbon dating lab
## Posts
### [SGS Beta 2026年 休業日のお知らせ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-holiday-schedule/)
**Published:** January 4, 2026
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:**
December 24, 2026 – January 1, 2027 (all dates inclusive) – Christmas and New Year
**Content:**
- - January 1-2 (New Year)
- March 4
- May 25 (Memorial Day)
- July 3 (Independence Day)
- September 7 (Labor Day)
- November 26-27 (Thanksgiving Holiday)
- December 24, 2026 – January 1, 2027 (all dates inclusive) – Christmas and New Year
## 
## C-14 Dating Lab SGS Beta
SGS Beta is an accredited ISO/IEC 17025:2017 [radiocarbon dating lab](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-radiocarbon-lab.htm) based in Florida, USA, with a European office in London and forwarding facilities around the globe. Founded in 1979 as Beta Analytic, the lab’s commitment to meet the scientific community’s demand for fast yet accurate carbon dating analysis led to immediate success. SGS Beta has been the world leader in Carbon-14 measurements for over three decades, having reported thousands of dates since inception.
The lab uses [Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm) technology. SGS Beta has multiple AMS with very high redundancy in spare parts ensuring that delivery times are rapid (2-14 days) and can be met consistently. The standard service includes d13C measurements, calendar calibration when applicable, quality assurance reports and 24/7 web access to past results and pending analyses, including pictures of samples analysed.
SGS Beta’s research associates and technical managers welcome discussion before, during, and after the analyses. Clients are not charged for technical support.
Customer support is available in 10 foreign languages. Multiple currencies are available for billing, depending on the region.
**You might also be interested in:**
[Carbon Dating Cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
[Stable Isotope Analysis Cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm)
[Join our mailing list](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm) to receive news of our upcoming webinars.
**Categories:** SGS Beta Updates
**Tags:** Accelerator Mass Spectrometry facilities, ams laboratories, ams miami lab, carbon dating service, carbon dating services, radiocarbon dating companies, radiocarbon dating labs, radiocarbon dating prices, radiocarbon dating services, stable isotope analysis laboratory
---
### [Free Webinar: Choosing Optimal Bone Samples for Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/optimal-bone-samples-radiocarbon-dating/)
**Published:** October 6, 2021
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** REGISTER HERE (available on demand)
Topics include: Isotopes in dating, diets and migration studies
Live Webinar: October 21, 2021
Speaker: Dr. Maren Pauly, Scientific Associate at Beta Analytic and Isobar Science
**Content:**
[**REGISTER HERE**](https://us02web.zoom.us/rec/share/62cAvHnsVGUfRSkDVqjaxOTkmXG6TGwEh67h8UzOXroBVn_pZvJ-T4bG55tMGSfA.hc1MRehz3unQ3--H) (available on demand)
Topics include: Isotopes in dating, diets and migration studies
Live Webinar: October 21, 2021
Speaker: Maren Pauly, PhD
## Webinar Topics
Aside from information on selecting optimal bone sample types and methods of preparation, this webinar will also cover:
- Basics on dating bone samples: [Carbon-14 vs U-Th dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/uranium-thorium-dating-webinar/)
- [Marine reservoir effects](https://www.radiocarbon.com/marine-reservoir-effect.htm), diagenesis and other common issues
- Isotopic applications including migration studies and dietary reconstructions
Dr. Pauly will also discuss the factors to consider when choosing a lab for analysis and the best practices in collecting, handling and packing bones for submission.
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
## About the Speaker
Maren Pauly is a paleoclimatologist with a PhD in Natural Sciences. She completed her Master of Science and Bachelor of Science degrees at the University of Waterloo in Canada and her PhD at the Freie Universität Berlin. Her research experience includes reconstructing climate from modern corals and subfossil tree-rings as well as Late Glacial radiocarbon calibration.
## About Beta Analytic & Isobar Science
Miami-based Beta Analytic is an ISO 17025-accredited **radiocarbon dating** laboratory, which also provides stable isotope analysis for several materials, including:
– [δ13C + δ15N + %C + %N + C:N for non-cremated bones](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dietary-isotopic-analysis.htm)
– [δ13C + δ18O for carbonates](https://www.radiocarbon.com/oxygen-isotopes.htm)
– [δ17O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/water-isotope-d17oxygen.htm) and [δD + δ18O + δ13C on water DIC](https://www.radiocarbon.com/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm)
Isobar Science provides **Uranium-Thorium dating**, strontium analysis and geochemical fingerprinting services, among others. The company specializes in high-precision elemental analysis of isotopes, isotope ratios using wet chemistry, (LA-)MC-ICP-MS, and IRMS.
[Radiocarbon Dating Price Inquiry](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
[Stable Isotope Analysis Cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm)
[Join our mailing list](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm) to receive news of upcoming webinars by Beta and its subsidiaries as well as other industry updates.
**\* Free Webinars Available on Demand \***
[Paleoclimatology: Isotopes in Dating and Climate-Proxy Relationships](https://www.radiocarbon.com/what-is-paleoclimatology-webinar/)
[Geochemical Fingerprinting Webinar: Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb Isotopes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/geochemical-fingerprinting-webinar/)
[Introduction to Lead (Pb) Isotopes and Applications](https://www.radiocarbon.com/lead-pb-isotopes-webinar/)
**Categories:** SGS Beta Updates, SGS Beta Webinars
---
### [Join our Free Webinar on Isotopes in Marine Environments](https://www.radiocarbon.com/marine-environment-isotopes-webinar/)
**Published:** October 7, 2022
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** Isotopes & Dating in Marine Environments
REGISTER HERE (FREE)
Live Webinar: Oct. 25, 2022 - Available on Demand
Speaker: Maren Pauly, PhD (Beta Analytic & Isobar Science Scientific Associate) * Also available with Simplified Chinese subtitles *
**Content:**
Beta Analytic and Isobar Science invite researchers focused on marine environments to join this webinar:
**Isotopes & Dating in Marine Environments**
**Live Webinar: Oct. 25, 2022** \* Available on Demand \*
Speaker: Maren Pauly, PhD (Beta Analytic & Isobar Science Scientific Associate)
[\* Also available with Simplified Chinese subtitles \*](https://gqeoc.xet.tech/s/1xKWoL)
[REGISTER HERE](https://us02web.zoom.us/webinar/register/rec/WN_nN8FLZXURkKsNUi4-IP-AA?meetingId=wPDyHzV00t17Km6LHLUYGXqn2zw-mup1pffOFJAG8dHH9Fm1_ysYBSFTC5Q__5kX.aJnQJMnGhqfLI5k3&playId=&action=play?hasValidToken=false&originRequestUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fus02web.zoom.us%2Frec%2Fshare%2FpQ70o4wnXBRGiS14QGrMIjCfYSHscf1uD5DW_vcV8_w_YyI-tCBOfUFjcj-0tw_M.G84uCrsVj7SE8NgB#/registration)
## **What to expect at this webinar**
Dr. Pauly will give an overview on [Carbon-14 dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm) vs Uranium-Thorium dating vs 87Sr/86Sr measurements. Other topics include:
- Isotopes in marine environments (d18O, d13C, B, Pb, Sr, Nd, Hf)
- Common sample types analyzed; and
- Sampling & submission recommendations
Arash Sharifi, PhD (Isobar Science VP of Laboratory Operations) and Keiran Swart (Isobar Science Laboratory Specialist) will also be joining the question and answer session after the presentation.
**UPDATE: Isobar Science discontinued the Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb service starting January 2024.**
## **About the Speakers**
[Dr. Maren Pauly](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maren-Pauly) is a paleoclimatologist who completed her PhD at the Freie Universität Berlin. Her research experience includes reconstructing climate from modern corals and subfossil tree-rings as well as Late Glacial radiocarbon calibration. She completed her Master of Science and Bachelor of Science degrees at the University of Waterloo in Canada.
Dr. Arash Sharifi specializes in the application of organic and inorganic geochemistry in reconstructing past climate and environmental conditions. He completed his M.Sc. in earth system science at the University of California-Irvine and his PhD in marine geology and geophysics at the University of Miami.
[Mr. Keiran Swart ](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Keiran-Swart) is a laboratory specialist at Isobar Science and a member of Beta Analytic’s Research & Development team. He completed his Bachelor of Science degree in geoscience at the University of Miami and his Master’s degree in marine geochemistry at Princeton University.
## Interested in Carbon-14 or U-Th Dating?
For carbon-14 dating price inquiries or quotation requests, please use [this form](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm). A Beta Analytic account manager will be reaching out with the information requested.
If you have any questions on U-Th dating or 87Sr/86Sr measurement, please email Isobar Science using [this form.](https://isobarscience.com/contact-us/)
## **More Free Webinars**
**Available on demand:**
[Strontium Isotopes Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/strontium-isotopes-webinar/)
[Introduction to Lead (Pb) Isotopes and Applications](https://www.radiocarbon.com/lead-pb-isotopes-webinar/)[Carbon-14 dating vs U-Th dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/uranium-thorium-dating-webinar/)
[Boron and its Occurrence in Water](https://www.radiocarbon.com/boron-isotopes/)
[Application of Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb Isotope Systematics in Earth Science](https://www.radiocarbon.com/geochemical-fingerprinting-webinar/)
---
[Join our mailing list](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm) to receive news of upcoming webinars by Beta and its subsidiaries as well as other industry updates.
**Categories:** SGS Beta Updates, SGS Beta Webinars
---
### [Radiocarbon Dating DIC and DOC in Water](https://www.radiocarbon.com/water-dic-doc-free-webinar/)
**Published:** November 7, 2023
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** Radiocarbon Dating Water DIC & DOC
REGISTER HERE (FREE)
Live Webinar: November 16, 2023 - 2 PM Eastern Time (US and Canada)
**Content:**
Join this FREE webinar on November 16, 2023, at 2:00 PM Eastern Time (US and Canada).
Speakers: Amy M. Scott, PhD (Beta Analytic Director – Research and Development) and Sean P. Ahearn, M.Sc, GIT (Beta Analytic Scientist – Research and Development)
---
#### [**REGISTER NOW**](https://us02web.zoom.us/webinar/register/9216980513560/WN_rq5G8HxCQ4CrEe0Ap1ux4A)
---
## **What to expect at this webinar:**
Dr. Scott and Mr. Ahearn will give a brief overview on [Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm) versus [Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/water-doc-dating.htm). They will also talk about Beta Analytic R&D department’s case studies, including the use of brown Nalgene (HDPE) versus amber glass bottles when collecting water samples for [radiocarbon dating.](https://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm)
**Other topics include:**
- Beta Analytic’s requirements on DOC concentration, salinity and filtration;
- Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopic tracking of aromatic carbon; and
- UV oxidation and conversion of 14CDOC to 14CO2 for radiocarbon analysis.
## About the Speakers
Dr. Amy M. Scott is currently the Director of R&D and manages the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and methane/hydrocarbon projects at Beta Analytic. Dr. Scott was a 2011 Camille and Henry Dreyfus Environmental Postdoctoral Fellow at Columbia University in New York City, and a postdoctoral researcher at Argonne National Laboratory in Chicago. She earned her Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry at Northwestern University in 2009. She has published 34 peer-reviewed scientific manuscripts.
Mr. Ahearn is a geologist and Research & Development Scientist at Beta Analytic. His water projects have been focused on understanding changes in water chemistry, ranging from nitrate pollution to carbon cycling (DIC/DOC).
He has both a B.Sc and M.Sc from the University of Miami’s Rosenstiel School of Marine Atmospheric and Earth Sciences division of Geosciences, where he focused on using geochemical techniques to evaluate [sediment](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-sediments.htm) and water sources in restricted environments.
Dr. Scott and Mr. Ahearn are co-authors of the research “Using environmental tracers to evaluate the preservation of palaeoclimate signals in aquifers of the London Basin, UK” published in the Journal of Hydrology in February 2023.
---
**You might also be interested in these free webinars available on demand:**
- [Strontium and Boron Isotopes in Hydrochemistry](https://www.radiocarbon.com/identify-pollution-sources-using-strontium-boron-isotopes/)
- [Isotopes 101: Dissolved Carbon](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/)
- [Isotopes in Hydrology](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/)
[Subscribe to our newsletter](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm) to receive news of upcoming webinars by Beta and its subsidiaries as well as other industry updates.
**Categories:** SGS Beta Updates, SGS Beta Webinars
**Tags:** 14c dating, radiocarbon analysis, radiocarbon dating companies
---
### [放射性炭素年代測定：骨コラーゲンサンプルの追加測定項目](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-bone-collagen/)
**Published:** February 27, 2018
**Author:** JP RC
**Excerpt:** Beta Analyticでは、試験所としての付加価値を高める継続的な取り組みの一環として、δ15Nおよびδ13C測定に加えて、火葬されていない骨から抽出したコラーゲンのC:N（C/N比）、％C（炭素含有率）、％N（窒素含有率）の測定を行っております。
**Content:**
Beta Analyticでは、試験所としての付加価値を高める継続的な取り組みの一環として、**δ15N**および**δ13C**測定に加えて、火葬されていない骨から抽出したコラーゲンの**C:N（C/N比）、％C**（炭素含有率）、**％N**（窒素含有率）の測定を行っております。
**放射性炭素年代測定用の試料を使用した場合、追加料金なしで、上記項目すべての測定が可能です。**
コラーゲンの品質は、[C:N（C/N比）、％C（炭素含有率）、％N（窒素含有率）](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-bones.htm)、 [δ13Cおよび δ15N](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/dietary-isotopic-analysis.htm)の測定値を使用して評価します。これらの測定値は、原始時代の食生活を含む食生活や栄養状態、その骨を取り巻く環境を決定づけるのに使用されます。
※すぐに試験依頼をご希望の方・・・弊社[ウェブサイト](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/index.htm)からご連絡ください。
※「放射性炭素年代測定って何？」とご検索して、当ブログを訪問してくださった方・・・[放射性炭素年代測定の基礎知識](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/about-carbon-dating.htm)をご覧ください。
## **「骨」を対象としたBeta Analyticの放射性炭素年代測定**
Beta Analyticでは、骨の測定に関して「スタンダード」と「タイムガード」という2種類のサービスをご提供しております。いずれのサービスにも加速器質量分析（AMS）技術を使用し、正確・精密な結果をお届けしております。
「スタンダード」のAMS年代測定サービスでは、米国のラボに試料到着後7営業日以内に結果をご報告します。「タイムガード」AMSサービスでは、さらに納期が短く米国のラボに試料到着後4営業日以内に結果をご報告しております。
火葬されていない骨のサンプルにつきましては、Beta Analyticでは[コラーゲンの抽出](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm)に加えて、ご要望があれば限外濾過を行うことも可能です。
限外濾過とは、フミン酸を除去する手段として、毎分あたりの回転数の高い超微細フィルターを通してコラーゲンを濾過することを指します。限外濾過をご希望の場合は、追加料金が適用されます。（料金については、[お問合せ](mailto:US.Info.Beta@sgs.com)ください）
炭素年代測定あ安定同位体の分析には、抽出されたコラーゲンではなく、骨のままの状態で送付いただくことを強くお勧めいたします。その理由の一つは、抽出されたコラーゲンで試験した場合、ISO/IEC17025：2017の規定によって、報告書には「骨コラーゲン」ではなく「有機物」という表示で記載されます。また、弊社で化学的な前処理や抽出を行わない場合、サンプルの品質に影響を及ぼす物質の特定もできなくなってしまうことも骨のままお送りいただくことをお勧めする理由です。
弊社のラボは米国のフロリダ州マイアミに位置し、試験所の品質を保証するISO 17025に認定された放射性炭素年代測定機関です。各地に代理店を持ち、世界規模で展開する一方、納期は業界最短サンプル受領後3-14営業日で対応をしております。
また、Beta Analyticは[トレーサーフリーラボ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-c14-tracerfree-lab/)、つまり、**クロス・コンタミネーションの危険を避けるため、薬物動態研究用のC14トレーサー・サンプルやその他の人工的にC14を付与された試料は一切お引受けしていないラボ**です。
なお、弊社では試験結果に完全な責任を持つために全ての工程を社内で行っております。
グラファイト化やAMS測定など部分的に下請に出すような”サテライト分析”は行いません。
## **安定同位体分析も無料で対応**
Beta Analyticの放射性炭素年代測定料金には、同位体比質量分析装置（IRMS）を使用した安定同位体δ13C（炭素13）の測定と暦年代較正の料金、そして該当する場合は、炭酸塩のδ18O(酸素同位体比)、水のδ18O (酸素同位体)とδD（重水素）測定の料金も含まれています。
また、超微量試料測定において、同等のサイズの複数の既知年代試料を品質管理試料として未知年代試料と同一ホイールで測定するサービスもスタンダード料金に含まれています。
さらに、試料サイズが小さすぎて測定がAMS年代測定が不可能だった場合には、キャンセル料金はいただきません。
お客様には品質保証レポートと無制限の技術サポートをご提供しており、過去/現在の分析結果と試料写真には24時間365日オンラインでアクセス可能、世界各国のお客様にサービスをご提供するため、10の言語で対応しております。
詳細は、[Email](mailto:US.Info.Beta@sgs.com)にてお問合せください。
参考記事：
- [「骨コラーゲンサンプルの追加測定項目」](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-bone-collagen/ "「骨コラーゲンサンプルの追加測定項目」")
- [放射性炭素年代測定：歯 vs 骨](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-miami-lab-teeth-bones/)
**Categories:** Japanese Articles
**Tags:** Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, carbon dating bones, carbon dating human bones, cost of radiocarbon dating, how much does carbon dating cost, how much does radiocarbon dating cost, radiocarbon dating bones, radiocarbon dating cost, stable isotope analysis
---
### [Beta Analytic Q&A: Do you Accept Beeswax for AMS Dating?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-lab-dating-beeswax/)
**Published:** June 14, 2013
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
We have dated beeswax, sometimes with good success, sometimes not. This is because no pretreatment for organic contaminants can be applied. Thus, if any younger or older carbon has been incorporated in the beeswax, it will be represented in the result.
Considering no pretreatment is required, 3-10 mg of beeswax should be enough for [radiocarbon dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm) but you can send more. With 3 mg of beeswax, we only have enough for one attempt.
## Sample Submission Guidelines
You can pack the beeswax in aluminum foil before placing it in a Ziplock bag.
To prevent shipping clearance delays, please use our recommended customs declaration when submitting samples directly to the lab in Miami (from outside the USA) – “Geological samples for scientific study – NO COMMERCIAL VALUE – Destroyed during analysis.”
If there’s a slot on the customs form for a Harmonized Tariff Number (also known as HS code), put the number 280300. The customs and carriage value should be USD 1.00. Please email the courier and tracking number to so we can help you monitor your package.
**Categories:** SGS Beta Updates
**Tags:** 14c dating, ams analysis, AMS lab, ams laboratories, ams miami lab, carbon dating service, carbon dating test, radiocarbon analysis, radiocarbon dating companies, radiocarbon dating labs, radiocarbon dating prices, radiocarbon dating services, radiocarbon testing, stable isotope analysis laboratory
---
### [測定結果を最短4営業日で。](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-c14-lab/)
**Published:** January 17, 2018
**Author:** JP RC
**Excerpt:** どのように放射性炭素年代測定機関を選ばれますか？
この質問を研究者の方にすると、締め切りが決められていない場合、多くの方は「予算」とお答えになります。
**Content:**
## どのように放射性炭素年代測定機関を選ばれますか？
この質問を研究者の方にすると、締め切りが決められていない場合、多くの方は「予算」とお答えになります。
しかし、特に締切が設定されていない場合であっても、短期間で結果が手に入ることによって、長い目で見るとコスト減につながることが多いのです。
弊社サービスの最大の特徴とされる**「短納期」**ですが、結果の到着が短いことで、みなさんの研究にどのような影響があるのでしょうか？
※すぐに試験依頼をご希望の方・・・弊社[ウェブサイト](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/index.htm "ウェブサイト")からご連絡ください。
※「放射性炭素年代測定って何？」とご検索して、当ブログを訪問してくださった方・・・[放射性炭素年代測定の基礎知識](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/about-carbon-dating.htm "放射性炭素年代測定の基礎知識")をご覧ください。
## フィールドワークの効率を上げる7営業日納期
Beta Analyticでは試料をラボが受領してから**通常７営業日、最短サービスお申込みの場合は、４営業日で結果をご報告しております。**
これによって、フィールドワーク中に、年代測定結果を手にすることも可能です。
よって、その後の調査の計画にすぐ反映させることができるため、結果が予想に沿っていなければ、アプローチ方法を変更したり、予想通りであれば、現在の計画をそのまま遂行したりと、限られた時間を有効に使えます。 時間の最善の使い方をすることが叶うだけでなく、さらには、結果が思わしくなかった場合に現地へ再度赴く必要がなくなりますので、高額な旅費も削減できることができ、調査効率を上げるという面で、非常にコストの削減につながるのです。
## フィールドワークのない分野でも速さは重要！
例え移動を伴わない研究であっても「速さ」というのは非常に重要です。
放射性炭素年代測定の結果を待っている数か月間で一体何ができるのでしょうか？
もし結果が予想通りだったら、すぐに論文や発表内容の構成に取り掛かれたり・・・
予想外の結果が出た場合は、すぐに計画を変更できたり・・・
特に急ぐ必要性がないと思っても、その結果を受けて進められる内容を考えれば、**７営業日で試験結果が届く価値は計り知れません。**忙しい研究者の方であれば、なおさら「時は金なり」という言葉の意味を普段から噛みしめていらっしゃるのではないでしょうか？
また、短納期のメリットをさらに上げるには、「試料を数回に分けて出すこと」をご提案いたします！
特に、結果が予想外であった場合、↑上記のメリットはさらに価値があります。なぜなら、最初に提出した試料の測定結果を受領後、他の試料も測定するかすぐに判断することができるからです。少量の試料をまずは測定して、結果が思わしくなければ、他の試料の分析料をこれ以上払う必要はなくなります。
ただし、最初の少量の試料の選択は、非常に重要です。総合的に判断して、他の試料の信頼性を確認できるような要となるような試料を測定することが重要となりますが、この部分は弊社では試料の選別ができませんので、研究者のみなさまの腕にかかっております。
## オンラインサービスでさらに便利に・・・
ISO 17025認定 放射性炭素年代測定機関Beta Analyticでは、上記にご説明したように短期間で試験結果をお届けしています。
試験結果は、便利なオンラインサービスで確認できますので、外出中でもオンタイムで閲覧が可能です。時間を節約して、コストの節約をしてみませんか？
### 最後に・・・
Beta Analyticでは、前処理後の試料が少なすぎて測定できなかった場合キャンセル料は不要です。
また、骨、炭酸塩、水の試料を測定の際、安定同位体の分析も無償でご提供しております。
ご不明点やご質問は、[US.Info.Beta@sgs.com](mailto:US.Info.Beta@sgs.com "email beta")へメールしていただくか、総代理店の[株式会社地球科学研究所](https://www.geolab.co.jp/c14-dating/ "株式会社地球科学研究所")までご連絡ください。
## まとめ
Beta Analyticは・・・
- サンプル受領後、4～7営業日で結果が報告されるので、時間の節約＝コストの削減になる
- オンラインサービスでフィールドワーク中でも確認が簡単
- キャンセル料や安定同位体測定費用が無料
※さらに詳しく知りたい方は、是非弊社[ウェブサイト](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/index.htm "ウェブサイト")をご覧ください。
※「放射性炭素年代測定って何？」とご検索してくださった方は、[放射性炭素年代測定の基礎知識](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/about-carbon-dating.htm "放射性炭素年代測定の基礎知識")をご覧ください。
**Categories:** Japanese Articles
**Tags:** c14 carbon dating, C14 Dating, C14 lab, c14 年代測定, carbon date
---
### [放射性炭素年代測定：歯 vs 骨](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-miami-lab-teeth-bones/)
**Published:** March 15, 2018
**Author:** JP RC
**Excerpt:** 研究者の方々から「放射性炭素年代測定に最も適しているのは、骨ですか？それとも歯ですか？」というご質問をよく頂戴いたします。
**Content:**
研究者の方々から**「放射性炭素年代測定に最も適しているのは、骨ですか？それとも歯ですか？」**というご質問をよく頂戴いたします。
弊社の経験からお答えしますと、どちらも年代測定に適しています。
しかし、いずれの場合も測定対象を決定する場合には、環境条件を考慮することが重要です。
※すぐに試験依頼をご希望の方・・・弊社[ウェブサイト](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/index.htm)からご連絡ください。
## **水中に沈められていたサンプル**
長期間、水に浸されていた骨は、十分なコラーゲンを含有していない可能性があります。
ほとんどの場合、コラーゲンタンパク質は骨から水に溶け出てしまうため、[放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/about-carbon-dating.htm)には適さないのです。こうした骨のサンプルは、共通して白く、もろく砕けやすく、ほんの少し圧力がかかっただけで、粉々に砕けてしまいます。
上記のような理由で、**長い間、骨が水にさらされていた場合は、歯の方が年代測定に適していると言えるでしょう。**歯は象牙質がエナメル守られているので、損傷から保護されています。
## **C14分析の推奨サンプルサイズ**
Beta Analyticでは、[骨および歯のAMS測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-bones.htm)を行っています。放射能分析（Radiometric法）による測定は行っておりませんのでご了承ください。
人間の歯については、切歯もしくは犬歯一本を丸ごとの状態がサンプルに適しています。大臼歯を送る場合は、4本の歯根の送付も必要となります。
動物の歯については、サンプルのサイズは、動物の種類によってことなります。大型の哺乳類の場合は、歯1本で十分ですが、小さい動物の場合は、一度弊社に必要量をご相談ください。
AMS年代測定に適している骨のサンプルサイズは、火葬前の骨は2-10g、火葬後のサンプルは4-40gです。AMS年代測定に最も適した骨の種類については、弊社では、体の大きめの骨（大腿骨、脛骨、上腕骨、顎、頭蓋骨板、肋骨など）から取った状態良い皮質骨を推奨しております。
関節部分、椎骨のようなスポンジ状の骨では、過酷な状況下では良い状態で残らない傾向があり、AMS年代測定に必要なコラーゲンが不足する可能性があります。
鳥類・魚類の骨の場合は、弊社に必要量をご相談ください。2-4gの試料では、前処理を施した後AMS年代測定を行うには、不十分な可能性があります。
## **骨コラーゲンのAMS年代測定を受け入れています**
Beta Analyticでは、抽出した骨コラーゲンのAMS年代測定をお引きすることが可能です。ただし、最終報告書では、ISO/IEC17025:2017規格の規定により、「骨コラーゲン」ではなく、「有機物」として記載されることを予めご了承ください。
また、弊社のラボにて化学的な前処理や抽出作業を行わない場合、サンプルの品質に影響を及ぼす作業が弊社の管理外および認定範囲外であるため、年代測定がなされたサンプルについての具体的な証言はできません。
## **粉状の骨（パウダーボーン）の年代測定について**
弊社では、粉状の骨を送ることを推奨しておりません。ドリルなどで削られ、提出前にパウダー状になってしまった骨は、正確な結果を得るために必要な前処理を十分に行えない可能性があります。粉状のサンプルを送る以外に選択肢がない場合は、骨を削ったり粉砕したりする前に、骨に付着している汚染物や入り込んでしまっている汚染物を確実に取り除いてください。多くの場合、物理的に表面を切り落とす作業と化学処理の両方が必要となります。
## **Beta AnalyticのAMS年代測定サービス**
骨、歯いずれの場合においても、弊社のスタンダードAMS年代測定サービスは、14営業日以内に結果をお知らせします。しかし、タンパク質があまり良い状態で保存されていなかったり、サンプルについて追加情報が必要となってしまった場合には、2－3日の日数が追加的にかかってしまう可能性があります。
Beta Analyticの試験機関は、米国フロリダ州マイアミに位置し、すべての分析/測定を一貫して行っております。サンプルはマイアミに直接、もしくは世界各地の代理店へお送りいただ毛ますようお願いいたします。代理店に送られたサンプルはすべて**弊社の費用で**速達便を使いマイアミに送られます。お問合せは、までご連絡ください。（日本語対応可）
**Categories:** Japanese Articles
**Tags:** Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, c14 carbon dating, C14 lab, c14 年代測定, carbon dating bones, carbon dating human bones, how much does carbon dating cost, radiocarbon dating bones, radiocarbon dating prices, stable isotope analysis laboratory
---
### [Beta Analytic Webinar: U-Th or Carbon-14 Dating?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/uranium-thorium-dating-webinar/)
**Published:** January 14, 2021
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** Live Webinar: January 27, 2021 * Available on Demand (Free) *
Speaker: Dr. Maren Pauly, Beta Analytic and Isobar Science account manager
* Also available with Simplified Chinese subtitles *
**Content:**
To learn how Uranium-Thorium Dating differs from Carbon-14 Dating, view Beta Analytic’s FREE webinar on demand – **[REGISTER HERE](https://us02web.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_0d-VKUjtQraIh5_vzN4tEA)** Live Webinar: January 27, 2021
Speaker: Dr. Maren Pauly, Beta Analytic and Isobar Science account manager
[\* Also available with Simplified Chinese subtitles \*](https://appz6xgdirm8364.h5.xiaoeknow.com/v1/course/video/v_60237813e4b05a9e88727d53?type=2 "* Also available with Simplified Chinese subtitles *")
## An Introduction to Uranium-Thorium Dating
Aside from the U-Th dating versus **Carbon-14 dating** topic, Dr. Pauly will also give a review on the chemistry behind U-Th dating as well as discuss U-Th dating advancements, limitations, and application examples.
Dr. Pauly is an experienced researcher on paleoclimatology (tree-rings, corals), radiocarbon calibration, and plant biology. Aside from her consulting work with Beta Analytic and Isobar Science, she is also a part-time lecturer in Plant Sciences at Bath Spa University since October 2019.
Please email if you have any questions for Dr. Pauly.
---
Duration: 1 minute, 50 seconds || Speaker: Maren Pauly, PhD
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
### About Beta Analytic & Isobar Science
Beta Analytic is an ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accredited Carbon-14 dating laboratory based in Miami, Florida, with forwarding offices in London, UK; Xiamen, China; Nagoya, Japan; Seoul, South Korea; and Taipei, Taiwan. Aside from radiocarbon dating, the lab also provides **[stable isotope analysis.](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dietary-isotopic-analysis.htm)**
Beta Analytic’s subsidiary Isobar Science specializes in high-precision elemental analysis of isotopes, isotope ratios using wet chemistry, (LA-)MC-ICP-MS, and IRMS. Services include Sr/Sr Isotopic Ratios, U/Th Dating, Sr-Nd-Hf Isotopic Ratios, Boron Isotopes and Pb Isotopes measurements.
[Carbon Dating Cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
[Stable Isotope Analysis Cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm)
[Join our mailing list](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm) to receive news of our upcoming webinars.
---
**You might find these other Beta Analytic webinars interesting:**
- [Boron Isotopic Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/boron-isotopes/)
- [Isotopes 101: Dissolved Carbon](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/)
- [Isotopes in Hydrology](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/)
- [An Introduction to Isotopic Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/)
**Categories:** SGS Beta Updates, SGS Beta Webinars
---
### [Radiocarbon Dating Bones Contaminated with PVA](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dating-pva-contaminated-bones/)
**Published:** February 23, 2022
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** Bones contaminated with polyvinyl acetate (PVA) require specialized pretreatment, such as solvent extractions, before radiocarbon dating. The success of the dating also varies if the bone has been soaked in PVA or if the PVA was applied in localized areas.
**Content:**
Bones contaminated with polyvinyl acetate (PVA) require specialized pretreatment, such as solvent extractions, before [radiocarbon dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm). The success of the dating also varies if the bone has been soaked in PVA or if the PVA was applied in localized areas where there were cracks or breaks. If the bone has been soaked and saturated in PVA, there is usually little chance of successful **carbon-14** dating.
## Solvent Extraction for Bones
PVA is typically soluble in a number of organic solvents such as acetone, ethanol, benzene and toluene. As such, the pretreatment of PVA-covered bones would consist of physical abrasion to remove the outer surfaces of the bone, if possible, depending on the shape and size of the sample, followed by solvent extractions.
Many times conservators make “unique” mixtures of these adhesives which may contain something that the solvent extractions cannot remove. Thus, there is no perfect method for the pretreatment.
## Radiocarbon Dating Prices for Bones
Beta Analytic offers high-quality radiocarbon dating of bones via [Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS).](https://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm) The cost per sample for bone samples contaminated with PVA is the AMS delivery service requested + Solvent Extractions + Collagen extractions. Beta’s AMS dating services are:
- AMS Standard – results are reported in 14 business days or less
- AMS Priority – 6 business days or less
A few additional days in the quoted turn-around time might be necessary for difficult bone samples.
If the sample size permits, Beta also provides d13C measurement for all types of bones + d15N, %C, %N, and C:N (except cremated bones). The d13C and d15N ratios are measured using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS).
[More information on Beta’s services for bones, antler & teeth](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bones.htm)
[Stable Isotope Analysis for bones also available NOT in conjunction with Carbon-14 Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dietary-isotopic-analysis.htm)
**Quotations/Estimates** – Please send information on the number of samples, service requested/turnaround time (AMS standard or priority), bone type (non-heated, fully charred or cremated bones) and the institution’s billing address using this [form](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm) or email .
### Free Webinars Relevant to Bone Samples
- [Choosing Optimal Bone Samples for Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/optimal-bone-samples-radiocarbon-dating/)
- [Carbon-14 vs Uranium-Thorium Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/uranium-thorium-dating-webinar/)
- [Geochemistry and Application of Strontium Isotopes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/strontium-isotopes-webinar/)
[Subscribe to Beta Analytic’s newsletter to receive company updates and upcoming webinars.](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm)
**Categories:** Radiocarbon Dating, SGS Beta Updates
---
### [Datation au radiocarbone d'os contaminés par du PVA](https://www.radiocarbon.com/datation-pva-contamination-os/)
**Published:** April 20, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Excerpt:** Les os contaminés par de l'acétate de polyvinyle (PVA) nécessitent un prétraitement spécialisé, comme des extractions par solvant, avant la datation au radiocarbone. Le succès de la datation varie également si l'os a été trempé dans du PVA ou si le PVA a été appliqué sur des zones localisées où il y avait des fissures ou des cassures. Si l'os a été trempé et saturé en PVA, il y a généralement peu de chances de réussir une datation au carbone 14.
**Content:**
Les os contaminés par de l’acétate de polyvinyle (PVA) nécessitent un prétraitement spécialisé, comme des extractions par solvant, avant la [datation au radiocarbone](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/a-propos-datation-carbone.htm). Le succès de la datation varie également si l’os a été trempé dans du PVA ou si le PVA a été appliqué sur des zones localisées où il y avait des fissures ou des cassures. Si l’os a été trempé et saturé en PVA, il y a généralement peu de chances de réussir une datation au ****carbone 14****.
## **Extraction par solvant pour les os**
Le PVA est généralement soluble dans un certain nombre de solvants organiques tels que l’acétone, l’éthanol, le benzène et le toluène. En tant que tel, le prétraitement des os recouverts de PVA consiste en une abrasion physique pour éliminer les surfaces externes de l’os, si possible, en fonction de la forme et de la taille de l’échantillon, suivie d’extractions au solvant.
Souvent, les restaurateurs font des mélanges « uniques » de ces adhésifs qui peuvent contenir des composants que les extractions au solvant ne permettent pas d’éliminer. C’est pourquoi il n’y a pas de méthode de prétraitement parfaite.
## **Tarifs de datation au radiocarbone pour les os**
Beta Analytic propose une datation au radiocarbone de haute qualité des os via la [spectrométrie de masse par accélérateur (AMS)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/spectrometrie-acceleration-masse.htm). Le tarif pour les échantillons d’os contaminés par du PVA comprend le service de datation AMS demandé + les extractions au solvant + l’extraction de collagène. Les services de datation AMS de Beta sont les suivants :
- AMS Standard – les résultats sont communiqués sous 14 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Priority – 6 jours ouvrés ou moins
Quelques jours supplémentaires peuvent être nécessaires pour les échantillons d’os complexes
Si la taille de l’échantillon le permet, Beta fournit également une mesure du d13C pour tous les types d’os + d15N, %C, %N et C:N (sauf pour les os incinérés). Les rapports d13C et d15N sont mesurés à l’aide d’un spectromètre de masse à rapport isotopique (IRMS).
[Plus d’informations sur les services de Beta pour les os, les bois et les dents](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-os.htm)
[L’analyse des isotopes stables pour les os est également disponible SANS la datation au carbone 14](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/analyses-alimentaires-isotopiques.htm)
****Devis**** – Veuillez envoyer votre demande en précisant le nombre d’échantillons, le service demandé (AMS standard ou prioritaire), le type d’os (os non chauffés, entièrement carbonisés ou incinérés) et l’adresse de facturation en utilisant ce [formulaire](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/combien-coute-la-datation-carbone.htm) ou à l’adresse .
### **Webinaires gratuits sur les échantillons d’os**
- [Choisir les meilleurs échantillons d’os pour l’analyse](https://www.radiocarbon.com/optimal-bone-samples-radiocarbon-dating/)
- [Datation carbone 14 vs Uranium-Thorium](https://www.radiocarbon.com/uranium-thorium-dating-webinar/)
- [Géochimie et application des isotopes du strontium](https://www.radiocarbon.com/strontium-isotopes-webinar/)
[Abonnez-vous à la newsletter de Beta Analytic pour recevoir nos actualités et prochains webinaires](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/newsletter-souscription.htm).
*La version anglaise de cet article a été initialement publiée le 23 février 2022*
**Categories:** French Articles
---
### [PVAに汚染された骨試料の放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-dating-pva-contaminated-bones/)
**Published:** April 22, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Excerpt:** ポリ酢酸ビニル(PVA)のコンタミネーションがある骨試料の 放射性炭素年代測定を行うためには、溶媒抽出などの特別な前処理が必要です。年代測定の成功の可否は、骨試料全体がPVAに浸されたか、もしくはひび割れや破損部分だけに適用されたかに依存します。
**Content:**
ポリ酢酸ビニル(PVA)のコンタミネーションがある骨試料の [放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/about-carbon-dating.htm)を行うためには、溶媒抽出などの特別な前処理が必要です。年代測定の成功の可否は、骨試料全体がPVAに浸されたか、もしくはひび割れや破損部分だけに適用されたかに依存します。前者の場合、**carbon-14**年代測定がうまくいく見込みは少ないです。
## 骨の溶媒抽出処理
PVAはアセトン、エタノール、ベンゼン、トルエンなどの有機溶媒に溶解しやすい物質です。従って、試料のサイズや形状によりますが、できる限り物理的に表面を除去した後、有機溶媒による処理を施します。
保存剤が“ユニークな”状態になり、有機溶媒による処理を行っても完全に除去できないケースがしばしばあります。残念ながら汚染を取り除く完璧な手法はありません。
## 骨の放射性炭素年代測定の価格
Beta Analyticは [加速器質量分析 (AMS)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm) による高品質な骨試料の放射性炭素年代測定を行っております。PVA に汚染された骨試料の分析価格は, AMS 年代測定(納期により価格が異なる) + 溶媒抽出 + コラーゲン抽出の合計です。 Betaの AMS年代測定の納期は以下の通りです。:
- AMS Standard – 納期14 営業日
- AMS Priority – 納期6 営業日
処理の難しい骨試料の場合、上の納期より数日余分にかかる場合があります。
試料のサイズが十分であれば、Betaの価格にはd13C、 d15N、 %C、 %N、 および C:N (火葬骨は除く)が含まれています。d13C および d15Nは安定同位体質量分析(IRMS)によって測定されます。
[Betaの骨、ツノ、歯の年代測定サービスについてより詳しい内容](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-bones.htm)
[Carbon-14 測定を行わない場合の安定同位体分析も可能](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/dietary-isotopic-analysis.htm)
**お見積り** – 試料数、納期(AMS standard or priority)、骨の状態 (加熱or非加熱、炭化骨、火葬骨) 、ご請求先をこの [form](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm) でお知らせいただくか にメールをお送りください。
### 骨試料に関する無料ウェビナー
- [骨試料の最適な試料選択](https://www.radiocarbon.com/optimal-bone-samples-radiocarbon-dating/)
- [Carbon-14 vs ウラン-トリウム年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/uranium-thorium-dating-webinar/)
- [ストロンチウム同位体の地球化学と適用](https://www.radiocarbon.com/strontium-isotopes-webinar/)
[Beta Analyticのニュースレターとウェビナーなど最新情報の購読](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/newsletter-subscription.htm)
**Categories:** Japanese Articles
---
### [Beta Analytic is now part of SGS North America](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-analytic-an-sgs-lab/)
**Published:** December 10, 2024
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** Beta Analytic in Miami, Florida, is now one of the laboratories in the Industries & Environment division of SGS in North America.
**Content:**
SGS has acquired ISO 17025-accredited radiocarbon dating and stable isotopes laboratory Beta Analytic. The Miami-based lab is now one of the laboratories in the Industries & Environment division of SGS in North America. SGS is a world leader in testing, inspection, and certification with more than 2,600 laboratories globally.
“This acquisition enhances our radiochemistry testing capabilities and strengthens SGS’s position in sustainability related services in North America. By integrating Beta’s specialized services into our network, we can offer more innovative and targeted solutions that help our clients meet sustainability goals and regulatory requirements across multiple industries,” said Marcus Maguire, Head of SGS EHS North America.
Marketing Manager Haley Gershon assures Beta Analytic clients that day-to-day operations remain unchanged and that they will receive the same reliable service and accurate results from the lab. “We thank our clients for their trust and support. We’re looking forward to serving our clients as part of the SGS network.”
## Beta Analytic’s High-Quality Services
Our lab will continue to offer three radiocarbon dating services:
- Standard (results reported in 14 business days or less)
- Priority (turnaround time of 6 business days or less)
- Time Guide (results in 2-3 business days, service not applicable to bones)
We also offer stable isotopes analysis for various materials, including δ13C + δ15N, %C, %N, and C:N ratio for [uncharred bones](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bones.htm) and δ13C, δ18O analyses for cremated bones, [shells](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-shells.htm), [fish otoliths](https://www.radiocarbon.com/c14-dating-fish-otoliths.htm) and [forams](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-forams.htm). For [groundwater](https://www.radiocarbon.com/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm), we offer δ13C, δ18O, δ2H analyses with or without carbon dating.
For pricing inquiries, email us at or call us at (+1) 305-667-5167.
**Categories:** SGS Beta Updates
**Tags:** radiocarbon dating services, stable isotope analysis laboratory
---
### [Application of Strontium Isotopes Webinar](https://www.radiocarbon.com/strontium-isotopes-webinar/)
**Published:** February 16, 2021
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** REGISTER HERE to view the FREE webinar on demand.
Live Webinar: February 17, 2021
Speakers: Dr. Arash Sharifi (Isobar Science VP of Lab Operations), Dr. Maren Pauly (Isobar Science Account Manager)
* Also available with Simplified Chinese subtitles *
**Content:**
[**REGISTER HERE** ](https://us02web.zoom.us/rec/share/HU7tColt_baZRbKUSa2SK6So-r3XGaC6foO6RXUzpCn4QgXyRmMobvwsIEJY1gne.HSO_tnVUDHvFVH5G)to view the FREE webinar on demand.
Live Webinar: February 17, 2021
Speakers: Dr. Arash Sharifi (Isobar Science VP of Lab Operations), Dr. Maren Pauly (Isobar Science Account Manager)
[\* Also available with Simplified Chinese subtitles \*](https://appz6xgdirm8364.h5.xiaoeknow.com/v1/course/video/v_60574057e4b0ca5fca97fc8b?type=2 "* Also available in Simplified Chinese *")
## Strontium Isotopes Webinar Topics
- Strontium (Sr), the 38th element
- Sr in nature
- Measuring concentration and isotopic ratios of Sr
- Applications of Sr isotopes
- Research design and sampling strategies
- What to expect from your lab when measuring Sr isotopes
Duration: 2 minutes, 24 seconds || Speaker: Arash Sharifi, PhD
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
### About the Speakers
Dr. Arash Sharifi is Isobar Science’s Vice President of Lab Operations. He is an isotope geochemist, paleoclimatologist, and geologist specializing in the application of organic and inorganic geochemistry in reconstructing past climate and environmental conditions.
Dr. Maren Pauly is an experienced researcher on paleoclimatology (tree-rings, corals), [radiocarbon calibration](https://www.radiocarbon.com/calendar-calibration-carbon-dating.htm), and plant biology. She is an account manager for Beta Analytic and its subsidiary, Isobar Science. Dr. Pauly is also a part-time lecturer in Plant Sciences at Bath Spa University since October 2019.
---
### About Beta Analytic & Isobar Science
Beta Analytic is an ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accredited Carbon-14 dating laboratory based in Miami, Florida, that also provides other analytical services including **[stable isotope analysis.](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dietary-isotopic-analysis.htm)**
Its subsidiary, Isobar Science, specializes in high-precision elemental analysis of isotopes, isotope ratios using wet chemistry, (LA-)MC-ICP-MS, and IRMS. Services include Sr/Sr Isotopic Ratios, U/Th Dating, Sr chronology, Boron Isotopes and Pb Isotopes measurements.
[Carbon Dating Cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
[Stable Isotope Analysis Cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm)
---
**[Join our mailing list](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm) to receive news of upcoming webinars by Beta and its subsidiaries as well as other industry updates.**
---
**Beta Analytic’s Past Webinars:**
- [An Introduction to Uranium-Thorium Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/uranium-thorium-dating-webinar/)
- [Application of Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb Isotope Systematics in Earth Science](https://www.radiocarbon.com/geochemical-fingerprinting-webinar/)
- [Boron Isotopic Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/boron-isotopes/)
- [Isotopes 101: Dissolved Carbon](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/)
- [How to Identify Sources of Pollution using Sr and B Isotopes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/identify-pollution-sources-using-strontium-boron-isotopes/)
**Categories:** SGS Beta Updates, SGS Beta Webinars
---
### [Sr Ratios & U-Th Dating Services Now Available](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isobar-science/)
**Published:** February 6, 2020
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** In 2020, Beta Analytic started to offer specialized isotope services for geochronology, geochemical fingerprinting, and environmental source tracking through its subsidiary Isobar Science.
**Content:**
Over the years, Beta Analytic has provided high-quality radiocarbon dating, stable isotope analysis, [biobased carbon testing,](https://www.betalabservices.com/biobased.html) renewable carbon testing of biofuels and waste-derived fuels including CO2 emissions, and carbon-14 analysis of natural products. In 2020, the lab started to offer specialized isotope services for geochronology, geochemical fingerprinting, and environmental source tracking through its subsidiary [Isobar Science.](https://isobarscience.com/)
## Isobar Science is Now Accepting Samples
Isobar Science specializes in high-precision elemental analysis of isotopes, isotope ratios using wet chemistry, (LA-)MC-ICP-MS, and IRMS. Services include:
- Strontium (Sr/Sr) Isotopic Ratios
- Uranium Thorium (U/Th) Dating
- Sr Chronology
- Boron Isotopes
- Pb Isotopes
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
This video excerpt is part of Beta Analytic’s webinar: [Boron Isotopic Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/boron-isotopes/ "Nutrient Source Tracking")
## About Isobar Science’s Services
**87Sr/86Sr ratio** — Strontium is a trace element present in rocks, soils, waters, animals, and plants. The 87Sr/86Sr ratio is used for several applications such as in geochemical fingerprinting and environmental source tracking. Sr isotope measurements can be conducted on various sample types such as water, forams, bones (ashed), mineral dust (ashed), igneous rocks, and shells, coral and carbonates.
**U-Th Dating** — As a radiometric dating technique used in the area of geochronology, U-Th dating is used to determine the age of carbonate material. Sample types accepted for U-Th dating include coral, stalagmite, and flowstone.
**Boron Isotopes** — Boron isotopic ratios are used for environmental source tracking and geochemical fingerprinting. Sample types for boron isotope measurements and concentration include water, coral, shells, and carbonates.
**Pb Isotopes** — Lead isotopic measurements are conducted for geochemical fingerprinting.
For rates and other details, please contact Isobar Science using [this form.](https://isobarscience.com/contact-us/)
****
[Join our mailing list](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm) to receive news of upcoming webinars by Beta and its subsidiaries as well as other industry updates.
[Carbon Dating Cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
[Stable Isotope Analysis Cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm)
**You may also be interested in reading:**
- [Beta Analytic Services for Geotechnical Firms](https://www.radiocarbon.com/geotechnical-firms/)
- [Webinar #1 – Introduction to Isotopic Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/)
- [Webinar #2 – Isotopes in Hydrology](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/)
- [ Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb Isotopes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/geochemical-fingerprinting-webinar/)
- [Application of Strontium Isotopes Webinar](https://www.radiocarbon.com/strontium-isotopes-webinar/)
Page last updated: July 2021
**Categories:** SGS Beta Updates
---
### [Beta's Free Webinar on Dissolved Carbon](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/)
**Published:** July 31, 2020
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** Live webinar: August 12, 2020 - Available on Demand (Free)
Speaker: Mr. Sean Ahearn, Beta Analytic’s project manager for water services.
**Content:**
#### [REGISTER HERE](https://us02web.zoom.us/rec/share/dtKQcIuSvZ94h23gbhDrqdZboOCgIFMw6sIfkqfpVUDnM_36XpObkc1ua8iznJND.EaTfirsBkpVdaEUr) to view the webinar on demand.
Live webinar: August 12, 2020
Speaker: Mr. Sean Ahearn, Beta Analytic’s project manager for water services.
---
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
**Topics Covered:**
- Define the differences between inorganic and organic dissolved carbon pools.
- Compare and describe how stable and radiogenic carbon isotopes are used in water resource management.
- Review case studies and gain insight into carbon budgets on local and global scales.
For any questions, please contact Mr. Ahearn at info\[at\]betalabservices.com.
**[](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm)[Join our mailing list](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm) to receive news of upcoming webinars.**
[Carbon Dating Cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
[Stable Isotope Analysis Cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm)
## Free Webinars Available on Demand
[Introduction to Isotopic Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/)
[Isotopes in Hydrology](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/)
[Geochemical Fingerprinting Webinar: Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb Isotopes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/geochemical-fingerprinting-webinar/)
[Beta Analytic Webinar: U-Th or Carbon-14 Dating?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/uranium-thorium-dating-webinar/)
[Identifying Sources of Pollution using Sr and B Isotopes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/identify-pollution-sources-using-strontium-boron-isotopes/)
**Categories:** SGS Beta Updates, SGS Beta Webinars
---
### [Datación por radiocarbono de corales](https://www.radiocarbon.com/datacion-radiocarbono-corales/)
**Published:** May 17, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Excerpt:** Calcular la edad de los corales puede proporcionar información en estudios de paleoclimatología. Para los corales de aguas profundas, se puede utilizar una combinación de datación por radiocarbono y datación por uranio-torio. La fecha del carbono-14 representa la edad del coral y el agua, mientras que la fecha de uranio-torio refleja la edad del propio coral. Esto puede proporcionar información sobre las tasas de circulación en aguas profundas en el pasado.
**Content:**
Calcular la edad de los corales puede proporcionar información en estudios de paleoclimatología. Para los corales de aguas profundas, se puede utilizar una combinación de datación por radiocarbono y datación por uranio-torio. La ****fecha del carbono-14**** representa la edad del coral y el agua, mientras que la fecha de uranio-torio refleja la edad del propio coral. Esto puede proporcionar información sobre las tasas de circulación en aguas profundas en el pasado.
Los pólipos de coral son pequeños organismos con un esqueleto compuesto de carbonato de calcio. A medida que estos pólipos de coral se multiplican, forman estructuras de arrecifes de coral reconocibles. Los corales en sí son incoloros, pero las algas les proporcionan los colores característicos que se ven en los arrecifes.
Los estudios isotópicos en corales, utilizando δ18O, pueden revelar variaciones en las temperaturas del océano. Las etapas de isótopos marinos (MIS por sus siglas en inglés) caracterizan períodos más cálidos y más fríos que ha experimentado la Tierra en función de los valores de δ18O . El istótopo 16O se evapora más fácilmente que el 18O, por lo que en los períodos más fríos, donde el oxígeno evaporado se almacena en el hielo o la nieve, los océanos se enriquecen con 18O.
La [datación por radiocarbono](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/sobre-carbono-datacion.htm) y el análisis isotópico de corales son útiles para los estudios de paleoclimatología y para comprender el crecimiento de los corales durante diferentes períodos climáticos.
## **Datación por radiocarbono de corales con Beta Analytic**
Beta Analytic, acreditado por ISO 17025, acepta muestras de coral para la datación por radiocarbono. Para la [datación por AMS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/acelerador-masa-espectrometria.htm), el laboratorio recomienda un tamaño de muestra de 5 a 100 miligramos. Las mediciones [δ13C y δ18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-free-stable-isotopes/) por espectrometría de masas de relación isotópica (IRMS por sus siglas en inglés) se incluyen sin coste adicional al enviar muestras de coral para la **datación por radiocarbono**.
El pretratamiento aplicado afectará al resultado final. La cantidad mínima requerida para el análisis AMS rutinario es tan solo 3 miligramos de coral tras el pretratamiento. Sin embargo, enviar de 5 a 100 miligramos permite que el laboratorio realice una limpieza exhaustiva para garantizar que solo quede carbonato primario para la datación. Esto también permite repetir los análisis si es necesario para confirmar los resultados del control de calidad sin coste adicional. Puede [comunicarse con el laboratorio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/contacto.htm) para analizar las opciones de pretratamiento o solicitar que un representante de Beta se comunique con usted después del pretratamiento, antes de comenzar con **la datación por AMS**.
Los resultados de la datación por radiocarbono se entregan dentro de los 14 días hábiles (servicio de datación AMS estándar) y se puede acceder en línea a los resultados previos y pendientes las 24 horas del día, los 7 días de la semana. Las tarifas incluyen informes de garantía de calidad, calibración del calendario cuando corresponda y soporte técnico ilimitado.
## Laboratorio de análisis de isótopos estables Beta Analytic
Para corales y otros carbonatos, Beta Analytic también ofrece análisis de isótopos estables de [δ13C y δ18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/isotopicas-oxigeno.htm) de forma independiente. La interpretación de los valores de isotópicos es responsabilidad del remitente.
El laboratorio con sede en Miami también proporciona los siguientes análisis:
– δ13C para huesos incinerados o materia orgánica
– [δ13C y δ15N](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/analisis-isotopico-dietetico.htm) para huesos no incinerados
– Mediciones [δ13C, δ18O y δD](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/isotopos-oxigeno-deuterio.htm) para muestras de agua
Para las muestras que no requieren pretratamiento de laboratorio, los resultados del análisis de isótopos estables se entregan en 7 días hábiles. Para muestras que requieren pretratamiento de laboratorio, los resultados se entregan en 14 días hábiles. Comuníquese con el laboratorio para más información sobre tamaños de muestra y precios.
**Referencias:**
Cobb, K., Coral records of natural and anthropogenic climate change. (Consultado en mayo 2018)
Hirst, K. K., Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) – Tracing the Climate of Our World. (Consultado en mayo 2018)
National Geographic, [Corals](https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/group/corals/). (Consultado en mayo 2018)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), updated 2017, [Are corals plants or animals? ](https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/coral.html)(Consultado en mayo 2018).
Crédito de la fotografía: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service a través de Wikimedia Commons
*La versión en inglés de este artículo se publicó originalmente el viernes 15 de junio de 2018.*
**Categories:** Spanish Articles
---
### [Is Ice Core Dating Reliable?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-date-ice-cores/)
**Published:** August 30, 2023
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** Ice cores are a vital archive used in paleoclimatology — tracing temperature variability and atmospheric chemical composition. They are a build-up of snow (either in polar regions or high altitudes) occurring on annual cycles, resulting in distinct layers of ice which show seasonal variations (in the uncompacted surface material).
**Content:**
Ice cores are a vital archive used in paleoclimatology — tracing temperature variability and atmospheric chemical composition. They are a build-up of snow (either in polar regions or high altitudes) occurring on annual cycles, resulting in distinct layers of ice which show seasonal variations (in the uncompacted surface material). Importantly, the ice layers trap air bubbles, precipitation in the form of snow and ash from volcanic eruptions (BAS, 2022).
Ice core records reach back 100 ka in Greenland and the oldest measurements in Antarctica date from the mid-Pleistocene (~1 Ma) (Higgins et al. 2015). Depending on accumulation and compaction measurements on these cores can be resolved to within a decade which represents orders of magnitude higher resolution than the other great paleoclimatological repository, [sediment cores. ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-sediments.htm)
A key accomplishment of this record documents the glacial-interglacial cycles (Lüthi et al. 2008; Osman et al. 2021) connecting greenhouse gas (GHG) variations with the onset and termination of glacial events. In particular, it demonstrates that while the last 10 ky has seen a relatively stable climate, previous interglacials were characterized by extreme temperature shifts far exceeding variations that are seen today (Johnsen et al. 2001). This has been important in providing context to the increase in anthropogenic GHG composition of today’s atmosphere.
## Analysis of Trapped Air Bubbles and Ash
The air bubbles trapped in the ice core are direct samples of ancient atmospheric gas composition (e.g. methane, carbon dioxide). The chemical composition of snow layers provides detailed information on temperature (including seasonal temperature variations and extreme climate change events) through the [analysis of stable oxygen isotopes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/water-analysis.htm) as well as changes in atmospheric conditions (particularly in combination with dust inclusion analysis) (e.g. Parrenin et al. 2013; Petit et al. 1999; Shakun et al. 2012; Marcott et al. 2014).
Ash from volcanic eruptions can become trapped in ice layers when large eruptions occur, spreading sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) across the globe; the concentration of H₂SO₄ can provide an estimate of the eruption size while the general ash composition supplies evidence of volcano origin. Finally, atmospheric dust and other aeolian deposits found within ice core layers can be analyzed using **strontium, neodymium and hafnium isotopes** to identify source origin.
## Ice Cores vs Other Paleoclimate Records
Such first order access to paleo-conditions is extremely rare, and it is from such that the field can ground-truth the indirect geochemical proxies that it must rely on for those periods without a co-occurring ice core record. As such, cross comparison of ice cores with other paleoclimate records (e.g. lacustrine/marine sediments/carbonates, tree-rings, cave deposits) is common. This allows for the investigation of regional timing and/or differences in local impacts. Such other records are typically dated using [radiocarbon (](https://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm)14C) dating. In order to explore the timing of such events and synchronize events within ice core records with different archives, the ice cores must be dated using **14C** **dating** or calibrated using another radiogenic dating methodology (e.g. 10Be).
As the synchronization of 14C and 10Be can be challenging (e.g. required sophisticated statistical approaches; Adolphi and Muscheler, 2016), significant effort has been made to develop methodologies of measuring 14C within ice cores (e.g. Fang et al. 2021). For example, 14C ages can be deduced in ice cores by measuring the **water-insoluble organic carbon** fraction or the **dissolved organic fraction** within the ice — particles that are integrated through time from atmospheric deposition. These organic carbon samples typically originate from the terrestrial biosphere and thus should be in equilibrium with the atmosphere.
## Beta Analytic’s Radiocarbon Dating Services
Miami-based Beta Analytic provides radiocarbon dating of the organic carbon fraction of water (melted ice) providing the sample meets a minimum DOC concentration of 5.0 mg C/L (5.0 ppm). The stable carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) is included as part of the service, which can provide evidence of carbon cycle changes through time. Other isotopic measurements (δ18O, δ2H) can also be requested.
[How much does carbon dating cost?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
**References:**
- Adolphi, F. and Muscheler, R., 2016. Synchronizing the Greenland ice core and radiocarbon timescales over the Holocene–Bayesian wiggle-matching of cosmogenic radionuclide records. Climate of the Past, 12(1), pp.15-30. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-15-2016
- British Antarctic Survey, Ice cores and climate change. (2022).
- Fang, L., Jenk, T.M., Singer, T., Hou, S. and Schwikowski, M., 2021. Radiocarbon dating of alpine ice cores with the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fraction. The Cryosphere, 15(3), pp.1537-1550. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1537-2021
- Higgins, J.A., Kurbatov, A.V., Spaulding, N.E., Brook, E., Introne, D.S., Chimiak, L.M., Yan, Y., Mayewski, P.A. and Bender, M.L., 2015. Atmospheric composition 1 million years ago from blue ice in the Allan Hills, Antarctica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(22), pp.6887-6891. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1420232112
- Johnsen, S.J., Dahl‐Jensen, D., Gundestrup, N., Steffensen, J.P., Clausen, H.B., Miller, H., Masson‐Delmotte, V., Sveinbjörnsdottir, A.E. and White, J., 2001. Oxygen isotope and palaeotemperature records from six Greenland ice‐core stations: Camp Century, Dye‐3, GRIP, GISP2, Renland and NorthGRIP. Journal of Quaternary Science: Published for the Quaternary Research Association, 16(4), pp.299-307. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.622
- Lüthi, D., Le Floch, M., Bereiter, B., Blunier, T., Barnola, J.M., Siegenthaler, U., Raynaud, D., Jouzel, J., Fischer, H., Kawamura, K. and Stocker, T.F., 2008. High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000–800,000 years before present. nature, 453(7193), pp.379-382.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06949
- Marcott, S.A., Bauska, T.K., Buizert, C., Steig, E.J., Rosen, J.L., Cuffey, K.M., Fudge, T.J., Severinghaus, J.P., Ahn, J., Kalk, M.L. and McConnell, J.R., 2014. Centennial-scale changes in the global carbon cycle during the last deglaciation. Nature, 514(7524), pp.616-619. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13799
- Osman, M.B., Tierney, J.E., Zhu, J., Tardif, R., Hakim, G.J., King, J. and Poulsen, C.J., 2021. Globally resolved surface temperatures since the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature, 599(7884), pp.239-244. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03984-4
- Parrenin, F., Masson-Delmotte, V., Köhler, P., Raynaud, D., Paillard, D., Schwander, J., Barbante, C., Landais, A., Wegner, A. and Jouzel, J., 2013. Synchronous change of atmospheric CO2 and Antarctic temperature during the last deglacial warming. Science, 339(6123), pp.1060-1063. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1226368
- Petit, J.R., Jouzel, J., Raynaud, D., Barkov, N.I., Barnola, J.M., Basile, I., Bender, M., Chappellaz, J., Davis, M., Delaygue, G. and Delmotte, M., 1999. Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature, 399(6735), pp.429-436. https://doi.org/10.1038/20859
- Shakun, J.D., Clark, P.U., He, F., Marcott, S.A., Mix, A.C., Liu, Z., Otto-Bliesner, B., Schmittner, A. and Bard, E., 2012. Global warming preceded by increasing carbon dioxide concentrations during the last deglaciation. Nature, 484(7392), pp.49-54. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10915
Photo Credits:
Ice core – [Eli Duke,](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Antarctica_WAIS_Divide_Field_Camp_10.jpg) CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Glacier – Pexels/Pixabay
[Subscribe to our mailing list](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm "Subscribe") to receive news of upcoming webinars and other industry updates.
**Free Webinars Available On Demand:**
- [Geochemical Fingerprinting Webinar: Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb Isotopes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/geochemical-fingerprinting-webinar/)
- [Identifying Sources of Pollution using Sr and B Isotopes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/identify-pollution-sources-using-strontium-boron-isotopes/)
- [Isotopes in Hydrology](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/)
- [More Webinars](https://www.radiocarbon.com/category/beta-analytic-updates/beta-analytic-webinars/)
**Categories:** SGS Beta Updates
---
### [サンゴの放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-radiocarbon-dating-coral/)
**Published:** February 10, 2019
**Author:** DPRC
**Excerpt:** サンゴの年代測定は、古気候学において有用な情報を提供します。また深層海洋のサンゴにおいては、放射性炭素年代とウラン-トリウム年代の併用が有効な場合もあります。
**Content:**
サンゴの年代測定は、古気候学において有用な情報を提供します。また深層海洋のサンゴにおいては、放射性炭素年代とウラン-トリウム年代の併用が有効な場合もあります。 **carbon-14年代はサ**ンゴと海水の年代を反映する一方で、ウラン-トリウム年代はサンゴそのものの年代を反映します。これは、過去の深層海洋における循環速度の情報を提供します。
サンゴのポリプは、炭酸カルシウムが基礎の小さな組織です。それらが集まってサンゴ礁地形を構成します。サンゴ自体は無色ですが、サンゴの内部に生息する藻類が色調を決めます。
δ18O（酸素安定同位体）を用いた研究は、海水温変動の解明に役立ちます。マリーンアイソトープステージ(MIS)はδ18O値に基づいて、過去の地球の温暖の変化を特徴づけます。16Oは 18Oより蒸発しやすいので、冷涼な時期における海水は18Oリッチになります。
サンゴの[放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/about-carbon-dating.htm)と同位分析は古気候の研究および、異なる気象条件下でのサンゴの成長の理解に役立ちます。
## ベータアナリティックのサンゴ放射性炭素年代測定
ISO 17025認定のベータアナリティックではサンゴの放射性炭素年代測定を承ります。[AMS年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm)では5-100 mgをお送りいただくことをお勧めしています。C14年代測定の際、安定同位体質量分析計(IRMS) によるδ13C およびδ18Oの測定も含まれています。
前処理は、最終的な結果に影響を及ぼします。AMSによる通常の測定の場合、前処理後3mgのサンゴ試料が必要です。5-100 mgの試料をお送りいただければ、基礎となる炭酸塩だけになるまで、強度の高い前処理を行うことが可能です。前処理についてのご要望、前処理後AMS測定を行う前にご連絡が必要な場合はお知らせください。 [ご連絡フォーム](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-contact.htm)
放射性炭素年代測定の結果は14営業日以内にお知らせいたします。(standard AMS dating service) 結果は24/7アクセスのオンラインデータベースでご確認いただけます。料金には品質保証レポート、暦年代較正、技術的なご相談が含まれています。
## ベータアナリティックの安定同位体試験
ベータアナリティックではサンゴや他の炭酸塩試料の [δ13C および δ18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/oxygen-isotopes.htm)の試験を行っています。
試験所では下記試験も行っています。
– δ13C 火葬骨、有機物など
– [δ13C and δ15N](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/dietary-isotopic-analysis.htm) 火葬されていない骨
– [δ13C, δ18O and δD](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm) 地下水など水試料
試験所で前処理の必要がない試料の安定同位体分析の納期は7営業日です。 前処理の必要がない試料の安定同位体分析の納期は14営業日です。
**参考文献:**
Cobb, K., Coral records of natural and anthropogenic climate change. (accessed May 2018)
Hirst, K. K., Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) – Tracing the Climate of Our World. (accessed May 2018)
National Geographic, [Corals](https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/group/corals/). (accessed May 2018)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), updated 2017, [Are corals plants or animals? ](https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/coral.html)(accessed May 2018).
Photo credit: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service via Wikimedia Commons
**Categories:** Japanese Articles
---
### [Why Rescue Archaeology Needs Fast Radiocarbon Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/rescue-archaeology/)
**Published:** July 16, 2018
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** Rescue archaeology plays the role of surveying and recovering any valuable finds from various sites. In the time-pressured environment of rescue archaeology, swift assessments and excavations where necessary are critical. For finds where radiocarbon dating is needed, this can throw a spanner in the works as the time lost waiting for results can be costly for the developers.
**Content:**
As new developments and construction projects are undertaken, artefacts and larger sites of archaeological interest may be uncovered. Rescue archaeology plays the role of surveying and recovering any valuable finds from these sites. In general, there are now more measures in place to ensure that development sites are surveyed. However, rescue archaeology is still a field that is restricted by tight deadlines.
In the time-pressured environment of rescue archaeology, swift assessments and excavations where necessary are critical. For finds where [radiocarbon dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm) is needed, this can throw a spanner in the works as the time lost waiting for results can be costly for the developers.
Expert technical advice during excavations can also be invaluable for selecting the most suitable samples for radiocarbon dating. When working with short deadlines, submitting the best samples can save both time and money.
## Beta Analytic’s Fast, High-Quality Radiocarbon Dating Services
When radiocarbon dating is required during rescue archaeology projects, getting fast, reliable and high-quality results is the priority. ISO 17025-accredited Beta Analytic works with clients to cater to their specific project requirements and deadlines. The lab offers three options for different **radiocarbon dating** turnaround times to suit tight deadlines:
- **AMS Standard** – results reported in 14 business days or less turnaround time
- **Priority** – 6 business days or less turnaround time
- **Time Guide** – 2-3 business days or less turnaround time
Beta Analytic also offers free technical support prior to, during and after radiocarbon dating has been carried out with support available in 10 languages.
To discuss a project, price inquiries or for any further information, please [contact the lab](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm).
**Reference:**
Johnston, G., 2015, [Rescue Archaeology](http://www.archaeologyexpert.co.uk/rescuearchaeology.html), Archaeology Expert (accessed June 2018)
**You may also be interested in reading:** [High-Quality Analytical Services for Geotechnical Firms](https://www.radiocarbon.com/geotechnical-firms/)
[What Difference Does a C14 Lab’s Turnaround Time Make?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/fast-results/)
[Demand a Tracer-Free Laboratory for Radiocarbon Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-tracer-free-lab/)
**Categories:** Radiocarbon Dating
**Tags:** 14c dating, carbon dating companies, carbon dating service, carbon dating test, how much does carbon dating cost, radiocarbon dating labs, radiocarbon dating prices, radiocarbon dating services
---
### [Radiocarbon Dating Coral](https://www.radiocarbon.com/radiocarbon-dating-coral/)
**Published:** June 15, 2018
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** For deep sea corals, a combination of radiocarbon dating and uranium-thorium dating can be used. The carbon-14 date represents the age of the coral and the water, whereas the uranium-thorium date reflects the coral itself. This can provide information on past deep sea circulation rates.
**Content:**
Measuring the age of corals can provide insights for paleoclimatology studies. For deep sea corals, a combination of radiocarbon dating and uranium-thorium dating can be used. The **carbon-14 date** represents the age of the coral and the water, whereas the uranium-thorium date reflects the coral itself. This can provide information on past deep sea circulation rates.
Coral polyps are small organisms with a calcium carbonate base skeleton. As these coral polyps multiply, they form the recognizable coral reef structures. Corals themselves are colorless, but the algae they provide a home to give the characteristic colors seen in the reefs.
Isotopic studies on corals, using δ18O, can reveal variations in ocean temperatures. The Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) characterize warmer and cooler periods that the Earth has undergone based on δ18O values. The 16O isotope evaporates more easily than 18O, so in cooler periods where the evaporated oxygen is stored in ice or snow, the oceans are enriched in 18O.
[Radiocarbon dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm) and isotopic analysis of corals is useful for paleoclimatology studies and for understanding coral growth during different climate periods.
## Radiocarbon Dating Coral with Beta Analytic
ISO 17025-accredited Beta Analytic accepts coral samples for radiocarbon dating. For [AMS dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm), the lab recommends sample size of 5-100 milligrams. The [δ13C and δ18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-free-stable-isotopes/) measurements by isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) are included at no additional cost when submitting coral samples for **radiocarbon dating**.
The pretreatments applied will reduce the sample size by varying amounts depending on the degree of preservation and amount of sample sent. The minimum quantity required for routine AMS analysis is as little as 3 milligrams of coral after pretreatment. Sending 50-100 milligrams typically allows the laboratory to perform sufficient cleaning to ensure that only primary carbonate is left for dating. Larger sample sizes also allow for repeat analyses if needed to confirm unexpected results, or for reasons of Quality Control. You can [contact the lab](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm) to discuss pretreatment options or request that a Beta Account Manager contacts you after pretreatment before commencing with the AMS dating.
Radiocarbon dating results are reported within 14 business days (standard AMS dating service) and both past and pending results can be accessed online 24/7. Fees are inclusive of quality assurance reports, calendar calibration when applicable and unlimited technical support.
## Beta Analytic Stable Isotope Analysis Laboratory
For corals and other carbonates, Beta Analytic also offers [δ13C and δ18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/oxygen-isotopes.htm) stable isotope analysis on a standalone basis. The interpretation of stable isotope values lies with the submitter.
The Miami-based lab also provides the following analyses:
– δ13C for cremated bones or organics
– [δ13C and δ15N](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dietary-isotopic-analysis.htm) for non-cremated bones
– [δ13C, δ18O and δD](https://www.radiocarbon.com/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm) measurements for water
For samples that do not require lab pretreatment, stable isotope analysis results are reported in 7 business days. For samples that do require lab pretreatment, results are reported in 14 business days. Please contact the lab for sample sizes and prices.
**References:**
Cobb, K., Coral records of natural and anthropogenic climate change. (accessed May 2018)
Hirst, K. K., Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) – Tracing the Climate of Our World. (accessed May 2018)
National Geographic, [Corals](https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/group/corals/). (accessed May 2018)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), updated 2017, [Are corals plants or animals? ](https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/coral.html)(accessed May 2018).
Photo credit: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service via Wikimedia Commons
**Categories:** Radiocarbon Dating
**Tags:** 14c dating, ams analysis, AMS lab, ams laboratories, carbon dating companies, carbon dating service, carbon dating test, cost of radiocarbon dating, radiocarbon analysis, radiocarbon dating companies, Radiocarbon dating lab, radiocarbon dating labs, radiocarbon dating prices, radiocarbon dating services, stable isotope analysis, stable isotope analysis laboratory
---
### [Services d'analyse de haute qualité pour les entreprises géotechniques](https://www.radiocarbon.com/c14-analyses-entreprises-geotechniques/)
**Published:** February 11, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Excerpt:** La datation au radiocarbone, l'analyse des isotopes stables de l'eau et les méthodes de suivi des sources de nitrate peuvent être utiles aux entreprises géotechniques. Lorsque le calendrier est serré pour respecter le délai d'un client, la réception en temps opportun de résultats d'analyse accrédités ISO 17025 peut s'avérer déterminante pour la réussite d'un projet.
**Content:**
La datation au radiocarbone, l’analyse des isotopes stables de l’eau et les méthodes de suivi des sources de nitrate peuvent être utiles aux entreprises géotechniques. Lorsque le calendrier est serré pour respecter le délai d’un client, la réception en temps opportun de **résultats d’analyse accrédités ISO 17025** peut s’avérer déterminante pour la réussite d’un projet.
## Dates radiocarbone rapides et précises
Les résultats d’analyse radiocarbone sur divers types d’échantillons tels que les[ sédiments](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-sma-sediments.htm),[ le bois](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-bois.htm) ou[ les eaux souterraines](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/echantillons-datation-carbone-eaux-souterraines.htm) apportent une valeur ajoutée pendant la phase de planification d’un projet de construction. Pour respecter leurs délais, les entreprises géotechniques exigent des résultats rapides, fiables et de haute qualité. Le laboratoire de datation radiocarbone Beta Analytic propose les délais suivants :
- **AMS Standard:** Résultats communiqués sous 14 jours ouvrés ou moins
- **Priority:** Résultats communiqués sous 6 jours ouvrés ou moins
- **Time Guide:** Résultats communiqués sous 2-3 jours ouvrés ou moins (non applicable aux sédiments)
Le laboratoire Beta Analytic, accrédité ISO 17025, propose la mesure δ13C avec l’analyse du radiocarbone. Le laboratoire fournit un rapport d’assurance qualité et un calendrier de calibration le cas échéant.
## Analyse des isotopes stables
Les ingénieurs géotechniciens utilisent la datation au carbone 14 des eaux souterraines comme outil pour surveiller la santé des aquifères et étudier les interconnexions hydrauliques. **La datation au radiocarbone** est souvent complétée par[ une analyse des isotopes stables de l’eau (δ18O et δD)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/isotopes-oxygene-deuterium.htm).
Les tarifs de Beta Analytic pour la datation au radiocarbone de l’eau incluent les mesures **δ13C, δ18O et δD**. Les mesures des isotopes stables de l’oxygène 18 et du deutérium sont également disponibles séparément.
## Suivi des sources de nitrate
En plus de la datation au carbone 14 et de l’analyse des isotopes stables, le service de suivi des sources de nitrate de Beta Analytic permet d’améliorer les études hydrologiques, la gestion de l’eau et les plans de projets structurels. Dans les zones où les nitrates sont en excès dans les masses d’eau, il est essentiel d’identifier la source des nitrates. La mesure de **δ18O et δ15N dans l’eau** permet aux entreprises géotechniques de s’assurer qu’elles corrigent la bonne source d’excès de nitrate plutôt que de dépenser de l’argent pour régler le mauvais problème.
Beta Analytic fournit des mesures rapides des isotopes de l’oxygène et de l’azote à l’aide d’un spectromètre de masse à rapport isotopique (IRMS).
## Demandes de tarifs et autres renseignements
Si vous avez besoin d’un devis pour une datation au radiocarbone ou une analyse d’isotopes stables, veuillez remplir[ ce formulaire.](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/combien-coute-la-datation-carbone.htm)
Pour discuter d’un projet ou demander de plus amples informations sur le service de suivi des sources de nitrate, veuillez contacter M. Sean Ahearn à info\[at\]betalabservices.com ou appeler le (+1) 305-396-6171.
[Inscrivez-vous à notre newsletter](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/newsletter-souscription.htm) pour recevoir des informations sur nos nouveaux services et webinaires à venir.
[Isotopes 101 : Une introduction à l’analyse isotopique](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/)
Avis de non-responsabilité : cette vidéo est hébergée sur un site tiers et peut contenir de la publicité.
## En savoir plus :
[Pourquoi l’archéologie nécessite des datations au radiocarbone rapides](https://www.radiocarbon.com/rescue-archaeology/)
[Quelle différence font les délais d’un laboratoire C14 ?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/fast-results/)
[Exigez un laboratoire sans traceur pour la datation au radiocarbone](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-tracer-free-lab/)
[Datations U-Th ou Carbone 14 ?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/uranium-thorium-dating-webinar/)
[Introduction aux isotopes du plomb (Pb) et applications](https://www.radiocarbon.com/lead-pb-isotopes-webinar/)
La version anglaise de cet article a été publiée le mercredi 10 juin 2020.
**Categories:** French Articles
---
### [The Suess Effect: Why is it important?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/the-suess-effect-why-is-it-important/)
**Published:** March 8, 2022
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** Since the start of the industrial revolution, carbon dioxide (CO2) has been accumulating in the atmosphere as a result of human activities (e.g. combustion of fossil fuels and land use change) - with an increase of over 100ppm CO2 in the past 60 years alone.
**Content:**
Since the start of the industrial revolution, carbon dioxide (CO2) has been accumulating in the atmosphere as a result of human activities (e.g. combustion of fossil fuels and land use change) – with an increase of over 100ppm CO2 in the past 60 years alone (Figure 1). These atmospheric CO2 emissions have resulted in a steady decline in **stable carbon isotope ratios** (13C/12C), from approximately -6.4‰ in the preindustrial era down to -8.4‰ today (Keeling et al. 2017).
*Fossil leaf*
This phenomenon was first reported in 1979 by Keeling et al., and is currently referred to as the **Suess Effect****.** It impacts both stable and radioactive carbon isotopes in the atmosphere due to the significant amount of fossil fuels being continuously emitted.
Fossil fuels are derived from fossilized plant and animal remains, buried for millions of years. These fossil plants took up carbon from the atmosphere during their lifetime, selectively utilizing light carbon (12C) over heavy carbon (13C), resulting in a 13C depleted δ13C signature; animals who ate these plants have a similar discrimination. As a result, the biosphere has significantly less 13C compared to the atmosphere at any given time.
When fossil fuels are burned and emitted to the atmosphere, it results in an influx of 13C-depleted CO2, producing the stark δ13C depletion demonstrated by Keeling et al. Due to this known effect, any carbon isotopes analyzed during the last 150 years in environmental and archaeological studies must be corrected to account for the artificial 13C-decline (Figure 2).
## Radiocarbon Dilution
In addition to impacting stable carbon isotopes, the fossil fuel burning also impacts **radioactive carbon** (14C). When the aforementioned fossil organisms took up 13C and 12C, they were also integrating radioactive 14C into their structures. After organism death, this 14C decreases at a predictable rate until the fossil is no longer radioactive (approximately 40,000 – 50,000 years). When these low-14C organisms are converted into fossil fuels and then burned, a dilution of 14C in the atmosphere occurs – known as an “aging of the atmosphere” (Graven, 2015).
This atmospheric aging of slowly declining 14C was interrupted in the 1950s-1960s due to the testing of nuclear weapons producing a 14C peak. Since, the atmospheric 14C has continued to steadily decline due to continued CO2 emissions. If emissions are halted (RCP2.6 scenario), the 14C could continue at a preindustrial level (Figure 3). However, if emissions continue at the observed rate, the 14C will continue to decline at a rapid rate.
The artificial aging of the atmosphere has widespread implications for [radiocarbon dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm) as the atmospheric 14C content in 2100 could resemble a 2000-year old atmosphere, meaning samples from 2100 could be erroneously dated to AD 100 (Graven, 2015). As a result, unless supplementary lines of evidence could be presented to rule out different date ranges, a researcher may be left with multiple possible ambiguous date range results.
## Beta Analytic’s Radiocarbon Dating Services
ISO 17025-accredited Beta Analytic offers high-quality radiocarbon dating services by [Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm "Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)"). The lab reports results in 3-14 business days, depending on sample type and service requested. The lab’s fees are inclusive of quality assurance reports, calendar calibration when applicable, and 24/7 web access to past results and pending analyses.
At Beta, your samples will be calibrated to take the Suess Effect into account. [Contact us today](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm) if you have any questions about how this phenomenon could impact your results.
Read more about how human activities have affected the radiocarbon calibration curve through [Bomb Carbon](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bomb-carbon.htm).
**References:**
Graven, H.D., (2015). Impact of fossil fuel emissions on atmospheric radiocarbon and various applications of radiocarbon over this century. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(31), pp.9542-9545.
Keeling, R.F., Graven, H.D., Welp, L.R., Resplandy, L., Bi, J., Piper, S.C., Sun, Y., Bollenbacher, A. and Meijer, H.A., (2017). Atmospheric evidence for a global secular increase in carbon isotopic discrimination of land photosynthesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(39), pp.10361-10366.
Keeling, C.D., 1979. The Suess effect: 13Carbon-14Carbon interrelations. Environment International, 2(4-6), pp.229-300.
Keeling Curve – A daily record of global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration maintained by Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego
Photo Credits: Kevmin (CC BY-SA 3.0) via Wikimedia Commons. A fossil leaf from the extinct *Betula leopoldae*. 48.5 million years old; Klondike Mountain Formation. Republic, Ferry County, Washington, USA.
---
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**Categories:** Radiocarbon Dating, Stable Isotope Analysis
---
### [Why are Pteropods Excellent Recorders of Climate Change](https://www.radiocarbon.com/pteropods-climate-change/)
**Published:** August 22, 2022
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** Pteropods are sea slugs of <1cm in size, which originated approximately 133 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous. They are commonly analyzed in modern climate as well as paleoclimate studies due to their abundance within the water column as well as their vulnerability to changing environmental conditions.
**Content:**
Pteropods are sea slugs of <1cm in size, which originated approximately 133 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous. Currently, they can be found in most major oceans across all latitudes, and tend to be confined to the open water column within 10 meters of the ocean surface. They feed on plankton and zooplankton; thus they tend to be particularly abundant in nutrient-rich zones such as upwelling zones and continental shelves.
While there are hundreds of different pteropod species, they can be split into two groups—those which are shelled (known as *sea butterflies* – of the *Thecosomata* group) and those which are shell-less (known as *sea angels* – of the *Gymnosomata* group). Those which contain shells (*Thecosomata*) develop their delicate skeleton of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
Pteropods are commonly analyzed in modern climate as well as paleoclimate studies due to both their abundance within the water column as well as their vulnerability to changing environmental conditions, particularly CO2 driven climate change.
## Dissolution of Pteropods
In periods of enhanced atmospheric CO2 (such as the modern Anthropocene), the oceans absorb approximately 30% of this CO2, resulting in a sequence of chemical reactions. These reactions lower the water’s pH making it more acidic, while decreasing the availability of carbonate ions used to develop skeletons for calcium carbonate-bearing marine organisms, including pteropods. Without enough CaCO3, such organisms develop fragile shells ultimately leading to dissolution.
For example, a recent study by Gardner et al. (2017) found that polar pteropods from the Southern Ocean have already demonstrated high larval mortality and extensive shell malformation. Pteropods are expected to be extremely vulnerable to continued fossil fuel emissions, with another study confirming that a complete dissolution of pteropod shells will happen within 45 days at CO2 levels expected in 2100 (NOAA).
## Pteropods in Paleoclimate Studies
Beyond modern implications, pteropods have also been utilized in numerous paleoclimatic studies based on the fact that their distribution is highly dependent on temperature and productivity, while their structural integrity can signal CO2 variability.
For example, pteropods have been used to reconstruct and/or contextualize past climate change events such as the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), known as the closest analogue to today’s ocean acidification. Through the analysis of fossil evidence from 21 pteropod species, Peijnenburg et al. (2020) found that all pteropod clades survived the PETM and diverged soon thereafter, demonstrating that while they are known to be vulnerable to ocean acidification, they have been resilient in similar past conditions.
## Radiocarbon Dating Pteropods
ISO 17025-accredited Beta Analytic recommends sending 5-100 milligrams of pteropods for radiocarbon dating. Please read our article [Radiocarbon Dating Pteropods – Sample Size & Pretreatment](https://www.radiocarbon.com/c14-dating-pteropods/) before sending samples.
Please email the lab using this [contact form](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm) or call (+1) 305-667-5167 to request an estimate or quotation for your research. We respond to inquiries promptly during business hours (8 AM – 5 PM EST, Monday-Friday).
**References:**
Gardner, J., Manno, C., Bakker, D.C., Peck, V.L. and Tarling, G.A., 2018. Southern Ocean pteropods at risk from ocean warming and acidification. Marine Biology, 165(1), pp.1-12.
NOAA. PMEL Carbon Program: What is Ocean Acidification?
Peijnenburg, K.T., Janssen, A.W., Wall-Palmer, D., Goetze, E., Maas, A.E., Todd, J.A. and Marlétaz, F., 2020. The origin and diversification of pteropods precede past perturbations in the Earth’s carbon cycle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(41), pp.25609-25617.
**Image Credit:**
NOAA Photo Library, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons
[Join Beta’s mailing list](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm) to receive news of upcoming webinars by Beta and its subsidiaries as well as other industry updates.
**You might be interested in these free webinars available on demand:**
[Isotopes in Hydrology](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/)
[Sediments Webinar: C14 Dating, U-Th Dating, Sr Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sediments-webinar-c14-dating/)
[Choosing Optimal Bone Samples for Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/optimal-bone-samples-radiocarbon-dating/)
**Categories:** Radiocarbon Dating, Stable Isotope Analysis
---
### [Radiocarbon Dating Pteropods - Sample Size & Pretreatment](https://www.radiocarbon.com/c14-dating-pteropods/)
**Published:** August 13, 2022
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** Beta Analytic recommends sending 5-100 mg of pteropods for radiocarbon dating. Costs for radiocarbon dating pteropods and other carbonates vary depending on the AMS service selected.
**Content:**
Costs for radiocarbon dating pteropods and other carbonates vary depending on the [Accelerator Mass Spectrometry](https://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm) (AMS) service selected – Standard, Priority or Time Guide. To obtain a formal quotation, please let us know the number of samples you plan to analyze and the paying institution’s billing name and address.
## AMS Dating Pteropods by Beta Analytic
. **Sample size recommended (smaller AMS sizes possible – please [contact us](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm))** 5-100 milligrams
 **Carbon Dating Services** AMS Standard – results are reported in 14 business days or less
AMS Priority – 6 business days or less
AMS Time Guide – 2-3 business days
 **Analyses included with Carbon-14 Dating (if sample size permits)** δ13C, δ18O
 **Recommended container**- Wrap pteropod samples in aluminum foil to contain them in a pouch before putting them inside a labeled Ziplock bag.
- Send samples in small boxes instead of envelopes to protect the samples from being crushed during shipment.
 Please list the appropriate [DeltaR / DeltaRErr (localized reservoir correction)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/m) for the area of collection so that we can provide the most appropriate calendar calibration for the result.
Fees are inclusive of d13C and d18O measurements done in an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS), quality assurance reports, calendar calibration when applicable, and 24/7 web access to past results and pending analyses.
## **Pretreatment of Pteropods**
It is important to understand the pretreatment applied to samples since they directly affect the final result. You are welcome to contact us to discuss the pretreatment or request that we contact you after the pretreatment (and prior to dating).
While **AMS dating** requires as little as 3mg of pteropods after the pretreatment, however we recommend sending 50-100 mg to permit an aggressive cleaning prior to dating (and repeat analysis if necessary for confirming results based on quality control measures, at no additional cost to the client). Most pteropods and other carbonate materials are cleaned by physical abrasion to remove the outer surfaces and any adhering carbonate material and are then acid etched to remove approximately 10-30% or greater of the total weight so that only the good primary carbonate is dated.
## **Marine Reservoir Effect**
It is important to note that pteropods can be difficult to date due to the [marine reservoir effect,](https://www.radiocarbon.com/marine-reservoir-effect.htm) which is a consequence of the slow mixing between surface waters and deep waters in the oceans. The rapid exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and the biosphere via the carbon dioxide pathway is not exactly the same between the atmosphere and the oceans.
Studies show that the residence time of carbon-14 in the atmosphere ranges between 6 years and 10 years while the residence time of carbon-14 in oceans could take thousands of years. Depending on the age of the pteropods, a 200-500 year correction (i.e. global marine reservoir correction) is applied automatically for all marine carbonates. This automatic correction means the radiocarbon date gets more recent in time due to the fact that it takes 200-500 years for present-day carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to be incorporated and distributed (equilibrated) through the ocean water column. Where possible, an age-specific local marine reservoir correction will be applied to each individual pteropod sample to ensure the AMS dating provides a realistic dating result.
## **Radiocarbon Dating Results**
Results available as Conventional Radiocarbon Age, percent modern carbon (pMC), fraction modern (fM), Delta-14C (D14C) or Δ14C upon request.
**You might also be interested in these topics:**
[Why are Pteropods Excellent Recorders of Climate Change](https://www.radiocarbon.com/pteropods-climate-change/)
\[VIDEO\] How to Determine the DeltaR / DeltaRErr Value
[Stable Isotope Analysis of Carbonates](https://www.radiocarbon.com/oxygen-isotopes.htm "Oxygen Isotope Ratios (δ18O) analysis of Carbonates")
**Image Credits:**
NOAA Photo Library, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons
---
## Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Prices
To request an estimate or quotation for your radiocarbon dating project, please email the lab using this [contact form](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm) or call (+1) 305-667-5167. We respond to inquiries promptly during business hours (8 AM – 5 PM EST, Monday-Friday).
### Free Webinars
Together with Isobar Science, Beta Analytic hosted several free webinars available on demand:
[Isotopes in Hydrology](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/)
[Sediments Webinar: C14 Dating, U-Th Dating, Sr Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sediments-webinar-c14-dating/)
[Choosing Optimal Bone Samples for Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/optimal-bone-samples-radiocarbon-dating/)
[Join Beta’s mailing list](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm) to receive news of upcoming webinars by Beta and its subsidiaries as well as other industry updates.
**Categories:** Radiocarbon Dating
**Tags:** carbon dating service, radiocarbon dating companies, radiocarbon dating labs, radiocarbon dating services
---
### [Datación por radiocarbono de pterópodos – Tamaño de muestra y pretratamiento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/datacion-c14-pteropodos/)
**Published:** September 2, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Excerpt:** El coste de la datación por radiocarbono de pterópodos y otros carbonatos varían dependiendo del servicio de Espectrometría de Masas con Acelerador (AMS) seleccionado: Estándar, Prioritario o Time Guide. Para obtener un presupuesto formal, indique el número de muestras que tiene previsto analizar y el nombre y la dirección de facturación de la entidad pagadora.
**Content:**
El coste de la datación por radiocarbono de pterópodos y otros carbonatos varían dependiendo del servicio de [Espectrometría de Masas con Acelerador](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/acelerador-masa-espectrometria.htm "Espectrometría de Masas con Acelerador") (AMS) seleccionado: Estándar, Prioritario o Time Guide. Para obtener un presupuesto formal, indique el número de muestras que tiene previsto analizar y el nombre y la dirección de facturación de la entidad pagadora.
## Datación por AMS de pterópodos en Beta Analytic
 **Tamaño de muestra recomendado (es posible analizar tamaños más pequeños para AMS; [póngase en contacto con nosotros](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm))** 5-100 miligramos
 **Servicio de datación por radiocarbono** AMS Estándar – Resultados disponibles en 14 días hábiles o menos
AMS Prioritario – 6 días hábiles o menos
AMS Time Guide – 2-3 días hábiles
 **Análisis incluidos con la datación por carbono-14 (si el tamaño de la muestra lo permite)** δ13C, δ18O
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Envuelva las muestras de pterópodos en papel de aluminio antes de introducirlas en una bolsa Ziplock etiquetada.
- Envíe las muestras en cajas pequeñas en lugar de en sobres para evitar que sean aplastadas durante el envío.
 Por favor, indique el [DeltaR / DeltaRErr (corrección de reservorio localizado)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/m) de la zona de recogida para que podamos proporcionar la calibración de calendario más adecuada para el resultado.
Las tarifas incluyen las mediciones de d13C y d18O realizadas en un espectrómetro de masas de relación isotópica (IRMS), así como informes de garantía de calidad, calibraciones de calendario (cuando proceda) y acceso web 24 horas al día, 7 días a la semana, a los resultados anteriores y los análisis pendientes.
## Pretratamiento de pterópodos
Es importante conocer el pretratamiento aplicado a las muestras, ya que afecta directamente al resultado final. Puede ponerse en contacto con nosotros para hablar del tratamiento previo o solicitar que nos pongamos en contacto con usted después del pretratamiento (y antes de la datación).
**Si bien la **datación por AMS**** requiere tan sólo 3 mg de pterópodos después del pretratamiento, recomendamos enviar de 50-100 mg para permitir una limpieza profunda antes de la datación (y repetir el análisis si es necesario para confirmar los resultados en base a las medidas de control de calidad, sin coste adicional para el cliente). La mayoría de los pterópodos y otras muestras de carbonatos se limpian mediante abrasión física para eliminar las superficies exteriores y cualquier carbonato adherido y posteriormente se tratan con ácido para eliminar aproximadamente entre el 10% y el 30% o más del peso total, de modo que sólo se data el carbonato primario.
## **Efecto reservorio marino**
Es importante señalar que los pterópodos pueden ser difíciles de datar debido al [efecto reservorio marino](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/marino-reserva-efecto.htm) que es una consecuencia de la lenta mezcla entre las aguas superficiales y las aguas profundas de los océanos. El rápido intercambio de carbono entre la atmósfera y la biósfera a través de la vía del dióxido de carbono no es exactamente igual entre la atmósfera y los océanos.
Se sabe que el tiempo de permanencia del carbono-14 en la atmósfera oscila entre 6 y 10 años, mientras que el tiempo de permanencia del carbono-14 en los océanos podría ser de miles de años. Dependiendo de la edad de los pterópodos, se aplica automáticamente una corrección de 200 a 500 años (es decir, la corrección global del reservorio marino) para todos los carbonatos marinos. Esta corrección automática significa que la fecha de radiocarbono se vuelve más reciente debido al hecho de que el dióxido de carbono actual en la atmósfera tarda de 200 a 500 años en incorporarse y distribuirse a través de la columna de agua del océano. Siempre que sea posible, se aplicará una corrección del reservorio marino local específica de la edad a cada muestra individual de pterópodo para garantizar que la datación por AMS proporcione un resultado de datación preciso.
## **Resultados de la datación por radiocarbono**
Resultados disponibles como Edad Convencional de Radiocarbono, porcentaje de carbono moderno (pMC), fracción moderna (fM), Delta-14C (D14C) o Δ14C bajo petición.
**Quizás le interese también:**
[¿Por qué los pterópodos son excelentes registros del cambio climático?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/pteropods-climate-change/)
\[VIDEO\] Cómo determinar el valor DeltaR / DeltaRErr
[Análisis de isótopos estables de carbonatos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/isotopicas-oxigeno.htm)
[¿Por qué es tan importante el tiempo de respuesta de un laboratorio C14?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/resultados-rapidos/)
**Créditos de las imágenes:**
NOAA Photo Library, CC BY 2.0, vía Wikimedia Commons
---
## Coste de la datación por radiocarbono en Beta Analytic
Para solicitar un presupuesto o una cotización para su proyecto de datación por radiocarbono, envíe un correo electrónico al laboratorio utilizando este [formulario de contacto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/cuanto-cuesta-la-datacion-por-carbono.htm) o llame al (+1) 305-667-5167. Respondemos lo antes posible a todas las consultas en horario de oficina (de 8:00 a. m. a 5:00 p. m. EST, de lunes a viernes).
### **Webinarios gratuitos**
Junto con Isobar Science, Beta Analytic organizó varios webinarios gratuitos disponibles bajo demanda:
[Los isótopos en hidrología](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/)
[Webinario sobre sedimentos: Datación C14, Datación U-Th, Análisis Sr](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sediments-webinaire-datation-c14/)
[Elección de muestras óseas óptimas para análisis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/optimal-bone-samples-radiocarbon-dating/)
[Únase a la lista de correo de Beta](https://www.betalabservices.com/espanol/newsletter-subscription.html) para recibir noticias de los próximos webinarios y otras actualizaciones de la industria.
*Este artículo se publicó el sábado 13 de agosto de 2022 y está archivada en [Datación por radiocarbono.](https://www.radiocarbon.com/category/carbon-14-dating/)*
**Categories:** Spanish Articles
---
### [翼足類(pteropoda) の放射性炭素年代測定 – 試料サイズと前処理](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-c14-dating-pteropods/)
**Published:** September 6, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Excerpt:** Pteropodaの放射性炭素年代測定の分析費用は加速器質量分析 (AMS)の納期によって変わります。(Standard, Priority,Time Guide) お見積りが必要な場合は試料数、ご連絡先などをお知らせください。
**Content:**
Pteropodaの放射性炭素年代測定の分析費用は [加速器質量分析](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm) (AMS)の納期によって変わります。(Standard, Priority,Time Guide) お見積りが必要な場合は試料数、ご連絡先などをお知らせください。
## Beta AnalyticによるPteropoda のAMS年代測定
. **試料の推奨量 (より少ない量でも可能な場合があります) – [お問合せください](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-contact.htm)** 5-100 mg
 **炭素年代測定サービスの納期** AMS Standard – 結果は14 営業日以内にお知らせします
AMS Priority – 6 営業日
AMS Time Guide – 2-3 営業日
 **Carbon-14 年代測定には(試料量が十分にある場合) δ13C及び δ18O分析が含まれます** δ13C, δ18O
 **お勧めの梱包**- pteropoda 試料はアルミフォイルに包んでから試料名を明記したジップロックバッグに入れてください。
- 輸送中の破損を防ぐため封筒などではなく丈夫な箱に入れてください。
 [ローカルリザーバー効果補正のための DeltaR / DeltaRErr](https://www.radiocarbon.com/m) が分かりましたらお知らせください。それにより最も適切な暦年代較正を行うことが可能です。
料金には安定同位体質量分析計(IRMS)による d13C and d18O分析、 QAレポート、暦年代較正、 結果への24/7 ウェブアクセスが含まれています。
## **Pteropodaの前処理**
試料の前処理は、結果に直接影響を与えるため、その内容を理解することが重要です。前処理についてのご相談は、試料をお送りいただく前、前処理を行った後、前処理を行う前などいつでもしていただけます。
**AMS** による年代測定 は前処理後3mg の pteropodaがあれば可能ですが、50-100 mg をお送りいただくことをお勧めします。 試料量が多ければ、より積極的なクリーニングを行うことが可能となります。(また試験所がQAデータなどの結果を考慮して必要と判断した場合に再測定が可能です。) ほとんどのpteropodaや炭酸塩の試料は付着した炭酸塩を物理的に削り取った後、酸エッチが施されることによって重量が10-30%もしくはそれ以上に減少します。そうすることによってプライマリーな炭酸塩のみを測定することが可能になります。
## **海洋リザーバー効果**
pteropoda の炭素年代の解釈は [海洋リザーバー効果](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/marine-reservoir-effect.htm) のため難しい場合があります。大気と生物圏間の炭素交換は速く起きるのに対して、大気と海洋間ではより大きな時間差が生じます。
研究結果によると大気中carbon 14の滞留時間は6から10年であるのに対し、海洋のそれは何千年とかかる可能性があります。pteropodaの年代により、200-500年の補正が自動的に行われます(グローバル海洋リザーバ効果の補正)。それは大気中の二酸化炭素と海水中の二酸化炭素が平衡状態になるまで200-500年かかるためです。さらに、可能であればローカルなリザーバ効果を補正することによって、個々のpteropoda試料に即したAMS年代を得ることが可能です。
## **放射性炭素年代測定の結果**
Conventional Radiocarbon Ageを報告します。リクエストにより percent modern carbon (pMC), fraction modern (fM), Delta-14C (D14C) or Δ14C を報告します。
**You might also be interested in these topics:**
[気候変動を記録するPteropoda](https://www.radiocarbon.com/pteropods-climate-change/)
\[VIDEO\] DeltaR / DeltaRErr Valueを決定する
[炭酸塩の安定同位体](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/oxygen-isotopes.htm "Oxygen Isotope Ratios (δ18O) analysis of Carbonates")
**画像著作権:**
NOAA Photo Library, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons
---
## Beta Analytic の放射性炭素年代測定価格
放射性炭素年代測定のお見積りが必要な場合は[コンタクトフォーム](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm) からご連絡いただくか052-802-0703にお電話をお願いいたします。営業時間内にできる限り早く対応させていただきます。(平日の9 AM – 6 PM JST).
### 無料のウェビナー
Isobar Scienceと Beta Analytic による無料のウェビナーをご覧いただけます:
[水文学における同位体](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/)
[Sediments に関するウェビナー: C14 年代測定, U-Th 年代測定, Sr 分析](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sediments-webinar-c14-dating/)
[骨試料の選び方](https://www.radiocarbon.com/optimal-bone-samples-radiocarbon-dating/)
[Beta’s メーリングリスト](https://www.betalabservices.com/jp/newsletter-subscription.html) に登録していただければ最新情報をお知らせします。
*このエントリーは Saturday, August 13th, 2022 、Radiocarbon Dating の下に投稿されました.*
**Categories:** Japanese Articles
---
### [Datation radiocarbone des ptéropodes – Taille d'échantillon et prétraitement](https://www.radiocarbon.com/c14-datation-pteropodes/)
**Published:** September 2, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Excerpt:** Les coûts de la datation radiocarbone des ptéropodes et autres carbonates varient en fonction du service de spectrométrie de masse par accélérateur (AMS) sélectionné - Standard, Priority ou Time Guide. Pour obtenir un devis officiel, veuillez nous indiquer le nombre d'échantillons que vous prévoyez d'analyser ainsi que le nom et l'adresse de facturation de l'établissement payeur.
**Content:**
Les coûts de la datation radiocarbone des ptéropodes et autres carbonates varient en fonction du service de [spectrométrie de masse par accélérateur](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/spectrometrie-acceleration-masse.htm "spectrométrie de masse par accélérateur") (AMS) sélectionné – Standard, Priority ou Time Guide. Pour obtenir un devis officiel, veuillez nous indiquer le nombre d’échantillons que vous prévoyez d’analyser ainsi que le nom et l’adresse de facturation de l’établissement payeur.
## Datation AMS des ptéropodes par Beta Analytic
 **Quantités recommandées (de plus petites quantités sont possibles pour l’AMS – veuillez [nous contacter](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-contact.htm))** 5-100 milligrammes
 **Services de datation au carbone** AMS Standard – les résultats sont communiqués sous 14 jours ouvrés ou moins
AMS Priority – 6 jours ouvrés ou moins
AMS Time Guide – 2-3 jours ouvrés
 **Analyses incluses avec la datation au carbone 14 (si la taille de l’échantillon le permet)** δ13C, δ18O
 **Contenants recommandés**- Enveloppez les échantillons de ptéropodes dans du papier d’aluminium puis placez-les dans une pochette avant de les mettre dans un sac Ziplock étiqueté.
- Envoyez les échantillons dans de petites boîtes au lieu d’enveloppes pour éviter que les échantillons ne soient écrasés pendant le transport.
 Merci de nous fournir les valeurs [DeltaR / DeltaRErr (correction localisée du réservoir](https://www.radiocarbon.com/m)) du site où l’échantillon a été prélevé pour que nous puissions appliquer l’étalonnage le plus adapté à l’âge.
Nos tarifs incluent les mesures d13C et d18O (réalisées dans un spectromètre de masse de rapport isotopique – IRMS), un rapport d’assurance qualité, le calendrier de calibration (lorsqu’applicable), un accès Internet 24h/24 aux résultats de datation passés, ainsi que vos analyses en cours.
## Prétraitement des ptéropodes
Il est important de comprendre les prétraitements appliqués aux échantillons car ils affectent directement le résultat final. Vous pouvez nous contacter pour discuter du prétraitement ou nous demander de vous contacter après le prétraitement (et avant la datation).
Même si la **datation AMS** ne nécessite que 3 mg de ptéropodes après le prétraitement, nous recommandons d’envoyer 50 à 100 mg afin de permettre un nettoyage en profondeur avant la datation (et répéter l’analyse si nécessaire pour confirmer les résultats selon nos mesures de contrôle qualité, sans frais supplémentaires pour le client). La plupart des ptéropodes et autres matériaux à base de carbonate sont d’abord nettoyés par l’abrasion physique afin de retirer les couches extérieures ainsi que des carbonates accrochés et ensuite lavés à l’acide, ce qui retire approximativement 10-30% ou plus du poids brut et ne laisse que le carbonate primaire pour la datation.
## Effet réservoir marin
Il est important de noter que les ptéropodes peuvent être difficiles à dater en raison de l’[effet réservoir marin](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/effet-reservoir-marin.htm), ce qui est une conséquence des mélanges lents entre les eaux en surface et les eaux profondes dans les océans. L’échange rapide de carbone entre l’atmosphère et la biosphère par la voie du dioxyde de carbone n’est pas exactement le même entre l’atmosphère et les océans.
Des études montrent que le temps de résidence du radiocarbone dans l’atmosphère varie de 6 à 10 ans, tandis que celui du radiocarbone océanique peut être de plusieurs milliers d’années. Une correction globale de réservoir marin allant de 200 ans à 500 ans est appliquée automatiquement, en fonction de l’âge de l’échantillon de ptéropode. Cette correction automatique rajeunit l’âge radiocarbone de l’échantillon afin de prendre en compte le délai de 200 à 500 ans nécessaire pour le dioxyde de carbone moderne d’infiltrer et se distribuer dans les colonnes d’eau de mer. Dans la mesure du possible, une correction du réservoir marin local spécifique à l’âge sera appliquée à chaque échantillon de ptéropode individuel pour garantir que la datation AMS fournit un résultat de datation réaliste.
## Résultats de la datation au radiocarbone
Les résultats peuvent être communiqués comme suit : âge radiocarbone conventionnel, pourcentage de carbone moderne (pMC), fraction moderne (fM), Delta-14C (D14C) ou Δ14C sur demande.
**Ces sujets pourraient également vous intéresser :**
[Pourquoi les ptéropodes sont-ils d’excellentes archives du changement climatique ?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/pteropods-climate-change/)
\[VIDÉO\] Comment déterminer la valeur de DeltaR / DeltaRErr ? (en anglais)
[Analyse isotopique stable des carbonates](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/isotopique-oxygene.htm)
**Crédits photo:**
NOAA Photo Library, CC BY 2.0, vía Wikimedia Commons
---
## Prix de la datation au radiocarbone de Beta Analytic
Pour demander une estimation ou un devis pour votre projet de datation au radiocarbone, veuillez envoyer un e-mail au laboratoire en utilisant ce [formulaire de contact](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/combien-coute-la-datation-carbone.htm) ou appeler le (+1) 305-667-5167. Nous répondons rapidement aux demandes pendant les heures ouvrables (de 8h00 à 17h00 heure française, du lundi au vendredi).
### Webinaires gratuits
En collaboration avec Isobar Science, Beta Analytic a organisé plusieurs webinaires gratuits disponibles à la demande :
[Les isotopes en hydrologie](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/)
[Webinaire sur les sédiments : datation C14, datation U-Th, analyse Sr](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sediments-webinaire-datation-c14/)
[Choisir les meilleurs échantillons d’os pour l’analyse](https://www.radiocarbon.com/optimal-bone-samples-radiocarbon-dating/)
[Abonnez-vous à notre newsletter](https://www.betalabservices.com/francais/newsletter-souscription.html) pour être informé des webinaires à venir et autres actualités de l’industrie.
*La version anglaise de cet article a été initialement publiée le 13 aout 2022 et est classé dans [Radiocarbon Dating.](https://www.radiocarbon.com/category/carbon-14-dating/)*
**Categories:** French Articles
---
### [Free Webinar: What is Biogenic Apatite?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/free-webinar-biogenic-apatite/)
**Published:** September 8, 2022
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** Biogenic Apatite: Oxygen Isotope Analysis
REGISTER HERE
Live Webinar: Sept. 20, 2022 * Available on demand *
Speaker: Maren Pauly, PhD (Beta Analytic & Isobar Science Scientific Associate)
**Content:**
Beta Analytic and Isobar Science invite researchers interested in oxygen isotope analysis to view this FREE webinar:
Biogenic Apatite: Oxygen Isotope Analysis
Live Webinar: Sept. 20, 2022 (Available on demand)
Speaker: Maren Pauly, PhD (Beta Analytic & Isobar Science Scientific Associate)
## **[JOIN HERE (FREE REGISTRATION)](https://us02web.zoom.us/webinar/register/rec/WN_kr5QuYSfQESz1_o7hYc4Ug?meetingId=1e9xFl0_O9cx17gZgAAE9iizyh6UN_XErpzJmnGmEy8dALgpzl4JRuTyr8AwKcEG.q4z_YmVStbeLN3CX&playId=&action=play&_x_zm_rtaid=sgmYJdQsS46R6398TGhZOA.1663701420610.1aa1c6981b80f8dac01adc022b5fcd2a&_x_zm_rhtaid=308#/registration)**
## Webinar Topics include:
- An introduction to isotopes;
- Biogenic Apatite (CaPO4) Isotope Analysis: bones and teeth;
- Application examples in archaeology, paleoclimatology, paleontology, and anthropology studies.
Oxygen isotopes in bones and teeth of humans and other organisms can provide a signal of seasonal and annual precipitation, altitude, significant weather events, humidity, migration, thermoregulation, growth rate, drought resistance/susceptibility and preference for C3 vs C4 plants in diet, diagenesis, and even tectonics.
The speaker,[ Dr. Maren Pauly](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maren-Pauly), will also discuss sample collection best practices and Isobar Science’s sample submission protocol. Dr. Arash Sharifi (Isobar Science VP of Laboratory Operations) and [Mr. Keiran Swart](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Keiran-Swart) (Isobar Science Laboratory Specialist) will also be available during the Q&A session.
Dr. Pauly is a paleoclimatologist who completed her PhD at the Freie Universität Berlin. Her research experience includes reconstructing climate from modern corals and subfossil tree-rings as well as Late Glacial radiocarbon calibration. She completed her Master of Science and Bachelor of Science degrees at the University of Waterloo in Canada.
Isobar Science is a subsidiary of radiocarbon dating laboratory Beta Analytic.
*Note: Isobar Science has discontinued biogenic apatite services starting January 2024.*
### Free Webinars
You might also be interested in these webinars available on demand:
[C14 vs U-Th Dating – Undecided which method is best for your bone samples?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/bones-archaeology-webinar/)
[Strontium Isotopes Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/strontium-isotopes-webinar/)
[Introduction to Lead (Pb) Isotopes and Applications](https://www.radiocarbon.com/lead-pb-isotopes-webinar/)
[Join our mailing list](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm) to receive news of upcoming webinars by Beta and its subsidiaries as well as other industry updates.
**Categories:** SGS Beta Updates, SGS Beta Webinars
**Tags:** carbon dating test, radiocarbon dating companies, radiocarbon dating services, stable isotope analysis laboratory
---
### [How to Identify Sources of Pollution using Sr and B Isotopes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/identify-pollution-sources-using-strontium-boron-isotopes/)
**Published:** April 11, 2023
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** Live webinar: April 20, 2023 * Available on demand *
Speaker: Maren Pauly, PhD (Beta Analytic & Isobar Science Scientific Associate)
**Content:**
Live webinar: April 20, 2023 \* Also available on demand \*
Speaker: Maren Pauly, PhD (Beta Analytic & Isobar Science Scientific Associate)
Also present during the Q&A are Arash Sharifi, PhD (Isobar Science VP of Laboratory Operations) and Keiran Swart (Isobar Science Laboratory Specialist).
---
## [**REGISTER NOW**](https://us02web.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_rkhqn9mWR42xFtTSLaeo2A#/registration)
---
Topics in this FREE webinar include:
- Boron and strontium systematics in the hydrosphere;
- Implications of water pollution on isotopic cycles and pathways; and
- Case studies highlighting research identifying pollution sources and their implications on the environment.
Dr. Pauly will introduce the boron and strontium testing services offered by Isobar Science. She will also describe the lab’s sample submission process and recommendations.
Aside from **boron and strontium** testing, Isobar Science also provides [uranium-thorium dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/uranium-thorium-dating-webinar/) and [Lead (Pb) isotopic measurements](https://www.radiocarbon.com/lead-pb-isotopes-webinar/). The lab specializes in high-precision elemental analysis of isotopes using wet chemistry, (LA-)MC-ICP-MS, and IRMS.
Isobar Science is a subsidiary of Miami-based Beta Analytic, an ISO 17025-accredited radiocarbon dating laboratory.
### **About the Speakers**
[Dr. Maren Pauly](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maren-Pauly) completed her PhD at the Freie Universität Berlin. Her research experience includes reconstructing climate from modern corals and subfossil tree-rings as well as Late Glacial radiocarbon calibration.
Dr. Arash Sharifi specializes in the application of organic and inorganic geochemistry in reconstructing past climate and environmental conditions. He completed his PhD in marine geology and geophysics at the University of Miami.
[Mr. Keiran Swart ](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Keiran-Swart)is a laboratory specialist at Isobar Science and a member of Beta Analytic’s Research & Development team. He completed his Master’s degree in marine geochemistry at Princeton University.
[](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm)
**You might also be interested in these free webinars available on demand:**
- [Strontium Isotopes Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/strontium-isotopes-webinar/)
- [Isotopes in marine environments](https://www.radiocarbon.com/marine-environment-isotopes-webinar/) (d18O, d13C, B, Pb, Sr)
Subscribe to our newsletter to receive news of upcoming webinars by Beta and its subsidiaries as well as other industry updates.
**Categories:** SGS Beta Updates, SGS Beta Webinars, Stable Isotope Analysis
**Tags:** stable isotope analysis laboratory
---
### [View Beta's Lead Isotopes and Applications Webinar](https://www.radiocarbon.com/lead-pb-isotopes-webinar/)
**Published:** March 16, 2021
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** Register here to view the free webinar "Introduction to Lead (Pb) Isotopes and Applications" on demand.
Live Webinar: March 24, 2021
Speakers: Dr. Maren Pauly and Dr. Arash Sharifi
**Content:**
[Register here](https://us02web.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_pItrm6o0R3mQIxzVlsH4Uw) to view the free webinar “Introduction to Lead (Pb) Isotopes and Applications” on demand.
Live Webinar: March 24, 2021
Speakers: Dr. Maren Pauly and Dr. Arash Sharifi
## Lead Isotopes Webinar Topics
Aside from an introduction to lead (Pb) isotopes and decay and the geology of these isotopes, the speakers will also discuss:
- Human intervention in Pb cycling
- How to prepare samples for Pb isotopic analysis
- Pb Applications – soil characterization, tree-ring analysis, groundwater, archaeology provenance studies, and forensics
---
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
### About the Speakers
Dr. Maren Pauly is an experienced researcher on paleoclimatology (tree-rings, corals), [radiocarbon calibration](https://www.radiocarbon.com/calendar-calibration-carbon-dating.htm), and plant biology. She is an account manager for Beta Analytic and its subsidiary, Isobar Science. Dr. Pauly is also a part-time lecturer in Plant Sciences at Bath Spa University since October 2019.
Dr. Arash Sharifi is Isobar Science’s Vice President of Lab Operations. He is an isotope geochemist, paleoclimatologist, and geologist specializing in the application of organic and inorganic geochemistry in reconstructing past climate and environmental conditions.
****
[Join our mailing list](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm) to receive news of upcoming webinars by Beta and its subsidiaries as well as other industry updates.
[Carbon Dating Cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
[Stable Isotope Analysis Cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm)
---
**Beta Analytic’s Free Webinars available on demand:**
- [Boron Isotopic Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/boron-isotopes/)
- [Application of Strontium Isotopes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/strontium-isotopes-webinar/)
- [Uranium-Thorium Dating Introduction & Applications](https://www.radiocarbon.com/uranium-thorium-dating-webinar/)
- [Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb Isotopes & Geochemical Fingerprinting](https://www.radiocarbon.com/geochemical-fingerprinting-webinar/)
**Categories:** SGS Beta Updates, SGS Beta Webinars
---
### [Beta Analytic Webinar: What is Paleoclimatology?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/what-is-paleoclimatology-webinar/)
**Published:** September 6, 2021
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** REGISTER HERE for FREE (available on demand)
Topics include: Isotopes in Dating and Climate-Proxy Relationships
Live Webinar: September 22, 2021
Speaker: Dr. Maren Pauly, Scientific Associate at Beta Analytic and Isobar Science
**Content:**
ISO 17025-accredited radiocarbon dating laboratory Beta Analytic invites all researchers to join its FREE paleoclimatology webinar on September 22, 2021.
[**REGISTER HERE**](https://us02web.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_SOuftLB5SJSyTuZtDdR1CQ) (available on demand)
Topics include: Isotopes in Dating and Climate-Proxy Relationships
Speaker: Dr. Maren Pauly, Scientific Associate at Beta Analytic and its subsidiary Isobar Science
## You will learn:
- What is paleoclimatology and what is it used for?
- The importance of **Carbon-14 Dating** and Uranium-Thorium Dating in paleoclimatology; and
- How archives can be used to reconstruct past climate.
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
## About the Speaker
Maren Pauly is a paleoclimatologist who undertook her PhD in Natural Sciences at the Freie Universität Berlin. She completed her Master of Science and Bachelor of Science degrees at the University of Waterloo in Canada. She has research experience reconstructing climate from modern corals and subfossil tree-rings, in addition to Late Glacial radiocarbon calibration. Dr. Pauly is currently a part-time lecturer at Bath Spa University.
[Join our mailing list](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm) to receive news of upcoming webinars by Beta and its subsidiaries as well as other industry updates.
---
*You might be interested in the following:*
[Free Webinar: U-Th Dating Applications](https://www.radiocarbon.com/uranium-thorium-dating-webinar/)
[Radiocarbon Dating Price Inquiry](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
[Stable Isotope Analysis Cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm)
**Categories:** SGS Beta Updates, SGS Beta Webinars
---
### [Beta's Webinar on Boron Isotopic Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/boron-isotopes/)
**Published:** October 30, 2020
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** Live Webinar: November 12, 2020 - Available on Demand (Free)
Speaker: Mr. Sean Ahearn, Beta Analytic’s project manager for water services.
* Also available with Simplified Chinese subtitles *
**Content:**
**[REGISTER HERE](https://us02web.zoom.us/rec/share/piLqjM_xjMeqsjgn8f59RYLYA-UJNfCu1bJ-JjkPvcPCDWKiF6mZHl1RhMA4Dj8B.xSqXPj5x1D1If-04) to watch this FREE webinar on demand.**
Live webinar schedule: November 12, 2020
Speaker: Mr. Sean Ahearn, Beta Analytic’s project manager for water services.
[\* Also available with Simplified Chinese subtitles \*](https://appz6xgdirm8364.h5.xiaoeknow.com/v1/course/video/v_601e25a1e4b035d3cdb73579?type=2 "* Also available with Simplified Chinese subtitles *")
### Why Join the Webinar?
1\. Learn about Boron (B) and its occurrence in water;
2\. Review Boron isotopic applications to water studies (fingerprinting, paleo pH, and nutrient source tracking);
3\. Discuss case studies on the application of boron isotopic analysis.
For any questions, please contact Mr. Ahearn at [info\[at\]betalabservices.com](mailto:sahearn@betalabservices.com).
[Carbon Dating Cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
[Stable Isotope Analysis Cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm)
**[Join our mailing list](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm) to receive news of upcoming webinars.**
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
---
**Past Webinars available on demand:** [Application of Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb Isotope Systematics in Earth Science](https://www.radiocarbon.com/geochemical-fingerprinting-webinar/)
[Introduction to Isotopic Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/)
[Isotopes in Hydrology](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/)
[Dissolved Carbon](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/)
**Categories:** SGS Beta Updates, SGS Beta Webinars
---
### [Webinaire sur les sédiments : datation C14, datation U-Th, analyse Sr](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sediments-webinaire-datation-c14/)
**Published:** May 17, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Excerpt:** Beta Analytic et Isobar Science organisent un webinaire gratuit axé sur les sédiments, avec un aperçu des méthodes de datation et des analyses isotopiques applicables.
**Content:**
Beta Analytic et Isobar Science organisent un webinaire gratuit axé sur les sédiments, avec un aperçu des méthodes de datation et des analyses isotopiques applicables.
[**INSCRIVEZ-VOUS ICI**](https://us02web.zoom.us/rec/share/3JQ8pPO8VvUs8p5LRTrjUIUJy85gwR_nkwBDL7VFtU2Kog-eRGe1L7AJCbzAexMO.70GyE6VP1GlYW3u7) **(disponible sur demande)**
Webinaire en direct : 2 décembre 2021
Intervenante : Maren Pauly, PhD
## Au programme :
- Aperçu des différents types de sédiments (dépôts marins, terrestres, lacustres, éoliens)
- Différentes méthodes de datation – [Radiocarbone](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/a-propos-datation-carbone.htm) vs Uranium-Thorium
- [Analyses isotopiques](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isobar-science/) – strontium, oxygène, carbone, plomb et Sr-Nd-Hf
Dr. Pauly abordera également les recommandations de Beta Analytic [concernant la taille des échantillons](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-sma-sediments.htm), leur prélèvement, manipulation et envoi.
**MISE À JOUR : Isobar Science a interrompu le service Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb à partir de janvier 2024.**
---
Avis de non-responsabilité : cette vidéo est hébergée sur un site tiers et peut contenir de la publicité.
### A propos de l’intervenante
Maren Pauly est paléoclimatologue et titulaire d’un doctorat en sciences naturelles. Elle a obtenu sa maîtrise ès sciences et son baccalauréat ès sciences à l’Université de Waterloo au Canada et son doctorat à la Freie Universität de Berlin. Son expérience dans la recherche couvre la reconstruction du climat à partir de coraux modernes et de cernes d’arbres sous-fossiles ainsi que la calibration au radiocarbone de l’époque tardiglaciaire.
## Services de datation au radiocarbone de Beta Analytic
Le laboratoire Beta Analytic, basé à Miami et accrédité ISO 17025, propose deux services de datation au radiocarbone pour les échantillons de sédiments – AMS Standard (les résultats sont communiqués en 14 jours ouvrés ou moins) et AMS Priority (les résultats sont disponibles en 6 jours ouvrés ou moins). Les tarifs comprennent les données δ13C, les rapports d’assurance qualité, la calibration et l’accès Internet 24h/24 et 7j/7 aux résultats antérieurs et aux analyses en cours.
Veuillez nous contacter avant envoi afin que nous puissions vous fournir un “permis de sol” si nécessaire.
## [\[VIDÉO\] Meilleures pratiques pour le prélèvement d’échantillons de sédiments](#collapseThree)
Avis de non-responsabilité : cette vidéo est hébergée sur un site tiers et peut contenir de la publicité.
[Recommandations pour la préparation et la collecte des sédiments pour analyse (PNG)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Sediment-Sampling-Guide-English-02-e1537189317387.png "Recommendations for Preparing & Collecting Sediment for Analysis")
**Tarifs de datation au radiocarbone –** Veuillez utiliser [ce formulaire](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/combien-coute-la-datation-carbone.htm) pour toute demande de tarif. Si vous avez besoin d’un devis formel, veuillez indiquer le nombre d’échantillons, le service souhaité (standard ou prioritaire) et l’adresse de facturation de l’institution payante.
## Services Isobar Science
Isobar Science, filiale de Beta Analytic, fournit la datation U-Th, l’analyse du rapport de strontium et les mesures de plomb (Pb), et de bore (B). Vous êtes intéressé par les isotopes Pb l’analyse des sédiments marins et lacustres ? Visitez notre site [www.isobarscience.com](https://isobarscience.com/).
```
*** Webinaires gratuits disponibles sur demande ***Focus sur les os : les isotopes dans les études de datation, de régime alimentaire et de migrationIsotopes du plomb (Pb) et applications - caractérisation des sols, eaux souterraines, etc.Datation U-Th vs datation au carbone 14Plus de webinaires
```
[Inscrivez-vous à notre newsletter pour être informé des prochains webinaires.](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm)
*La version anglaise de cet article a été initialement publiée le mercredi 10 novembre 2021*
**Categories:** French Articles
---
### [Sediments Webinar: C14 Dating, U-Th Dating, Sr Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sediments-webinar-c14-dating/)
**Published:** November 10, 2021
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** REGISTER HERE for FREE (available on demand)
Topic: Sediments - Dating & Environmental Reconstructions
Live Webinar: December 2, 2021
Speaker: Dr. Maren Pauly, Scientific Associate at Beta Analytic and Isobar Science
* Also available with Simplified Chinese subtitles *
**Content:**
Beta Analytic and its subsidiary Isobar Science will be hosting a FREE webinar focused on sediments, including an overview on applicable dating methods and isotopic analyses.
[**REGISTER HERE**](https://us02web.zoom.us/rec/share/3JQ8pPO8VvUs8p5LRTrjUIUJy85gwR_nkwBDL7VFtU2Kog-eRGe1L7AJCbzAexMO.70GyE6VP1GlYW3u7) **(available on demand)**
Live Webinar: December 2, 2021
Speaker: Maren Pauly, PhD
[\* Also available with Simplified Chinese subtitles \*](https://lus.h5.xeknow.com/s/gLTgQ)
## What to expect from this webinar:
- Overview of different types of sediments (marine, terrestrial, lacustrine, aeolian deposits)
- Different dating methods – [Radiocarbon](https://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm) vs Uranium-Thorium
- [Isotopic analyses](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isobar-science/) – strontium, oxygen, carbon, lead, and Sr-Nd-Hf
Dr. Pauly will also talk about Beta Analytic’s [recommendations on sample size](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-sediments.htm), collection, handling and submission.
**UPDATE: Isobar Science discontinued the Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb service starting January 2024.**
---
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
### About the Speaker
Maren Pauly is a paleoclimatologist with a PhD in Natural Sciences. She completed her Master of Science and Bachelor of Science degrees at the University of Waterloo in Canada and her PhD at the Freie Universität Berlin. Her research experience includes reconstructing climate from modern corals and subfossil tree-rings as well as Late Glacial radiocarbon calibration.
## Beta Analytic’s Radiocarbon Dating Services
Miami-based ISO 17025-accredited Beta Analytic offers two radiocarbon dating services for sediment samples – AMS Standard (results are reported in 14 business days or less) and AMS Priority (results available in 6 business days or less). Fees are inclusive of δ13C data, quality assurance reports, calendar calibration, and 24/7 web access to past results and pending analyses.
Please contact us before submission so we can provide you with a soil permit if necessary.
## [\[VIDEO\] Sediment Sample Collection Best Practices](#collapseThree)
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
[Recommendations for Preparing & Collecting Sediment for Analysis (PNG)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Sediment-Sampling-Guide-English-02-e1537189317387.png "Recommendations for Preparing & Collecting Sediment for Analysis")
**Radiocarbon Dating Cost –** Please use [this form](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm) when inquiring about prices. If you need a formal quotation, please include the number of samples, service selected (Standard or Priority), and billing address of the paying institution.
## Isobar Science Services
Beta Analytic subsidiary Isobar Science provides U-Th dating, strontium ratio analysis, and lead (Pb) and boron (B) measurements. Interested in Pb isotopes of marine and lacustrine sediments? Visit [www.isobarscience.com](https://isobarscience.com/).
```
*** Free Webinars Available on Demand ***A Focus on Bones: Isotopes in dating, diets and migration studiesLead (Pb) Isotopes and Applications - soil characterization, groundwater, etc.U-Th dating vs Carbon-14 datingMore webinars
```
[Subscribe to our newsletter to receive updates on upcoming webinars.](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm)
**Categories:** SGS Beta Updates, SGS Beta Webinars
**Tags:** radiocarbon dating companies, radiocarbon dating labs, radiocarbon dating prices, radiocarbon dating services, stable isotope analysis laboratory
---
### [Geochemical Fingerprinting Webinar: Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb Isotopes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/geochemical-fingerprinting-webinar/)
**Published:** June 11, 2021
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** Register here to view the FREE webinar “Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb Isotopes” on demand.
Live Webinar: June 24, 2021
Speaker: Dr. Arash Sharifi
**Content:**
Beta Analytic subsidiary Isobar Science invites all researchers to view the FREE webinar “Application of Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb Isotope Systematics in Earth Science”.
[**Register Here**](https://us02web.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_rOLFZHiGTKW53CbsOIw18w) **to view the webinar on demand**
Live webinar: June 24, 2021
Speaker: Dr. Arash Sharifi, Isobar Science’s VP of Lab Operations
## Join this complimentary webinar to gain an understanding of:
- How different processes control the distribution of elements in the earth system
- Sr, Nd, Hf, and Pb isotope measurements and reporting conventions
- What to expect from a lab when measuring Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb isotopes
**UPDATE: Isobar Science discontinued the Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb service starting January 2024.**
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
### About the Speaker
Dr. Arash Sharifi is an isotope geochemist, paleoclimatologist, and geologist specializing in the application of organic and inorganic geochemistry in reconstructing past climate and environmental conditions.
[Join our mailing list](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm) to receive news of upcoming webinars by Beta and its subsidiaries as well as other industry updates.
[Carbon Dating Cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
[Stable Isotope Analysis Cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm)
---
#### Beta Analytic’s Free Webinars available on demand:
- [Lead Isotopes and Applications](https://www.radiocarbon.com/lead-pb-isotopes-webinar/)
- [Boron Isotopic Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/boron-isotopes/)
- [Uranium-Thorium Dating Introduction & Applications](https://www.radiocarbon.com/uranium-thorium-dating-webinar/)
- [Strontium Isotopes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/strontium-isotopes-webinar/)
- [More](https://www.radiocarbon.com/category/beta-analytic-updates/beta-analytic-webinars/)
**Categories:** SGS Beta Updates, SGS Beta Webinars
---
### [Radiocarbon (14C) in Terrestrial & Marine Environments](https://www.radiocarbon.com/14c-in-terrestrial-and-marine-environments/)
**Published:** May 8, 2023
**Author:** RLRC
**Content:**
Radiocarbon is integrated into carbon-bearing organisms during their lifetime. Radiocarbon is formed in the upper atmosphere through the reaction between cosmic rays and nitrogen (14N), forming three different types of carbon – one radioactive form (14C) as well as two stable forms (12C, 13C).
## 14C in Terrestrial Plants & Animals
During its life, terrestrial plants and animals remain in chemical equilibrium with the atmosphere by exchanging carbon directly with the atmosphere (i.e. plants through photosynthesis) or indirectly through its diet (i.e. animals through the consumption of plants). It will therefore have the same proportion of radiocarbon as the atmosphere during its life, and ceases to acquire radiocarbon after death. It is this equilibrium that permits organisms to be dated by measuring radiocarbon within its tissues.
## 14C in Marine Organisms
Marine organisms also integrate radiocarbon into their tissues, but not in equilibrium with the atmosphere – instead in equilibrium with the surrounding ocean water. Radiocarbon is transferred from the atmosphere into the ocean through mixing along the air-sea interface. This mixing is not necessarily constant and the oceans represent a large reservoir of radiocarbon, resulting in a difference between the radiocarbon value measured in terrestrial and marine organisms living at the same time.
Surfaces of oceans and other bodies of water have two sources of radiocarbon – atmospheric carbon dioxide and the deep ocean. Deep waters in oceans acquire radiocarbon from both mixing with the surface waters as well as from the radioactive decay already occurring at their levels. Studies show that equilibration of CO2 with radiocarbon in surface water is of the order of 10 years – resulting in large differences between the measured age (using a terrestrial calibration curve) and the actual age of the organism in question. The degree of equilibration of carbon dioxide in deep water remains unknown.
## Importance of Calibration
The level of radiocarbon within the atmosphere and ocean have not been constant through time, instead they have fluctuated due to both natural and anthropogenic processes (e.g. magnetic field variations, solar activity, cosmic ray flux and nuclear weapons testing). Due to this variability – and the delta between the atmosphere and ocean radiocarbon – individual [calibration curves](https://www.radiocarbon.com/calendar-calibration-carbon-dating.htm) have been developed for each sphere. The atmospheric calibration curve (INTCAL20) was developed using terrestrial archives – mainly tree-rings – whereas the marine calibration curve (MARINE20) developed using Uranium-Thorium dated corals, speleothems and sedimentary sequences.
When comparing the terrestrial INTCAL20 to the ocean MARINE20, it is clear that while the curves demonstrate similar long-term trends, ocean organisms demonstrate a higher value of Δ14C compared to terrestrial organisms across the entire measured period from present (1950) to 50,000 years before present. This is known as the [Marine Reservoir Effect (MRE)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/marine-reservoir-effect.htm), which has profound implications to dating marine organisms.
In order to account for this marine deviation, the local reservoir effects must be taken into account and used to calibrate the date of any marine sample. It is possible to view the available marine calibrations relevant to your sample online on the [Marine20 Database](http://calib.org/marine/) and calculate the reservoir offset (ΔR) closest to your sampling site. This information should be provided when submitting your samples to Beta Analytic for radiocarbon dating.
For inquiries on **radiocarbon dating costs** and turnaround times, please contact us using [this form.](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
---
**Image References:**
**Radiocarbon diagram:** Alves, E.Q., Macario, K., Ascough, P. and Bronk Ramsey, C., 2018. The worldwide marine radiocarbon reservoir effect: definitions, mechanisms, and prospects. Reviews of Geophysics, 56(1), pp.278-305.
**Calibration figure:** Quarta, G., Maruccio, L., D’Elia, M. and Calcagnile, L., 2021. Radiocarbon Dating of Marine Samples: Methodological Aspects, Applications and Case Studies. Water, 13(7), p.986.
[Subscribe to our newsletter to receive news of upcoming webinars by Beta and its subsidiaries as well as other industry updates.](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm)
**You might also be interested in these free webinars available on demand:**
[Isotopes & Dating in Marine Environments](https://www.radiocarbon.com/marine-environment-isotopes-webinar/ "Isotopes & Dating in Marine Environments") (d18O, d13C, B, Pb, Sr, Nd, Hf)
[Sediments – Dating & Environmental Reconstructions](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sediments-webinar-c14-dating/)
[U-Th Dating vs Carbon-14 Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/uranium-thorium-dating-webinar/)
**Categories:** SGS Beta Updates
---
### [Beta Analytic Now Provides Ultrafiltration Pretreatment for Bones](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-bones-ultrafiltration/)
**Published:** April 10, 2013
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
In addition to conventional collagen extraction, ISO/IEC 17025:2017-accredited Beta Analytic now offers ultrafiltration of bone collagen in response to clients’ need for additional pretreatments specific to their research opinions and objectives. Recent publications have increased interest in the ultrafiltration methodology, and some researchers have been questioned by reviewers why it was not performed on their bone samples. Beta Analytic’s internal studies have verified that ultrafiltration is a valid, repeatable, and potentially valuable asset in [radiocarbon dating](http://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm "radiocarbon dating") ancient bones.
The Miami-based lab has studied this methodology since it was first introduced years ago. The lab receives bones from different parts of the world – samples that have been subjected to a wide variety of environmental, preservation, and [contamination conditions](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm "contamination conditions"). “Combining this quality with an internal capacity for rapid generation of results gave the lab the opportunity to study the ultrafiltration method with many analyses on a wide variety of bones,” Beta Analytic President Darden Hood said.
According to Mr. Hood, the laboratory’s internal research has not revealed that ultrafiltration improves the accuracy of the radiocarbon date on the bone proteins as compared to its conventional [collagen extraction ](http://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm "collagen extraction")techniques. In most studies, both conventional collagen extraction and ultrafiltration methods yielded the same radiocarbon age for all age ranges (from 0 BP to infinite) that the lab tested. In some cases, Mr. Hood said, differences were observed wherein the ultrafiltration result was considered anomalous.
“We have now resolved the inconsistencies and concerns through the use of new filter designs which do not include glues, enhanced filter cleaning techniques confidently removing filter preservative (glycerin), and most importantly, by using the same large robust collagen extracts derived from the proven conventional collagen extraction methods with the addition of subsequent ultrafiltration steps,” Mr. Hood stated.
## Beta Analytic AMS Dating Bones
Beta Analytic guarantees accurate and precise radiocarbon dates. The lab’s standard [AMS dating](http://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm "AMS dating") service for bones has a turnaround time of 14 business days or less, although a few additional days might be necessary in cases where proteins are weakly preserved or samples require extended communication with the lab. Beta Analytic welcomes discussions and communications regarding the analyses in an effort to always provide attentive customer service.
The lab is located in Miami, Florida. All analyses/measurements are done in-house. Clients may send their samples directly to Florida or to forwarding offices in various cities including Xiamen, China; Nagoya, Japan; Seoul, South Korea; and London, UK. For any inquiries, please call (1) 305-667-5167 or use the [contact form](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm).
**Related Topics:**
[Beta Analytic Upgrades Service for Bone Collagen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/bone-collagen/)
[Radiocarbon Dating Prices](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
**Categories:** SGS Beta Updates
**Tags:** 14c dating, ams laboratories, ams miami lab, carbon dating bones, carbon dating human bones, carbon dating service, carbon dating test, radiocarbon analysis, radiocarbon dating bones, radiocarbon dating companies, radiocarbon dating labs, radiocarbon dating prices, radiocarbon dating services, stable isotope analysis laboratory
---
### [Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Lab – Fast, Accurate, Reliable](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-ams-dating/)
**Published:** June 1, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Beta Analytic’s radiocarbon measurements are all ISO/IEC 17025:2017-accredited. Quality assurance reports are provided ([QA report example](http://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-radiocarbon-lab2.htm)). The QA report provides the results of reference materials used to validate radiocarbon analyses prior to reporting.
The company provides [AMS dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm) results in as little as 2 to 3 business days (time guide service). For its standard service, results are reported in 14 business days or less.
Beta Analytic is the world’s largest and fastest professional **radiocarbon dating lab**.
## Improved Web Access Utilities
Beta Analytic clients can view all their past results and pending analyses by accessing their online archive. They can download the final report in PDF and view or download pictures of their samples received by the lab. Clients can also download a spreadsheet file of their results.
## AMS Dating Service Worldwide
As part of efforts to provide cost-effective shipping solutions, Beta maintains sample forwarding facilities in major cities around the world. Beta offices and representatives are located in Xiamen, China; Nagoya, Japan; Seoul, South Korea; Taipei, Taiwan; and London, UK.
The company has served the archaeology, geology, forensics, groundwater, and cultural resource management industries since 1979.
## Radiocarbon Dating Prices
Beta provides estimates and invoices in major currencies including EUR, GBP, RMB and USD. When requesting prices or estimates, please indicate the material type, the number of samples, the currency and the billing address of the paying agency or university.
For [radiocarbon dating cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm) questions or clarifications, please use the lab’s [contact form](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm).
14C dating lab Beta High-Quality Results ad
**Categories:** SGS Beta Updates
**Tags:** 14c dating, carbon dating companies, carbon dating service, carbon dating services, carbon dating test, radiocarbon analysis, radiocarbon dating companies, radiocarbon dating cost, radiocarbon dating labs, radiocarbon dating prices, radiocarbon dating services, stable isotope analysis laboratory
---
### [Beta Analytic Eliminates Cancellation Fees and Partial Charges](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-cancellation-fees/)
**Published:** July 24, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Beta Analytic, a professional ISO/IEC 17025:2017-accredited radiocarbon dating laboratory, is removing cancellation and partial analysis fees for samples that are too small or do not provide adequate carbon for **accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating.**
To better serve its clients, the lab is simplifying its pricing structure for complicated samples. Taking effect immediately, complications such as insufficient carbon yield after pretreatments, combustion or acidification will no longer incur costs.
Beta hopes this initiative will better help its clients build critical chronologies for sites under investigation using the best possible dating strategy for samples that are known to be tiny or complicated. Clients will be able to make better critical decisions using the “best samples” available after laboratory treatments rather than being constrained by budgets to pre-examination observations.
“This initiative builds on Beta’s world-renowned comprehensive service for complex samples. This is consistent with Beta’s dedication to give its clients the best possible dating information rather than the common AMS industry practice of selling numbers,” Beta Analytic President Darden Hood states.
With advancements in the laboratory, samples containing as little as 100 micrograms of carbon or less may be analyzed using Beta’s standard laboratory practices. The **Micro-Sample AMS analysis** service is no longer needed for these tiny samples.
Beta remains firm that clients should send as large a sample as possible, dating tiny samples only when there is no other option.
Samples which are adequate for **AMS dating** but are cancelled for reasons not associated with sample quality may still incur partial charges.
## Benefit from Beta Analytic’s Expertise
The Beta team is available before, during and after analysis for technical advice on sample selection, analytical protocols in the lab and calibration of results reported.
Technical support is provided at no extra charge to researchers who have doubts about the suitability of their samples. Submitters are welcome to contact Beta’s experts prior to sending samples to take advantage of their expertise.
## Beta Analytic’s AMS Dating Services
Based in Miami, Florida, Beta Analytic is a professional ISO/IEC 17025:2017-accredited radiocarbon (AMS) laboratory which has been in operation since 1979. The lab has international forwarding facilities in Europe, Japan, China, Korea, and Taiwan.
The lab offers a high-quality **Carbon-14 dating service** in 14 business days or less with online reporting. Results are routinely available within one week. All technical support and quality assurance, including QA reports, are included in the fee. Customer service is available in English, Chinese, French, German, Korean, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, and Spanish.
## Radiocarbon Dating Cost
Beta Analytic invoices clients in major currencies including EUR, GBP, RMB and USD. When requesting for estimates or quotations, please indicate:
- the currency
- service required – standard service with 14 business days turnaround time, priority service with results reported in 6 business days or less, and time guide service with reports ready in 2-3 business days (not applicable to bones)
- sample type – charcoal, sediment, water, wood, etc.
- number of samples
- billing address
For [radiocarbon dating cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm) inquiries or clarifications, [contact](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm) the lab.
14C dating lab Beta’s Fast Service Ad
**Categories:** SGS Beta Updates
**Tags:** 14c dating, carbon dating companies, carbon dating service, carbon dating services, carbon dating test, cost of radiocarbon dating, radiocarbon analysis, radiocarbon dating companies, radiocarbon dating cost, radiocarbon dating labs, radiocarbon dating prices, radiocarbon dating services, stable isotope analysis laboratory
---
### [Beta Analytic Offers Free d15N and d18O Testing to Clients](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-free-stable-isotopes/)
**Published:** August 24, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
In an effort to further support its clients’ research, Beta Analytic will provide free d15N measurements on non-cremated bones and d18O on carbonates submitted for radiocarbon dating. The ISO 17025-accredited lab has recently removed its micro-sample analysis fees and [cancellation fees](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-cancellation-fees/) for samples that are too small for standard AMS dating.
Effective August 18, 2015, radiocarbon dating results for [non-cremated bones](http://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bones.htm) will include d15N measurements, which are usually used in the context of dietary studies. Prior contact is recommended before submitting charred or burned bones because the lab may not be able to provide d15N measurements for these bone samples, depending on the quality of the material.
[Radiocarbon dating reports](http://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-results.htm) for carbonates will now automatically include d18O values, which are relevant for those working on paleo-temperature reconstructions.
Beta Analytic’s fees are inclusive of d13C measurements, quality assurance reports, calendar calibration when applicable, and 24/7 web access to past results and pending analyses. The **d13C, d15N, and d18O** values are measured in an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS).
---
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
This video excerpt is part of Beta Analytic’s webinar: [Isotopes 101: An Introduction to Isotopic Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Isotopes 101: An Introduction to Isotopic Analysis")
## Cancellation Fees and Partial Charges Eliminated
The lab has recently simplified its pricing structure by removing cancellation and partial analysis fees for samples that are too small or do not provide adequate carbon for [accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating](http://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-lab.htm). With advancements in the laboratory, samples containing as little as 100 micrograms of carbon or less may be analyzed using Beta’s standard laboratory practices.
Samples which are adequate for **AMS dating** but are cancelled for reasons not associated with sample quality may still incur partial charges.
## Free Technical Support
Beta Analytic provides technical support at no extra charge to researchers who have doubts about the suitability of their samples. Submitters are welcome to contact the lab before, during, and after the analysis to take advantage of their expertise.
Client support is available in English, Chinese, French, German, Korean, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, and Spanish.
## About Beta Analytic
Miami-based Beta Analytic is a dedicated **radiocarbon dating lab** with standard turnaround time of 14 business days. Expedited services are available (2-6 business days). All analyses are performed in-house; Beta Analytic does not engage in satellite dating. Results are accessible 24/7 via web and mobile access. The lab is respected worldwide for accuracy and customer care. It has international forwarding facilities in Europe, Japan, China, Australia, Korea, and Taiwan.
## Radiocarbon Dating Prices
Beta Analytic can provide estimates in major currencies including EUR, GBP, JPY, KRW, RMB and USD. Please indicate this information when you request for prices or quotation. For questions or clarifications, [contact](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm) Beta Analytic.
**Related Topics:**
[Free Stable Isotope Analysis for Water](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-free-stable-isotope/)
[How much does carbon dating cost?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
Carbon Dating Bones Ad
**Categories:** SGS Beta Updates, Stable Isotope Analysis
**Tags:** 14c dating, carbon dating service, carbon dating test, cost of radiocarbon dating, how much does carbon dating cost, how much does radiocarbon dating cost, radiocarbon analysis, radiocarbon dating companies, radiocarbon dating labs, radiocarbon dating prices, radiocarbon dating services, stable isotope analysis laboratory
---
### [Beta Analytic Offers Free Stable Isotope Analysis for Water](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-free-stable-isotope/)
**Published:** October 20, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Beta Analytic is expanding its services for groundwater and, for a limited time, is including free additional measurements when clients submit samples for radiocarbon dating. The laboratory is including isotope ratios for deuterium (dD) and oxygen (d18O) at no additional cost for all water samples submitted for [accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm) dating until August 2016.
The laboratory also reports Carbon-13/Carbon-12 (d13C) values measured separately on the material in an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) for every sample sent for **Carbon-14 dating**. All isotope measurements can also be ordered on a standalone basis without radiocarbon dating for a small fee.
Update: [Beta Analytic Offers Free d15N and d18O Testing](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-free-stable-isotopes/)
## **Radiocarbon Dating Groundwater**
Beta Analytic’s ISO/IEC 17025:2017-accredited Carbon-14 analysis of groundwater can be a useful monitoring tool when studying dynamic changes within groundwater systems. Groundwater dating provides information on an aquifer’s recharge rates and whether it is over-pumping and at risk of overexploitation or contamination by surface waters.
The laboratory’s expanded services for water samples now allow hydrologists to include **dD and d18O** values in their studies – isotopes that can provide insights into the source and evaporative history of water or be used as means to trace its movement. Beta Analytic focuses on reporting high-quality lab results and is not involved in the modelling of interpretation of these data.
“We are very glad to be able to provide our customers with dD and d18O at no additional cost. We have launched the initiative after updating our IRMS laboratory to include two new systems capable of providing the dD and d18O routinely with the AMS results. We look forward to making useful information more available to the groundwater research community,” Beta President Darden Hood says.
Beta Analytic’s enhanced groundwater service reflects its ongoing commitment to providing clients the most comprehensive service at the best price. With prices stable for over a decade, the laboratory continues to pack more value into its world-renowned **radiocarbon dating service**. Further information on groundwater samples, including sampling and shipping recommendations, can be found in the lab’s web page about [radiocarbon dating groundwater](http://www.radiocarbon.com/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm).
## **Beta Analytic Carbon-14 Dating Services**
Beta Analytic is a Florida-based laboratory with a global scope. Forwarding offices around the world ensure convenient shipping of samples for clients in Europe, Japan, China, Korea, and Taiwan. Beta Analytic’s global team provides dedicated and comprehensive customer support before, during and after sample submittal at no extra charge. Submitters who have doubts about the suitability of their samples are welcome to contact Beta Analytic’s experts prior to sending samples to take advantage of their expertise.
Samples have a standard turnaround time of 14 business days or less and expedited services are available (2-6 business days). All analyses are performed in-house; Beta Analytic does not engage in satellite dating. Results are accessible 24/7 via web and mobile access. The lab is respected worldwide for accuracy and customer care.
Why is it important to do all steps of the analyses in one laboratory?Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.---
## Radiocarbon Dating Cost
Beta Analytic can invoice clients in several currencies including EUR, GBP, JPY, KRW, RMB, TWD and USD. Please indicate the currency in your requests for estimates/quotations.
For inquiries, please use the form found in this page – [How much does radiocarbon dating cost?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
**AMS lab Beta Analytic hydrology ad**
**Categories:** SGS Beta Updates, Stable Isotope Analysis
**Tags:** 14c dating, ams analysis, carbon dating service, carbon dating test, cost of radiocarbon dating, radiocarbon analysis, radiocarbon dating companies, radiocarbon dating cost, radiocarbon dating labs, radiocarbon dating prices, radiocarbon dating services, stable isotope analysis laboratory
---
### [Análisis de alta calidad para empresas de Ingeniería Geotécnica](https://www.radiocarbon.com/empresas-ingenieria-geotecnica/)
**Published:** March 21, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Excerpt:** Datación por radiocarbono, análisis de isótopos estables en agua y los métodos de determinación de fuentes de nitratos pueden ser útiles para estudios geotécnicos. Cuando se trabaja con plazos de tiempo ajustados, recibir los resultados analíticos acreditados por la norma ISO 17025 de forma rápida puede resultar clave para el éxito del proyecto.
**Content:**
Datación por radiocarbono, análisis de isótopos estables en agua y los métodos de determinación de fuentes de nitratos pueden ser útiles para estudios geotécnicos. Cuando se trabaja con plazos de tiempo ajustados, recibir los ****resultados analíticos acreditados por la norma ISO 17025**** de forma rápida puede resultar clave para el éxito del proyecto.
## ****Dataciones por radiocarbono rápidas y precisas****
Los resultados de la datación por radiocarbono en varios tipos de muestras, como [sedimentos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/ams-datacion-sedimentos.htm), [madera](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-madera.htm), o [aguas subterráneas](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/aguas-subterraneas-carbono-datacion-muestreo.htm), aportan datos valiosos durante las fases de planificación de los proyectos de construcción. Para cumplir con los plazos, las empresas de ingeniería geotécnica requieren resultados rápidos, de alta calidad y fiables. Beta Analytic, laboratorio de radiocarbono, ofrece las siguientes opciones en tiempos de entrega:
- **AMS Standard:** Resultados disponibles en 14 días laborales o menos
- **Priority:** Resultados disponibles en 6 días laborales o menos
- **Time Guide:** Resultados disponibles de 2-3 días hábiles o menos (no aplicable a sedimentos)
Beta Analytic, acreditado por ISO 17025, ofrece análisis de radiocarbono junto con mediciones de δ13C. El laboratorio proporciona informes de garantía de calidad y calendario de calibración, cuando corresponda.
## ****Análisis de isótopos estables****
Los ingenieros geotécnicos utilizan la datación por carbono-14 de aguas subterráneas como herramienta para monitorear la salud de los acuíferos e investigar las interconexiones hidráulicas. La ****datación por radiocarbono**** se complementa frecuentemente con los [análisis de isótopos estables de agua (δ18O and δD)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/isotopos-oxigeno-deuterio.htm).
Las tarifas de Beta Analytic para la datación por radiocarbono en agua incluyen análisis de ****δ13C, δ18O y δD****. Los análisis de isótopos estables de oxígeno-18 y deuterio también están disponibles de forma individual.
## **Solicitudes de precios y otras consultas**
Si necesita un presupuesto para dataciones por radiocarbono o análisis de isótopos estables, por favor complete este [formulario](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/cuanto-cuesta-la-datacion-por-carbono.htm).
Para hablar sobre su proyecto o solicitar más información sobre el servicio de detección de fuentes de nutrientes, por favor contacte a Sean Ahearn al correo info\[at\]betalabservices.com o llame al teléfono (+1) 305-396-6171.
[Suscríbase a nuestra lista de correo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/newsletter-subscription.htm) para recibir noticias sobre actualizaciones de servicios y webinarios.
---
[Isótopos 101: Introducción al análisis isotópico](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/)Exención de responsabilidad: este video está alojado en un sitio web externo y puede contener publicidad.---
**Quizá también le interese leer los siguientes artículos:**
[¿Por qué la arqueología de rescate necesita dataciones por radiocarbono rápidas?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/arqueologia-de-rescate/)
[¿Por qué es tan importante el tiempo de respuesta de un laboratorio C14?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/fast-results/)
[Elegir un laboratorio libre de marcadores artificiales para las dataciones por radiocarbono](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-tracer-free-lab/)
[¿Datación por U-Th o carbono-14?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/uranium-thorium-dating-webinar/)
[Introducción a los isótopos de plomo (Pb) y sus aplicaciones](https://www.radiocarbon.com/lead-pb-isotopes-webinar/)
*La versión en inglés de este artículo se publicó originalmente el miércoles 10 de junio de 2020.*
**Categories:** Spanish Articles
---
### [Why Maize is a Good Material for Radiocarbon Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-maize-corn/)
**Published:** August 23, 2023
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** Maize is a short-lived plant, with a typical life cycle of 100-150 days. Thus, it makes a good candidate for radiocarbon dating as it represents a distinct period of time. Maize can be found in many different forms in the archaeological record, depending on the local context.
**Content:**
Maize is a short-lived plant, with a typical life cycle of 100-150 days. Thus, it makes a good candidate for [radiocarbon dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm) as it represents a distinct period of time. Maize can be found in many different forms in the archaeological record, depending on the local context – for example, maize kernels, maize cob fragments or as food residue within pottery. If the maize is in the form of food residue, it is possible that it may contain additional food types and thus may not just represent the maize.
## Radiocarbon Dating Maize
 **Sample size recommended** - 3-100 milligrams (AMS dating)
Note: We recommend sending large sample sizes if the maize has a significant amount of adhering sediment or other materials that need to be removed prior to dating. Please [contact us](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm) before submitting these samples.
 **Carbon Dating Services**- AMS Standard – results are reported in 14 business days or less
AMS Priority – 6 business days or less
AMS Time Guide – 2-3 business days
 **Recommended container**- Wrap maize in aluminum foil to contain them in a pouch before putting them inside a labeled Ziplock bag. Please send your samples in small boxes instead of envelopes to protect the samples from being crushed during shipment.
## **Radiocarbon Dating Cost**
To obtain an estimate or formal quotation, please complete this [form](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm) with details on the paying institution’s billing address, the number of samples you plan to analyze, and the AMS service you’ve selected (Standard, Priority or Time Guide).
Fees are inclusive of quality assurance reports, calendar calibration when applicable, and 24/7 web access to past results and pending analyses.
## **Pretreatment**
It is important to understand the [pretreatment](https://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) applied to samples since they directly affect the final result. When it comes to small samples like maize, our major consideration is always our ability to fully pretreat secondary carbon contamination.
It’s difficult to know exactly how much material the lab will need from any given sample. Even “dry weight” is usually relative. It’s not uncommon for the lab to see a 15% reduction in weight just by putting a dry sample in an oven overnight at 110ºC. Usually after pretreatment, the sample size is reduced by 30-70% depending on many factors relating to the species type, preservation, moisture content, etc.
*Photo Credit: [JuanaFuertes](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Granos_arqueol%C3%B3gicos_de_ma%C3%ADces_(Zea_mays_L.).jpg), [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0), via Wikimedia Commons*
---
[Join our mailing list](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm) to receive news of upcoming webinars by Beta and its subsidiaries as well as other industry updates.
**Free Webinars Available On Demand:**
– [Do you need Carbon-14 dating or U-Th dating for bones?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/bones-archaeology-webinar/)
– [How to Identify Sources of Pollution using Sr and B Isotopes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/identify-pollution-sources-using-strontium-boron-isotopes/)
– [Isotopes & Dating in Marine Environments](https://www.radiocarbon.com/marine-environment-isotopes-webinar/)
**Categories:** Radiocarbon Dating
**Tags:** 14c dating, carbon dating service, radiocarbon dating companies
---
### [Watch Beta Analytic's Isotopes 101 Webinar](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/)
**Published:** April 22, 2020
**Author:** RLRC
**Content:**
Beta Analytic’s first webinar was held on April 29, 2020. It is an introduction to isotopic analysis.
[\* Also available with Simplified Chinese subtitles \*](https://appz6xgdirm8364.h5.xiaoeknow.com/v1/course/video/v_601bf849e4b0f176aed03122?type=2 "* Also available with Simplified Chinese subtitles *")
Mr. Sean P. Ahearn discussed these topics:
- Background on isotopic science
- What is a delta value? What do changes in delta values represent?
- What is the difference between stable isotopic values and radiogenic isotopic values?
Mr. Ahearn is Beta Analytic’s project manager for water services.
For any questions on isotopic analysis of water, please email Mr. Ahearn at info(at)betalabservices.com.
[Carbon Dating Cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
[Stable Isotope Analysis Cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm)
Isotopes 101: An Introduction to Isotopic Analysis
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
**Beta Analytic Free Webinars**
[Isotopes of Hydrology](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/)
[Strontium Isotopes Webinar](https://www.radiocarbon.com/strontium-isotopes-webinar/)
[Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb Isotopes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/geochemical-fingerprinting-webinar/)
[Boron Isotopic Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/boron-isotopes/)
[Identifying Sources of Pollution using Sr and B Isotopes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/identify-pollution-sources-using-strontium-boron-isotopes/)
[**Join our mailing list**](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm) **to receive news of upcoming webinars.**
**Categories:** SGS Beta Webinars, Stable Isotope Analysis
---
### [High-Quality Testing Services for Geotechnical Firms](https://www.radiocarbon.com/geotechnical-firms/)
**Published:** June 10, 2020
**Author:** RLRC
**Content:**
Radiocarbon dating and stable isotope analysis of water can be useful to geotechnical firms. While under a tight schedule to meet a client’s deadline, receiving **ISO 17025-accredited analytical results** in a timely manner can result in successful project outcomes.
## **Fast & Accurate Radiocarbon Dates**
Radiocarbon results on various sample types, such as [sediment](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-sediments.htm), [wood](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-wood.htm), or [groundwater](https://www.radiocarbon.com/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm), contribute value during the planning phases of construction projects. To meet deadlines, geotechnical firms require fast, high-quality, and reliable results. Beta Analytic’s radiocarbon lab offers these turnaround time options:
- **AMS Standard:** Results reported in 14 business days or less
- **Priority:** Results reported in 6 business days or less
- **Time Guide:** Results reported in 2-3 business days or less (not applicable to sediments)
ISO 17025-accredited Beta Analytic offers radiocarbon analysis in conjunction with δ13C measurements. The lab provides quality assurance reports and calendar calibration, when applicable.
## **Stable Isotope Analysis**
Geotechnical engineers use carbon-14 dating of groundwater as a tool to monitor aquifer health and investigate hydraulic interconnections. **Radiocarbon dating** is often supplemented with [stable isotope analysis of water (δ18O and δD)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm).
Beta Analytic’s fees for radiocarbon dating water are inclusive of **δ13C, δ18O, and δD** measurements. Stable oxygen-18 and deuterium isotope measurements are also available on a standalone basis.
## Price Requests & Other Inquiries
If you need a quotation for radiocarbon dating or stable isotope analysis, please fill out [this form.](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
[Join our mailing list](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm) if you want to receive news on service upgrades and webinars.
---
[Isotopes 101: An Introduction to Isotopic Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/)Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.---
**You may also be interested in reading:**
[Why Rescue Archaeology Needs Fast Radiocarbon Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/rescue-archaeology/)
[What Difference Does a C14 Lab’s Turnaround Time Make?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/fast-results/)
[Demand a Tracer-Free Laboratory for Radiocarbon Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-tracer-free-lab/)
[U-Th or Carbon-14 Dating?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/uranium-thorium-dating-webinar/)
[Introduction to Lead (Pb) Isotopes and Applications](https://www.radiocarbon.com/lead-pb-isotopes-webinar/)
**Categories:** SGS Beta Updates
---
### [Join a Webinar on Migration Studies & Geographic Origin](https://www.radiocarbon.com/migration-studies-webinar/)
**Published:** March 23, 2022
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** REGISTER HERE (FREE)
Live Webinar: April 6, 2022 * Available on Demand *
Speaker: Maren Pauly, PhD
**Content:**
[Register for FREE Here](https://us02web.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_6_ehaR_HRey__GXdw5VyrQ#/registration)
Live Webinar: April 6, 2022 \* Available on Demand \*
Speaker: Maren Pauly, PhD
Isobar Science, a subsidiary of Beta Analytic, offers geochemical fingerprinting services, Uranium-Thorium dating and analysis of boron, lead, and strontium isotopes.
Aside from an introduction to provenance studies (migration, origin & isotopic theory), the webinar will also cover:
- Tracking the origin and trade of metal artifacts via lead isotopic analysis
- Diet as a tracking tool (Multi-Isotope tracking: Carbon + Nitrogen, Oxygen, Strontium)
- Sample considerations
---
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
### About the Speaker
Dr. Maren Pauly is a Scientific Associate at Beta Analytic and Isobar Science. She is a paleoclimatologist who completed her Master of Science and Bachelor of Science degrees at the University of Waterloo in Canada and her PhD at the Freie Universität Berlin. Her research experience includes reconstructing climate from modern corals and subfossil tree-rings as well as Late Glacial radiocarbon calibration.
---
[Join our mailing list](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm) to receive news of upcoming webinars by Beta and its subsidiaries as well as other industry updates.
Beta Analytic and Isobar Science webinars are available on demand. Other than English, the following webinars are also available with Simplified Chinese subtitles:
[Application of Strontium Isotopes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/strontium-isotopes-webinar/)
[Introduction to Uranium-Thorium Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/uranium-thorium-dating-webinar/)
[Boron Isotopic Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/boron-isotopes/)
**Categories:** SGS Beta Updates, SGS Beta Webinars, Stable Isotope Analysis
**Tags:** 14c dating, radiocarbon analysis, stable isotope analysis laboratory
---
### [Factors to Consider when Dating Bones - Join an ACRA Webinar](https://www.radiocarbon.com/acra-webinar-bones-dating/)
**Published:** April 6, 2022
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** ACRA Webinar Invitation: A Focus on Bones
REGISTER HERE for a fee
Live Webinar: April 14, 2022
Presenters: Prof. James Watson (Arizona State Museum Associate Director) & Maren Pauly, PhD (Beta Analytic Scientific Associate)
**Content:**
The American Cultural Resources Association (ACRA) invites professionals and students working with bone samples to join its upcoming webinar.
[WATCH HERE (for a fee)](https://vimeo.com/ondemand/acrabones)
**Bones: Isotopes in Dating, Diets and Migration Studies**
**Live Webinar: April 14, 2022 \* Available on Demand \***
Presenters: Prof. James Watson (Arizona State Museum Associate Director) & Maren Pauly, PhD (Scientific Associate for Beta Analytic & Isobar Science)
## All about Bones
By joining this webinar, you will learn:
- When to use [radiocarbon dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm) versus [uranium-thorium dating](https://isobarscience.com/u-th/application/);
- Which types of bones to select for dating; and
- How to prepare and pack bone samples before sending them to a lab.
This presentation will also cover marine reservoir effects, diagenesis and other common issues as well as isotopic studies involving **carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, strontium, and lead isotopes**. Applications like migration studies and dietary reconstructions will also be discussed.
## The Presenters
[James Watson, PhD](https://statemuseum.arizona.edu/person/james-t-watson-phd) (Associate Director, Arizona State Museum) – Prof. Watson is Arizona State Museum’s Curator of Bioarchaeology and a Professor of Anthropology at the University of Arizona.
[Maren Pauly, PhD](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maren-Pauly) (Scientific Associate for Beta Analytic & Isobar Science) – Dr. Pauly is a paleoclimatologist who completed her Master of Science and Bachelor of Science degrees at the University of Waterloo in Canada and her PhD at the Freie Universität Berlin. Her research experience includes reconstructing climate from modern corals and subfossil tree-rings as well as Late Glacial radiocarbon calibration.
## ACRA & Beta Analytic
ACRA is a national network of professional members and service partners representing the cultural resource management (CRM) industry and associated fields of study. The association provides its members with tools, know-how, networking, and other opportunities to excel as businesses.
ISO 17025-accredited Beta Analytic has provided **radiocarbon dating services** to the CRM industry since 1979. The Miami-based laboratory also offers stable isotope analysis of bones, carbonates and water samples.
ACRA & Beta Analytic’s [first webinar collaboration](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-basics-webinar/) presented the basics of radiocarbon dating. The webinar is [available on demand](https://vimeo.com/ondemand/radiocarbon/551607181) for a fee.
[Join our mailing list](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm) to receive news of upcoming webinars by Beta and its subsidiaries as well as other industry updates.
For inquiries on Beta Analytic’s [services for bones](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bones.htm), please contact the lab using this [form.](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm) For price inquiries on U-Th Dating, strontium analysis or lead analysis of bones, feel free to contact Beta subsidiary [Isobar Science.](https://isobarscience.com/contact-us/)
**Categories:** Radiocarbon Dating, SGS Beta Updates, SGS Beta Webinars
**Tags:** 14c dating, radiocarbon dating companies, radiocarbon dating services, stable isotope analysis laboratory
---
### [Carbon-14 & Stable Isotope Analyses of Marine and Freshwater Carbonates](https://www.radiocarbon.com/marine-freshwater-carbonates-carbon-dating/)
**Published:** June 29, 2023
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** Carbonates are widely used in geology, paleoclimatology and paleontology as the oxygen and carbon therein are foundational for radiocarbon dating and stable isotope analyses.
**Content:**
Carbonates are composed of carbon and oxygen (CO3) and form the basis of many sedimentary rocks as well as freshwater and marine organisms. The most common variety is calcium carbonate (CaCO3) — the primary constituent of [corals](https://www.radiocarbon.com/radiocarbon-dating-coral/), [shells](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-shells.htm) and limestone (Schneider et al. 2000) — often found in combination with other elements including magnesium \[CaMg(CO3)2\] and iron (FeCO3). Carbonates are widely used in geology, paleoclimatology and paleontology as the oxygen and carbon therein are foundational for [radiocarbon dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm) and [stable isotope analyses](https://www.radiocarbon.com/oxygen-isotopes.htm) (Bradley, 1999).
The **radiocarbon (14C)** signature provides a signal of age from present to approx. 40,000 years ago while the variation in stable oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) can provide details of changing hydroclimate conditions and greenhouse gas concentrations. However, it is important to distinguish between carbonates formed within **marine vs. freshwater environments** as it can impact the interpretation of both radioactive and stable isotopes.
## **Radiocarbon Dating** Carbonates
*The Cliffs of Dover (UK) represent one of the most iconic marine carbonate formations – made up of layers of finely grained limestone forming a chalk of coccoliths.*
A primary assumption of radiocarbon dating is that the radiocarbon within the sample in question was at equilibrium with the atmosphere during its lifespan. For carbonates residing in freshwater and ocean environments, this assumption does not hold true – both experience the [“reservoir effect”. ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/marine-reservoir-effect.htm)
Lakes and oceans take up atmospheric 14C in the surface waters, but also receive other 14C inputs from weathering, groundwater and runoff (Alves et al. 2018). This effect means that the fresh and ocean water are out of equilibrium with the atmosphere. As a result, 14C analyses of carbonates from both lakes and oceans must undergo [calibration](https://www.radiocarbon.com/calendar-calibration-carbon-dating.htm) via a reservoir correction before an accurate date can be estimated.
Within lake systems, the reservoir correction can be calculated locally based on the volume to surface ratio of the lake as well as the depth of the samples within the lake system. Corrections for marine samples is more complicated due to the impacts of larger-scale systems including ocean circulation and mixing of water masses, however, significant work has been undertaken to establish regional marine calibrations available on the [Marine20 Database](http://calib.org/marine/) (Heaton et al. 2020). In many cases, 14C dating is used in combination with Uranium-Thorium (U-Th) dating to reduce uncertainties (Paterne et al. 2004).
## **Stable Isotope Analysis of Carbonates**
### **– Freshwater Carbonates**
Carbon isotopes measured in freshwater system carbonates are useful in the reconstruction of dissolved inorganic carbon, which strongly reflects lake productivity, whereas oxygen isotopes provide evidence of the balance between precipitation and evaporation in the lake system. However, the stable isotope signatures of freshwater carbonates are tightly tied to temperature variability — thus, thermal changes must be constrained to fine-tune results.
### – Marine Carbonates
Carbon isotopes measured in marine system carbonates are often used to identify variability in oceanic CO2 — tied to ocean acidification. This is based on the fact that as atmospheric CO2 dissolves in the ocean, the water becomes more acidic (pH < 7) resulting in the dissolution of calcium carbonate organisms. On the other hand, oxygen isotopes measured in marine carbonates are useful in determining ocean temperature changes through time due to the known relationship between δ18O and relative temperature (higher δ18O represent colder conditions).
**References:**
- Alves, E.Q., Macario, K., Ascough, P. and Bronk Ramsey, C., 2018. The worldwide marine radiocarbon reservoir effect: definitions, mechanisms, and prospects. Reviews of Geophysics, 56(1), pp.278-305.
- Bradley, R.S., 1999. Paleoclimatology: reconstructing climates of the Quaternary. Elsevier.
- Heaton, T.J., Köhler, P., Butzin, M., Bard, E., Reimer, R.W., Austin, W.E., Ramsey, C.B., Grootes, P.M., Hughen, K.A., Kromer, B. and Reimer, P.J., 2020. Marine20—the marine radiocarbon age calibration curve (0–55,000 cal BP). Radiocarbon, 62(4), pp.779-820.
- Paterne, M., Ayliffe, L.K., Arnold, M., Cabioch, G., Tisnérat-Laborde, N., Hatté, C., Douville, E. and Bard, E., 2004. Paired 14C and 230Th/U dating of surface corals from the Marquesas and Vanuatu (sub-equatorial Pacific) in the 3000 to 15,000 cal yr interval. Radiocarbon, 46(2), pp.551-566.
- Schneider, R.R., Schulz, H.D. and Hensen, C., 2006. Marine carbonates: their formation and destruction. Marine geochemistry, pp.311-337.
*Image Credits: Pexels*
*Cliffs of Dover – Photo by Bernd Feurich*
*Lake – Photo by Anthony Waymouth*
---
For inquiries on stable isotope analysis and **radiocarbon dating costs**, please contact us using [this form.](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
---
[Subscribe to our newsletter to receive news of upcoming webinars by Beta and its subsidiaries as well as other industry updates.](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm)
**You might also be interested in these free webinars available on demand:**
[Isotopes & Dating in Marine Environments](https://www.radiocarbon.com/marine-environment-isotopes-webinar/ "Isotopes & Dating in Marine Environments") (δ18O, δ13C, B, Pb, Sr, Nd, Hf)
[Radiocarbon (14C) in Terrestrial & Marine Environments](https://www.radiocarbon.com/14c-in-terrestrial-and-marine-environments/)
[U-Th Dating vs Carbon-14 Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/uranium-thorium-dating-webinar/)
**Categories:** Radiocarbon Dating, SGS Beta Updates, Stable Isotope Analysis
---
### [What is Radiometric Dating?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/radiometric-dating/)
**Published:** August 10, 2018
**Author:** RLRC
**Content:**
There have been different methods of measuring carbon-14 since Willard Libby pioneered the radiocarbon dating technique in the 1940s – from the radiometric techniques of gas proportional counting and liquid scintillation counting to the more recent accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS).
When the weakly radioactive carbon-14 decays, it undergoes beta (β) decay producing nitrogen-14 and a beta particle. **Radiometric dating** involves quantifying the amount of carbon-14 present by measuring the emitted beta particles from its radioactive decay. Gas proportional counting involves converting samples to CO2 gas followed by detection and counting of the beta particles.
Liquid scintillation counting involves converting the sample into a carbon-rich liquid, which is then added to a scintillator. When beta particles are emitted, the scintillator will emit a flash of light. When both of the detectors present pick up the flash, it is counted and used to calculate the amount of carbon-14 present.
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
## Radiometric vs AMS Dating
AMS has become the standard in the industry for measuring carbon-14 content and offers several advantages over radiometric techniques. In contrast, it measures the carbon-14 directly, relative to the carbon-12 and carbon-13 present, rather than measuring the products of its radioactive decay.
The minimum sample requirements for [AMS dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm) are significantly smaller than for radiometric dating techniques, allowing even a few milligrams of sample to be dated for certain sample types. Not only are the results more accurate and precise, the AMS analyses are also completed much faster.
Beta Analytic’s AMS Machine for Carbon Dating
## Beta Analytic – AMS Dating Services
Beta Analytic no longer offers radiometric dating by liquid scintillation counting. All samples submitted for radiocarbon dating are measured by AMS.
The ISO 17025-accredited lab’s standard AMS dating service reports results within 14 business days, with faster services also available. The Miami-based lab provides unlimited technical support throughout the process. Results and pending analyses are available online 24/7.
For price inquiries, please contact the lab using these contact forms:
[Carbon Dating Cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
[Stable Isotope Analysis Cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm)
[Join our mailing list](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm) to receive news of upcoming webinars by Beta and its subsidiaries as well as other industry updates.
Examples of [Beta Analytic Webinars](https://www.radiocarbon.com/category/beta-analytic-updates/beta-analytic-webinars/)
**Categories:** Radiocarbon Dating
**Tags:** radiometric dating
---
### [Do you need Carbon-14 dating or U-Th dating for bones?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/bones-archaeology-webinar/)
**Published:** May 27, 2022
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** Undecided which method is best for your bone samples?
Watch this on-demand webinar for FREE.
Isotope Applications: Bone Samples in Archaeology
Presenter: Maren Pauly, PhD (Beta Analytic & Isobar Science Scientific Associate)
**Content:**
This on-demand webinar by Beta Analytic and Isobar Science will help you decide which method is more appropriate for your research.
[WATCH HERE (FREE REGISTRATION)](https://us02web.zoom.us/rec/share/DGDWgsQhoP71YXN_sGBWVHyIsj0L0Jic4Mz2ICmfRDPmp6b50QrtFJ4O8gadH6Up.7xWtJqPBEz1j8l5Y)
## Isotope Applications: Bone Samples in Archaeology
Aside from [Carbon-14](https://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm) vs Uranium-Thorium Dating, this webinar also discusses:
- Optimal types of bones for dating;
- [Marine reservoir effects](https://www.radiocarbon.com/marine-reservoir-effect.htm), elemental exchange and other common issues
- How to prepare, handle and pack bones for lab submission.
Webinar Duration: 38 minutes
---
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
## **Carbon-14 & U-Th Dating Services**
Beta Analytic is an ISO 17025-accredited **Carbon-14 dating laboratory** based in Miami, Florida. The lab also provides [stable isotope analysis of bones](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dietary-isotopic-analysis.htm) and other samples using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS).
Isobar Science is a subsidiary of Beta Analytic focused on geochemical fingerprinting services. Aside from Uranium-Thorium Dating, Isobar also offers strontium and lead analysis of bones.
For inquiries on radiocarbon dating and stable isotopes services, please use this [form.](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
For price inquiries on U-Th Dating of bones, feel free to contact [Isobar Science.](https://isobarscience.com/contact-us/)
---
**Ready to submit your samples for carbon-14 dating?**
[Please read our sample size recommendations for bones and other reminders.](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bones.htm)
---
## **About the Speaker**
[Maren Pauly, PhD](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maren-Pauly) (Scientific Associate for Beta Analytic & Isobar Science)
Dr. Pauly is a paleoclimatologist who completed her PhD at the Freie Universität Berlin. Her research experience includes reconstructing climate from modern corals and subfossil tree-rings as well as Late Glacial radiocarbon calibration.
## More Free Webinars
Beta Analytic and Isobar Science [webinars are available on demand.](https://www.radiocarbon.com/category/beta-analytic-updates/beta-analytic-webinars/)
Other than English, the following webinars are also available with Simplified Chinese subtitles:
[Introduction to Uranium-Thorium Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/uranium-thorium-dating-webinar/)
[Application of Strontium Isotopes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/strontium-isotopes-webinar/)
[Boron Isotopic Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/boron-isotopes/)
We will also provide French-subtitled webinars soon!
**[Join our mailing list](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm) to receive news of upcoming webinars and other updates.**
**Categories:** SGS Beta Updates, SGS Beta Webinars
**Tags:** radiocarbon dating companies, radiocarbon dating labs, radiocarbon dating prices, stable isotope analysis laboratory
---
### [Comment prévenir la contamination des carottes stockées pour une future datation au radiocarbone](https://www.radiocarbon.com/prevenir-contamination-echantillons-carottes/)
**Published:** October 11, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Excerpt:** Il peut y avoir des problèmes rencontrés lors de la datation des carottes (fraction de sédiments organiques) qui ont été stockées pendant de longues périodes en fonction des conditions de stockage.
**Content:**
Il peut y avoir des problèmes rencontrés lors de la datation des carottes (fraction de sédiments organiques) qui ont été stockées pendant de longues périodes en fonction des conditions de stockage.
Lorsque les carottes humides sont entreposées, des contaminants comme la moisissure, le mildiou et d’autres champignons peuvent se développer et grandir dans les carottes, introduisant ainsi du carbone moderne. Parfois, ces moisissures, mildiou et champignons obtiennent leur carbone :
(1) des substances organiques des carottes
(2) uniquement de l’atmosphère
(3) ou bien à la fois des substances organiques de la carotte et du CO2 de l’atmosphère.
Dans les situations 2 et 3, les **âges radiocarbone** peuvent être biaisés avec un âge plus récent par un facteur inconnue.
Si la datation au radiocarbone est effectuée sur des[ foraminifères](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-ams-foraminiferes.htm), des[ coquillages ou d’autres carbonates](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-coquilles.htm) trouvés dans la carotte, le séchage ou la congélation de la carotte n’est pas une exigence car toute moisissure, mildiou ou champignon n’affectera pas l’âge des coquilles. Cela est également vrai pour les gros morceaux de[ bois](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-bois.htm), de[ plantes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-semences.htm) ou de[ charbon de bois](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-charbon.htm), car le laboratoire peut les prétraiter de manière agressive avant l’analyse.
## **Conseils de stockage**
La meilleure façon de stocker les carottes est de les sécher immédiatement afin que la moisissure, le mildiou et les champignons ne se développent pas. Si cela n’est pas possible, les carottes doivent être recouvertes d’un film plastique avec tout l’air évacué. La carotte emballée doit ensuite être conservée congelée dans un congélateur.
Veuillez noter cependant que de telles conditions de stockage n’empêchent pas à 100% la croissance de ces contaminants. La meilleure situation est de prélever la carotte et d’effectuer la[ datation au radiocarbone](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/a-propos-datation-carbone.htm) immédiatement.
### **Service de datation au carbone 14 pour les carottes sédimentaires**
Beta Analytic, accrédité ISO 17025, fournit deux services pour la datation au carbone des carottes de sédiments :
- AMS Standard – les résultats sont communiqués sous 14 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Priority – 6 jours ouvrés ou moins
Les frais comprennent les analyses δ13C si la taille de l’échantillon le permet, les rapports d’assurance qualité, l’étalonnage du calendrier lorsqu’applicable et l’accès Web 24h/24 et 7j/7 aux résultats antérieurs et aux analyses en attente.
**Vous pouvez trouver ces sujets intéressants :**
\* Vidéo sur les meilleures pratiques de collecte d’échantillons sur notre page[ Datation au radiocarbone de sédiments](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-sma-sediments.htm)
\*[ Recommandations pour la préparation et la collecte des sédiments pour analyse (PNG)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Sediment-Sampling-Guide-English-02.png)
\*[ Webinaire gratuit sur les sédiments : datation C14, datation U-Th, analyse Sr](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sediments-webinaire-datation-c14/)
#### **Prix de la datation au radiocarbone**
Veuillez utiliser ce [formulaire de contact](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/combien-coute-la-datation-carbone.htm) pour les demandes de prix ou les demandes de devis Faites-nous savoir combien d’échantillons vous prévoyez d’analyser, le service demandé (AMS Standard ou AMS Priority) et les informations de facturation de l’organisme payeur.
[Rejoignez notre liste de diffusion pour recevoir des mises à jour sur les prochains webinaires !](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/newsletter-souscription.htm)
*La version anglaise de cet article a été initialement publiée le 11 janvier 2022*
**Categories:** French Articles, SGS Beta Updates
---
### [How to Prevent Contamination of Core Samples Stored for Future Radiocarbon Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/prevent-core-samples-contamination/)
**Published:** January 11, 2022
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** There can be problems encountered when dating cores (organic sediment fraction) that have been stored for long periods of time depending on the storage conditions.
**Content:**
There can be problems encountered when radiocarbon dating cores (organic sediment fraction) that have been stored for long periods of time depending on the storage conditions.
When cores are stored damp, contaminants like mold, mildew and other fungus can thrive and grow in the cores thereby introducing new carbon. Sometimes these mold, mildew and fungus get there carbon solely from:
(1) the organic substances in the cores
(2) from the atmosphere only, and
(3) from both the organic substances in the core and the CO2 in the atmosphere.
In situations 2 & 3, the **radiocarbon ages** can be biased in the more recent direction by some unknown amount.
If radiocarbon dating is being performed on [forams](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-forams.htm), [shells or other carbonates](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-shells.htm) found in the core, then core drying or freezing is not a requirement as any mold, mildew or fungus won’t affect the age of the shells. This is also true for larger chunks of [wood](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-wood.htm), [plant](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-seeds.htm) or [charcoal](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm) as the lab can aggressively pretreat them before analysis.
## Storage Tips
The best way to store cores is to immediately dry them out so that mold, mildew and fungus will not grow. If this is not possible, then the cores should be covered in plastic wrap with all of the air removed. The wrapped core should then be kept solidly frozen in a sub-zero freezer.
Please note however that such storage conditions do not 100% inhibit the growth of these contaminants. The best situation is to always collect the core and perform [radiocarbon dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm) immediately.
## Carbon Dating Services for Sediment Cores
ISO 17025-accredited Beta Analytic provides two services for carbon dating sediment cores:
- AMS Standard – results are reported in 14 business days or less
- AMS Priority – 6 business days or less
Fees are inclusive of δ13C analyses if sample size permits, quality assurance reports, calendar calibration when applicable, and 24/7 web access to past results and pending analyses.
**You may find these topics interesting:**
\* Sample Collection Best Practices video in our [Radiocarbon Dating Sediments page](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-sediments.htm)
\* [Recommendations for Preparing & Collecting Sediment for Analysis (PNG)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Sediment-Sampling-Guide-English-02-e1537189317387.png "Recommendations for Preparing & Collecting Sediment for Analysis")
\* [Free Sediments Webinar: C14 Dating, U-Th Dating, Sr Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sediments-webinar-c14-dating/)
## Radiocarbon Dating Prices
Please use this [contact form](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm) for price inquiries or estimate/quotation requests. Let us know how many samples you plan to analyze, the service requested (AMS Standard or AMS Priority), and the billing information of the paying institution.
[Join our mailing list to receive updates on upcoming webinars!](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm)
**Categories:** Radiocarbon Dating
**Tags:** 14c dating, carbon dating service, radiocarbon analysis, radiocarbon dating companies
---
### [Radiocarbon Dating Lab Upgrades Service for Bone Collagen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/bone-collagen/)
**Published:** July 15, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
As part of the continuous efforts to enhance the laboratory’s value-added services, Beta Analytic now provides C:N, %C and %N measurements on collagen extracted from non-cremated bones in addition to δ15N and δ13C stable isotope analysis at no additional cost for samples sent for radiocarbon dating.
Collagen quality is assessed using %C, %N, C:N, δ13C and δ15N values measured on the sample. These analyses are also available without **radiocarbon dating** for a fee. These values are often utilized to determine the diet, paleodiets, trophic levels and paleoenvironments associated with the bone samples.
## Beta’s Radiocarbon Dating Services for Bones
Beta Analytic offers two services for bones – standard and priority. Both services use [Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm) technology, which gives the most advanced precision and accuracy. For standard AMS dating service, results are reported in 14 business days or less. For priority, results are available between 4-7 business days.
For non-cremated bone samples, Beta Analytic provides conventional collagen extraction techniques and subsequent ultrafiltration methods if requested. Ultrafiltration consists of filtering the collagen through ultra-fine filters at high revolutions per minute as an additional measure to remove humic acids. Additional fees apply if ultrafiltration is requested.
The laboratory highly recommends sending bone samples rather than extracted collagen for radiocarbon dating or **stable isotope analysis**. Extracted collagen will be listed as “organics” in the final report instead of “bone collagen” as required by the lab’s ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accreditation. If the lab did not perform the chemical pretreatments and/or extractions, it cannot specifically testify as to the material that was analyzed because certain steps affecting the sample quality have been outside of its control and scope of the accreditation.
Located in Miami, Florida, the ISO 17025-accredited laboratory is the only natural-level radiocarbon dating facility in the world offering a turnaround time between 3-14 business days.
Beta Analytic does not accept biomedical samples or any material containing artificial Carbon-14 to eliminate the risk of cross-contamination. Moreover, the lab does not engage in “satellite dating,” the practice of preparing individual sample graphite in a remote chemistry lab and then subcontracting an AMS facility for the results.
The lab provides clients with quality assurance reports, unlimited technical support, and 24/7 web access to past results and pending analyses including photos of samples analyzed. Client support is available in 10 languages.
Why is it important to do all steps of the analyses in one laboratory?Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.---
## Radiocarbon Dating Prices for Bones
Beta has prices in different currencies. To get a complete quotation, please indicate the chosen service (AMS Dating standard or priority), the type of bone sample (non-heated, charred, cremated), number of samples and billing address of the paying company or university.
Extended counting for micro samples is included in the price. The lab has removed a number of cancellation fees for samples that are too small for **AMS dating**.
## Free Stable Isotope Analysis
Beta Analytic’s radiocarbon dating fees for non-cremated bones are inclusive of δ13C measurements by Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) and calendar calibration, when applicable.
Its stable isotope analysis laboratory also measures δ18O for carbonates, and [δD (deuterium) and δ18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-free-stable-isotope/) for water. The lab also provides stable isotope analyses on a standalone basis.
For details on stable isotopes analysis and [radiocarbon dating prices](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm), please email the lab using this [contact form](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm).
**Categories:** SGS Beta Updates
**Tags:** 14c dating, carbon dating bones, carbon dating human bones, carbon dating service, carbon dating test, cost of radiocarbon dating, radiocarbon analysis, radiocarbon dating bones, radiocarbon dating companies, radiocarbon dating labs, radiocarbon dating prices, radiocarbon dating services, stable isotope analysis laboratory
---
### [View our Free Webinar on Isotopes in Hydrology](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/)
**Published:** May 22, 2020
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** Live Webinar: May 27, 2020 * Free, Available on Demand * Speaker: Sean P. Ahearn, Beta Analytic’s Project Manager for water services
**Content:**
[**REGISTER HERE**](https://us02web.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_u77GBF7yQG6MM1QQjo2Zyw) **to view the recorded webinar on demand.**
Beta Analytic’s second webinar was on May 27, 2020, at 12:00 PM EST (USA & Canada). The speaker was Mr. Sean P. Ahearn, Beta Analytic’s Project Manager for water services.
## Isotopes in Hydrology
Mr. Ahearn will talk about the following topics in the upcoming webinar:
- Recognize how isotopic data can be used to fingerprint water sources
- Define the Global Meteoric Water Line and its significance in water resource management
- Review on how isotopic data can be used in modeling water recharge
If you have any questions, please contact Mr. Ahearn at info(at)betalabservices.com.
[Carbon Dating Cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
[Stable Isotope Analysis Cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm)
---
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
## Did you miss Beta’s other webinars?
You can view all our webinars [here.](https://www.radiocarbon.com/category/beta-analytic-updates/beta-analytic-webinars/)
[**Join our mailing list to receive news of upcoming webinars.**](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm)
**Categories:** SGS Beta Webinars
---
### [Datación por radiocarbono y análisis isotópico de insectos (quitina)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/datacion-radiocarbono-analisis-isotopos-insectos/)
**Published:** August 24, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Excerpt:** Los restos de insectos se datan utilizando el exoesqueleto hecho de quitina, una sustancia fibrosa formada por polisacáridos. Históricamente, los exoesqueletos han sido difíciles de datar debido a su pequeño tamaño y peso. Sin embargo, con los recientes avances en la tecnología de Espectrometría de Masas con Acelerador (AMS), se requieren cantidades muy pequeñas de quitina para una datación por radiocarbono precisa, por ejemplo, 3-4 cápsulas cefálicas o 5-6 segmentos de ala intactos (Elias, 2010).
**Content:**
Los restos de insectos se datan utilizando el exoesqueleto hecho de quitina, una sustancia fibrosa formada por polisacáridos. Históricamente, los exoesqueletos han sido difíciles de datar debido a su pequeño tamaño y peso. Sin embargo, con los recientes avances en la [tecnología de Espectrometría de Masas con Acelerador (AMS)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm), se requieren cantidades muy pequeñas de quitina para una **datación por radiocarbono** precisa, por ejemplo, 3-4 cápsulas cefálicas o 5-6 segmentos de ala intactos (Elias, 2010).
## Datación por radiocarbono de insectos
 La datación y el análisis de carbono 14 en insectos han despertado interés en estudios arqueológicos y paleoambientales. Por ejemplo, el Museo de Manchester ha realizado un amplio trabajo sobre insectos y momias. Los investigadores han encontrado insectos resultantes de la descomposición de los cuerpos momificados (por ejemplo, *Anthrenus museorum L.*), así como insectos que se integraron en la momia durante el proceso de envoltura (por ejemplo, *Chrysomya albiceps*) (David, 1979), cuya datación se ha confirmado recientemente mediante la tecnología AMS (Panagiotakopulu et al. 2014). Sin embargo, estos estudios han descubierto que los productos químicos utilizados en los procesos de momificación (por ejemplo, bitumen) pueden tener un efecto sobre la fiabilidad de las fechas analizadas en la quitina de los insectos. Para verificar las fechas obtenidas de los insectos, se puede realizar una datación paralela de la materia vegetal contemporánea (Panagiotakopulu et al. 2014).
## Análisis de isótopos estables de quitina
El material de quitina del exoesqueleto de los insectos es un mineral ideal para el **análisis isotópico** posterior dada su resistencia a la solubilidad y a la descomposición. Cuando las condiciones lo permiten, los átomos de nitrógeno, carbono y estroncio permanecen estables dentro de la estructura de la quitina durante millones de años, lo que permite reconstruir entornos pasados (Elias, 2010). Los insectos incorporan estos isótopos a su estructura a través de su dieta y de la ingesta de agua, lo que permite reconstruir la variabilidad de estos isótopos a lo largo del tiempo y espacio.
Por ejemplo, también se ha analizado el [estroncio](https://isobarscience.com/strontium/application/) (87Sr/86Sr) presente en la quitina de las alas de la mariposa monarca para estudiar los patrones migratorios correlacionando la química de las alas con los suelos y la vegetación locales (Flockhart et al. 2015). Al igual que en otros organismos, los isótopos de nitrógeno y carbono también pueden utilizarse para reconstruir la dieta y el nivel trófico. Por ejemplo, Schimmelmann (2010) demostró que los valores de δ15N en la quitina de los insectos son más positivos al aumentar los niveles tróficos. Otros temas de estudio son la preferencia alimentaria (Adams et al. 2016), el nicho dietético (Santi-Júnior et al. 2018), el origen natal (Flockhart et al. 2017) y la transmisión de enfermedades (Schmidt et al. 2011).
Aunque se han confirmado diferentes relaciones entre la variabilidad ambiental y los isótopos estables en la quitina de los insectos, estas correlaciones pueden complicarse por los cambios en la incorporación en diferentes etapas de la vida y entre diferentes especies (Gratton & Forbes, 2006).
## Datación por AMS de la quitina de insectos en Beta Analytic
 **Tamaño de muestra recomendado (es posible obtener tamaños más pequeños para AMS; [póngase en contacto con nosotros](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/contacto.htm))**- 10-50 miligramos
 **Servicio de datación por radiocarbono**- AMS Standard: Resultados disponibles en 14 días hábiles o menos
- AMS Priority – 6 días hábiles o menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 días hábiles
 **Análisis incluidos con la datación por radiocarbono (si el tamaño de la muestra lo permite)**- δ13C
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Envuelva las muestras de insectos en papel de aluminio antes de introducirlas en una bolsa Ziplock etiquetada.
- Envíe las muestras en cajas pequeñas en lugar de en sobres para protegerlas de ser aplastadas durante el envío.
- Las tarifas incluyen mediciones de δ13C, informes de control de calidad y acceso web 24/7 a resultados anteriores y análisis pendientes.
**Pretratamiento** – Es importante conocer el pretratamiento aplicado a las muestras, ya que afecta directamente al resultado final. Puede incluir instrucciones específicas sobre el pretratamiento o la presentación de informes.
Para solicitar información sobre **los costes de la datación por radiocarbono** utilice este [formulario](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/cuanto-cuesta-la-datacion-por-carbono.htm)
Otro servicio disponible para la quitina de insectos: [análisis de isótopos estables (δ13C y δ15N)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/analisis-isotopico-dietetico.htm)
---
**Referencias:**
Adams, M.O., Seifert, C.L., Lehner, L., Truxa, C., Wanek, W. & Fiedler, K. (2016) Stable isotope signatures reflect dietary diversity in European forest moths. Frontiers in Zoology, 13, 37.
David, A.R. Manchester Museum, (1979). Manchester museum mummy project: multidisciplinary research on ancient Egyptian mummified remains. Manchester University Press.
Elias, S.A., (2010). 14 Beetle Chitin Isotope Studies. Developments in Quaternary Sciences, 12, pp.219-222.
Flockhart, D.T., Brower, L.P., Ramirez, M.I., Hobson, K.A., Wassenaar, L.I., Altizer, S. et al. (2017) Regional climate on the breeding grounds predicts variation in the natal origin of monarch butterflies overwintering in Mexico over 38 years. Global Change Biology, 23, 2565–2576.
Flockhart, D.T., Kyser, T.K., Chipley, D., Miller, N.G. and Norris, D.R., (2015). Experimental evidence shows no fractionation of strontium isotopes (87Sr/86Sr) among soil, plants, and herbivores: implications for tracking wildlife and forensic science. Isotopes in environmental and health studies, 51(3), pp.372-381.
Gratton, C. & Forbes, A.E. (2006) Changes in δ13C stable isotopes in multiple tissues of insect predators fed isotopically distinct prey. Oecologia, 147, 615–624.
Panagiotakopulu, E., Higham, T.F., Buckland, P.C., Tripp, J.A. and Hedges, R.E., (2015). AMS dating of insect chitin–A discussion of new dates, problems and potential. Quaternary Geochronology, 27, pp.22-32.
Santi-Júnior, A.D., Botteon, V.W., Mastrangelo, T. & Moreira, M.Z. (2018) Trophic ecology of citrus pests based on stable isotope analysis. Scientia Agricola, 75, 504–508.
Schimmelmann, A., (2011). Carbon, nitrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios in chitin. In Chitin (pp. 81-103). Springer, Dordrech
Schmidt, O., Dautel, H., Newton, J. & Gray, J.S. (2011) Natural isotope signatures of host blood are replicated in moulted ticks. Ticks and tick-borne diseases, 2, 225–227.
Tripp, J.A., Higham, T.F.G. and Hedges, R.E.M., (2004). A pretreatment procedure for the AMS radiocarbon dating of sub-fossil insect remains. Radiocarbon, 46(1), pp.147-154.
***Crédito de las fotografías:** Karthik Easvur (CC BY-SA 3.0) y USGS (Public Domain) via Wikimedia Commons*
*La versión en inglés de este artículo fue publicada el 29 de enero de 2022*
**Categories:** Spanish Articles
---
### [昆虫(キチン)の放射性炭素年代測定および同位体分析](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-carbon-dating-isotopic-analysis-insects-chitin/)
**Published:** April 22, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Excerpt:** 昆虫化石の放射性炭素年代測定には、多糖で構成されるキチン質の外骨格を用います。昆虫化石はサンプルサイズ、重量が非常に小さい場合がほとんどで年代測定が困難な物質と考えられてきました。しかし加速器質量分析 (AMS) 技術の進歩により現在では微量の昆虫化石で精確な放射性炭素年代測定が可能です。例: 3-4個の頭部カプセル、5-6個の羽部(Elias, 2010)
**Content:**
昆虫化石の放射性炭素年代測定には、多糖で構成されるキチン質の外骨格を用います。昆虫化石はサンプルサイズ、重量が非常に小さい場合がほとんどで年代測定が困難な物質と考えられてきました。しかし[加速器質量分析 (AMS) 技術](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm)の進歩により現在では微量の昆虫化石で精確な**放射性炭素年代測定**が可能です。例: 3-4個の頭部カプセル、5-6個の羽部(Elias, 2010)
## 昆虫の放射性炭素年代測定
昆虫化石のcarbon-14年代測定は考古学や古環境研究において重要なトピックでした。例えば、マンチェスター博物館は昆虫化石とミイラに関して重点的に研究を行いました。例えば、ミイラの腐敗と昆虫発生の関係 (例: Anthrenus museorum L.)、ラッピング過程でミイラに昆虫が取り込まれる事例 (例: Chrysomya albiceps) (David, 1979)が示され、最近のAMS 年代測定によってその裏付けを得ました(Panagiotakopulu et al. 2014)。しかし、ミイラ化の過程で使用された化学物質(例:ビチューメン)が昆虫化石の年代の確かさに影響を与えたのではないかという疑念が生じたため、さらなる検証用に同時代の植物化石の年代測定が行われました(Panagiotakopulu et al. 2014)。
## 昆虫の安定同位体分析
昆虫化石のキチン質外骨格はその保存性の良さから **安定同位体分析** に適した物質です。条件が良ければ、窒素、炭素、ストロンチウムの同位体比が数百万年保存され、古環境復元の重要な指標となります(Elias, 2010)。昆虫はそれらの同位体を食物や水から取り込むため、時空をまたいだ同位体比の変動をとらえることが可能です。
例えばオオカバマダラの羽根のキチンの [ストロンチウム同位体](https://isobarscience.com/strontium/application/) (87Sr/86Sr) と、羽根と土壌の化学分析データを組み合わせることによって移動パターンの研究が行われました(Flockhart et al. 2015)。炭素・窒素の同位体比も食性、栄養レベルの研究に使用することが可能です。Schimmelmann (2010)は、昆虫のキチンのδ15Nと栄養レベルの関係を明らかにしました。その他にも食嗜好 (Adams et al. 2016)、 食性ニッチ (Santi-Júnior et al. 2018)、 出生起源 (Flockhart et al. 2017) 、 感染症伝播(Schmidt et al. 2011)についての研究があります。
昆虫のキチン質の安定同位体比と環境の関係性は、生命段階や種の違いによりより複雑になります(Gratton & Forbes, 2006)。
## Beta Analyticの昆虫キチン質のAMS年代測定
 **試料の推奨量 (より少量でも可能 – [ご連絡ください](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-contact.htm))**- 10-50 mg
 **炭素年代測定の納期**- AMS Standard – 14営業日
- AMS Priority – 6 営業日
- AMS Time Guide – 3営業日
 **Carbon-14 年代測定に含まれる分析(試料サイズが十分な場合)**- δ13C
 **推奨容器**- アルミフォイルに包みZiplockバッグに封入
- 封筒などではなく丈夫な箱で送付
- 料金にはQAレポート、暦年代較正が含まれています。
**前処理** – 結果に影響を与える前処理についての理解は不可欠です。前処理についてのご質問やリクエストはいつでもご連絡ください。
**放射性炭素年代測定の料金は** [フォーム](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm) からお問合せください。
昆虫キチンの安定同位体分析も可能です。: [安定同位体分析 (δ13C and δ15N)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dietary-isotopic-analysis.htm)
---
**References:**
Adams, M.O., Seifert, C.L., Lehner, L., Truxa, C., Wanek, W. & Fiedler, K. (2016) Stable isotope signatures reflect dietary diversity in European forest moths. Frontiers in Zoology, 13, 37.
David, A.R. Manchester Museum, (1979). Manchester museum mummy project: multidisciplinary research on ancient Egyptian mummified remains. Manchester University Press.
Elias, S.A., (2010). 14 Beetle Chitin Isotope Studies. Developments in Quaternary Sciences, 12, pp.219-222.
Flockhart, D.T., Brower, L.P., Ramirez, M.I., Hobson, K.A., Wassenaar, L.I., Altizer, S. et al. (2017) Regional climate on the breeding grounds predicts variation in the natal origin of monarch butterflies overwintering in Mexico over 38 years. Global Change Biology, 23, 2565–2576.
Flockhart, D.T., Kyser, T.K., Chipley, D., Miller, N.G. and Norris, D.R., (2015). Experimental evidence shows no fractionation of strontium isotopes (87Sr/86Sr) among soil, plants, and herbivores: implications for tracking wildlife and forensic science. Isotopes in environmental and health studies, 51(3), pp.372-381.
Gratton, C. & Forbes, A.E. (2006) Changes in δ13C stable isotopes in multiple tissues of insect predators fed isotopically distinct prey. Oecologia, 147, 615–624.
Panagiotakopulu, E., Higham, T.F., Buckland, P.C., Tripp, J.A. and Hedges, R.E., (2015). AMS dating of insect chitin–A discussion of new dates, problems and potential. Quaternary Geochronology, 27, pp.22-32.
Santi-Júnior, A.D., Botteon, V.W., Mastrangelo, T. & Moreira, M.Z. (2018) Trophic ecology of citrus pests based on stable isotope analysis. Scientia Agricola, 75, 504–508.
Schimmelmann, A., (2011). Carbon, nitrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios in chitin. In Chitin (pp. 81-103). Springer, Dordrech
Schmidt, O., Dautel, H., Newton, J. & Gray, J.S. (2011) Natural isotope signatures of host blood are replicated in moulted ticks. Ticks and tick-borne diseases, 2, 225–227.
Tripp, J.A., Higham, T.F.G. and Hedges, R.E.M., (2004). A pretreatment procedure for the AMS radiocarbon dating of sub-fossil insect remains. Radiocarbon, 46(1), pp.147-154.
***Photo Credits:** Karthik Easvur (CC BY-SA 3.0) and USGS (Public Domain) via Wikimedia Commons*
**Categories:** Japanese Articles
---
### [Datation au radiocarbone et analyse isotopique des insectes (chitine)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/datation-carbone-analyse-isotopique-insectes-chitine/)
**Published:** March 21, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Excerpt:** Les restes d'insectes sont datés à l'aide de l'exosquelette constitué de chitine, qui est une substance fibreuse composée de polysaccharides. Compte tenu de la très petite taille et du poids des exosquelettes, ils ont toujours été très difficiles à dater. Toutefois, avec les progrès récents de la spectrométrie de masse par accélérateur (AMS), de très petites quantités de chitine sont nécessaires pour une datation précise au radiocarbone, par ex. 3-4 capsules céphaliques ou 5-6 segments alaires intacts (Elias, 2010).
**Content:**
Les restes d’insectes sont datés à l’aide de l’exosquelette constitué de chitine, qui est une substance fibreuse composée de polysaccharides. Compte tenu de la très petite taille et du poids des exosquelettes, ils ont toujours été très difficiles à dater. Toutefois, avec les progrès récents de [la spectrométrie de masse par accélérateur (AMS)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/spectrometrie-acceleration-masse.htm), de très petites quantités de chitine sont nécessaires pour **une datation précise au radiocarbone**, par ex. 3-4 capsules céphaliques ou 5-6 segments alaires intacts (Elias, 2010).
## Datation au radiocarbone d’insectes
La datation au carbone 14 et l’analyse des insectes présentent un intérêt pour les études archéologiques et paléoenvironnementales. Par exemple, des travaux approfondis sur les insectes et les momies ont été réalisés par le Manchester Museum. Les chercheurs ont trouvé des insectes issus de la décomposition de corps momifiés (par ex. *Anthrenus museorum L.*) ainsi que des insectes qui se sont intégrés à la momie lors de l’enveloppement (par ex. *Chrysomya albiceps*) (David, 1979), dont la datation vient d’être confirmée par la technologie AMS (Panagiotakopulu et al. 2014). Cependant, de telles études ont montré que les produits chimiques utilisés dans les processus de momification (par exemple, le bitume) peuvent avoir un effet sur la fiabilité des datations de la chitine des insectes. Afin de vérifier les dates des insectes, une datation parallèle de la matière végétale contemporaine peut être effectuée (Panagiotakopoulou et al. 2014).
## Analyse isotopique stable de la chitine
Le matériau de chitine de l’exosquelette d’insecte est un minéral idéal pour une **analyse isotopique** plus poussée étant donné sa résistance à la solubilité et à la décomposition. Lorsque les conditions le permettront, les atomes d’azote, de carbone et de strontium resteront stables dans la structure de la chitine pendant des millions d’années, permettant la reconstruction des environnements passés (Elias, 2010). Les insectes incorporent ces isotopes dans leur structure par leur régime alimentaire et leur consommation d’eau, ce qui leur permet d’être utilisés pour reconstituer la variabilité de ces isotopes dans l’espace et dans le temps.
Par exemple, la chitine des ailes de papillon monarque a également été analysée pour le [strontium](https://isobarscience.com/strontium/application/) (87Sr/86Sr) afin d’étudier les schémas de migration en corrélant la chimie des ailes avec la végétation et les sols locaux (Flockhart et al. 2015). Semblables à d’autres organismes, les isotopes d’azote et de carbone peuvent également être utilisés pour reconstruire le régime alimentaire et le niveau trophique. Par exemple, Schimmelmann (2010) a démontré que les valeurs de δ15N dans la chitine des insectes sont plus positives avec l’augmentation des niveaux trophiques. Les sujets d’étude supplémentaires incluent la préférence alimentaire (Adams et al. 2016), la niche alimentaire (Santi-Júnior et al. 2018), l’origine natale (Flockhart et al. 2017) et la transmission de la maladie (Schmidt et al. 2011).
Alors que différentes relations ont été confirmées entre la variabilité environnementale et les isotopes stables dans la chitine des insectes, ces corrélations peuvent être compliquées par des changements d’incorporation à différents stades de vie et entre différentes espèces (Gratton & Forbes, 2006).
## Datation AMS de la chitine d’insecte par Beta Analytic
 **Quantités recommandées (de plus petites quantités sont possibles pour l’AMS – veuillez [nous contacter](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-contact.htm))**- 10-50 milligrammes
 **Services de datation au carbone**- AMS Standard – les résultats sont communiqués sous 14 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Priority – 6 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 jours ouvrés
 **Analyses incluses avec la datation au carbone 14 (si la taille de l’échantillon le permet)**- δ13C
 **Contenants recommandés**- Enveloppez les échantillons d’insectes dans du papier d’aluminium puis placez-les dans une pochette avant de les mettre dans un sac Ziplock étiqueté.
- Envoyez les échantillons dans de petites boîtes au lieu d’enveloppes pour éviter que les échantillons ne soient écrasés pendant le transport.
- Nos tarifs comprennent les rapports d’assurance qualité, la calibration et l’accès internet 24h/24 et 7j/7 aux résultats antérieurs et aux analyses en cours.
**Prétraitement** – Il est important de comprendre les prétraitements appliqués aux échantillons car ils affectent directement le résultat final. N’hésitez pas à ajouter des instructions spécifiques concernant le prétraitement ou le rapport d’analyse.
Pour obtenir nos **tarifs de datation au radiocarbone**, veuillez utiliser ce [formulaire](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/combien-coute-la-datation-carbone.htm).
Autre service disponible pour la chitine d’insecte : [analyse des isotopes stables (δ13C et δ15N)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/analyses-alimentaires-isotopiques.htm)
---
**Références :**
Adams, M.O., Seifert, C.L., Lehner, L., Truxa, C., Wanek, W. & Fiedler, K. (2016) Stable isotope signatures reflect dietary diversity in European forest moths. Frontiers in Zoology, 13, 37.
David, A.R. Manchester Museum, (1979). Projet de momie du musée de Manchester : recherche multidisciplinaire sur les restes momifiés de l’Égypte ancienne. Manchester University Press.
Elias, S.A., (2010). 14 Beetle Chitin Isotope Studies. Developments in Quaternary Sciences, 12, pp.219-222.
Flockhart, D.T., Brower, L.P., Ramirez, M.I., Hobson, K.A., Wassenaar, L.I., Altizer, S. et al. (2017) Regional climate on the breeding grounds predicts variation in the natal origin of monarch butterflies overwintering in Mexico over 38 years. Global Change Biology, 23, 2565–2576.
Flockhart, D.T., Kyser, T.K., Chipley, D., Miller, N.G. and Norris, D.R., (2015). Les preuves expérimentales ne montrent aucun fractionnement des isotopes du strontium (87Sr/86Sr) entre le sol, les plantes et les herbivores : implications pour le suivi de la faune et la science médico-légale. Isotopes in environmental and health studies, 51(3), pp.372-381.
Gratton, C. & Forbes, A.E. (2006) Changes in δ13C stable isotopes in multiple tissues of insect predators fed isotopically distinct prey. Oecologia, 147, 615–624.
Panagiotakopulu, E., Higham, T.F., Buckland, P.C., Tripp, J.A. and Hedges, R.E., (2015). Datation AMS de la chitine d’insecte – Une discussion sur les nouvelles dates, problèmes et potentiels. Quaternary Geochronology, 27, pp.22-32.
Santi-Júnior, A.D., Botteon, V.W., Mastrangelo, T. & Moreira, M.Z. (2018) Trophic ecology of citrus pests based on stable isotope analysis. Scientia Agricola, 75, 504–508.
Schimmelmann, A., (2011). Rapports des isotopes stables du carbone, de l’azote et de l’oxygène dans la chitine. Dans Chitin (pp. 81-103). Springer, Dordrech
Schmidt, O., Dautel, H., Newton, J. & Gray, J.S. (2011) Natural isotope signatures of host blood are replicated in moulted ticks. Ticks and tick-borne diseases, 2, 225–227.
Tripp, J.A., Higham, T.F.G. and Hedges, R.E.M., (2004). Une procédure de prétraitement pour la datation au radiocarbone AMS des restes d’insectes sous-fossiles. Radiocarbon, 46(1), pp.147-154.
***Crédits photo :**Karthik Easvur (CC BY-SA 3.0) et USGS (domaine public) via Wikimedia Commons*
---
La version anglaise de cet article a été initialement publiée le samedi 29 janvier 2022.
**Categories:** French Articles
---
### [Radiocarbon Dating and Isotopic Analysis of Insects (Chitin)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-isotopic-analysis-insects-chitin/)
**Published:** January 29, 2022
**Author:** RLRC
**Content:**
The remains of insects are dated using the exoskeleton made of chitin, which is a fibrous substance made up of polysaccharides. Given the very small size and weight of the exoskeletons, they have historically been very difficult to date. However, with recent advances in [Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) technology](https://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm), very small amounts of chitin are required for accurate **radiocarbon dating**, e.g. 3-4 head capsules or 5-6 intact wing segments (Elias, 2010).
## Radiocarbon Dating Insects
The carbon-14 dating and analysis of insects have been of interest in archaeological and paleoenvironmental studies. For example, extensive work on insects and mummies has been completed by the Manchester Museum. The researchers have found insects resulting from the decay of the mummified bodies (e.g. *Anthrenus museorum L.*) as well as insects which were integrated into the mummy during the wrapping process (e.g. *Chrysomya albiceps*) (David, 1979), with dating recently confirmed using AMS technology (Panagiotakopulu et al. 2014). However, such studies have found that chemicals used in mummification processes (e.g. bitumen) can have an effect on the reliability of the insect chitin dates. In order to verify the dates of the insects, parallel dating of contemporaneous plant matter can be performed (Panagiotakopulu et al. 2014).
## Stable Isotopic Analysis of Chitin
The chitin material of insect exoskeleton is an ideal mineral for further **isotopic analysis** given its resistance to solubility and decay. When conditions allow, the atoms of nitrogen, carbon and strontium will remain stable within the chitin structure for millions of years, allowing for the reconstruction of past environments (Elias, 2010). Insects incorporate these isotopes into their structure through their diet and water intake, allowing them to be used to reconstruct variability in these isotopes over space and time.
For example, chitin from monarch butterfly wings have also been analyzed for [strontium](https://isobarscience.com/strontium/application/) (87Sr/86Sr) to study migration patterns by correlating wing chemistry with local soils and vegetation (Flockhart et al. 2015). Similar to other organisms, the nitrogen and carbon isotopes can also be utilized to reconstruct diet and trophic level. For example, Schimmelmann (2010) demonstrated that δ15N values in insect chitin are more positive with increasing trophic levels. Additional study topics include food preference (Adams et al. 2016), dietary niche (Santi-Júnior et al. 2018), natal origin (Flockhart et al. 2017) and disease transmission (Schmidt et al. 2011).
While different relationships have been confirmed between environmental variability and stable isotopes in insect chitin, these correlations can be complicated by changes in incorporation at different life stages and between different species (Gratton & Forbes, 2006).
## AMS Dating Insect Chitin by Beta Analytic
 **Sample size recommended (smaller AMS sizes possible – please [contact us](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm))**- 10-50 milligrams
 **Carbon Dating Services**- AMS Standard – results are reported in 14 business days or less
- AMS Priority – 6 business days or less
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 business days
 **Analyses included with Carbon-14 Dating (if sample size permits)**- δ13C
 **Recommended container**- Wrap insect samples in aluminum foil to contain them in a pouch before putting them inside a labeled Ziplock bag.
- Send samples in small boxes instead of envelopes to protect the samples from being crushed during shipment.
- Fees are inclusive of quality assurance reports, calendar calibration when applicable, and 24/7 web access to past results and pending analyses.
**Pretreatment** – It is important to understand the pretreatment applied to samples since they directly affect the final result. You are welcome to include specific instructions on pretreatment or reporting.
To request for **Radiocarbon Dating Costs**, please use this [form. ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
Other Service Available for Insect Chitin: [Stable Isotope Analysis (δ13C and δ15N)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dietary-isotopic-analysis.htm)
---
**References:**
Adams, M.O., Seifert, C.L., Lehner, L., Truxa, C., Wanek, W. & Fiedler, K. (2016) Stable isotope signatures reflect dietary diversity in European forest moths. Frontiers in Zoology, 13, 37.
David, A.R. Manchester Museum, (1979). Manchester museum mummy project: multidisciplinary research on ancient Egyptian mummified remains. Manchester University Press.
Elias, S.A., (2010). 14 Beetle Chitin Isotope Studies. Developments in Quaternary Sciences, 12, pp.219-222.
Flockhart, D.T., Brower, L.P., Ramirez, M.I., Hobson, K.A., Wassenaar, L.I., Altizer, S. et al. (2017) Regional climate on the breeding grounds predicts variation in the natal origin of monarch butterflies overwintering in Mexico over 38 years. Global Change Biology, 23, 2565–2576.
Flockhart, D.T., Kyser, T.K., Chipley, D., Miller, N.G. and Norris, D.R., (2015). Experimental evidence shows no fractionation of strontium isotopes (87Sr/86Sr) among soil, plants, and herbivores: implications for tracking wildlife and forensic science. Isotopes in environmental and health studies, 51(3), pp.372-381.
Gratton, C. & Forbes, A.E. (2006) Changes in δ13C stable isotopes in multiple tissues of insect predators fed isotopically distinct prey. Oecologia, 147, 615–624.
Panagiotakopulu, E., Higham, T.F., Buckland, P.C., Tripp, J.A. and Hedges, R.E., (2015). AMS dating of insect chitin–A discussion of new dates, problems and potential. Quaternary Geochronology, 27, pp.22-32.
Santi-Júnior, A.D., Botteon, V.W., Mastrangelo, T. & Moreira, M.Z. (2018) Trophic ecology of citrus pests based on stable isotope analysis. Scientia Agricola, 75, 504–508.
Schimmelmann, A., (2011). Carbon, nitrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios in chitin. In Chitin (pp. 81-103). Springer, Dordrech
Schmidt, O., Dautel, H., Newton, J. & Gray, J.S. (2011) Natural isotope signatures of host blood are replicated in moulted ticks. Ticks and tick-borne diseases, 2, 225–227.
Tripp, J.A., Higham, T.F.G. and Hedges, R.E.M., (2004). A pretreatment procedure for the AMS radiocarbon dating of sub-fossil insect remains. Radiocarbon, 46(1), pp.147-154.
***Photo Credits:** Karthik Easvur (CC BY-SA 3.0) and USGS (Public Domain) via Wikimedia Commons*
**Categories:** Radiocarbon Dating, Stable Isotope Analysis
**Tags:** ams laboratories, carbon dating test, radiocarbon dating services, stable isotope analysis laboratory
---
### [History & Advances in Radiocarbon Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-history/)
**Published:** June 15, 2022
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** In 1940, radioactive carbon (14C) was discovered through its artificial creation at the Radiation Laboratory in the University of California Berkeley by Samuel Ruben and Martin Kamen. Through further research, it was discovered that the half-life of 14C was approximately 5,700 years and that it was created naturally in the atmosphere through the interaction of cosmic rays with atmospheric nitrogen.
**Content:**
In 1940, radioactive carbon (14C) was discovered through its artificial creation at the Radiation Laboratory in the University of California Berkeley by Samuel Ruben and Martin Kamen. Through further research, it was discovered that the half-life of 14C was approximately 5,700 years and that it was created naturally in the atmosphere through the interaction of cosmic rays with atmospheric nitrogen.
## Understanding the importance of 14C in the environment
A few years after the discovery of 14C, Willard Libby (a Professor of Chemistry at the University of Chicago) connected the production of atmospheric 14C with plants. He hypothesized that plants absorbed 14C alongside non-radioactive carbon during photosynthesis.
Based on this connection between the life of the plant and 14C uptake, he further theorized that the plant would stop taking up 14C after death, and the 14C within the plant structure would decay at the known rate without replacement. Thus, Libby discovered the basis of [radiocarbon dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm) – that it’s possible to calculate the time since death of a plant (or plant-based artifacts like paper, textiles, wood) by measuring the level of 14C. This extraordinary discovery earned Libby a Nobel Prize.
[](https://www.radiocarbon.com/optimal-bone-samples-radiocarbon-dating/)
## Early measurement of radiocarbon
Following the discovery of 14C and its dating potential, the search was on to identify a practical and efficient method of measuring 14C in samples. Initial measurements were completed using thermal diffusion enrichment (Anderson et al. 1947; see the apparatus [here](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4853109/figure/f3-j92cur/), Currie, 2004). At the time it was extremely costly, required significant amounts of samples and was not particularly accurate due to background radiation. Through some modifications – including cosmic ray guards and sample conversion to solid carbon – this method was improved.
Once 14C could be more reliably measured, Libby and colleagues measured the 14C concentration in living matter (e.g. the “zero point” / modern value) at various geographic locations (Anderson, 1951) as well as 14C of samples (tree-rings) and historic objects (contextually-dated Egyptian artifacts) with known ages. The comparison between the historical objects and the “modern” value at the time was used as a basis to develop the first radiocarbon calibration curve named the [“curve of knowns”](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4853109/figure/f4-j92cur/) (Libby, 1967).
To account for potential differences between different machines and laboratories since each would have their own standard, a set of international standards were developed. The NBS Standard Reference Material (SRM) was defined as “modern” carbon, referencing the year 1950 AD. Hence, today all material measured using radiocarbon dating is expressed as “years before present”, equivalent to years before 1950. Following this series of discoveries by Libby and his colleagues, **radiocarbon dating laboratories** were established around the world, resulting in rapid advances in curve development and calibration.
## Expansion of the radiocarbon calibration curve
Throughout the coming decades, scientists around the world focused on developing the [radiocarbon calibration curve](https://www.radiocarbon.com/calendar-calibration-carbon-dating.htm) deeper in time at many different geographical locations. Many of the advances were thanks to the expansion of [dendrochronology](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tree-ring-calibration.htm) – the science of measuring and dating tree-rings. For example, at a radiocarbon symposium in 1970, a new curve was presented from Bristlecone Pine – an old living tree that can grow for more than 4,000 years. The curve covered a vast period from approximately 1600 AD to 5500 BC.
*An ancient Bristlecone Pine tree in White Mountains, California*
Following nuclear weapons testing in the 1950s-1960s, the science of radiocarbon dating permanently shifted as there was a doubling of 14C in the atmosphere known as the [“bomb pulse”](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bomb-carbon.htm). This pulse of 14C was found in biological material across the globe, creating an international signature in the radiocarbon curve. Significant research continuing to today has focused on measuring the precise bomb peak curve as a means to measure samples living on either side of the peak.
## Recent advances in Carbon-14 dating
One of the most significant developments in 14C dating was the establishment of counting individual 14C atoms [(Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Dating)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm) rather than the 14C decays [(Radiometric Dating)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/radiometric-plus.htm), the former allowing one to measure at far higher precision (+104) with far smaller amounts (< mg) of sample (Currie, 2004). Radiometric dating methods detect beta particles from the decay of carbon-14 atoms while accelerator mass spectrometers count the number of carbon-14 atoms present in the sample.
Mass spectrometers detect atoms of specific elements according to their atomic weights. They, however, do not have the sensitivity to distinguish atomic isobars (atoms of different elements that have the same atomic weight, such as in the case of carbon-14 and nitrogen-14 — the most common isotope of nitrogen). Thanks to nuclear physics, mass spectrometers have been fine-tuned to separate a rare isotope from an abundant neighboring mass, and accelerator mass spectrometry was born.
Today, **AMS dating** only requires between 20-500 mg of sample permitting the measurement of very small samples including blood particles, grains and seeds, takes only a few hours to complete (compared to 1-2 days for radiometric dating), and is able to achieve higher precision and lower background levels compared to radiometric dating.
**References:**
Anderson, E.C., Libby, W.F., Weinhouse, S., Reid, A.F., Kirshenbaum, A.D. and Grosse, A., 1947. Radiocarbon from cosmic radiation. Science, 105(2735), pp.576-577.
Anderson, E.C. and Libby, W.F., 1951. World-wide distribution of natural radiocarbon. Physical Review, 81(1), p.64.
Currie, L.A., 2004. The remarkable metrological history of radiocarbon dating \[II\]. Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, 109(2), p.185.
Libby, W.F., 1967. History of radiocarbon dating.
Photo credit: Rick Goldwaser from Flagstaff, AZ, USA, CC BY 2.0 , via Wikimedia Commons
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[Do you need Carbon-14 dating or U-Th dating for bones?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/bones-archaeology-webinar/)
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**Categories:** Radiocarbon Dating
**Tags:** ams laboratories, radiocarbon analysis, radiocarbon dating labs
---
### [Why Do Researchers Radiocarbon Date Fish Otoliths?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-fish-otoliths/)
**Published:** March 22, 2018
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** Radiocarbon dating otoliths has the potential to confirm both the absolute age of individual fish and annuli formation. Despite the many techniques that can be used for age validation, only radiocarbon dating can provide the absolute age in a variety of fishes particularly the long-lived ones.
**Content:**
Radiocarbon dating otoliths has the potential to confirm both the absolute age of individual fish and annuli formation. Despite the many techniques that can be used for age validation, only radiocarbon dating can provide the absolute age in a variety of fishes particularly the long-lived ones. The use of bomb-derived radiocarbon as a dated otolith marker is considered to be one of the most accurate and logistically feasible methods for the age validation of long-lived species. 1
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Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
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Otoliths have [growth rings similar to those observed in trees](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tree-ring-calibration.htm) that can be used to estimate the age of the fish. There are two zones in otoliths indicating growth – a dark translucent zone representing a period of fast growth and a white opaque zone called annuli representing a period of slower growth. Annuli formation is likened to tree ring growth, both are used for age estimations.
Typically one ring is formed about every year. However, further studies (e.g. mark-recapture of chemically-tagged fish) are necessary to validate that one whole annulus is indeed equal to one year of growth. Combining this data with comparisons on the size of the fish sheds light on how fast the species grows.
These rings also contain a chemical makeup representative of the local environment the fish was in at the time of that particular growth ring. This chemical composition, including trace elements and isotopes, can be measured and used to track the movements of the fish throughout its lifetime.
Analysis of fish otoliths are included in various researches including those focused on mortality or population structure estimations and stock assessment models.
## What are Fish Otoliths?
In fish, otoliths are hard carbonate structures sitting behind the brain that are involved in hearing and balance. There are three types of otoliths – the sagitta, asteriscus and lapillus. Not all fish have otoliths, and for those that do, the specific characteristics of the otoliths depend on the species.
Geochemical analyses of the otoliths can reveal a lot about the fish and its life including migration, its age and growth rate.
## Radiocarbon Dating Fish Otoliths with Beta Analytic
Beta Analytic accepts fish otoliths for radiocarbon dating with a recommended sample size of 5-20 mg. The lab uses [Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm) to analyze these samples. The minimum quantity for routine AMS analysis is 300 micrograms of carbon after pretreatment, though the lab can work with less upon discussion. The [δ13C and δ18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-free-stable-isotopes/) measurements by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) are included at no additional fee when submitting fish otolith samples for radiocarbon dating.
The [pretreatment](https://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Etch) applied to samples directly affect the final result. You can contact the lab to discuss the pretreatment or request to be contacted once the pretreatment has been completed before the samples are analyzed in the accelerator mass spectrometer.
ISO 17025-accredited Beta Analytic reports radiocarbon dating results within 14 business days and fees include quality assurance reports, calendar calibration as applicable and access to both past results and pending analyses are available online 24/7. Please [contact the lab](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm) for more information.
## Beta Analytic Stable Isotope Analysis Laboratory
For fish otoliths and other carbonates, Beta Analytic also offers [δ13C and δ18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/oxygen-isotopes.htm) stable isotope analysis not in conjunction with radiocarbon dating. The interpretation of stable isotope values lies with the submitter.
The Miami-based lab also provides these analyses:
– δ13C for cremated bones or organics
– [δ13C and δ15N](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dietary-isotopic-analysis.htm) for non-cremated bones
– [δ13C, δ18O and δD](https://www.radiocarbon.com/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm) measurements for water
For samples that do not require lab pretreatment, stable isotope analysis results are reported in 7 business days. For samples that do require lab pretreatment, results are reported in 14 business days. Please contact the lab for sample sizes and prices.
**References:**
1. Campana, S. E. [Bomb Radiocarbon and Age Validation](https://uni.hi.is/scampana/otoliths/scientists/bomb-radiocarbon-and-age-validation/). (Accessed February 2018).
2. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. [Introduction to Aging Fish: What are Otoliths?](https://myfwc.com/research/saltwater/fish/age-growth-lab/ageing-fish-otoliths/) (Accessed January 2018).
3. Trivedi, B. P. National Geographic News. Fish Ear Bones Hold Clues to Migration. (Accessed January 2018).
**Categories:** Radiocarbon Dating
**Tags:** 14c dating, Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, carbon dating service, carbon dating test, radiocarbon analysis, radiocarbon dating companies, radiocarbon dating labs, radiocarbon dating prices, radiocarbon dating services, stable isotope analysis, stable isotope analysis laboratory
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### [Beta Analytic fournit désormais un prétraitement par ultrafiltration pour les os](https://www.radiocarbon.com/os-ultrafiltration-miami/)
**Published:** July 15, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Excerpt:** En plus de l'extraction conventionnelle du collagène, Beta Analytic, accrédité ISO/IEC 17025:2017, propose désormais l'ultrafiltration du collagène osseux en réponse au besoin des clients de prétraitements supplémentaires spécifiques à leurs opinions et leurs objectifs de recherche. Des publications récentes ont accru l'intérêt pour la méthodologie d'ultrafiltration, et certains chercheurs ont été interrogés par les examinateurs sur la raison pour laquelle elle n'a pas été effectuée sur leurs échantillons d'os. Les études internes de Beta Analytic ont vérifié que l'ultrafiltration est un atout valide, reproductible et potentiellement utile pour la datation au radiocarbone des os anciens.
**Content:**
En plus de l’extraction conventionnelle du collagène, Beta Analytic, accrédité ISO/IEC 17025:2017, propose désormais l’ultrafiltration du collagène osseux en réponse au besoin des clients de prétraitements supplémentaires spécifiques à leurs opinions et leurs objectifs de recherche. Des publications récentes ont accru l’intérêt pour la méthodologie d’ultrafiltration, et certains chercheurs ont été interrogés par les examinateurs sur la raison pour laquelle elle n’a pas été effectuée sur leurs échantillons d’os. Les études internes de Beta Analytic ont vérifié que l’ultrafiltration est un atout valide, reproductible et potentiellement utile pour la [datation au radiocarbone](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/a-propos-datation-carbone.htm "radiocarbon dating") des os anciens.
Le laboratoire, basé à Miami, a étudié cette méthodologie depuis son introduction il y a des années. Le laboratoire reçoit des os de différentes parties du monde – des échantillons qui ont été soumis à une grande variété de conditions environnementales, de conservations et de [contaminations](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/pretraitement-datation-carbone.htm "contamination conditions"). « Combiner cette qualité avec une capacité interne de génération rapide de résultats a donné au laboratoire l’opportunité d’étudier la méthode d’ultrafiltration avec de nombreuses analyses sur une grande variété d’os », a déclaré le président de Beta Analytic, Darden Hood.
Selon M. Hood, les recherches internes du laboratoire n’ont pas révélé que l’ultrafiltration améliore la précision de la datation au radiocarbone sur les protéines osseuses par rapport à ses techniques conventionnelles d’[extraction de collagène](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/pretraitements-protocoles-datation-radiocarbone.htm "collagen extraction"). Dans la plupart des études, les méthodes d’extraction conventionnelle du collagène et d’ultrafiltration ont donné le même âge radiocarbone pour toutes les tranches d’âge (de 0 BP à l’infini) que le laboratoire a analysé. M. Hood a déclaré que, dans certains cas, des différences ont été observées dans lesquelles le résultat de l’ultrafiltration était considéré comme anormal.
« Nous avons maintenant résolu les incohérences et les préoccupations grâce à l’utilisation de nouveaux modèles de filtres qui n’incluent pas de colles, des techniques de nettoyage de filtre améliorées qui élimine en toute confiance le conservateur de filtre (glycérine) et, plus important encore, en utilisant les mêmes grands extraits de collagène robustes dérivés de la méthode conventionnelle éprouvée d’extraction du collagène avec l’ajout d’étapes d’ultrafiltration ultérieures », a déclaré M. Hood.
## Datation AMS des os de Beta Analytic
Beta Analytic garantit des datations radiocarbone précises et exactes. Le service de [datation AMS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/spectrometrie-acceleration-masse.htm "AMS dating") standard du laboratoire pour les os a un délai d’exécution de 14 jours ouvrés ou moins, bien que quelques jours supplémentaires puissent être nécessaires dans les cas où les protéines sont faiblement conservées ou les échantillons nécessitent une communication prolongée avec le laboratoire. Beta Analytic accueille les discussions et les communications concernant les analyses dans le but de toujours fournir un service client attentionné.
Le laboratoire est situé à Miami, en Floride. Toutes les analyses/mesures sont effectuées en interne. Les clients peuvent envoyer leurs échantillons directement en Floride ou à des bureaux d’expédition situés dans diverses villes, dont São Paulo, Brésil ; Xiamen, Chine ; Nagoya, Japon ; Séoul, Corée du Sud ; et Londres, Royaume-Uni. Pour toute demande de renseignements, veuillez appeler le (+1) 305-667-5167 ou utiliser le [formulaire de contact](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-contact.htm).
**Sujets liés :**
[Beta Analytic améliore son service pour le collagène osseux](https://www.radiocarbon.com/bone-collagen/)
[Prix de la datation au radiocarbone](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/combien-coute-la-datation-carbone.htm)
*La version anglaise de cet article a été initialement publiée le 10 avril 2013.*
**Categories:** French Articles
---
### [短納期・高精度で研究者に愛されるBeta Analytic社](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-blog/)
**Published:** January 16, 2018
**Author:** JP RC
**Excerpt:** こんにちは！
放射性炭素年代測定のBeta Analyticです。
**Content:**
こんにちは！
放射性炭素年代測定のBeta Analyticです。
この度、弊社の日本版ブログが誕生しました。今後、このブログを通じて弊社のサービスやお知らせ、関連分野の最新ニュースをご案内していきます。
ご愛読のほどよろしくお願いします！
※すぐに試験依頼をご希望の方・・・弊社[ウェブサイト](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/index.htm "ウェブサイト")からご連絡ください。
※「放射性炭素年代測定って何？」とご検索して、当ブログを訪問してくださった方・・・[放射性炭素年代測定の基礎知識](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/about-carbon-dating.htm "放射性炭素年代測定の基礎知識")をご覧ください。
## 放射性炭素年代測定にBeta Analyticがおススメな理由
さて、Beta Analyticで放射性炭素年代測定を依頼したことがないという研究者の方の方に向けて、今回は弊社の特徴をお知らせしたいと思います。
### ・高精度
Beta Analyticは、高品質のラボしか認定されない世界標準規格 ISO/IEC 17025：2017 認定の試験所です。結果をお知らせする際には、品質保証レポートを発行しております。
※品質保証の詳細についてはこちらをどうぞ→ [Beta Analyticの品質管理と品質保証](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-radiocarbon-lab2.htm "Beta Analyticの品質管理と品質保証")
このQAレポートでは、放射性炭素分析の精度を確保するため、毎回「年代既知試料」（いわゆる標準物質といわれるもの）の測定を行い、結果をご報告します。
### ・短納期
弊社の最大の特徴とも言えるのが、この短納期です。
研究者の方々とお話ししていると、測定に何か月もかかったという経験談を聞くことがありますが、弊社では試料をラボが受領してから７営業日でのご報告をしております。
また、Time－Guide AMS（最短サービス）お申込みの場合は、受領後４営業日でご報告。
フィールドワークで試料を採取し、すぐに測定結果が欲しいときでも安心です。
多くの研究者の方に、世界最大・世界最速の年代測定ラボとしてご認識いただいております！
## オンラインサービスでさらに便利になりました
Beta Analyticのお客様はどなたでも、
- 過去の測定結果
- 現在進行形の測定状況
をオンラインのポータルサイトでご覧いただけます。
- 測定結果のPDFファイルのダウンロード
- 試料の写真の閲覧・ダウンロード
も簡単です！
また、Excel形式のデータでのダウンロードも選択できるので、直接論文執筆にご使用いただくにも便利ですよ。
## 米国のラボへの発送と聞いてご面倒だとお思いですか？
### →国内の代理店へのご発送だけです。
Beta Analyticでは、お客様の費用面・手間の面でのご負担を減らすため、世界各地に代理店や支社を置いております。
日本では、名古屋市にある[株式会社地球科学研究所](https://www.geolab.co.jp/c14-dating/ "株式会社地球科学研究所")がBeta Analyticの総代理店となっており、 こちらへ試料をお送りいただければ、輸出手配をすべて行います。（輸出費用は弊社負担）
その他、以下の都市にも支店や代理店がございます。
海外からのご依頼も可能ですが、常に測定は米国の試験所で行うため、試験結果の一貫性も確保できます。
- オーストラリア シドニー
- ブラジル サンパウロ
- 中国 北京・厦門
- 韓国 ソウル
- 台湾 台北
- イギリス ロンドン
1979年の設立以来、Beta Analyticでは、考古学、地理学、科学捜査、地下水調査などの分野で、
多くの試料を取り扱ってまいりました。
## まとめ
Beta Analyticは・・・
- ・高品質のラボしか認定されない世界標準規格 ISO/IEC 17025：2017 認定の試験所
- ・ラボがサンプル受領後、通常7営業日（最短で4営業日）で結果のご報告
- ・オンラインサービスも便利
- ・世界各地に支店を置く世界最大の放射性年代測定機関
※さらに詳しく知りたい方は、是非弊社[ウェブサイト](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/index.htm "ウェブサイト")をご覧ください。
**Categories:** Japanese Articles
**Tags:** c14 carbon dating, carbon date, carbon dating companies, carbon dating services, radiocarbon dating, radiocarbon dating companies
---
### [トレーサーフリーのAMSラボを選んでいますか？](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-c14-tracerfree-lab/)
**Published:** February 5, 2018
**Author:** JP RC
**Excerpt:** 放射性炭素測定機関を選ぶとき、ご注意いただきたいことがいくつかあるのですが、その一つが「トレーサーフリーラボであるかどうか」という点です。
**Content:**
放射性炭素測定機関を選ぶとき、ご注意いただきたいことがいくつかあるのですが、その一つが**「トレーサーフリーラボであるかどうか」**という点です。
トレーサーフリーとは、人工14Ｃを含む試料を取り扱わない施設のことを指します。
弊社は、ISO/IEC 17025:2017という試験機関としての最高レベルという認定を受けています。 その高い品質を守る一つの取り組みとして、**弊社はトレーサーフリーラボとして、薬物動態研究用のC14トレーサー・サンプルやその他の人工的にC14を付与された試料は一切お引受けしておりません。** その大きな理由は、**クロス・コンタミネーションの危険を避けるため**です。
※すぐに試験依頼をご希望の方・・・弊社[ウェブサイト](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/index.htm "ウェブサイト")からご連絡ください。
※「放射性炭素年代測定って何？」とご検索して、当ブログを訪問してくださった方・・・[放射性炭素年代測定の基礎知識](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/about-carbon-dating.htm "放射性炭素年代測定の基礎知識")をご覧ください。
## クロス・コンタミネーションの危険とは？
製薬会社における薬物動態研究では、放射性物質を含むサンプルを用います。
生物医学に加速器を利用する試験所では、薬物分子内の12Ｃとの置き換えが容易で取扱いも比較的安全なため、14Ｃ（放射性炭素）がトレーサーとして使用されています。 しかし、トレーサーとして使用される14ＣはＡＭＳ（加速器質量分析装置）自体にとっても、それを所有するにおいても、放射性炭素年代測定用の試料との汚染の原因となることがあります。 こうした研究で使用される人工の14Ｃは、自然発生のＣ14濃度に比較して、非常に高い濃度で付与されているため、一度ＡＭＳラボが使用すると、その影響を取り除くことは難しく、クロスコンタミネーションは不可避となります。 よって、**生物医学用の施設では汚染レベルが許容範囲であっても、われわれのような 炭素年代測定機関では、受け入れられません。**
生物医学用のＡＭＳ施設では、定期的に、トレーサーレベルで14Ｃを含む試料を測定しており、その試料の数は、考古学、地質学、水文学で得られるような試料数と比較して、数百から数千倍にも上ります。また、生物医学用試料の14Ｃの濃度は、非常に高いため、同じ人間が試料を扱うだけでも、汚染のリスクが発生します。学者のZermeñoが「hot lab（人工14Ｃを付与した試料を取り扱うラボ）の人間は、natural lab（自然発生の14Ｃだけを含む試料を取り扱うラボ）に入ってはいけないし、その逆も然りである」 (Zermeño et al. 2004, pg. 294) と述べているように、**この２つの作業は、必ず分かれて行うべき作業**なのです。人員、機械、そして、化学処理ラインを共有するということには、考古学、地質学、水文学の自然レベルの14Ｃ試料を汚染する危険が常に付きまといます。
## コンタミリスクを避けるために確認すべき３つのこと
放射性炭素年代測定に使用予定のラボには、以下のことを必ず確認してください。
1. トレーサー14Ｃまたは「hot」とラベリングされた14Ｃを含む試料の受入れ、取扱い、グラファイト化、ＡＭＳでの測定を行った実績がなく、今後もしない予定である
2. トレーサー14Ｃまたは「hot」とラベリングされた14Ｃを含む試料を扱った（前処理や燃焼、酸性化、グラファイト化などを行った）人間と、ラボ内のスペース、機械、人員などを共有した実績がなく、今後もしない予定である
3. トレーサー14Ｃまたは「hot」とラベリングされた14Ｃを含む試料の測定には、ビームラインコンポーネントを一部またはすべてに含むＡＭＳの測定システムを使用している
## Beta Analyticはトレーサーフリーラボ
近年、米国政府の契約では、入札に応募するにはAMSラボは14Cトレーサーフリーの施設でなければならないと明記し始めていることからも、このコンタミネーションのリスクの高さ、影響が大きさがわかると思います。 研究者の方には、是非トレーサーフリーのラボを使用することをお勧めいたします。
トレースフリーについての詳細は[こちらのページ](https://www.betalabservices.com/jp/tracer-free.html)でもご紹介しています。
**Categories:** Japanese Articles
**Tags:** carbon date, Carbon dating, carbon dating companies, carbon dating service, carbon dating services, radiocarbon dating companies, radiocarbon dating services
---
### [研究者が魚の耳石を放射性年代測定する意義とは?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-ams-dating-fish-otoliths/)
**Published:** March 28, 2018
**Author:** JP RC
**Excerpt:** 耳石の放射性炭素年代測定では、個々の魚の絶対年代や輪紋形成を確認することができます。多くの年代検証技術がある中で、放射性炭素年代測定のみが、種々の魚、特に長期間生きた魚の絶対年齢を調べることが可能です。耳石標識として核実験起源の放射性炭素を使用することが、寿命が長い種の年代確認のための最も正確で妥当な方法の一つとされています。※
**Content:**
耳石の放射性炭素年代測定では、個々の魚の絶対年代や輪紋形成を確認することができます。多くの年代検証技術がある中で、放射性炭素年代測定のみが、種々の魚、特に長期間生きた魚の絶対年齢を調べることが可能です。耳石標識として核実験起源の放射性炭素を使用することが、寿命が長い種の年代確認のための最も正確で妥当な方法の一つとされています。※１
---
免責事項:この動画はサードパーティーのサービスを利用しているため広告が表示されることがあります。
---
耳石は、魚の年齢を推定するのに使用される成長線で、[木の年輪](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/tree-ring-calibration.htm)に似ています。耳石には成長率を示す２つの層があります。一つは半透明層で速く成長した期間を示し、もう一つは輪紋と呼ばれる白い不透明層で較的ゆっくりと成長した期間を示しています。輪紋形成は、木の年輪形成に類似しており、両方とも年代測定に用いられます。
輪紋は、通常1年に1層形成されますが、実際に1つの層が1年の成長と等しいのか検証するには更なる研究（例：化学的にタグ付けした魚の標識再捕獲など）が必要です。こうしたデータと魚の大きさの比較を組み合わせることで、種の成長の早さが明らかになります。
こうした輪紋には、魚が紋輪形成時に存在した場所の環境を示す化学的組成を保有しています。微量元素や同位体を含むこの化学的組成を測定することで、その寿命を通してどのように移動したのかを追跡することが可能です。
魚の耳石分析は、死亡率や集団構造の推定や資源量の見積りに焦点を当てた研究等、さまざまな研究に用いられています。
## 魚の耳石とは？
魚の頭骨の中には、「耳石」という硬い炭酸塩物質があります。この部分は、聴覚だけではなく、体の平衡感覚に関与しています。また、魚の耳石には扁平石（へんぺいせき）、礫石（れきせき）、星状石（せいじょうせき）の3種類があります。ちなみに全ての魚が耳石を持っているわけではなく、また、耳石を有している場合、耳石の特徴は種によって異なります。
耳石の地球化学的な分析では、魚自体のことと、移動や年齢、成長率などを含むその生態について多くのことを明らかにすることが可能です。
## Beta Analyticにおける魚の耳石の放射性炭素年代測定
Beta Analyticでは、魚の耳石の放射性炭素年代測定を受け付けております。試料の推奨量は、5-20㎎。ラボでは、[加速器質量分析装置 (AMS)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm) を使用して年代測定を行います。AMS分析に必要な最低量は前処理後のカーボンの状態で300マイクログラムですが、この量よりも少ない場合でもお引き受けできる場合もございますので、ご相談ください。また、耳石の放射性炭素年代測定をお申込みの場合は、追加料金なしで安定同位体13Cおよび18OもIRMSにて測定いたします。
[前処理](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Etch)は、ご報告する結果に直接的に影響を及ぼしますので、事前に前処理について弊社へご相談いただくことも可能ですし、前処理が終わり次第、AMS分析を行う前に弊社よりご連絡するよう手配することも可能です。
ISO 17025認定機関であるBeta Analyticでは、放射性炭素年代測定結果を14営業日以内にご報告しています。また、料金には、品質保証レポート、暦年代較正（適用可能な場合）、過去の結果や分析状況にいつでもアクセスできるオンラインサービスを含んでおります。詳細については、 [弊社までお問合せください。](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-contact.htm)
## Beta Analyticでは、安定同位体分析を行っています
魚の耳石や他の炭酸塩の場合、Beta Analyticでは放射性炭素年代測定とは別で13Cおよび18O安定同位体分析を実施していますが、安定同位体分析の測定値の解釈については、ご提出者に委ねられています。
以下の測定もご提供しています:
– 火葬骨、有機物質のδ13C測定
–火葬されていない骨の [δ13C and δ15N](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/dietary-isotopic-analysis.htm)測定
–水の [δ13C, δ18O and δD](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm)測定
ラボでの前処理が不要のサンプルに関しては、7営業日以内に安定同位体分析結果をご報告しております。前処理が必要な場合は、14営業日以内の報告となっております。試料のサイズや測定料金に関してのご質問は、弊社までご連絡をお願いいたします。
**参考:**
1. Campana, S. E. [Bomb Radiocarbon and Age Validation](https://uni.hi.is/scampana/otoliths/scientists/bomb-radiocarbon-and-age-validation/). (Accessed February 2018).
2. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. [Introduction to Aging Fish: What are Otoliths?](https://myfwc.com/research/saltwater/fish/age-growth-lab/ageing-fish-otoliths/) (Accessed January 2018).
3. Trivedi, B. P. National Geographic News. Fish Ear Bones Hold Clues to Migration. (Accessed January 2018).
**Categories:** Japanese Articles
**Tags:** Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Accelerator Mass Spectrometry facilities, cost of radiocarbon dating, how much does carbon dating cost, how much does radiocarbon dating cost, radiocarbon analysis, radiocarbon dating cost, stable isotope analysis, stable isotope analysis laboratory
---
### [試料の取扱いついてのよくあるご質問](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-sample-questions/)
**Published:** April 24, 2018
**Author:** JP RC
**Excerpt:** お客様に試料をお送りいただく際、取扱いについて以下のご質問を頂戴します。
**Content:**
お客様に試料をお送りいただく際、取扱いについて以下のご質問を頂戴します。
**Q1** 試料は送付する前に乾燥や前処理を行う必要がありますか？
**Q2** 試料はどのような容器に入れて送ればよいでしょうか？
**Q3** どれくらいの量が必要ですか？
上記に関しては、試料ごとに取扱いがことなりますので、種類別でご案内します。
## ◆堆積物・土壌など (sediment)
**A1** 長期保管をされる場合以外は、乾燥する必要はありません。
**A2** 堆積物・土壌などの試料は直接ジップロックバッグに封入してください。その上でさらにもう一枚のジップロックバッグで二重包装にしてください。
**A3** 有機堆積物を対象とする場合の試料量はほとんどの場合、数グラム～10グラム程度で測定可能です。
## ◆木片・植物片・炭・貝など (macrofossils)
**A1** 長期保管をされる場合以外は、乾燥する必要はありません。また洗浄なども必要ありません。
**A2** 比較的大きなサイズのもの (約1cm以上) はジップロックバッグに試料を封入し、さらにもう一枚のジップロックバッグで二重包装してください。
小さな試料は、アルミフォイルに包み、ジップロックバッグに封入してください。
**A3** 数グラムから100ミリグラム程度で測定が可能です。
微量でも測定可能な場合もありますので、詳細についてはご依頼前にお問合せください。
※いずれの場合も黒の油性マジックで試料名をジップロックバッグに明記してください。
（黒以外のマジックは消えやすいので、できる限り使用しないでください。）
その他の試料の取扱いについては、こちらのページからサンプルタイプを選択し、ご確認いただけます。
試料送付の流れについては、[「放射性炭素年代測定 試料の送付方法」](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/sending-carbon-dating-samples.htm)をご覧ください。
お見積りの請求や不明点についてのご質問は、上記のページに記載されている弊社の日本代理店である(株)地球科学研究所へ電話またはメールにてご連絡いただければ幸いです。
**Categories:** Japanese Articles
**Tags:** Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Accelerator Mass Spectrometry facilities, C14 lab, stable isotope analysis, stable isotope analysis laboratory
---
### [Beta AnalyticのIRMSによるδ13C測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-irms-13c/)
**Published:** May 16, 2018
**Author:** JP RC
**Excerpt:** Beta AnalyticではIRMSによるδ13C測定を行っています。
δ13Cの測定において、AMSによる放射性炭素年代測定では、Conventional Radiocarbon Ageの算出には、すべての同位体分別（自然由来・化学処理およびグラファイト化によるもの・AMS計測によるもの）を補正する必要があるため、試料から調製したグラファイトのAMSによるδ13C 測定値を用います。
**Content:**
Beta Analyticでは**IRMSによるδ13C測定**を行っています。
δ13Cの測定において、AMSによる放射性炭素年代測定では、Conventional Radiocarbon Ageの算出には、すべての同位体分別（自然由来・化学処理およびグラファイト化によるもの・AMS計測によるもの）を補正する必要があるため、試料から調製したグラファイトのAMSによるδ13C 測定値を用います。
しかし、AMSによるδ13C 測定値はグラファイト化およびAMS計測による同位体分別を含むため地球化学的に正しいδ13Cではありません。
そこで、地球化学的に正しいδ13Cを得るため、弊社では試料から得られたCO2をIRMSによってδ13C を測定します。
Measured Radiocarbon Ageは、CO2のIRMSにるδ13C値を用いてConventional Radiocarbon Ageより逆算します。この方法によって、すべての同位体分別の補正を行ったConventional Radiocarbon Age、地球化学的に正しいδ13C、従来法(放射線計測)による結果と比較可能なMeasured Radiocarbon Ageを得ることができます。
なお、弊社の放射性炭素年代測定の料金には、IRMSでのδ13C測定費用も含まれています。
## δ13Cの測定結果についてのよくあるご質問
### Q. Measured Radiocarbon Age、C13がNAと記載されているのに、Conventional Radiocarbon Ageが記載されているのはなぜですか？
### A. **試料が少なく**、安定同位体質量分析計(IRMS)によるδ13Cの測定ができないからです。
上記の通り、弊社のサービスの一環として、IRMSによるδ13C測定を行なっておりますが、試料が少なくIRMSによるδ13C測定のために分取することが出来ない場合は、δ13Cは分析不能としNAとして報告します。その際、Conventional Radiocarbon AgeからMeasured Radiocarbon Ageを逆算することができないため、Measured Radiocarbon AgeもNAとして報告します。
C14年代結果は得られたものの、試料量が少なくδ13C測定が不可能だった場合、後日追加の試料をお送りいただければ、後からδ13C測定のみを行うことが可能です。（この場合でも、C14年代測定を行った試料に関しては追加料金は必要ございません。）
同位体分別効果については、[こちらのページ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/isotopic-fractionation.htm)をご覧ください。
**Categories:** Japanese Articles
**Tags:** Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Accelerator Mass Spectrometry facilities, stable isotope analysis, stable isotope analysis laboratory
---
### [放射性炭素年代測定の検出限界](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-detection-limits/)
**Published:** June 13, 2018
**Author:** JP RC
**Excerpt:**
Q. Beta Analyticではどれくらい古い試料まで測れるのでしょうか？
A. 不確定年代(infinite age) > 43500 BPとご報告しておりますが、以下のような前提をご理解いただきたいです。
Q. QAレポート」には何が含まれるのでしょうか？
A. 最終報告書にはそれぞれQuality Assurance Reportが添付され、現バージョンでは、3試料の既知年代物質の測定結果を報告しています。
**Content:**
### Q. QAレポート」には何が含まれるのでしょうか？
### A. 最終報告書にはそれぞれQuality Assurance Reportが添付され、現バージョンでは、3試料の既知年代物質の測定結果を報告しています。
#### 1. Reference Sample (IAEA-C3)
Expected value:129.41 +/- 0.06 pMCMeasured value:129.52+/-0.39 pMCAgreement:accepted#### 2. Reference Sample
Expected value:143260 +/- 660 BPMeasured value:<43450 +/- 610 BPAgreement:accepted#### 3. Reference Sample
Expected value:270 +/-40 BPMeasured value:290+ /- 30 BPAgreement:accepted※Expected value: 既知年代
Measured Value: 実際の測定結果
Agreement: 合否
報告書では代表的な3測定の結果のみを添付しておりますが、実際の測定では、それぞれのAMSホイールにおいて十分な数のNISTリファレンススタンダード、バックグランド(有機および無機)、様々なIAEAの標準試料、および自社で調整された品質管理用ワーキングスタンダードが未知試料の年代の正確さおよび精度を保証するために測定されています。
測定される品質管理用試料の数および構成は、試料の種類や試料のサイズ(normal size, small size, MicroSample-AMS)などの条件を考慮して、ホイールごとに決定されます。標準的な仕様では、3～5の未知年代試料に対して1の割合で品質管理用試料が測定されます。
## ISO/IEC 17025：2017認定機関Beta Analyticの品質保証レポート
Beta AnalyticはISO 9001:2008管理システムに適合した試験所として[ISO/IEC 17025:2017](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/iso-certified.htm)に認定されています。
この規格は試験分析機関が得ることができる最高レベルの国際的な品質認証であり、この認証により、Beta Analyticの加速器質量分析法(AMS)および液体シンチレーション法（LSC）による天然レベルの放射性炭素測定、炭素・窒素・酸素の安定同位体質量分析（IRMS）の分析技術が最高水準であることが実証されました。
この最高水準の技術で行われた試験結果の上記項目を「QAレポート」（品質保証レポート）に記載して、お客様にご報告しております。放射性炭素年代測定をご検討の際は、高品質のデータを迅速にご報告するBeta Analyticまでご連絡ください。
**Categories:** Japanese Articles
**Tags:** c14 年代測定, 加速器分析研究所, 放射性炭素年代測定
---
### [なぜ救出考古学は迅速な放射性炭素年代測定が必要なのでしょうか](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-rescue-archaeology/)
**Published:** July 16, 2018
**Author:** DPRC
**Excerpt:** 新たな開発や建設工事が行われる際、考古学的に価値のある人工物や遺構が発見される可能性があります。救出考古学はこのような現場から貴重な発見を調査、復元する役割を果たします。一般的に開発現場の調査方法はいろいろありますが、救出考古学は調査を早急に終えなければならない緊急性のある現場に適用されます。
**Content:**
新たな開発や建設工事が行われる際、考古学的に価値のある人工物や遺構が発見される可能性があります。救出考古学はこのような現場から貴重な発見を調査、復元する役割を果たします。一般的に開発現場の調査方法はいろいろありますが、救出考古学は調査を早急に終えなければならない緊急性のある現場に適用されます。
時間の制約が厳しい救出考古学では、非常に迅速な調査および発掘が必要とされます。 [放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/about-carbon-dating.htm) を行う必要がある発見があった場合、その結果を待つために多くの時間を費やすことは調査の進行の邪魔になるばかりでなく開発者にとって経済的な負担の増加にもつながりかねません。
放射性炭素年代測定に最も適した試料を選択するための専門家のアドバイスは発掘調査にとって不可欠です。 刻一刻と締切時間が迫る中、最適な試料を選択することは、時間および費用の最小化という観点から非常に重要です。
## ベータアナリティックの迅速で、高品質な放射性炭素年代測定
救出考古学のプロジェクトにおいて放射性炭素年代測定が必要な場合、正確で精度の高い結果を迅速に得ることは非常に重要です。ISO-17025認定のベータアナリティックは、プロジェクトが必要とする特別な要求と納期を満たすためのお手伝いができます。 放射性炭素年代測定の結果をどれくらいの期間で必要かにによって、3つの納期を選択可能です。
- **AMS Standard** – 14営業日以内でご報告
- **Priority** – 6 営業日でご報告
- **Time Guide** – 3 営業日でご報告
ベータアナリティックでのＣ14年代測定に関する技術的なご相談は、分析前、分析中、分析後、いずれも無料で承っております。また必要に応じて10か国語での対応が可能です。
価格、その他ご質問などがございましたらお問合せください。 [試験所への連絡先](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-contact.htm).
**References:**
Johnston, G., 2015, [Rescue Archaeology](http://www.archaeologyexpert.co.uk/rescuearchaeology.html), Archaeology Expert (accessed June 2018)
**Categories:** Japanese Articles
---
### [放射測定(レディオメトリック法)による年代測定とは?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-radiometric-dating/)
**Published:** August 10, 2018
**Author:** DPRC
**Excerpt:** ウィラード・リビー博士が1940年代に放射性炭素年代測定の道を開いてから、いくつかの異なる測定方法が開発されてきました。初期のガスプロポーショナルカウンタによる計測に始まり、液体シンチレーションカウンタによる計測、そして加速器質量分析計による方法(AMS)です。
**Content:**
ウィラード・リビー博士が1940年代に放射性炭素年代測定の道を開いてから、いくつかの異なる測定方法が開発されてきました。初期のガスプロポーショナルカウンタによる計測に始まり、液体シンチレーションカウンタによる計測、そして加速器質量分析計による方法(AMS)です。
放射性物質である炭素14(carbon-14)は壊変する時、ベータ(β)粒子を放出し、窒素14 (nitrogen-14)になる過程を経ます。 放射測定(レディオメトリック法)による年代測定は試料に存在する炭素14を放出されるベータ(β)粒子を計測することによって間接的に定量する方法です。ガスプロポーショナルカウンタによる方法では、試料をCO2ガスに変えた後、ベータ(β)粒子を計測します。
液体シンチレーション計測法では、試料を炭素に富んだ液体に変え、シンチレータと呼ばれるベータ粒子に反応する蛍光物質を加えてから計測します。ベータ(β)粒子が放出される際の閃光を検出器によって捉え計測します。
## 放射測定(レディオメトリック)による年代測定 vs AMS年代測定
AMSは炭素14を測定するための標準的な方法として定着しました。放射測定法が炭素14の崩壊により生成される物質を計測するのに対して、AMSでは炭素12(carbon-12)および炭素13(carbon-13)に対する炭素14(carbon-14)の比を直接計測します。この方法は放射測定法(レディオメトリック)に対していくつかの有利な点があります。
[AMS による年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm)では、放射測定(レディオメトリック)による年代測定よりもずっと試料の量が少なくて済みます。試料の種類によって異なりますが、ミリグラムオーダーでの測定が可能です。また、結果の確度・精度が高い上、測定にかかる時間が短いことも優れた点です。
*Beta Analytic’s AMS Machine for Carbon Dating*## Beta Analytic – AMS年代測定サービス
Beta Analyticでは現在、液体シンチレーションカウンタによる放射測定(レディオメトリック法)による年代測定のサービスは提供していません。すべての試料の測定を加速器質量分析法(AMS)で行っております。
Beta AnalyticはISO 17025認定のAMS年代測定試験所です。一年を通して14営業日以内で結果を報告差し上げます。我々はマイアミに拠点を置き、優れたスタッフによる無制限の技術的なご相談にも応じております。24/7アクセスのインターネットデータベースによりいつでも、お送りいただいた試料の状況、結果をご確認いただけます。ご不明な点などいつでもお尋ねください。 [試験所への連絡先](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-contact.htm).
**Categories:** Japanese Articles
---
### [¿Por qué la arqueología de rescate necesita resultados de dataciones por radiocarbono rápidas?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/arqueologia-de-rescate/)
**Published:** April 28, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Excerpt:** A medida que se desarrollan y emprenden proyectos de construcción, se van descubriendo hallazgos y yacimientos de interés arqueológico. La arqueología de rescate se encarga de inspeccionar y recuperar cualquier elemento de interés de estos yacimientos.
**Content:**
A medida que se desarrollan y emprenden proyectos de construcción, se van descubriendo hallazgos y yacimientos de interés arqueológico. La arqueología de rescate se encarga de inspeccionar y recuperar cualquier elemento de interés de estos yacimientos. En general, existe un creciente conjunto de medidas que se han ido implementando para garantizar la supervisión de estos yacimientos. Sin embargo, la arqueología de rescate sigue siendo un campo restringido por plazos de tiempo ajustados.
Debido a los cortos plazos de entrega, una evaluación rápida y una intervención en el lugar correcto son claves en proyectos de arqueología de rescate. Para los hallazgos en los que es necesaria la [datación por radiocarbono](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/sobre-carbono-datacion.htm), esto puede complicar las cosas ya que el tiempo perdido esperando los resultados puede ocasionar altos costes a los gestores del proyecto.
El asesoramiento técnico de expertos durante las excavaciones también puede ser muy útil para seleccionar las muestras más adecuadas para la datación por radiocarbono. Cuando se trabaja con plazos cortos, enviar las mejores muestras puede ahorrar tiempo y recursos económicos.
## **Servicios de datación por radiocarbono rápidos y de alta calidad de Beta Analytic**
**Cuando se requiere la datación por radiocarbono durante los proyectos de arqueología de rescate, la prioridad es obtener resultados de alta calidad en los plazos establecidos. Beta Analytic, acreditado por ISO 17025, trabaja con sus clientes para satisfacer los requisitos y plazos específicos de sus proyectos. El laboratorio ofrece tres opciones de tiempo de entrega de **datación por radiocarbono**** para cumplir los plazos de tiempo establecidos:
- **AMS Standard** – resultados disponibles en 14 días laborales o menos
- **Priority** – resultados disponibles en 6 días laborales o menos
- **Time Guide** – tiempo de entrega de 2 a 3 días laborales
Beta Analytic también ofrece consultas técnicas gratuitas antes, durante y después de que se haya llevado a cabo la datación por radiocarbono con atención al cliente disponible en 10 idiomas.
Para hablar sobre su proyecto, consultar nuestros precios o para obtener más información, [comuníquese con el laboratorio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/contacto.htm).
**Referencias:**
Johnston, G., 2015, [Rescue Archaeology](http://www.archaeologyexpert.co.uk/rescuearchaeology.html), Archaeology Expert (**consultado en Junio de 2018**)
*La versión en inglés de este artículo se publicó originalmente el lunes 16 de julio de 2018.*
**Quizá también le interese leer los siguientes artículos:** [Análisis de alta calidad para empresas de Ingeniería Geotécnica](https://www.radiocarbon.com/empresas-ingenieria-geotecnica/)
[¿Por qué es tan importante el tiempo de respuesta de un laboratorio C14?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/fast-results/)
**Categories:** Spanish Articles
---
### [¿Por qué datar por radiocarbono los otolitos de peces?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/por-que-datar-por-radiocarbono-los-otolitos-de-peces/)
**Published:** June 29, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Excerpt:** La datación por radiocarbono de otolitos tiene el potencial de confirmar tanto la edad absoluta de los peces individuales como la formación de anillos. A pesar de las distintas técnicas que se pueden usar para la determinación de la edad, solo la datación por radiocarbono puede proporcionar la edad absoluta de una variedad de peces, particularmente los de vida larga. El uso de carbono bomba como indicador en otolitos datados se considera uno de los métodos más precisos y logísticamente viables para la validación de la edad de especies longevas. 1
**Content:**
La datación por radiocarbono de otolitos tiene el potencial de confirmar tanto la edad absoluta de los peces individuales como la formación de anillos. A pesar de las distintas técnicas que se pueden usar para la determinación de la edad, solo la datación por radiocarbono puede proporcionar la edad absoluta de una variedad de peces, particularmente los de vida larga. El uso de carbono bomba como indicador en otolitos datados se considera uno de los métodos más precisos y logísticamente viables para la validación de la edad de especies longevas. 1
---
Exención de responsabilidad: este video está alojado en un sitio web externo y puede contener publicidad.
---
Los otolitos tienen [anillos de crecimiento similares a los observados en los árboles](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/arbol-anillo-calibracion.htm) que pueden usarse para estimar la edad de los peces. Hay dos partes en los otolitos que indican crecimiento: una zona translúcida oscura que representa un período de crecimiento rápido y una zona opaca blanca llamada anillo que representa un período de crecimiento más lento. La formación de anillos se compara con el crecimiento de los anillos de los árboles, ambos se utilizan para estimar la edad.
Por lo general, se forma un anillo cada año. Sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios (p. ej., marcado y recuperación de peces marcados químicamente) para demostrar que un anillo completo equivale a un año de crecimiento. La combinación de estos datos con las comparaciones sobre el tamaño de los peces proporcionan información sobre la rapidez con la que se desarrolla la especie.
La composición química de estos anillos también es representativa del entorno local en el que se encontraba el pez en el momento en el que se desarrolló ese anillo en particular. Esta composición química, incluidos los oligoelementos y los isótopos, se puede medir y utilizar para rastrear los movimientos de los peces a lo largo de su vida.
El análisis de los otolitos de peces está presente en numerosas investigaciones, incluidas las centradas en la mortalidad o las estimaciones de la estructura de la población y los modelos de evaluación de poblaciones.
## ¿Qué son los otolitos de peces?
En los peces, los otolitos son estructuras de carbonato duro localizadas detrás del cerebro y que están involucradas en la audición y el equilibrio. Hay tres tipos de otolitos: sagitta, asteriscus y lapillus. No todos los peces tienen otolitos y, para aquellos que los tienen, las características específicas de los otolitos dependen de la especie.
Los análisis geoquímicos de otolitos pueden revelar información sobre los peces y su vida, incluida la migración, su edad y tasa de crecimiento.
## Datación por radiocarbono de otolitos de peces con Beta Analytic
Beta Analytic acepta otolitos de peces para su datación por radiocarbono con un tamaño de muestra recomendado de 5-20 mg. El laboratorio utiliza [espectrometría de masas con acelerador (AMS)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/acelerador-masa-espectrometria.htm) para analizar estas muestras. La cantidad mínima para el análisis AMS generalmente es de 300 microgramos de carbono después del pretratamiento, aunque el laboratorio puede trabajar con menos cantidad en algunos casos (previa consulta). Las mediciones de [δ13C and δ18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-free-stable-isotopes/) mediante la espectrometría de masas de relación isotópica (IRMS) se incluyen sin cargo adicional cuando se envían muestras de otolitos de peces para la datación por radiocarbono.
El [pretratamiento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/pretratamiento-protocolos.htm#Etch) aplicado a las muestras afecta directamente al resultado final. Puede contactar con el laboratorio para hablar del pretratamiento o solicitar que le contactemos una vez que se haya completado el pretratamiento, antes de que las muestras se analicen en el espectrómetro de masas con acelerador.
Beta Analytic, acreditado por ISO 17025, entrega resultados de la datación por radiocarbono en 14 días hábiles y las tarifas incluyen informes de control de calidad, calibración del calendario cuando sea aplicable y acceso en línea las 24 horas del día, los 7 días de la semana tanto a los resultados anteriores como a los análisis pendientes. Póngase en [contacto con el laboratorio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/contacto.htm) para obtener más información.
## Beta Analytic: laboratorio de análisis de isótopos estables
Para otolitos de peces y otros carbonatos, Beta Analytic también ofrece análisis de isótopos estables [δ13C y δ18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/isotopicas-oxigeno.htm) por separado de la datación por radiocarbono. La interpretación de los valores de isotópicos es responsabilidad del remitente.
El laboratorio con sede en Miami también proporciona estos análisis:
– δ13C para huesos incinerados o materia orgánica
– [δ13C y δ15N](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/analisis-isotopico-dietetico.htm) para huesos no incinerados
– Mediciones de [δ13C, δ18O δD](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/isotopos-oxigeno-deuterio.htm) para agua.
Para las muestras que no requieren pretratamiento de laboratorio, los resultados del análisis de isótopos estables se entregan en 7 días hábiles. Para muestras que requieren pretratamiento de laboratorio, los resultados se entregan en 14 días hábiles. Comuníquese con el laboratorio para más información sobre tamaños de muestra y precios.
**Referencias:**
1. Campana, S. E. [Bomb Radiocarbon and Age Validation](https://uni.hi.is/scampana/otoliths/scientists/bomb-radiocarbon-and-age-validation/). (Consultado en febrero 2018).
2. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. [Introduction to Aging Fish: What are Otoliths?](https://myfwc.com/research/saltwater/fish/age-growth-lab/ageing-fish-otoliths/) (Consultado en enero 2018).
3. Trivedi, B. P. National Geographic News. Fish Ear Bones Hold Clues to Migration. (Consultado en enero 2018).
*La versión en inglés de este artículo fue publicada originalmente el 22 de marzo de 2018.*
**Categories:** Spanish Articles
---
### [¿Por qué es tan importante el tiempo de respuesta de un laboratorio C14?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/resultados-rapidos/)
**Published:** July 20, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Excerpt:** Elegir un laboratorio de datación por radiocarbono no siempre es fácil; hay muchos factores a considerar y a menudo existen restricciones presupuestarias. Un factor importante para tomar esta decisión es la rapidez con la que se comunican los resultados, especialmente si hay plazos que cumplir. Incluso cuando no hay una fecha límite determinada, obtener los resultados rápidamente puede ser importante y ayudar a limitar gastos a largo plazo.
**Content:**
Elegir un laboratorio de datación por radiocarbono no siempre es fácil; hay muchos factores a considerar y a menudo existen restricciones presupuestarias. Un factor importante para tomar esta decisión es la rapidez con la que se comunican los resultados, especialmente si hay plazos que cumplir. Incluso cuando no hay una fecha límite determinada, obtener los resultados rápidamente puede ser importante y ayudar a limitar gastos a largo plazo.
## Obtenga información para tomar decisiones durante el trabajo de campo
La posibilidad de obtener resultados de [datación por radiocarbono](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/acelerador-masa-espectrometria.htm "datación por radiocarbono") mientras la excavación está en curso puede proporcionar información útil para decidir qué estrategia seguir durante la campaña. Los resultados, sean sorprendentes o esperados, permiten que el tiempo limitado en el campo se utilice de la forma más eficaz para continuar con el plan establecido o cambiar de enfoque. Esto permite ahorrar costes a largo plazo, ya que la estrategia de excavación puede ajustarse sobre la marcha según sea necesario, asegurando el mejor uso del tiempo y los fondos y evitando viajes repetidos al campo, que pueden ser extremadamente costosos.
## Mejore las estrategias de investigación
Incluso si no se encuentra en el campo, esperar meses para obtener los [resultados de la datación por radiocarbono](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/calendario-calibracion-carbono-datacion.htm "resultados de la datación por radiocarbono") puede ser perjudicial para la investigación y el trabajo posterior a la excavación. Aunque los plazos para publicar pueden hacer que obtener resultados rápidamente se convierta en una prioridad, también merece la pena considerar la diferencia que puede suponer un tiempo de respuesta de 14 días hábiles, incluso sin un plazo específico.
La obtención temprana de un marco cronológico basado en la datación por radiocarbono puede orientar la estrategia de investigación desde el principio, manteniendo el curso del proyecto y utilizando el valioso tiempo de investigación de forma eficaz. Se pueden realizar análisis adicionales y seguir otras líneas de evidencia de manera oportuna, lo que evita la necesidad de abonar tarifas urgentes o trabajo de campo adicional de última hora. Por lo tanto, tener los resultados disponibles pronto ayuda a ahorrar dinero y tiempo.
Una opción que solo es posible con un tiempo de respuesta rápido es enviar muestras en lotes; esto puede ser beneficioso particularmente si hay resultados inesperados. Una vez que se publican los resultados del primer lote, se puede decidir si proceder con el resto de las muestras de inmediato, datar lotes más pequeños o evaluar y consultar antes otras líneas de evidencia. Las muestras prioritarias, como las de un contexto estratigráfico claro, podrían datarse primero como punto de partida para evaluar la fiabilidad de las muestras restantes y obtener indicios preliminares de la cronología del yacimiento.
## Beta Analytic: datación por radiocarbono fiable y rápida
Beta Analytic, acreditado por ISO 17025, proporciona **servicios de datación por radiocarbono** rápidos y de alta calidad. Existen diferentes opciones para obtener resultados entre 3 y 14 días hábiles. Para ayudar a rentabilizar presupuestos limitados, Beta Analytic ha eliminado los [gastos de cancelación](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-cancellation-fees/) para las muestras demasiado pequeñas para ser datadas tras el pretratamiento e incluye análisis de isótopos estables para muestras de huesos, carbonatos y agua.
## Laboratorio de análisis de isótopos estables
El laboratorio de isótopos estables de Beta Analytic ofrece los siguientes análisis:
- Mediciones d13C para carbón vegetal, estiércol, otolitos de pescado, foraminíferos, cabello, insectos (quitina), sedimentos orgánicos, turba, plantas, semillas, polen, conchas y otros carbonatos, textiles, agua DIC y madera.
- [d13C + d15N](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/analisis-isotopico-dietetico.htm) en huesos no incinerados, incluidos cuernos y huesos carbonizados
- [d13C + d18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/isotopicas-oxigeno.htm) en carbonatos
- [d13C + d18O + d2H](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/isotopos-oxigeno-deuterio.htm) en agua
Para muestras que necesitan pretratamiento, el tiempo de respuesta es de 14 días hábiles. Para las muestras que no necesitan pretratamiento, los resultados se publican en 7 días hábiles.
## Costo de datación por radiocarbono
El laboratorio con sede en Miami trabaja con las divisas más relevantes incluidas USD, EUR, GBP, JPY, KRW, RMB y TWD. Para solicitar un presupuesto, por favor indique el servicio requerido (AMS estándar, servicio prioritario o análisis de isótopos estables), el tipo de material (por ejemplo madera, carbón vegetal, sedimentos), el número de muestras y la dirección de facturación de la entidad pagadora.
Para consultas, utilice el [formulario de contacto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/contacto.htm) del laboratorio o llame a una oficina local.
Quizá también le interese leer los siguientes artículos:
[Análisis de alta calidad para empresas de Ingeniería Geotécnica](https://www.radiocarbon.com/empresas-ingenieria-geotecnica/)
[Servicios de análisis de Sr y datación por U/Th ahora disponibles](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isobar-science/)
[Elegir un laboratorio libre de marcadores artificiales para las dataciones por radiocarbono](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-tracer-free-lab/)
*Última actualización de la página: Junio de 2020*
*La versión en inglés de este artículo fue publicada el 21 de Agosto de 2017.*
**Categories:** Spanish Articles
---
### [What Difference Does a C14 Lab’s Turnaround Time Make?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/fast-results/)
**Published:** August 21, 2017
**Author:** BeRC
**Excerpt:** Choosing a radiocarbon dating laboratory is not always easy; there are many factors to consider and often budgetary constraints to negotiate. An important factor in decision-making is how quickly the results are reported, particularly if there are deadlines to meet. Even when there is no impending deadline, a fast turnaround time can be important and lead to cost savings in the long run.
**Content:**
Choosing a radiocarbon dating laboratory is not always easy; there are many factors to consider and often budgetary constraints to negotiate. An important factor in decision-making is how quickly the results are reported, particularly if there are deadlines to meet. Even when there is no impending deadline, a fast turnaround time can be important and lead to cost savings in the long run.
## Make Informed Decisions During Fieldwork
Being able to get [radiocarbon dating](http://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm "radiocarbon dating") results while still in the field can inform and direct an ongoing excavation strategy. Whether surprising or expected, the results allow the limited time in the field to be utilized most efficiently, either by suggesting a change in approach or supporting the current plan. This allows cost savings in the long term as the excavation strategy can be adjusted on the go as needed, ensuring the best use of time and funds and avoiding repeat trips to the field, which can be extremely expensive.
## Improve Research Strategies
Even if not in the field, waiting months for [radiocarbon dating results](http://www.radiocarbon.com/calendar-calibration-carbon-dating.htm "radiocarbon dating results") can be detrimental to research and post-excavation work. While publication deadlines can provide a clear-cut need to prioritize a fast turnaround time, it is worth considering what difference a 14 business-day turnaround time can make even without a specific deadline.
Obtaining a chronological framework early on based on radiocarbon dating can direct the research strategy from the outset, therefore keeping a project on track and making the most efficient use of invaluable research time. Further analyses and other lines of evidence can be pursued in a timely manner, which prevents the need for any rush fees or last minute additional fieldwork. Having results available early therefore helps save money as well as time.
One option that is only possible with fast turnaround time is sending samples in batches; this can be beneficial particularly if there are unexpected results. Once the results for the first batch are reported, the decision can be made on whether to proceed with the rest of the samples immediately, date smaller batches or rethink and consult other lines of evidence first. Priority samples, such as those from a clear stratigraphic context, could be dated first as a starting point to gauge the reliability of the remaining samples while giving preliminary indications of the chronology of the site.
## Beta Analytic – Reliable and Fast Radiocarbon Dating
ISO 17025-accredited Beta Analytic provides fast, high-quality **radiocarbon dating services**. There are several turnaround time options available ranging from 3 to 14 business days. To help make the most of limited budgets, Beta Analytic has removed [cancellation fees](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-cancellation-fees/) for samples that are too small for dating after pretreatment and offers complimentary stable isotope analysis for bones, carbonates and water samples.
## Stable Isotope Analysis Laboratory
Beta Analytic’s stable isotope analysis laboratory offers the following:
- d13C testing for charcoal, dung, fish otoliths, forams, hair, insect (chitin), organic sediment, peat, plants, seeds, pollen, shells and other carbonates, textile, water DIC and wood
- [d13C + d15N](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dietary-isotopic-analysis.htm) for non-cremated bones including antlers and charred bones
- [d13C + d18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/oxygen-isotopes.htm) for carbonates
- [d13C + d18O + d2H](https://www.radiocarbon.com/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm) for water
For samples that needs pretreatment, the turnaround time is 14 business days. For samples that do not need pretreatment, results are reported in 7 business days.
## Radiocarbon Dating Cost
The Miami-based lab has prices in most major currencies including USD, EUR, GBP, JPY, KRW, RMB and TWD. To request for a quotation, please indicate the service requested (AMS dating standard or priority service or stable isotope analysis), the type of material (e.g. wood, charcoal, sediment), the number of samples and the billing address of the paying institution.
For inquiries, please use the lab’s [contact form](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm) or call a local forwarding office.
### You may also be interested in reading:
[Beta’s High-Quality Testing Services for Geotechnical Firms](https://www.radiocarbon.com/geotechnical-firms/)
[Sr Ratios & U/Th Dating Services Now Available](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isobar-science/)
[Demand a Tracer-Free Laboratory for Radiocarbon Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-tracer-free-lab/)
*Page last updated: June 2020*
**Categories:** Radiocarbon Dating, SGS Beta Updates
**Tags:** 14c dating, carbon dating service, carbon dating test, cost of radiocarbon dating, radiocarbon analysis, radiocarbon dating companies, radiocarbon dating labs, radiocarbon dating prices, radiocarbon dating services, stable isotope analysis laboratory
---
### [Radiocarbon Dating Shells - Marine Reservoir Correction](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-lab-marine-reservoir/)
**Published:** November 14, 2013
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
There are two possible reservoir corrections applied to a radiocarbon date for marine carbonates – the localized reservoir correction (DeltaR / DeltaRErr) and the global marine reservoir correction. The former is provided by the client to the lab before the analyses while the latter is part of the calibration program.
The global [marine reservoir correction](http://www.radiocarbon.com/marine-reservoir-effect.htm "marine reservoir correction") is automatically applied via the Marine IntCal13 calibration program based on the age of the sample. This correction ranges between -200 to 500 years. These values take into account that it takes 200-500 years for present-day carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to be incorporated and distributed (equilibrated) through the ocean water column.
DeltaR / DeltaRErr can additionally be applied to samples of marine shell fish based on certain geographic areas of the globe. This value varies from location to location based on localized upwelling, fresh water runoff and other conditions related to depth, circulation, salinity, etc.
A DeltaR / DeltaRErr correction is applied to a [radiocarbon](http://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm "radiocarbon") date that has already been corrected with the global marine reservoir correction. The value provided by the client is subtracted or added to this already corrected age (depending if it is a Delta+R or Delta–R value).
## How to Determine the DeltaR / DeltaRErr Value
If the sample is marine, please visit [www.radiocarbon.com/m](http://calib.org/marine/ "radiocarbon") to get the DeltaR / DeltaRErr value for the general geographical region of your site and email the value to the lab. Please note that the lab also needs the DeltaRErr value, without this number the DeltaR value is invalid.
When on the site, you can zoom in closer using the bar on the left of the screen. You can right-click and drag to center the map on your location. When your area is centered and zoomed in to a few hundred miles, please left-click on your sample location and a green point should show up. Click GET DATA. A table with the 10 closest known points will appear. You can check off just one value from the table or check off several in the table. Please look at the distances these spots are from your site. Some points may be quite far from your site and not relevant. Unfortunately we cannot tell you how close a value should be to be relevant to your area. You can now click on CALCULATE AVERAGE OF TICKED BOXES. If there are no points close to your site, let us know and we will NOT use a local correction but will still use the global marine correction.
**Categories:** Radiocarbon Dating
**Tags:** 14c dating, Accelerator Mass Spectrometry facilities, AMS lab, ams laboratories, ams miami lab, carbon dating lab, carbon dating service, carbon dating test, radiocarbon analysis, radiocarbon dating companies, Radiocarbon dating lab, radiocarbon dating labs, radiocarbon dating prices, radiocarbon dating services, stable isotope analysis laboratory
---
### [Beta Analytic 2018年 休業日のお知らせ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-lab-japan-holidays/)
**Published:** January 24, 2018
**Author:** JP RC
**Content:**
お客様各位
平素は格別のご高配を賜り、厚く御礼申し上げます。
**2018年の弊社マイアミラボの休業日**を下記の通りご案内申し上げます。
皆様方にはご不便をおかけいたしますが、ご理解の程お願い申し上げます。
- 5月28日 (メモリアルデー)
- 7月4日 (独立記念日)
- 9月3日 (勤労感謝の日)
- 11月22, 23日 (感謝祭/サンクスギビングホリデー)
- 12月24, 25, 26日 (クリスマス休暇)
- 2019年1月1日 (元旦)
## C-14測定機関 Beta Analytic（ベータアナリティック）
[Beta Analytic社](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-analytic.htm)は、[ISO/IEC 17025:2017](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/iso-certified.htm)認定の放射性炭素年代測定機関です。
米国フロリダに本社、英国ロンドンに支店を構え、各国の代理店の協力を得て、世界的に展開をしています。
弊社は、1979年の設立以来、短納期かつ正確な炭素測定分析を求める業界の需要に応えるべく尽力し、30年以上ずっとC14測定の業界をリードしてまいりました。
測定ラボにはスペアパーツの冗長性に優れた[AMS―加速質量分析装置](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm)を複数所有し、正確かつ迅速な結果のお届けを実現しています。
また、スタンダードサービスには、d13Cの測定および暦年較正（該当する場合）、品質保証レポート、ウェブまたはアプリを介した過去/現在の測定結果と試料の写真へのアクセスが含まれ、分析前後の試料についてのご相談には、弊社の分析実務者およびテクニカルマネージャーが追加料金なしでお応えします。さらに、10か国語以上の言語でのサポート、複数の通貨でのお取引が可能です。
**Categories:** Japanese Articles
**Tags:** c14 年代測定, 加速器分析研究所, 放射性炭素年代測定
---
### [JP News Home](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-news/)
**Published:** January 18, 2018
**Author:** JP RC
**Categories:** Japanese Blog
---
### [FR News Home](https://www.radiocarbon.com/fr-news/)
**Published:** February 15, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Categories:** French Blog
---
### [ACRA Webinar: AMS Dating Basics by Beta Analytic](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-basics-webinar/)
**Published:** May 4, 2021
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** Beta Analytic invites members of the American Cultural Resources Association (ACRA) to join the Radiocarbon Dating Basics webinar scheduled on May 13, 2021, from 2:00 PM to 3:30 PM Eastern Time. Beta Analytic and Isobar Science account manager Dr. Maren Pauly is the speaker.
**Content:**
Beta Analytic invites members of the American Cultural Resources Association (ACRA) to join the [Radiocarbon Dating Basics](https://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm) webinar scheduled on May 13, 2021, from 2:00 PM to 3:30 PM Eastern Time. Beta Analytic and Isobar Science account manager Dr. Maren Pauly is the speaker. Non-ACRA members are welcome to join the webinar.
[**WATCH HERE** (for a fee)](https://vimeo.com/ondemand/radiocarbon/551607181)
## Radiocarbon Dating Topics
As part of the introduction to radiocarbon dating by [Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm), Dr. Pauly will talk about:
- radiocarbon production in the atmosphere and integration into biological matter;
- carbon-14 variability in the recent past due to anthropogenic influences and the deep past due to solar cycles; and
- variability in dating uncertainty due to wiggles within the radiocarbon curve.
She will also discuss the types of organisms and artifacts that can be radiocarbon dated and how to best select and prepare samples for AMS dating.
[Carbon Dating Cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
[Stable Isotope Analysis Cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm)
## Beta Analytic Free Webinars
ISO 17025-accredited Beta Analytic has hosted [several webinars](https://www.radiocarbon.com/category/beta-analytic-updates/beta-analytic-webinars/) that are available on demand. One of the more recent webinars focused on lead (Pb) isotopes:
*Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.*
The lab also has a free webinar that discussed [how Uranium-Thorium Dating differs from Carbon-14 Dating. ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/uranium-thorium-dating-webinar/)
Other interesting topics include [applications of strontium isotopes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/strontium-isotopes-webinar/), [boron isotopic analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/boron-isotopes/), and [isotopes in hydrology.](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/)
[Subscribe](https://www.radiocarbon.com/newsletter-subscription.htm) to our newsletter to receive updates on our new webinars!
**Categories:** Radiocarbon Dating, SGS Beta Updates, SGS Beta Webinars
---
### [Beta Analytic Q&A: Can Mixtures of Materials be Dated?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-lab-dating-mixtures/)
**Published:** June 18, 2013
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
What if there are several materials found in sediment (e.g. wood, charcoal, seeds) but each one does not meet the lab’s minimum sample size requirement, can a mixture of materials be dated?
The first thing to do is to consult the lab which component in the mixture is best for [radiocarbon dating](http://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm). Sending a mixture for dating is okay, but the accuracy of the date may be compromised.
## Accuracy in Dating Mixtures
If all the materials are the same age, then there is no effect to the accuracy. If the materials are of different ages (wood from very old trees mixed with seeds from the time of sediment formation), then the result will be biased towards the older result. It is up to the researcher to decide which is best for their study.
---
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
**Categories:** Radiocarbon Dating
**Tags:** 14c dating, ams laboratories, ams miami lab, C14 lab, carbon dating lab, carbon dating service, carbon dating test, radiocarbon analysis, radiocarbon dating companies, radiocarbon dating labs, radiocarbon dating prices, radiocarbon dating services, radiocarbon lab, radiocarbon laboratory, stable isotope analysis laboratory
---
### [Beta Analytic Photo Contest](https://www.betalabservices.com/photo-contest.html)
**Published:** February 1, 2021
**Author:** RLRC
**Excerpt:** Congratulations to the winners - 1st place: Ms. Fernanda Charqueño (CENAC-PNNH, CONICET), 2nd place: Lucía Rivas (CONICET-YTEC), 3rd place: Romina Achaga (CIFICEN-UNICEN).
**Content:**
Congratulations to our three winners – 1st Place Winner: Ms. Fernanda Charqueño (CENAC-PNNH, CONICET), 2nd Place Winner: Lucía Rivas (CONICET-YTEC), 3rd Place Winner: Romina Achaga (CIFICEN-UNICEN, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, CONICET). The contest ended March 1, 2021.
**Categories:** SGS Beta Updates
---
### [Beta Analytic Q&A: Can Sand be Dated?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-lab-dating-sand/)
**Published:** June 24, 2013
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Just like [sediment](http://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-sediments.htm "sediment"), it is better to date the macrofossils found in sand. In the absence of macrofossils, sand can be dated if there is an organic material on the surface of the sand. If there is enough carbon present in the organic coating, a radiocarbon date can be obtained.
If the sand is dark due to its mineral composition, then [radiocarbon dating](http://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm "radiocarbon dating") would likely not be successful.
## Check the Presence of Organic Materials in Sand
One test you could perform to check if the sand has an organic material is to take a few grams (a small pinch) of the sand and place it into a beaker or glass of water then agitate it.
If the water remains mostly clear, then there is probably little chance of getting a radiocarbon date. If the water turns very cloudy or dark, there may be sufficient organic materials present that could be rinsed off the sand grains and processed for dating.
**Categories:** Radiocarbon Dating
**Tags:** 14c dating, ams laboratories, ams miami lab, Carbon dating, carbon dating service, carbon dating test, radiocarbon analysis, radiocarbon dating, radiocarbon dating companies, Radiocarbon dating lab, radiocarbon dating labs, radiocarbon dating prices, radiocarbon dating services, radiocarbon lab, stable isotope analysis laboratory
---
### [Radiocarbon Dating Teeth vs Bones](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-lab-teeth-bones/)
**Published:** November 20, 2013
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Researchers often ask which material is best for radiocarbon dating – bones or teeth. Based on our lab’s experience, either material can provide the best date. However, the environmental conditions for these materials should be taken into account during sample selection.
## Samples Submerged in Water
Bones that have been exposed to water for long periods of time may not have enough collagen. Most of the time, the collagen proteins had been leached out of the bone leaving them unsuitable for [radiocarbon dating](http://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm "radiocarbon dating"). Leached bones are commonly white, brittle, or friable that may crumble when slight pressure is exerted on them.
If bones have been exposed to water over a long period of time, it’s likely that the teeth will be more suitable for dating. The tooth enamel will have protected the dentin from loss.
## Recommended C14 Sample Sizes
Beta Analytic offers [AMS dating for bones](http://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bones.htm "AMS dating for bones") and teeth. The lab no longer provides radiometric dating for these samples.
For human teeth, preferred samples are single complete incisor or canine. If sending a molar, all 4 roots must be attached. For animal teeth, the sample size depends on the animal. For large mammals, 1 tooth is sufficient. For small animals, please consult the lab regarding the appropriate quantity.
For bones suitable for AMS dating, our lab recommends sending 2-10 grams of non-cremated bones or 4-40 grams of cremated bones. As for the type of bones best sent for AMS dating, we recommend sending good cortical bone from the larger bones of the body (femur, tibia, upper arm bone, jaw, skull plate and sometimes the ribs). Spongy bones like ball and sockets, vertebra, and the like do not tend to preserve well in harsh conditions and may not yield sufficient collagen for AMS dating.
For bird and fish bones, please consult the lab for sufficient sample size. Sample size of 2-4 grams may not be enough for AMS dating after pretreatment.
## We Accept Bone Collagen for AMS Dating
Beta Analytic accepts extracted bone collagen for AMS dating, but it will be listed as “organics” in the final report instead of “bone collagen” due to our ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accreditation limitations. If our lab did not perform the chemical pretreatments and/or extractions, we cannot specifically testify as to the material that was dated because certain steps affecting the sample quality have been outside of our control and scope of our accreditation.
## Powdered Bones Not Recommended
We highly recommend NOT to send powdered bones. Bones that have been drilled or powdered prior to submission may not lend themselves to a robust pretreatment that can ensure the accuracy of the results. If there is no other choice but to send powdered bones, please make sure that the bones must be cleaned of any adhering or invasive contamination prior to the drilling or powdering. This many times requires both physical abrasion of the surface and chemical treatments.
## Beta Analytic AMS Dating Service
For either bones or teeth, our lab’s standard **AMS dating** service provides results in 14 business days or less. However, a few additional days might be necessary in cases where proteins are weakly preserved or samples require extended communication with the lab.
The Beta Analytic lab is located in Miami, Florida. All analyses/measurements are done in-house. Samples can be sent directly to Miami or to any of our sample forwarding offices worldwide. All samples sent to these offices are forwarded to Miami via overnight courier at our expense. For inquiries on [radiocarbon dating prices](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm) and other matters, please call (1) 305-667-5167 or email using this [contact form](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm).
**Categories:** Radiocarbon Dating
**Tags:** 14c dating, ams laboratories, ams miami lab, bone dating, carbon dating bones, carbon dating human bones, carbon dating service, carbon dating test, radiocarbon analysis, radiocarbon dating bones, radiocarbon dating companies, radiocarbon dating labs, radiocarbon dating prices, radiocarbon dating services, stable isotope analysis laboratory
---
## Pages
### [Política do SGS Beta sobre o retorno de amostras excedentes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/amostra-devolucao-poliza.htm)
**Published:** August 25, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Amostras excedentes são arquivadas por alguns meses, como parte das medidas de Garantia de Qualidade do laboratório.
- Todas as amostras são incineradas quando termina o período de retenção.
- Não podemos devolver amostras de colágeno extraído, solo e água.
## **Período de retenção de amostra em arquivo**
Quando uma amostra recebida tem tamanho suficiente, que permita guardar uma pequena quantidade excedente de material original e/ou pré-tratado, o laboratório a arquiva durante alguns meses após a reportagem ou liberação dos resultados. Isso é feito como uma medida interna de **Garantia de Qualidade** para que se possa realizar análises de reservas de amostras ou investigações adicionais, se necessário.
Após esse período de retenção, todas as embalagens de amostras e materiais de amostras excedentes (originais e pré-tratadas) são descartadas por incineração.
**Comunicações e descarte de amostras** – No caso de comunicações pendentes, o SGS Beta descarta amostras após seis meses sem resposta do cliente sobre como proceder com elas.
## **Solicitações de retorno de amostras**
Se você requer o retorno de materiais excedentes de amostras não usadas, originais ou pré-tratadas, o seu pedido deve ser feito por escrito em uma destas maneiras (pode ser que não possamos honrar pedidos tardios):
1\. No momento do envio da amostra
Por favor indique no[ formulário de dados](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/?language=pt_BR) que deseja receber o material excedente de volta. Alternativamente, você pode [enviar um email para o laboratório.](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-contato.htm)
2\. Após a confirmação do recebimento da amostra
3\. No momento da publicação do laudo de resultados
**Por favor, forneça o endereço do destinatário e uma etiqueta de retorno por FedEx. Se não puder fornecer a etiqueta, por favor escolha uma das seguintes opções (são aplicadas taxas):**
- USPS (correio comum estadunidense) – o pacote não é rastreável. Observação: Não podemos enviar grandes volumes por USPS.
- FedEx – o pacote é rastreável
É necessário informar dados de cartão de crédito para cobrir os custos do envio.
Apenas nos responsabilizamos pelo ato do envio de retorno. Uma vez o pacote tenha sido despachado, o cliente é responsável pelo seguimento junto ao courier por quaisquer atrasos, documentos aduaneiros ou reclamações de perda de pacotes. O SGS Beta não poderá prestar auxílio após a entrega do pacote ao courier.
## Não Podemos Devolver Materiais Classificados Como Solo
Não temos condições de devolver amostras classificadas como “solo” pela circular “Q-330.300-1, Soil (01/2010)Revised” do Departamento de Agricultura dos EUA (USDA), independentemente da origem. O termo “solo” pode incluir, mas não se limita a, sedimentos, paleossolos, barro com matéria orgânica, turfa, cinza, solo superior, lama, materiais provenientes de perfurações, etc. Materiais classificados como “solo” serão quimicamente tratados e/ou incinerados em uma Instalação de Tratamento de Solo aprovada pelo USDA.
Favor observar que as amostras de solo recebidas de países estrangeiros, bem como de vários estados americanos, devem ser tratadas de acordo com as diretrizes estabelecidas pelo Serviço de Inspeção de Saúde de Animais e Plantas (APHIS) do USDA. Essas diretrizes exigem que as amostras de solo de outros países sejam tratadas quimicamente ou por calor no momento da sua chegada e que sejam eventualmente destruídas por incineração. Por este motivo, as amostras de solo recebidas em nosso laboratório serão destruídas dessa maneira e infelizmente não podemos devolvê-las.
Recomendamos que envie apenas a quantidade necessária de sedimentos para fazermos a análise. Poderemos orientá-lo sobre a quantidade necessária mas, em todos os casos, a quantidade a ser enviada não deverá exceder 200 gramas. Favor observar que a maioria [das amostras de sedimentos orgânicos enviada para a datação por EMA](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/ams-datacao-sedimentos.htm) requer somente de 2 a 4 gramas, ou até menos, dependendo do conteúdo de carbono.
Se você tiver alguma dúvida sobre o período de retenção de amostras arquivadas ou sobre a devolução de amostras, queira por gentileza entrar em contato conosco pelo seguinte email: .
*Crédito da imagem: Pixabay, Pexels*
*Última atualização: fevereiro de 2023*
---
### [SGS Beta Receives ISO/IEC 17025:2017 Accreditation](https://www.radiocarbon.com/iso-certified.htm)
**Published:** April 10, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta, a leading provider of radiocarbon dating services, was awarded the ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accreditation by [Perry Johnson Laboratory Accreditation, Inc.](https://www.pjlabs.com/) (PJLA Testing #59423), for its laboratory in Miami, Florida. The **ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accreditation** is the highest level of recognized quality any testing or calibration laboratory can attain.
SGS Beta’s Miami lab has demonstrated technical competence in the measurement of natural levels of radiocarbon by [Accelerator Mass Spectrometry](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-lab.htm "Accelerator Mass Spectrometry laboratory") (AMS) as well as in the measurement of the stable isotope ratios of carbon, deuterium, nitrogen, and oxygen by Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) and Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS).
### Specific tests covered by the ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accreditation are the determination of:
- radiocarbon age/activity in archaeological, geological, and [water samples](https://www.radiocarbon.com/water-analysis.htm) via AMS;
- stable isotope ratios of carbon, deuterium, nitrogen, and oxygen in organic and carbonate materials and water via IRMS and CRDS; and
- [C:N ratios, %C, and %N by elemental analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bones.htm).
SGS Beta’s ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accreditation bolsters its reputation as a highly competent and reliable testing laboratory and makes it a prime choice not only in [radiocarbon dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm "radiocarbon dating") but also in renewable carbon testing and bio-based testing.
The ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accreditation is the international standard for testing and calibration laboratories. Only those facilities that have complied with the standard’s management and technical requirements are given the ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accreditation.
An ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accreditation means the laboratory has a high quality management system that is well documented and has demonstrated technical competence. Only laboratories with qualified staff and reliable methodologies and equipment are granted an ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accreditation.
## Joint ISO-ILAC-IAF Communique
This laboratory is accredited in accordance with the recognized International Standard ISO/IEC 17025:2017. This accreditation demonstrates technical competence for a defined scope and the operation of a laboratory quality management system [(refer to joint ISO-ILAC-IAF Communiqué dated April 2017).](https://www.scribd.com/document/651833462/Joint-ISO-ILAC-IAF-Communique-2017)
The International Accreditation Forum (IAF) and the International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC) concur with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that “a laboratory’s fulfillment of the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025:2017 means the laboratory meets both the technical competence requirements and management system requirements necessary for it to consistently deliver technically valid test results and calibrations.”
---
#### Frequently Asked Information
[Radiocarbon Dating Cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
[Sample Sizes and Packaging Recommendations](https://www.radiocarbon.com/required-carbon-dating-sample-sizes.htm)
[How to Send Samples to SGS Beta](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sending-carbon-dating-samples.htm)
*Page last updated: June 2023*
---
### [Traditional Chinese Contact Us](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-contact.htm)
**Published:** April 4, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [放射性炭素年代測定 料金, コスト, いくら等のお問合せ－Beta analytic](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-contact.htm)
**Published:** March 3, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [Korean Contact Us Page](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-contact.htm)
**Published:** December 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [Contate-nos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-contato.htm)
**Published:** July 27, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [Contattare](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/contatti.htm)
**Published:** July 10, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [Contactez-nous](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-contact.htm)
**Published:** June 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [Kontakt](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/beta-kontakt.htm)
**Published:** September 11, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [Contáctenos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/contacto.htm)
**Published:** May 21, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [穩定同位素分析價格](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm)
**Published:** April 15, 2021
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta實驗室通過ISO 17025認證提供以下各項穩定同位素分析(不包含放射性碳定年):
[骨頭](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/dietary-isotopic-analysis.htm "骨頭") (燃燒過的)、有機物以及水的DIC– δ13C[骨頭(未燃燒過的)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-bones.htm "骨頭(未燃燒過的)")– δ13C + δ15N
– δ13C + δ15N + %C + %N + C:N[碳酸鹽](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/oxygen-isotopes.htm "碳酸鹽")– δ13C + δ18O[水](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm "水")– 水體DIC的δ13C
– δ13C + δD + δ18O
– [δD + δ18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm "δD + δ18O")
– [δ17O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/water-isotope-d17oxygen.htm "δ17O")
– δ17O + δD + δ18O 若您需要報價，請提供下方表格內所需之訊息:
1. 穩定同位素分析需求
2. 樣品種類(例如: 未燃燒過的骨頭，貝殼，水)
若您需要正式報價單，請同時提供 **每種樣品的數量**以及付款單位與帳單地址
關於硼、鍶、鉛、鈾-釷定年、請參閱 [www.isobarscience.com](https://isobarscience.com/).
---
我們的目標是在 24 小時內回覆詢問。
\* 名字:
\* 姓氏:
\* 電子郵件:
\* 學校/公司名稱:
電話:
\* 國家/地區:
—Please choose an option—United StatesUnited KingdomAfghanistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAmerican SamoaAndorraAngolaAnguillaAntarcticaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaArmeniaArubaAustraliaAustriaAzerbaijanBahamasBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelgiumBelizeBeninBermudaBhutanBoliviaBosnia and HerzegovinaBotswanaBouvet IslandBrazilBritish Indian Ocean TerritoryBrunei DarussalamBulgariaBurkina FasoBurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaCape VerdeCayman IslandsCentral African RepublicChadChileChinaChristmas IslandCocos IslandsColombiaComorosCongoCongoCook IslandsCosta RicaCote d'IvoireCroatiaCubaCyprusCzech RepublicDenmarkDjiboutiDominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEquatorial GuineaEritreaEstoniaEthiopiaFalkland IslandsFaroe IslandsFijiFinlandFranceFrench GuianaFrench PolynesiaGabonGambiaGeorgiaGermanyGhanaGibraltarGreeceGreenlandGrenadaGuadeloupeGuamGuatemalaGuineaGuinea-BissauGuyanaHaitiHeard Island and McDonald IslandsHondurasHong KongHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaIranIraqIrelandIsraelItalyJamaicaJapanJordanKazakhstanKenyaKiribatiKuwaitKyrgyzstanLaosLatviaLebanonLesothoLiberiaLibyaLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMacaoMacedoniaMadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaliMaltaMarshall IslandsMartiniqueMauritaniaMauritiusMayotteMexicoMicronesiaMoldovaMonacoMongoliaMontserratMoroccoMozambiqueMyanmarNamibiaNauruNepalNetherlandsNetherlands AntillesNew CaledoniaNew ZealandNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNorfolk IslandNorth KoreaNorwayOmanPakistanPalauPalestinian TerritoryPanamaPapua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPitcairnPolandPortugalPuerto RicoQatarRomaniaRussian FederationRwandaSaint HelenaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Pierre and MiquelonSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSamoaSan MarinoSao Tome and PrincipeSaudi ArabiaSenegalSerbia and MontenegroSeychellesSierra LeoneSingaporeSlovakiaSloveniaSolomon IslandsSomaliaSouth AfricaSouth GeorgiaSouth KoreaSpainSri LankaSudanSurinameSvalbard and Jan MayenSwazilandSwedenSwitzerlandSyrian Arab RepublicTaiwanTajikistanTanzaniaThailandTimor-LesteTogoTokelauTongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyTurkmenistanTuvaluUgandaUkraineUnited Arab EmiratesUnited States Minor Outlying IslandsUruguayUzbekistanVanuatuVatican CityVenezuelaVietnamVirgin Islands, BritishVirgin Islands, U.S.Wallis and FutunaWestern SaharaYemenZambiaZimbabwe
\* 樣品種類(例如: 木頭):
\* 留言:
\* 分析需求
碳14加速器質譜儀定年d13C, d15Nd13C, d18Od17Od18O, dDIsobar實驗室服務 (Sr, B, U-Th, Pb)
您有多少樣品要分析? (選填)
接收回覆的方式(選填)
您如何得知SGS BETA實驗室?(請選擇)
—Please choose an option—同事推薦網頁搜尋雜誌廣告研討會/國際展覽收到來自SGS Beta的電話收到email/電子報雜誌文章網路研討會其他: (請說明)
我同意接收來自SGS Beta實驗室及其子公司發布的相關行業最新動態電子報。
---
## 您可能也有興趣:
[放射性碳定年價格](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
[SGS Beta實驗室付款條件](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-sample-payment.htm)
SGS Beta實驗室網路研討會
– [鉛(Pb)同位素](https://www.radiocarbon.com/lead-pb-isotopes-webinar/)
– [鍶(Sr)同位素](https://www.radiocarbon.com/strontium-isotopes-webinar/)
– [ 鈾釷(U-Th)定年](https://www.radiocarbon.com/uranium-thorium-dating-webinar/)
– [硼(B)同位素分析](https://www.radiocarbon.com/boron-isotopes/)
– [溶解態的碳](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/)
*最後更新2024年1月*
---
### [안정 동위원소 분석 가격](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm)
**Published:** April 2, 2021
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
ISO 17025 인증 실험실인 SGS Beta 연구소는 다음과 같이 안정 동위원소 분석 서비스를 제공합니다. (방사성탄소 연대측정과 별도):
[뼈](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/dietary-isotopic-analysis.htm "뼈") (화장된 상태), 유기물, 물 DIC– δ13C[뼈 (화장 안된 상태)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-bones.htm "뼈 (화장 안된 상태)")– δ13C + δ15N
– δ13C + δ15N + %C + %N + C:N[탄산염](https://www.radiocarbon.com/oxygen-isotopes.htm "탄산염")– δ13C + δ18O[물](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm "물")– 물 DIC의 δ13C
– δ13C + δD + δ18O
– [δD + δ18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm "δD + δ18O")
– [δ17O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/water-isotope-d17oxygen.htm "δ17O")
– δ17O + δD + δ18O 가격 문의를 하려면, 아래 양식에서 필요한 정보를 제공해주시기 바랍니다.
1. 필요한 안정 동위원소 분석 서비스
2. 시료 종류 (예, 일반 뼈, 조개껍질, 물)
견적서가 필요하시면, 시료 개수 와 지불 소속 기관의 주소도 알려주시기 바랍니다.
붕소 (Boron), 스트론튬, 납 (Lead), 하 U-Th 연대측정, 하려면 [www.isobarscience.com](https://isobarscience.com/) 을 방문합니다.
---
모든 문의 사항에 대해 24 시간 이내에 응답합니다.
\* 이름:
\* 성:
\* 이메일 주소:
\* 소속 기관:
전화:
\* 국가:
—Please choose an option—United StatesUnited KingdomAfghanistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAmerican SamoaAndorraAngolaAnguillaAntarcticaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaArmeniaArubaAustraliaAustriaAzerbaijanBahamasBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelgiumBelizeBeninBermudaBhutanBoliviaBosnia and HerzegovinaBotswanaBouvet IslandBrazilBritish Indian Ocean TerritoryBrunei DarussalamBulgariaBurkina FasoBurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaCape VerdeCayman IslandsCentral African RepublicChadChileChinaChristmas IslandCocos IslandsColombiaComorosCongoCongoCook IslandsCosta RicaCote d'IvoireCroatiaCubaCyprusCzech RepublicDenmarkDjiboutiDominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEquatorial GuineaEritreaEstoniaEthiopiaFalkland IslandsFaroe IslandsFijiFinlandFranceFrench GuianaFrench PolynesiaGabonGambiaGeorgiaGermanyGhanaGibraltarGreeceGreenlandGrenadaGuadeloupeGuamGuatemalaGuineaGuinea-BissauGuyanaHaitiHeard Island and McDonald IslandsHondurasHong KongHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaIranIraqIrelandIsraelItalyJamaicaJapanJordanKazakhstanKenyaKiribatiKuwaitKyrgyzstanLaosLatviaLebanonLesothoLiberiaLibyaLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMacaoMacedoniaMadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaliMaltaMarshall IslandsMartiniqueMauritaniaMauritiusMayotteMexicoMicronesiaMoldovaMonacoMongoliaMontserratMoroccoMozambiqueMyanmarNamibiaNauruNepalNetherlandsNetherlands AntillesNew CaledoniaNew ZealandNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNorfolk IslandNorth KoreaNorwayOmanPakistanPalauPalestinian TerritoryPanamaPapua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPitcairnPolandPortugalPuerto RicoQatarRomaniaRussian FederationRwandaSaint HelenaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Pierre and MiquelonSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSamoaSan MarinoSao Tome and PrincipeSaudi ArabiaSenegalSerbia and MontenegroSeychellesSierra LeoneSingaporeSlovakiaSloveniaSolomon IslandsSomaliaSouth AfricaSouth GeorgiaSouth KoreaSpainSri LankaSudanSurinameSvalbard and Jan MayenSwazilandSwedenSwitzerlandSyrian Arab RepublicTaiwanTajikistanTanzaniaThailandTimor-LesteTogoTokelauTongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyTurkmenistanTuvaluUgandaUkraineUnited Arab EmiratesUnited States Minor Outlying IslandsUruguayUzbekistanVanuatuVatican CityVenezuelaVietnamVirgin Islands, BritishVirgin Islands, U.S.Wallis and FutunaWestern SaharaYemenZambiaZimbabwe
\* 시료 종류 (예. 목탄):
\* 추가 메시지:
\* 분석 요청
14C AMS 연대측정d13C, d15Nd13C, d18Od17Od18O, dDIsobar 서비스 (Sr, B, U-Th, Pb)
분석할 시료가 몇 개입니까? (선택 사항)
언제까지 분석 결과가 필요하십니까 (선택 사항)
Beta 연구소을 어떻게 아셨나요? (선택사항)
—Please choose an option—동료의 추천웹사이트/ 서치 엔진인쇄 광고물학회 모임의 전시Beta의 소개 전화이메일/뉴스레터잡지 기사웨비나그 외의 방법 (적시)
베타 및 베타 자회사로부터 최신 소식에 대한 뉴스레터를 받는데 동의합니다.
---
## 다음 사항에 대해서도 관심이 있으신지요:
[방사성탄소 연대측정 가격](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
[SGS Beta 연구소의 지불 조건](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-sample-payment.htm)
SGS Beta 연구소의 웨비나
– [납 (Pb) 동위원소](https://www.radiocarbon.com/lead-pb-isotopes-webinar/)
– [스트롬튬(Sr) 동위원소](https://www.radiocarbon.com/strontium-isotopes-webinar/)
– [U-Th 연대측정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/uranium-thorium-dating-webinar/)
– [붕소 동위원소 분석](https://www.radiocarbon.com/boron-isotopes/)
– [용해된 탄소](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/)
*2024년 1월 업데이트*
---
### [Stable Isotope Analysis Cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm)
**Published:** March 27, 2021
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
ISO 17025-accredited laboratory SGS Beta provides the following standalone Stable Isotope Analysis (without radiocarbon dating):
[Bones](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dietary-isotopic-analysis.htm "Bones (Cremated)") (Cremated), Organics and Water DIC– δ13C[Bones (Non-cremated)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bones.htm "Bones (Non-cremated)")– δ13C + δ15N
– δ13C + δ15N + %C + %N + C:N [Carbonates](https://www.radiocarbon.com/oxygen-isotopes.htm "Carbonates")– δ13C + δ18O[Water](https://www.radiocarbon.com/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm "Water")– δ13C on Water DIC
– δ13C + δD + δ18O
– [δD + δ18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm "δD + δ18O")
– [δ17O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/water-isotope-d17oxygen.htm "δ17O")
– δ17O + δD + δ18O For price inquiries, please indicate the following information in the form below:
1. Stable Isotopes analysis requested
2. Material type (e.g. non-heated bones, shell, water)
If you need an estimate or quotation, please also indicate the **number of samples per material** and the **billing address of the paying institution**.
To analyze Boron, Strontium, Lead, and U-Th Dating, please visi [www.isobarscience.com](https://isobarscience.com/).
---
We aim to reply to inquiries within 24 hours.
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14C AMS datingd13C, d15Nd13C, dDIsobar services (Sr, B, U-Th, Pb)Hydrocarbon gases, e.g. methane (C14 or d13C)Water
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---
## You may also be interested in:
[Radiocarbon Dating Costs](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
[SGS Beta’s Payment Terms](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-sample-payment.htm)
SGS Beta Webinars
– [Lead (Pb) isotopes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/lead-pb-isotopes-webinar/)
– [Strontium isotopes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/strontium-isotopes-webinar/)
– [U-Th dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/uranium-thorium-dating-webinar/)
– [Boron isotopic analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/boron-isotopes/)
– [Dissolved Carbon](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/)
*Page last updated: January 2024*
---
### [水分析：放射性碳定年、穩定同位素分析](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/water-analysis.htm)
**Published:** February 20, 2023
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **建議包裝**- 請使用紙箱包裝並填滿包材，以防止在運輸過程中破損。
- 若您的樣品含有鹽份或採樣的鄰近區域曾添加標記用的碳14(人工碳14)，請通知我們。
[SGSBeta實驗室是無示蹤劑的實驗室](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-tracer-free-lab/ "SGSBeta實驗室是無示蹤劑的實驗室").
- 按需求提供免費網絡研討會（僅限英文），請在此處預覽： [溶解態碳](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "溶解態碳"), [水文學中的同位素](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "水文學中的同位素")
---
**SGSBeta實驗室 服務****測試時間（工作天）****推薦的 樣品量****推薦的 容器**– 水體DIC的δ13C 13C145 毫升Nalgene窄口瓶\*– δ13C + δD + δ18O145 毫升Nalgene窄口瓶\*– [δD + δ18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm "δD + δ18O ")145 毫升Nalgene窄口瓶\*– [δ17O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/water-isotope-d17oxygen.htm "δ17O")145 毫升Nalgene窄口瓶\*– δ17O + δD + δ18O145 毫升Nalgene窄口瓶\*– [放射性碳定年(水的DIC)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm "放射性碳定年(水的DIC)") \*\*2-14天（取決於選擇的服務類型）250 毫升 – 1 公升Nalgene瓶 \*\*\*
([更詳細的內容在這裡](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm "更詳細的內容在這裡"))同位素比質譜儀 (IRMS) 只能處理最高約35PSU（海水的標準鹽度）的樣品。高鹽度樣品（35PSU或更高）不會在報告中提供δ18O和δD值，而且僅當可以從該樣品獲得足夠的CO2時才會在報告中提供δ13C值。請使用全新的Nalgene窄口瓶，水樣須完全填滿樣本瓶，不留空隙。 SGSBeta實驗室不接受需要預處理的穩定同位素分析水樣。
\*\* δ13C, δ18O和δD分析已包含在放射性碳定年測試服務中，無需額外費用。不適用於DOC萃取和分析的樣品。
\*\*\* 不接受的樣品瓶種類 – (1)玻璃瓶、(2)可重複使用的飲料瓶或(3)輕質/低密度的塑膠瓶，因為這類瓶子可能會產生同位素效應使測量值產生偏差，從而導致報告結果不準確。除了使用指定的樣品瓶外，我們對於使用其他種類瓶子所收集的樣品所進行的測試結果準確性不承擔任何責任。
## [\[短片\]穩定同位素分析的採樣建議](#collapseOne)
免責聲明：本視頻託管於第三方網站中，可能包含廣告。
本段影片節錄自SGSBETA實驗室網路研討會: [如何採集地下水樣本](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "如何採集地下水樣本")
[如何採集地下水樣本](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm#Collect)
## 可接受的水體類型
- 適用於放射性碳定年和穩定同位素分析的，包括微鹹水、地下水、海水和地表水
- 對於混濁的水樣，在寄送樣本之前必須使用0.7 um玻璃纖維濾紙過濾掉所有雜質。
- 適用於硝酸鹽來源追蹤的，包括地下水、鹹水、雨、雪、未飽和層水和雨水
## 我們不接受
- 從核電站、商業或醫療反應堆、工業/醫療廢物處理場或其排水區域附近收集的水樣，因為它可能會將人工碳14引入樣品中。
- 在任何使用或曾經使用過生物醫學或人工標記碳14材料的實驗室或區域中存儲或處理的樣品。
- 使用氯化汞 (HgCl2) 或疊氮化鈉 (NaN3) 處理的水樣品。
- 樣品中添加了NaOH或其他鹼性化學物質的水。
**申請測試** – 請使用此[線上表格](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/).
### 如何將水樣運送到實驗室
在將水樣品放入堅固的紙箱之前，請將它們放入塑膠袋中，並用膠帶密封袋子，或使用夾鏈袋。如果有任何瓶子在運輸過程中洩漏，確保水不會滲透盒子。請使用紙箱包裝並填滿包材，以防止在運輸過程中破損。
將樣品寄送到轉運站或實驗室時，我們建議使用快遞或掛號郵件。請透過電子郵件發送快遞商名稱和包裹編號給我們，以便追蹤您的包裹。
### 報價請求
如需索取正式估價/報價單，請在 [此表格](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm) 中註明需要分析的水樣數量和付款機構的詳細資料。
**您可能還對我們的子公司 Isobar Science 提供的以下服務感興趣：**
[硼同位素分析](https://isobarscience.com/boron/sample-types/ "硼同位素分析") (δ11B)
[鉛同位素](https://isobarscience.com/lead-isotopes/sample-types/ "鉛同位素") (206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/206Pb, and 207Pb/206Pb 之比)
[鍶同位素](https://isobarscience.com/strontium/sample-types/ "鍶同位素") (87Sr/86Sr 之比)
### 關於SGSBeta實驗室
[付款條件](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-sample-payment.htm)
[樣品退回政策](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/sample-return-policy.htm) – 我們不能退回水樣。
[寄送地址:](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-contact.htm#ShippingAddresses)
*最後更新：2026年7月*
---
### [水の分析:放射性炭素年代測定、安定同位体](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/water-analysis.htm)
**Published:** March 3, 2023
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **お奨めの梱包**- 輸送中の破損を防ぐため十分に対策を行い丈夫な箱でお送りください。
- 塩分が含まれているかどうか、また人為起源の14C が含まれる可能性のある場所で採取されていないことをご確認ください。
[SGS Beta はトレーサー・フリー試験所です](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-tracer-free-lab/ "SGS Beta はトレーサー・フリー試験所です")。
- 無料のウェビナーがご利用いただけます (English only)。 視聴はこちら: [溶存炭素](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "溶存炭素"), [水文学における同位体](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "水文学における同位体")
---
**SGS Beta サービス****納期 (営業日)****推奨試料量****推奨容器**– δ13C – 地下水(DIC) 145 mL細口のナルゲンボトル \*– δ13C + δD + δ18O145 mL細口のナルゲンボトル \*– [δD + δ18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm "δD + δ18O ")145 mL細口のナルゲンボトル \*– [δ17O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/water-isotope-d17oxygen.htm "δ17O")145 mL細口のナルゲンボトル \*– δ17O + δD + δ18O145 mL細口のナルゲンボトル \*– [放射性炭素 (Water DIC)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm "放射性炭素 (Water DIC)") \*\*2-14 (AMSサービスの選択による)250 mL – 1 Lナルゲンボトル \*\*\*
([詳細はこちらで](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm "Nalgene bottles"))同位体質量分析(IRMS)では、35 PSU (海水の標準塩分濃度)までの試料が取り扱いできます。 塩分濃度の高い試料(35 PSU 以上)の δ18O および δDは報告されません。 その場合、試料から十分な CO2 が得られた場合のみδ13Cだけが報告されます。未使用の細口ナルゲンボトルに満量採水。 未使用のものに限ります。水は満水に採取してください。SGS Betaは安定同位体分析に関して前処理の必要な水試料は受け付けておりません。
\*\* δ13C, δ18O, および δD 分析は放射性炭素C14分析に含まれています。DOC抽出および分析用の試料を除きます。
\*\*\* ガラス製の容器は用いないください。飲料用ペットボトルおよび低密度プラスチックボトルは採水後の同位体分別のため正確な結果が得られない可能性があるので不可です。 推奨容器以外でサンプリングされた試料の測定結果が不正確であった場合の責任は負えません。
## [\[動画\] 安定同位体分析のための推奨サンプリング方法](#collapseOne)
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
This video excerpt is part of SGS Beta webinar: [Isotopes in Hydrology](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isotopes in Hydrology")
[地下水試料のサンプリング方法](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm#Collect)
## 受け入れ可能な水
- 放射性炭素、安定同位体分析 : 汽水域の水、地下水、海水（未処理のもの）、表流水
- 濁った水のサンプルの場合、サンプルを提出する前に、0.7ミクロンのガラス繊維ろ紙でろ過し、すべてのデブリを除去する必要があります。
- 硝酸塩ソーストラッキング: 地下水、塩水、雨水、雪、不飽和帯の水、ストームウォーター
## 受け入れできない水
- 原子力発電所に近いエリアで採水された水、コマーシャルおよびメディカルリアクターの水、工業廃水域からの水、医療排水域からの水、これらは人為起源14Cを含む可能性があるのでお引き受けできません。
- 生体医学もしくは人為起源の14Cラベル物質を扱う試験所もしくはその近隣エリアで取り扱わたり保管されていた試料。
- 塩化第二水銀(HgCl2)やアジ化ナトリウム(NaN3)で処理された水
- NaOHや他のアルカリ性物質が添加された水
**提出** – 株式会社地球科学研究所に連絡してください。
### 試験所への試料輸送方法
段ボール箱などの丈夫な箱に入れる前に、1試料ずつプラスチックバッグに入れてテープ止めしてください。万が一ボトルから水が漏れた場合でも、箱の破損を防ぐことができます。外箱は輸送中に壊れない丈夫なものを使用してください。
商用宅配便などでお送りいただき、荷物番号をお知らせいただきますと幸いです。
### 見積依頼
見積りが必要な場合は [このフォーム](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm) で試料数、申込者の詳細をお知らせください。
**私たちの子会社 Isobar Scienceのサービスのご紹介です:**
[ホウ素同位体分析](https://isobarscience.com/boron/sample-types/ "ホウ素同位体分析") (δ11B)
[鉛](https://isobarscience.com/lead-isotopes/sample-types/ "鉛") (206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/206Pb, and 207Pb/206Pb ratios)
[ストロンチウム](https://isobarscience.com/strontium/sample-types/ "ストロンチウム") (87Sr/86Sr ratio)
### About SGS Beta
[お支払い条件](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-sample-payment.htm)
[試料返済規約](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/sample-return-policy.htm) – 水試料の返却はできません。
[送付先住所](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-contact.htm#ShippingAddresses)
*最終更新：2026年7月*
---
### [물 분석: 방사성탄소 연대측정, 안정 동위원소](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/water-analysis.htm)
**Published:** November 5, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **적정 포장 방법**- 배송 중 파손 방지를 위해 충분한 포장이 가능한 상자를 사용합니다.
- 물 시료에 염기가 있거나, 라벨 붙인 14C (인공 14C) 사용 장소 근처에 있었다면 반드시 사전 통보 바랍니다.
[SGS Beta 연구소는 무 추적자 실험실 입니다.](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-tracer-free-lab/ "SGS Beta is a tracer-free laboratory").
- 주문형 무료 웨비나 (영어 제공), 여기에서 미리 보기 참조 바랍니다: [용해 탄소](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "Dissolved Carbon"), [수문학의 동위원소](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isotopes in Hydrology")
---
**SGS Beta 연구소 서비스** **분석 기간 (영업일)** **권장 사항 시료 량** **권장 사항 포장 용기** – 물 DIC의 δ13C 14 5 mL 좁은 목의 Nalgene 병 – δ13C + δD + δ18O 14 5 mL 좁은 목의 Nalgene 병 – [δD + δ18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm "δD + δ18O ") 14 5 mL 좁은 목의 Nalgene 병 – [δ17O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/water-isotope-d17oxygen.htm "δ17O") 14 5 mL 좁은 목의 Nalgene 병 – δ17O + δD + δ18O 14 5 mL 좁은 목의 Nalgene 병 – [방사성탄소 연대측정 (물 DIC)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm "Radiocarbon Dating (Water DIC)") \*\* 2-14 (AMS 서비스 선택에 따라 다름) 250 mL – 1 L Nalgene 병 \*\*\*
([자세한 내용은 여기에서 찾을 수 있음](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm "Nalgene bottles")) 동위원소 비율 (IRMS) 는 최대 약 35PSU (해수의 표준 염도) 의 시료만 처리 가능합니다. 고염 시료 (35 PSU 이상)에 대해서는δ18O 와 δD 분석 값은 측정이 안되며, δ 13C의 분석 값은 해당 시료에서 충분한 CO2를 얻을 수 있는 경우에만 측정 가능합니다. 이전에 사용한 적 없는 좁은 목의 Nalgene 병을 사용하고하되, 빈 공간없이 가득 채웁니다. 전처리가 필요한 안정 동위원소 분석 용 물 시료는 취급하지 않습니다.
\*\* 방사성탄소 연대측정 분석 의뢰 시 δ13C, δ18O, δD 분석은 추가 비용 없이 무료입니다. 단 DOC 추출 및 분석 시료는 제외됩니다.
\*\*\* 유리 병, 재생 음료수 병, 그 외 가볍거나/저 밀도 플라스틱 병은 사용하지 마시기 바랍니다. 측정 결과의 정확성을 떨어뜨리게 만드는 동위원소 효과, 측정 오류 등이 일어날 수 있습니다. 위에서 언급한 것 이 외의 병에 담겨 제출된 시료에 대한 측정 결과의 정확성에 대해 어떤 책임도 지지 않습니다.
## [\[동영상\] 안정 동위원소 분석을 위한 시료 채취 권장 사항](#collapseOne)
면책조항: 이 비디오는 제3자의 사이트에 올렸으며, 광고가 포함되어 있습니다.
이 비디오 인용은 SGS Beta 연구소 웨비나의 일부입니다. [수문학의 동위원소 분석](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isotopes in Hydrology")
[지하수 시료 채집 방법](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm#Collect)
## 허용되는 물 유형
- 방사성탄소 연대측정 및 안정 동위원소 분석을 위한 염분 섞인 물, 지하수, 해수 및 지표수
- 탁한 물 시료의 경우 시료 제출 전에 0.7미크론 유리 섬유 여과지를 사용하여 이물질을 걸러내야만 합니다.
- 질산염 소재 추적 분석을 위한 지하수, 해수, 비, 눈, 지하수 상위 지역 물 및 빗물
## 취급하지 않습니다
- 원자력 발전소, 상업 또는 의료 용 원자로, 산업/의료 폐기물 처리장 근처에서 채집된 물 시료 또는 시료에 인공 14C가 침투할 수 있는 배수 구역 내에서 채집된 물 시료.
- 바이오 의학용 혹은 인공 라벨14C 물질 사용한 적 있거나, 사용하고 있는 지역 혹은 실험실에서 보관되거나 취급된 시료들.
- 수은 염화물 (HgCl2) or 또는 나트륨 아지드 (NaN3) 로 처리된 적이 있는 시료들.
- NaOH 또는 다른 알칼리 화학 물질이 시료에 첨가된 물.
**제출** – 이 [온라인 양식을](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/) 사용합니다.
### 물 시료를 실험실로 보내는 방법
물병을 튼튼한 골판지 상자에 넣기 전, 비닐 봉지 안에 넣고 지퍼 끈이나 테이프로 봉지를 밀봉합니다. 선적 중 물이 새서, 상자를 상하게 하지 않습니다. 운송 중 파손되지 않을 만큼 튼튼한 상자로 포장합니다.
시료를 발송할 때는 상업용 택배 업체 이용을 권장합니다. 택배 업체 및 추적 번호를 이메일로 알려주시면, 패키지를 모니터링 할 수 있습니다.
### 견적 요청
공식적인 견적서를 요청할 때 [이 양식](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm) 에 시료 수 및 지불 기관의 청구 세부 정보를 제공합니다.
**SGS Beta 연구소의 자회사, Isobar Science의 서비스 입니다:**
[붕소 분석](https://isobarscience.com/boron/sample-types/ "Boron analysis") (δ11B)
[납](https://isobarscience.com/lead-isotopes/sample-types/ "Lead") (206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/206Pb, and 207Pb/206Pb 비)
[스트론튬](https://isobarscience.com/strontium/sample-types/ "Strontium") (87Sr/86Sr ratio)
### SGS Beta 연구소 소개
[지불 조건](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-sample-payment.htm)
[시료 반환 규정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/sample-return-policy.htm) – 물 시료는 돌려드릴 수 없습니다.
[발송 주소](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-contact.htm#ShippingAddresses)
*페이지 최신 업데이트: 2026년 7월*
---
### [Análises em água: datação por radiocarbono, isótopos estáveis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/analises-agua.htm)
**Published:** February 20, 2023
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Embalagem recomendada**- Use uma caixa com preenchimento suficiente para evitar que as amostras se rompam durante o transporte.
- Por favor, avise-nos se as suas amostras contêm sal ou se estiveram próximas a locais com 14C marcado (14C artificial).
[O SGS Beta é um laboratório livre de marcadores](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-tracer-free-lab/ "O SGS Beta é um laboratório livre de marcadores").
- Webinars gratuitos disponíveis sob demanda (apenas em inglês) – veja pré-visualizações: [Carbono dissolvido](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "Carbono dissolvido"), [Isótopos em hidrologia](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isótopos em hidrologia")
---
**SGS Beta Serviços****Prazo de entrega (dias úteis)****Volume de amostra****Volume Recomendado**– δ13C em C inorgânico dissolvido em água (CID)145 mLGarrafa Nalgene com boca estreita\*– δ13C + δD + δ18O145 mLGarrafa Nalgene com boca estreita\*– [δD + δ18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/isotopos-deuterio-oxigenio.htm "δD + δ18O ")145 mLGarrafa Nalgene com boca estreita\*– [δ17O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/isotopo-agua-d17oxigenio.htm "δ17O")145 mLGarrafa Nalgene com boca estreita\*– δ17O + δD + δ18O145 mLGarrafa Nalgene com boca estreita\*– [Datação radiocarbônica (em CID)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/aguas-subterraneas-carbono-datacao-amostragem.htm "Datação radiocarbônica (em CID") \*\*2-14 (depende do serviço AMS escolhido)250 mL – 1 lGarrafa Nalgene\*\*\*
([mais detalhes aqui](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/aguas-subterraneas-carbono-datacao-amostragem.htm "mais detalhes aqui"))O espectrômetro de massas de razões isotópicas (IRMS) apenas pode processar amostras com um máximo de 35 PSU (salinidade padrão de água marinha). Os valores de δ18O e δD não podem ser reportados para amostras hipersalinas (35 PSU ou mais), e o δ13C apenas pode ser reportado se for possível obter CO2 suficiente da amostra.Use uma garrafa Nalgene com boca estreita, sem uso prévio, e encha até o topo, sem espaço de ar. O SGS Beta não aceita amostras de água que ainda requerem pré-tratamento para análises de isótopos.
\*\* As análises de δ13C, δ18O, e δD estão inclusas no serviço de datação radiocarbônica sem custo adicional. Não aplicável a amostras enviadas para extração e análise de COD.
\*\*\* Por favor, NÃO USE garrafas de vidro, ou garrafas recicladas de água potável ou outras garrafas leves e de baixa densidade, pois elas permitem efeitos isotópicos que podem afetar as medições, o que causa imprecisões nos resultados. Não nos responsabilizamos pela precisão dos resultados de amostras enviadas em recipientes com especificações diferentes do recomendado.
## [\[VÍDEO\] Recomendações de amostragem para análises de isótopos estáveis](#collapseOne)
Aviso legal: Este vídeo está hospedado em um site de terceiros e poderá conter publicidade.
Uma introdução a análises isotópicas [Isotópos em hidrologia](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isotópos em hidrologia")
[Como coletar amostras de água subterrânea](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/aguas-subterraneas-carbono-datacao-amostragem.htm#Collect)
## Tipos de água aceitos
- Salobre, subterrânea, marinha e de superfície para a datação radiocarbônica e análises de isótopos estáveis
- Amostras de água turva devem ser filtradas de detritos antes do envio, com papel de filtro de fibra de vidro de 0,7 mícron.
- Subterrânea, salgada, de chuva, de neve, de zona de aeração e pluviais para a detecção de fonte de nitrato
## NÃO ACEITAMOS
- Amostras de água coletadas em regiões próximas a plantas nucleares, reatores comerciais ou médicos, áreas de descarte de rejeito industrial ou médico, ou áreas de escoamento de tais instalações, pois pode haver a introdução de 14C artificial na amostra.
- Amostras que tenham sido armazenadas ou manuseadas em laboratórios ou áreas que utilizam ou que já tenham utilizado materiais com 14C biomédico ou marcado artificialmente em qualquer momento.
- Amostras de água que tenha sido tratada com cloreto de mercúrio (HgCl2) ou azida de sódio (NaN3).
- Água com a adição de NaOH ou outros químicos alcalinos.
**Envio** – Preencha este [formulário eletrônico](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/).
### Como enviar amostras de água para o laboratório
Antes de pôr os frascos em uma caixa de papelão firme, por favor coloque cada um dentro de um saco plástico selado com fecho zip ou com fita adesiva resistente. Isso evita que a água amoleça a caixa caso um dos frascos vaze durante o transporte. Use materiais de preenchimento na caixa para evitar que os frascos se rompam.
Recomendamos o uso de uma transportadora comercial ou um serviço de correios de primeira classe para enviar as amostras até o laboratório. Por favor, informe-nos o nome da empresa de transportes e o número de rastreamento do envio, para que possamos monitorá-lo.
### Solicitação de orçamento
Quando for pedir uma cotação formal, por favor indique [neste formulário](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/quanto-custa-datacao-radiocarbono.htm) a quantidade de amostras de água a o tipo de análise que deseja orçar, além dos detalhes d faturamento da instituição pagadora.
**Você também pode se interessar por estes serviços oferecidos pelo nosso laboratório subsidiário Isobar Science:**
[Análise de boro](https://isobarscience.com/boron/sample-types/ "Análise de boro") (δ11B)
[Chumbo](https://isobarscience.com/lead-isotopes/sample-types/ "Chumbo") (razões de 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/206Pb, and 207Pb/206Pb ratios)
[Estrôncio](https://isobarscience.com/strontium/sample-types/ "Estrôncio") (razão de 87Sr/86Sr ratio)
### Sobre o SGS Beta
[Termos de pagamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-termos-pagamento.htm)
[Política de devolução de amostras](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/amostra-devolucao-poliza.htm) – Não podemos devolver amostras de água.
[Endereços para envio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-contato.htm#ShippingAddresses)
*Última atualização: de julho 2026*
---
### [Analisi dell'acqua: datazione al radiocarbonio, isotopi stabili](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/analisi-acqua.htm)
**Published:** February 18, 2023
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Imballaggio raccomandato**- Utilizzare una scatola con imballaggio sufficiente a evitare la rottura delle bottiglie durante il trasporto.
- Informare il laboratorio se i campioni contengono sale o se sono stati in prossimità di strutture in cui viene utilizzato 14C tracciante 14C artificiale).
[SGS Beta è un laboratorio che non utilizza 14C tracciante](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-tracer-free-lab/ "SGS Beta è un laboratorio che non utilizza 14C tracciante").
- Webinar gratuiti disponibili su richiesta (solo in inglese), vedi anteprime qui: [Carbonio disciolto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "Carbonio disciolto"), [Isotopi in idrologia](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isotopi in idrologia")
---
**Servizi di SGS Beta****Tempi di consegna dei risultati (giorni lavorativi)****Quantità di materiale raccomandata****Contenitore raccomandato**– δ13C su DIC da acqua145 mLBottiglia Nalgene a collo stretto \*– δ13C + δD + δ18O145 mLBottiglia Nalgene a collo stretto \*– [δD + δ18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/isotopi-ossigeno-deuterio.htm "δD + δ18O ")145 mLBottiglia Nalgene a collo stretto \*– [δ17O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/d17ossigeno-acqua.htm "δ17O")145 mLBottiglia Nalgene a collo stretto \*– δ17O + δD + δ18O145 mLBottiglia Nalgene a collo stretto \*– [Datazione al radiocarbonio (DIC da acqua)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/campionamento-falde-acquifere.htm "Datazione al radiocarbonio (DIC da acqua)") \*\*2-14 (a seconda del servizio richiesto)250 mL – 1 lBottiglie tipo Nalgene \*\*\*
([ulteriori dettagli qui](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/campionamento-falde-acquifere.htm "Bottiglie tipo Nalgene"))I nostri spettrometri di massa isotopica (IRMS) possono analizzare solo campioni fino a circa 35 PSU (la salinità standard dell’acqua di mare). Per i campioni ipersalini (35 PSU o superiore), i valori δ18O e δD non vengono riportati, mentre il δ13C viene riportato solo se è possibile ottenere una quantità sufficiente di CO2 dal campione.Utilizzare una bottiglia Nalgene a collo stretto, nuova e mai utilizzata, e riempirla fino all’orlo, senza lasciare spazio libero. SGS Beta non accetta, per l’analisi degli isotopi stabili, campioni d’acqua che richiedono un pretrattamento.
\*\* Le analisi di δ13C, δ18O, e δD sono incluse nel servizio di datazione al radiocarbonio del DIC senza costi aggiuntivi. Solo l’analisi del δ13C è inclusa nel servizio di datazione del DOC.
\*\*\* NON utilizzare bottiglie di vetro, bottiglie di acqua potabile riciclate o altri tipi di bottiglie in plastica leggera/a bassa densità, che possono consentire la produzione di effetti isotopici e alterare le misurazioni, causando imprecisioni nei risultati. Non ci assumiamo alcuna responsabilità in merito all’accuratezza dei risultati per i campioni raccolti in contenitori diversi da quelli specificati.
## [\[VIDEO\] Istruzioni per la raccolta di campioni per l’analisi degli isotopi stabili](#collapseOne)
Avvertenza: questo video è ospitato su un sito esterno e potrebbe contenere pubblicità.
Introduzione agli isotopi: nozioni di base sull’analisi isotopica [Isotopi in idrologia](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isotopi in idrologia")
[Come raccogliere i campioni di acqua di falda](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/campionamento-falde-acquifere.htm#Collect)
## Tipi di acqua accettati
- Per la datazione al radiocarbonio e l’analisi degli isotopi stabili: acqua salmastra, di falda, marina e di superficie
- I campioni di acqua torbida devono essere filtrati prima dell’invio al laboratorio con carta da filtro in fibra di vetro da 0,7 micron.
- Per il tracciamento delle fonti di nitrati: acqua sotterranea, acqua salata, acqua piovana, neve e acqua da zone vadose
## Tipi di acqua NON accettati
- Campioni d’acqua raccolti vicino a o nell’area di drenaggio di centrali nucleari, reattori commerciali o medici o siti di smaltimento di rifiuti industriali/sanitari, perché possono contenere 14C artificiale.
- Campioni conservati o preparati in qualsiasi laboratorio o area in cui viene utilizzato, OPPURE è stato utilizzato in passato, 14C biomedico o tracciante.
- Campioni di acqua trattati con cloruro mercurico (HgCl2) o sodio azide (NaN3).
- Acqua a cui sono stati aggiunti idrossido di sodio o altre sostanze chimiche alcaline.
**Invio campioni** – Utilizzare [questo modulo online](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/).
### Come spedire i campioni d’acqua al laboratorio
Inserire le fiale o bottiglie in una busta di plastica, sigillarla con nastro adesivo o con una fascetta e riporla in una scatola robusta. In questo modo, eventuali perdite non indeboliranno la scatola. Utilizzare materiale da imballaggio sufficiente a evitare la rottura delle fiale durante il trasporto.
Raccomandiamo di utilizzare un corriere commerciale o altro servizio di spedizione tracciabile per inviare i campioni al laboratorio e di comunicare via email il nome del corriere e il numero di tracking, in modo che possiamo monitorare la spedizione.
### Richiesta di preventivi
Per richiedere un preventivo formale, indicare in [questo modulo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/costi-datazione-carbonio.htm) il numero di campioni d’acqua da analizzare e i dati di fatturazione dell’ente che effettuerà il pagamento.
**La nostra società sussidiaria Isobar Science offre altri servizi di analisi su campioni d’acqua:**
[Analisi del boro](https://isobarscience.com/boron/sample-types/ "Analisi del boro") (δ11B)
[Piombo](https://isobarscience.com/lead-isotopes/sample-types/ "Piombo") (rapporti 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/206Pb, e 207Pb/206Pb ratios)
[Stronzio](https://isobarscience.com/strontium/sample-types/ "Stronzio") (rapporto 87Sr/86Sr ratio)
### Informazioni su SGS Beta
[Termini di pagamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-radiocarbonio-pagamento.htm)
[Politica di restituzione dei campioni](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/politica-restituzione-campioni.htm) – Non possiamo restituire i campioni d’acqua.
[Indirizzi di spedizione](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/contatti.htm#ShippingAddresses)
*Ultimo aggiornamento: luglio 2026*
---
### [Analyses de l'eau : Datation au radiocarbone, isotopes stables](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/analyse-eau.htm)
**Published:** January 4, 2023
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Contenant recommandé**- Veuillez utiliser une boîte avec une protection suffisante pour éviter tout dommage pendant le transport.
- Veuillez nous indiquer si vos échantillons d’eau contiennent du sel ou s’ils ont été à proximité de tout emplacement utilisant du C14 marqué (C14 artificiel).
[SGS Beta est un laboratoire sans traceur](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-tracer-free-lab/ "SGS Beta est un laboratoire sans traceur").
- Webinaires gratuits disponibles à la demande (en anglais uniquement), voir les aperçus ici : [Carbone dissous](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "Carbone dissous"), [Isotopes en hydrologie](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isotopes en hydrologie")
---
**SGS Beta Services****Délai (en jours ouvrés)****Recommandé Volume de l’échantillon****Recommandé Conteneur**– δ13C sur le DIC de l’eau145 mLBouteille Nalgene avec un goulot étroit– δ13C + δD + δ18O145 mLBouteille Nalgene avec un goulot étroit– [δD + δ18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/isotopes-oxygene-deuterium.htm "δD + δ18O ")145 mLBouteille Nalgene avec un goulot étroit– [δ17O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/eau-isotope-d17oxygene.htm "δ17O")145 mLBouteille Nalgene avec un goulot étroit– δ17O + δD + δ18O145 mLBouteille Nalgene avec un goulot étroit– [Datation radiocarbone (DIC de l’eau)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/echantillons-datation-carbone-eaux-souterraines.htm "Radiocarbon Dating (Water DIC)") \*\*2-14 (selon le service AMS sélectionné)250 mL à 1 L[Bouteilles Nalgene](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/echantillons-datation-carbone-eaux-souterraines.htm "Nalgene bottles") \*\*\*Le spectromètre de masse à rapport isotopique (SMRI) ne peut traiter que des échantillons jusqu’à environ 35 PSU (la salinité standard de l’eau de mer). Les valeurs δ18Oet δD ne sont pas rapportées pour les échantillons hypersalins (35 PSU ou plus) et le δ13C ne sera rapporté que si suffisamment de CO2 peut être obtenu de cet échantillon.Utilisez une bouteille Nalgene avec un goulot étroit, qui n’a jamais été utilisée, et remplissez-là au maximum, sans laisser d’espace. SGS Beta n’accepte pas les échantillons d’eau pour l’analyse des isotopes stables qui doivent encore être prétraités (envoyez des échantillons filtrés sans ajout de produits chimiques).
\*\* Les analyses δ13C, δ18O, et δD sont incluses avec la datation radiocarbone sans coût supplémentaire. Cela exclut les échantillons destinés à l’extraction et à l’analyse du DOC.
\*\*\* Merci de ne pas utiliser de bouteilles en verre, de bouteilles d’eau usagées ou d’autres bouteilles en plastique légères / de faible densité, car elles peuvent créer des effets isotopiques et fausser les mesures, entraînant des inexactitudes dans les résultats communiqués. Nous déclinons toute responsabilité quant à l’exactitude des résultats des analyses pour les échantillons qui auraient été envoyés dans des bouteilles autres que celles spécifiées.
## [\[VIDÉO\] Recommandations d’échantillonnage pour l’analyse des isotopes stables](#collapseOne)
Avertissement : cette vidéo est hébergée sur un site tiers et peut contenir de la publicité.
Cet extrait vidéo fait partie du webinaire de SGS Beta: [Isotopes en hydrologie](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isotopes en hydrologie")
[Comment prélever des échantillons d’eau souterraine](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/echantillons-datation-carbone-eaux-souterraines.htm#Collect)
## Types d’eau acceptés
- Eaux saumâtres, souterraines, marines et de surface pour la datation au radiocarbone et l’analyse des isotopes stables
- Pour les échantillons d’eau turbide, vous devez filtrer tous les débris avant de soumettre l’échantillon à l’aide d’un papier filtre en fibre de verre de 0,7 micron.
- Eaux souterraines, eaux salées, pluie, neige, eaux de la zone vadose et eaux pluviales pour le suivi des sources de nitrates
## Nous n’acceptons PAS
- Les échantillons d’eau qui ont été prélevés dans toute zone proche d’une centrale nucléaire, de réacteurs commerciaux ou médicaux, de sites d’élimination de déchets industriels/médicaux ou dans leurs zones de drainage, car cela pourrait introduire du 14C artificiel dans l’échantillon.
- Les échantillons ne doivent pas avoir été stockés ou manipulés dans un laboratoire ou une zone qui utilise OU a déjà utilisé du 14C biomédical ou artificiel.
- Les échantillons d’eau qui ont été traités au chlorure mercurique (HgCl2) ou à l’azoture de sodium (NaN3).
- L’eau à laquelle on a ajouté du NaOH ou d’autres produits chimiques alcalins.
**Envoi** – Veuillez utiliser ce [formulaire en ligne](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/).
### Comment envoyer des échantillons d’eau au laboratoire
Avant de placer les bouteilles d’eau dans un carton solide, veuillez les mettre dans un sac en plastique et fermer le sac avec un collier de serrage ou du ruban adhésif toilé. Si l’une des bouteilles fuit pendant le transport, l’eau n’affaiblira pas la boîte. Veuillez utiliser une boîte avec une protection suffisante pour éviter tout dommage pendant le transport.
Nous recommandons l’utilisation d’un transporteur de colis ou d’un service postal de première classe pour l’envoi des échantillons au laboratoire. Veuillez envoyer par e-mail le nom du transporteur et le numéro de suivi afin que nous puissions surveiller votre colis.
### Demandes de devis
Lors de la demande d’un devis officiel, veuillez indiquer dans [ce formulaire](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/combien-coute-la-datation-carbone.htm) le nombre d’échantillons d’eau à analyser et les détails de facturation de l’établissement payeur.
**Vous pourriez également être intéressé par les services proposés par notre filiale Isobar Science :**
[Analyse du bore](https://isobarscience.com/boron/sample-types/ "Analyse du bore") (δ11B)
[Plomb](https://isobarscience.com/lead-isotopes/sample-types/ "Plomb") (rapports 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/206Pb, et 207Pb/206Pb ratios)
[Strontium](https://isobarscience.com/strontium/sample-types/ "Strontium") (rapport 87Sr/86Sr ratio)
### À propos de SGS Beta
[Conditions de paiement](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/radiocarbone-laboratoire-paiement.htm)
[Politique de retour des échantillons](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/politique-retour-echantillons.htm) – Nous ne pouvons pas retourner les échantillons d’eau.
[Adresse d’envoi ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-contact.htm#ShippingAddresses)
*Dernière mise à jour de la page: juillet 2026*
---
### [Análisis de agua: datación por radiocarbono, isótopos estables](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/analisis-de-agua.htm)
**Published:** October 21, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Embalaje recomendado**- Utilice una caja con suficiente material amortiguante para evitar daño de la muestra durante el envío.
- Infórmenos si las muestras de agua contienen sal o si han estado cerca de la forma de carbono 14 etiquetado como 14C) artificial.
[SGS Beta es un laboratorio libre de marcadores artificiales](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-tracer-free-lab/ "SGS Beta es un laboratorio libre de marcadores artificiales").
- Webinarios gratuitos disponibles bajo demanda (sólo en inglés), vea los avances aquí [Carbono disuelto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "Dissolved Carbon"), [Isótopos en hidrología](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isotopes in Hydrology")
---
**SGS Beta Servicios****Tiempo de entrega (días hábiles)****Volumen recomendado****Envase recomendado**– δ13C en el DIC del agua 145 mLBotella Nalgene con cuello estrecho \*– δ13C + δD + δ18O145 mLBotella Nalgene con cuello estrecho \*– [δD + δ18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/isotopos-oxigeno-deuterio.htm "δD + δ18O ")145 mLBotella Nalgene con cuello estrecho \*– [δ17O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/agua-isotopo-oxigenod17.htm "δ17O")145 mLBotella Nalgene con cuello estrecho \*– δ17O + δD + δ18O145 mLBotella Nalgene con cuello estrecho \*– [Datación por radiocarbono (DIC)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/aguas-subterraneas-carbono-datacion-muestreo.htm "Datación por radiocarbono (DIC)") \*\*2-14 (según el servicio AMS seleccionado)250 mL – 1 L[Botellas Nalgene](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/aguas-subterraneas-carbono-datacion-muestreo.htm "Nalgene bottles") \*\*\* El espectrómetro de masas de relación isotópica (IRMS) solo puede manejar muestras de hasta aproximadamente 35 PSU (la salinidad estándar del agua de mar). Los valores de δ18O y δD no se muestran para muestras hipersalinas (35 PSU o más) y el valor δ13C solo se informará si se puede obtener suficiente CO2 de esa muestra.Use una botella Nalgene con cuello estrecho, sin uso previo, y llene la botella hasta el tope sin dejar espacio de aire. SGS Beta no acepta muestras de agua que deban ser pretratadas para el análisis de los isotopos estables.
\*\* Los análisis de δ13C, δ18O, y δD se incluyen con la datación por radiocarbono sin costo adicional. No se incluyen las muestras para extracción y análisis de DOC.
\*\*\* Por favor, NO utilice botellas de vidrio, botellas de agua potable recicladas u otras botellas de plástico ligeras o de baja densidad, ya que pueden ocasionar efectos isotópicos y sesgar las mediciones, generando resultados imprecisos. No asumimos responsabilidad por la precisión de los resultados de análisis de muestras enviadas en botellas distintas a las indicadas.
## [\[VIDEO\] Recomendaciones de muestreo para el análisis de isótopos estables](#collapseOne)
Exención de responsabilidad: Este video está alojado en un sitio externo y puede contener publicidad.
Este vídeo forma parte del webinario de SGS Beta: [Isótopos en hidrología](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isotopes in Hydrology")
[Cómo recolectar muestras de agua subterránea](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/aguas-subterraneas-carbono-datacion-muestreo.htm#Collect)
## Tipos de agua aceptados
- Aguas salobres, subterráneas, marinas y superficiales para la datación por radiocarbono y el análisis de isótopos estables
- Para las muestras de agua turbia, debe filtrar cualquier desecho antes de enviar la muestra utilizando papel de fibra de vidrio de 0,7 micras.
- Aguas subterráneas, agua salada, lluvia, nieve, agua vadosa y aguas pluviales para análisis de detección de fuentes de nitratos
## NO aceptamos
- Muestras de agua recolectada en zonas cercanas a plantas nucleares, reactores comerciales/médicos, vertederos de residuos industriales/médicos o en sus zonas de drenaje ya que podrían contaminar la muestra con 14C artificial.
- Muestras almacenadas o manipuladas en cualquier laboratorio o área que utilice o haya utilizado alguna vez material biomédico o marcado artificialmente con 14C.
- Muestras de agua que han sido tratadas con cloruro mercúrico (HgCl2) o azida de sodio (NaN3).
- Agua con NaOH u otros productos químicos alcalinos añadidos a la muestra.
**Envío** – Por favor use este [formulario en línea](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/).
### ¿Cómo enviar muestras de agua al laboratorio?
Antes de introducir las botellas de agua en una caja de cartón resistente, colóquelas dentro de una bolsa de plástico y séllela con una cremallera o cinta adhesiva. Si alguna de las botellas tiene una fuga durante el envío, el agua no debilitará la caja. Utilice una caja con suficiente embalaje para evitar que se rompa durante el transporte.
Recomendamos el uso de un servicio de mensajería privado o de correo certificado de primera clase para enviar las muestras al laboratorio. Por favor, envíe un correo electrónico con el número de seguimiento para que podamos realizar el seguimiento su paquete.
### Solicitudes de presupuesto
Cuando solicite un presupuesto formal, indique en [este formulario](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/cuanto-cuesta-la-datacion-por-carbono.htm) el número de muestras de agua y los datos de facturación de la institución responsable del pago.
**ISOBAR es nuestro laboratorio subsidiario y ofrece los siguientes servicios que podrían interesarle:**
[Análisis de boro](https://isobarscience.com/boron/sample-types/ "Análisis de boro") (δ11B)
[Plomo](https://isobarscience.com/lead-isotopes/sample-types/ "Plomo") (relaciones 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/206Pb, and 207Pb/206Pb)
[Estroncio](https://isobarscience.com/strontium/sample-types/ "Estroncio") (relación 87Sr/86Sr ratio)
### Acerca de SGS Beta
[Condiciones de pago](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/arqueologia-pago-terminos.htm)
[Política de devolución de muestras](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/muestra-devolucion-politica.htm) – No podemos devolver muestras de agua.
[Direcciones de envío ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/contacto.htm#ShippingAddresses)
*Última actualización de la página: de julio 2026*
---
### [Wasseranalysen: Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung, Stabile Isotope](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/wasseranalysen.htm)
**Published:** October 20, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Empfohlene Verpackung**- Bitte verwenden Sie einen Behälter mit ausreichender Verpackung, um einen Bruch während des Versands zu vermeiden.
- Bitte teilen Sie uns mit, ob Ihre Wasserproben Salz enthalten oder in der Nähe von Orten waren, an denen labeled 14C (künstliches 14C) ist.
[SGS Beta ist ein Tracer-freies Labor](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-tracer-free-lab/ "SGS Beta ist ein Tracer-freies Labor").
- Kostenlose Webinare auf Anfrage verfügbar (nur auf Englisch), siehe Vorschau hier: [Gelöster Kohlenstoff](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "Gelöster Kohlenstoff"), [Isotope in der Hydrologie](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isotope in der Hydrologie")
---
**SGS Beta Dienste****Bearbeitungszeit (Werktage)****Empfohlene Probenmenge****Empfohlene Behälter**– δ13C von Wasser DIC145 mlNalgen-Flasche mit schmalem Hals\*– δ13C + δD + δ18O145 mNalgen-Flasche mit schmalem Hals\*– [δD + δ18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/sauerstoff-deuterium-isotope.htm "δD + δ18O ")145 mlNalgen-Flasche mit schmalem Hals\*– [δ17O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/wasser-isotop-d17sauerstoff.htm "δ17O")145 mlNalgen-Flasche mit schmalem Hals\*– δ17O + δD + δ18O145 mlNalgen-Flasche mit schmalem Hals\*– [Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung (Wasser-DIC)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/grundwasser-dic.htm "Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung (Wasser-DIC)") \*\*2-14 (je nach gewähltem AMS-Dienst)250 mL – 1 LNalgen-Flaschen \*\*\*
([weitere Details finden Sie hier](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/grundwasser-dic.htm "Nalgene bottles"))Das Isotopenverhältnis-Massenspektrometer (IRMS) kann nur Proben bis zu etwa 35 PSU (dem Standardsalzgehalt von Meerwasser) verarbeiten. Die δ18O- und δD-Werte werden nicht für hypersaline Proben (35 PSU oder mehr) angegeben und δ13C wird nur angegeben, wenn aus der Probe genügend CO2 gewonnen werden kann.Verwenden Sie eine Nalgen-Flasche mit schmalem Hals, die zuvor noch nicht benutzt wurde und füllen Sie sie bis zum Rand, ohne Luftraum zu lassen. SGS Beta nimmt keine Wasserproben für Stabilisotopen-Analysen an, die noch vorbehandelt werden müssen.
\*\* δ13C, δ18O, und δD-Analysen sind ohne zusätzliche Kosten mit der Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung enthalten. Davon ausgenommen sind Proben zur DOC-Extraktion und -Analyse.
\*\*\* Bitte verwenden Sie KEINE Glasflaschen, recycelten Trinkwasserflaschen oder andere leichte Plastikflaschen mit geringer Dichte, da diese Isotopeneffekte zulassen und die Messungen verzerren können, was zu Ungenauigkeiten in den gemeldeten Ergebnissen führt. Wir übernehmen keine Verantwortung für die Richtigkeit der Testergebnisse für Proben, die in anderen, als den angegebenen Sammelflaschen eingereicht wurden.
## [\[VIDEO\] Empfehlungen zur Probenahme für die Analyse stabiler Isotope](#collapseOne)
Haftungsausschluss: Dieses Video wird auf der Website Dritter bereit gestellt und kann Werbung enthalten.
Dieser Videoauszug ist Teil des Webinars von SGS Beta: [Isotope in der Hydrologie](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isotopes in Hydrology")
[Wie man Grundwasserproben sammelt ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/grundwasser-dic.htm#Collect)
## Akzeptierte Wasserarten
- Brack-, Grund-, Meer- und Oberflächenwasser für die Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung und die Analyse stabiler Isotope
- Bei trüben Wasserproben müssen Sie vor dem Einreichen der Probe alle Verunreinigungen mit einem 0,7-Mikrometer-Glasfaserfilterpapier herausfiltern.
- Grundwasser, Salzwasser, Regen, Schnee, Wasser aus der Vadosezone und Regenwasser zur Verfolgung von Nitratquellen
## Wir akzeptieren KEINE
- Wasserproben, die in Bereichen in der Nähe von Kernkraftwerken, kommerziellen oder medizinischen Reaktoren, industriellen/medizinischen Abfalldeponien oder in deren Einzugsgebieten entnommen wurden, da dies künstliches 14C in die Probe einbringen könnte.
- Proben, die in einem Labor oder einem Bereich gelagert oder gehandhabt werden, das verwendet wird ODER jemals biomedizinisches oder künstlich gekennzeichnetes 14C Material verwendet hat.
- Wasserproben, die mit Quecksilberchlorid (HgCl2) oder Natriumazid (NaN3) behandelt wurden.
- Wasser, dem NaOH oder andere Alkalichemikalien zugesetzt wurden.
**Einreichung** – Bitte verwenden Sie dieses [Online-Formular](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/).
### So versenden Sie Wasserproben an unser Labor
Bevor Sie die Wasserflaschen in einen stabilen Karton legen, legen Sie sie bitte in eine Plastiktüte und verschließen Sie die Tüte mit einem Kabelbinder oder Klebeband. Wenn eine der Flaschen während des Transports ausläuft, wird das Wasser die Box nicht aufweichen. Bitte verwenden Sie einen Karton mit ausreichender Verpackung, um einen Bruch während des Transports zu vermeiden.
Wir empfehlen einen kommerziellen Kurierdienst oder Einschreiben erster Klasse, wenn Sie die Proben an unser Labor senden. Bitte senden Sie uns eine E-Mail mit dem Kurier und der Sendungsverfolgungsnummer, damit wir Ihr Paket überwachen können.
### Angebotsanfragen
Wenn Sie einen förmlichen Angebot/Kostenvoranschlag anfordern, geben Sie bitte in [diesem Formular](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/was-kosten-carbon-datierungen.htm) die Anzahl der zu analysierenden Wasserproben und die Rechnungsdaten der zahlenden Institution an.
**Diese Dienstleistungen unseres Tochterunternehmens, Isobar Science, könnten Sie auch interessieren:**
[Bor-Analyse](https://isobarscience.com/boron/sample-types/ "Bor-Analyse") (δ11B)
[Blei](https://isobarscience.com/lead-isotopes/sample-types/ "Blei") (206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/206Pb, und 207Pb/206Pb Verhältnisse)
[Strontium](https://isobarscience.com/strontium/sample-types/ "Strontium") (87Sr/86Sr Verhältnis)
### Über SGS Beta
[Zahlungsbedingungen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/radiokohlenstoff-labor-preisen.htm)
[Rückgaberichtlinie für Proben](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/proben-ruckgabe-verfahren.htm) – Wir können keine Wasserproben zurücksenden.
[Lieferadresse](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/beta-kontakt.htm#ShippingAddresses)
*Letzte Aktualisierung der Seite: Juli 2026*
---
### [Water Analyses: Radiocarbon Dating, Stable Isotopes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/water-analysis.htm)
**Published:** September 29, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Recommended Packaging**- Please use a box with sufficient packing to prevent breakage during shipment.
- Please let us know if your water samples contain salt or have been in the proximity of any location using labeled 14C (artificial 14C).
[SGS Beta is a tracer-free laboratory](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-tracer-free-lab/ "SGS Beta is a tracer-free laboratory").
- Free webinars available on demand (English only), see previews here: [Dissolved Carbon](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "Dissolved Carbon"), [Isotopes in Hydrology](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isotopes in Hydrology")
---
**SGS Beta Services****Turnaround Time
(business days)****Recommended Sample Volume****Recommended Container**– δ13C on Water DIC 145 mLNalgene bottle with a narrow neck \*– δ13C + δD + δ18O145 mLNalgene bottle with a narrow neck \*– [δD + δ18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm "δD + δ18O ")145 mLNalgene bottle with a narrow neck \*– [δ17O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/water-isotope-d17oxygen.htm "δ17O")145 mLNalgene bottle with a narrow neck \*– δ17O + δD + δ18O145 mLNalgene bottle with a narrow neck \*– [Radiocarbon Dating (Water DIC)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm "Radiocarbon Dating (Water DIC)") \*\*2-14 (depending on AMS service selected)250 mL – 1 LNalgene bottles \*\*\*
([more details found here](https://www.radiocarbon.com/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm "Nalgene bottles"))**Isobar Science Services (SGS Beta subsidiary)**[Boron analysis](https://isobarscience.com/boron/sample-types/ "Boron analysis") (δ11B)Please contact 100 mLSmall-neck plastic bottle
(HDPE, LDPE, PP)
DO NOT use glass vials.[Lead](https://isobarscience.com/lead-isotopes/sample-types/ "Lead") (206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/204Pb,
208Pb/206Pb, and 207Pb/206Pb ratios)Please contact 125 mLSmall-neck plastic bottle
(HDPE, LDPE, PP)
DO NOT use glass vials.[Strontium](https://isobarscience.com/strontium/sample-types/ "Strontium") (87Sr/86Sr ratio)Please contact 125 mLSmall-neck plastic bottle
(HDPE, LDPE, PP)
DO NOT use glass vials.The isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) can only handle samples up to about 35 PSU (the standard salinity of seawater). The δ18O and δD values are not reported for hypersaline samples (35 PSU or more) and δ13C will only be reported if enough CO2 can be obtained from that sample.
\* Use a Nalgene bottle with a narrow neck with no prior use and fill to the top with no headspace. SGS Beta does not accept water samples for stable isotope analysis that still need to be pretreated (send filtered samples with no chemicals added).
\*\* Water DIC – δ13C, δ18O, and δD analyses are included with radiocarbon dating at no additional cost. Freshwater DOC – Fees are inclusive of δ13C measurements. DOC extraction fee applies in addition to the standard price.
\*\*\* Please DO NOT use glass bottles, recycled drinking water bottles, or other lightweight / low-density plastic bottles as they may allow isotopic effects to take place and bias the measurements, causing inaccuracies in the reported results. We accept no responsibility for the accuracy of testing results for samples submitted in collection bottles other than those specified.
## [\[VIDEO\] Sampling Recommendations for Stable Isotope Analysis](#collapseOne)
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
This video excerpt is part of SGS Beta’s webinar: [Isotopes in Hydrology](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isotopes in Hydrology")
[How to Collect Groundwater Samples](https://www.radiocarbon.com/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm#Collect)
## Water Types Accepted
- Radiocarbon dating and stable isotope analysis: Brackish, ground, sea (Note: For turbid water samples, you must filter out any debris prior to submitting the sample using 0.7-micron glass fiber filter paper.
- Boron analysis: Boron concentration must be 10 ppb or greater
## We DO NOT Accept
- Water samples that have been collected from any area that is near to a nuclear power plant, commercial or medical reactors, industrial/medical waste disposal sites or from within their drainage areas as it could introduce artificial 14C into the sample.
- Samples stored or handled in any laboratory or area that uses OR has ever used biomedical or artificially labeled 14C material at any time.
- Water samples that have been treated with mercuric chloride (HgCl2) or sodium azide (NaN3).
- Water that has NaOH or other alkali chemicals added to the sample.
**Submittal** – Please use this [online form](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/).
### How to Ship Water Samples to the Lab
Before placing the water bottles in a sturdy cardboard box, please put them inside a plastic bag and seal the bag with a zip-tie or duct tape. If any of the bottles leak during shipment, the water will not weaken the box. Please use a box with sufficient packing to prevent breakage while in transit.
We recommend commercial courier or registered first-class mail when sending the samples to the lab. Please email the courier and tracking number so we can monitor your package.
### Quotation Requests
When requesting for a formal estimate/quote, please indicate in [this form](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm) the number of water samples for analysis and the billing details of the paying institution.
### About SGS Beta
[Payment Terms](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-sample-payment.htm)
[Sample Return Policy](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sample-return-policy.htm) – We cannot return water samples.
[Shipping Addresses](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm#ShippingAddresses)
*Page last updated: July 2026*
---
### [Radiocarbon Analysis and Stable Isotopic Measurements of Methane and Other C1 Gases](https://www.radiocarbon.com/methane-analysis.htm)
**Published:** January 28, 2025
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
Radiogenic (14C) and stable isotopic (δ13C) measurements of methane (CH4) carbon atoms provide means by which to investigate methane sources, fate, and cycling in a variety of ecosystems.
Isotopic investigations of CH4 add insight into:
[](https://www.betalabservices.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/SGS-Beta-Primary-Sources-of-Methane.png)The isotopic values on this graph are representative from the scientific literature, may vary based on geographical location, and may change as new scientific studies and data are published.- General Methanogenesis (abiotic vs microbial)
- Geologic Formations (coal beds, trap gas, etc)
- Glacial Methane Gas (clathrate)
- Open vs Closed carbon methanogenic systems (mixing)
- Methane Source Tracking (landfill vs wetland vs pipeline)
- Soil Gases (ecosystem monitoring)
- Assigning Ecosystem Credits (carbon flux monitoring)
- Relational tool over time (changes to methanogenic systems)
- Post-formation reactions (oxidation effects)
- Optimization of biogas generation (feedstock analysis and product gas analysis)
Methane is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas that is produced by complicated biogeochemical reactions that take place in various environments. Stable and radiogenic isotopic testing of methane and associated gases provides means by which to investigate methane in a variety of scenarios, as outlined above.
## SGS Beta’s Services for Gases – Carbon-14 & Carbon-13 Analyses
SGS Beta currently performs radiogenic (14C) and stable isotopic (δ13C) measurements on pure methane as well as mixed gas samples with methane concentrations as low as 2 % (v/v), 0.6 L sample size. See the list below for the types of samples SGS Beta can analyze.
- Bulk Gas (Total Carbon)
- C1 Gases Combined (CH4, CO2, and CO)
- CH4 isolated
- CO2 associated gas, isolated
- CO isolated
Samples will be prescreened for gas composition using ASTM D7833 prior to isotopic analysis; the gas chromatography reports are available to the client upon request.
## Ready to submit samples for testing?
Contact your Account Manager or to receive a Hydrocarbon Gas 14C Dating questionnaire. A questionnaire must be completed, submitted, and approved by our laboratory team prior to submitting your sample.
**[Read our full guidelines here](https://www.betalabservices.com/hydrocarbons/shipping.html).**
For questions and more information, please contact us at .
**You might also be interested in:
[Fossil vs Biogenic Fuel Gas Testing](https://www.betalabservices.com/hydrocarbons/biogenic-c14-testing.html)[SGS North America Acquires Beta Analytic](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-analytic-an-sgs-lab/)
**References:**
1. Aelion, C. M., Höhener, P., Hunkeler, D., & Aravena, R. (2009). *Environmental isotopes in biodegradation and bioremediation*. CRC press.
2. Garnett, M. H., Hardie, S. M. L., Murray, C., & Billett, M. F. (2013). Radiocarbon dating of methane and carbon dioxide evaded from a temperate peatland stream. *Biogeochemistry*, *114*, 213-223.
3. Garnett, M. H., Hardie, S. M., & Murray, C. (2020). Radiocarbon analysis reveals that vegetation facilitates the release of old methane in a temperate raised bog. *Biogeochemistry*, *148*(1), 1-17.
4. Bezyk, Y., Górka, M., Kruszewski, Ł., Nęcki, J., Sówka, I., Jońca, J., … & Widory, D. (2024). Detecting and sourcing GHGs and atmospheric trace gases in a municipal waste treatment plant using coupled chemistry and isotope compositions. *Waste management (New York, NY)*, *190*, 382-397.
5. Kerfoot, H. B., Hagedorn, B., & Verwiel, M. (2013). Evaluation of the age of landfill gas methane in landfill gas–natural gas mixtures using co-occurring constituents. *Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts*, *15*(6), 1153-1161.
6. Hackley, K. C., Liu, C. L., & Coleman, D. D. (1996). Environmental isotope characteristics of landfill leachates and gases. *Groundwater*, *34*(5), 827-836.
7. Coleman, D. D., Liu, C. L., Hackley, K. C., & Pelphrey, S. R. (1995). Isotopic identification of landfill methane. *Environmental Geosciences*, *2*(2), 95-103.
8. de la Fuente, M. D. M., Narros, A., Sánchez, C., & Rodríguez, E. (2024). Quantification of methane oxidation measuring isotopic signal in 13C on Spanish landfills. *Atmospheric Pollution Research*, *15*(9), 102198
9. Petrenko, V. V., Smith, A. M., Brailsford, G., Riedel, K., Hua, Q., Lowe, D., … & Brook, E. J. (2008). A new method for analyzing 14C of methane in ancient air extracted from glacial ice. *Radiocarbon*, *50*(1), 53-73.
10. MOYA/ZWAMPS Team, Nisbet, E. G., Allen, G., Fisher, R. E., France, J. L., Lee, J. D., … & E. Wilde, S. (2022). Isotopic signatures of methane emissions from tropical fires, agriculture and wetlands: the MOYA and ZWAMPS flights. *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A*, *380*(2215), 20210112
11. Hodson, A. J., Nowak, A., Hornum, M. T., Senger, K., Redeker, K., Christiansen, H. H., … & Marca, A. (2020). Sub-permafrost methane seepage from open-system pingos in Svalbard. *The Cryosphere*, *14*(11), 3829-3842.
*Page last updated: August 2026*
---
### [建議樣品量](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/required-carbon-dating-sample-sizes.htm)
**Published:** July 2, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
以下的建議樣品量均為保守估計，並非絕對。SGS BETA實驗室的加速器質譜儀能夠分析極為少量的碳。
對於原始樣品量小於所列推薦量的樣品，請在寄出樣品前與我們聯繫，討論定年分析可能存在的限制。
不同樣品的需求不同，建議您根據研究方向與目的，慎選最適樣品。如果您擔心您的樣品太小或太少，請與我們聯繫。
---
下面列出的數量已預設為乾燥的材料、乾淨的、而且沒有黏附/連帶的雜質。 當寄送的樣本大小等於或接近最小推薦量時，這一點尤其重要。
點擊材料名稱查看附加費用（如果有）、取樣和實驗室預處理程序。
樣品類型AMS定年
建議樣品量碳14定年
附帶免費分析
(樣品充足時)[Antler / 鹿茸](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-bones.htm)1-4 公克δ13C, δ15N (未燒焦的鹿茸並可提供%C, %N, 與C:N比例)[Bones / 骨頭](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-bones.htm) （燒焦的）
骨頭碎片必須從裡到外完全燒焦。20-100 毫克δ13CBones / 骨頭（火化的）
骨頭碎片內外必須呈白色、粉筆狀的顏色；不存在黑色或藍灰色等斑駁的顏色。200 毫克 – 4 克δ13C, δ18OBones (heated) / 骨頭 (加熱過的)
骨頭碎片內外必須呈白色、粉筆狀的顏色；不存在黑色或藍灰色等斑駁的顏色。500 毫克 – 4 克δ13CBones (non-heated) / 骨頭 (未加熱的)
骨頭碎片內外必須呈白色、粉筆狀的顏色；不存在黑色或藍灰色等斑駁的顏色。500 毫克 – 4 克δ13C + δ15N, %C, %N, 與C:N比例[Charcoal / 木炭](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm)5-100 毫克δ13C預處理可能受到限制的[木炭](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm)2-4 毫克δ13C[Dung / 糞便](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-dung.htm)5-100 毫克δ13C[Fish Otolith / 魚耳石](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/c14-dating-fish-otoliths.htm)5-20 毫克δ13C, δ18O[Forams (pre-extracted) /
有孔蟲（已挑取/分類）](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-forams.htm)
需要實驗室提供部分預處理8毫克或更大δ13C, δ18O[Forams (pre-extracted) /
有孔蟲（已挑取/分類）](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-forams.htm)
不需要實驗室進行預處理3-7 毫克δ13C, δ18O 可能無法提供[Hair / 頭髮](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-forensics.htm)20-100 毫克δ13CInsect (chitin) / 昆蟲(殼體)10-50 毫克δ13C[Leather / 皮革](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-leather.htm)50-100 毫克δ13C[Organic Sediment, Gyttja, Silty Peat / 有機沉積物/腐朽黑泥](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-sediments.htm)1-10克
（大約的乾燥重量）δ13C[Peat (fibrous) / 泥炭(富含纖維)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-peat.htm)3-100 毫克δ13C[Phytoliths (extracted) / 植矽體(已挑取)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-phytoliths.htm)300 毫克δ13C[Plants and Seeds / 植物/種子](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-seeds.htm)3-100 毫克δ13C[Pollen (extracted) / 花粉(已挑取)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-pollen.htm)
必須pH 值中性、乾燥和已經去除碳酸鹽5-15 毫克δ13C[Pottery (charred food residue) /
陶器(含燒焦的食物殘渣)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-pottery.htm)10-100 毫克δ13C[Pteropods / 翼足類](https://www.radiocarbon.com/c14-dating-pteropods/)5-100 毫克δ13C, δ18O[Shell, Coral, CaCO3 /
實驗室提供預處理](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-shells.htm)7-100 毫克δ13C, δ18O[Shell, Coral, CaCO3 /
貝殼/珊瑚/碳酸鈣](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-shells.htm)3-6.5 毫克δ13C, δ18O 可能無法提供[Teeth / 牙齒](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-bones.htm) （完整的犬齒、門齒或臼齒包含齒根）1-2 顆δ13C, δ15N (未燒焦的牙齒並可提供%C, %N, 與C:N比例)[Textile / 紡織品](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-textiles.htm)20-100 毫克δ13C[Water for DIC extraction /
水的DIC](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm)250 毫升 – 1 升δ13C, δ18O, δ2H[Wood / 木頭](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-wood.htm)3-100 毫克
50-100毫克，使用纖維素萃取δ13C---
**預處理** – 樣品的預處理將直接影響最後的測試結果，所以請務必了解樣品將進行的 預處理 內容。假如樣品非常小或異常脆弱，我們應先討論適用的預處理選項，以免導致樣品大小劇減。同時也歡迎您要求我們於預處理後與您聯繫，一併討論AMS定年選項。
針對因微量或不足量，以致無法進行AMS定年的樣品，SGS BETA實驗室已廢止取消費用及部份收費項目（溶劑／纖維素萃取除外）。
**請注意** – 費用包含使用同位素質譜儀（IRMS）的d13C測試、測試報告、年代校正（對於可校正的樣品）以及全天候網頁查詢服務（可查詢過往的測試報告及正在進行的分析內容）。送交進行放射性碳定年的樣品，SGS BETA實驗室也免費提供適用未火化骨頭的d15N測試、適用碳酸鹽的d18O測試，以及適用地下水的d18O和d2H測試。
## 樣品的建議包裝
請將樣品直接裝入夾鏈袋中，袋子不會污染樣品。小的或微粒樣品，則請用鋁箔紙包好後，再放入已標示好的夾鏈袋內。
[](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/beta-analytic-samples-packing-tradchinese.png)
---
**請注意：一次只處理一個樣品。** 包裝完一個樣品後，再開始進行另一個樣品的包裝，這樣做可避免包裝途中造成交叉污染。
強烈建議您用小盒子寄送樣品（請勿使用信封），這樣可確保運輸途中樣品的完整性。 因為快遞的自動分揀系統一般使用滾筒來進行分類，因此會將信封捲入，而再輕的力道，都足以將小樣品壓碎或壓成粉末。
[如何寄送樣品](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/sending-carbon-dating-samples.htm)
[SGS Beta實驗室付款政策](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-sample-payment.htm)
[樣品寄送建議](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/details.htm)
*最後更新: 2025年2月*
---
### [試料の必要量(推奨量)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/required-carbon-dating-sample-sizes.htm)
**Published:** April 1, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
下記必要量はおおよそのガイドラインで必要量ではありません。加速器質量分析(AMS)によって炭素量が非常に少ない試料も分析可能です。最小重量につきましては、ご相談下さい。
初期重量が以下に記載されている量より少ない場合は事前にご連絡いただくようお願いいたします。
必要な試料量は、個々の試料によって異なります。サンプリングは研究の目的を達成するために一番適した試料を選ぶという方針で行うことを推奨しています。その結果、もしサンプルが小さすぎるのではないかと懸念される場合はいつでもご相談ください。
---
以下に記載されている重量は、乾燥状態で異物や汚れなどが付着していない場合です。 特に試料サイズが記載の最小量かそれに近い場合は必ずご確認ください。
試料の種類名にリンクがある場合はクリックし、追加料金必要の有無、試料の選択方法、試験所における前処理の方法をご確認ください。
試料AMS 年代測定
試料の必要量(推奨量)C14年代測定に含まれて
いる分析サービス
(試料量が十分な場合)[Antler / ツノ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-bones.htm)1-4 gδ13C, δ15N (および炭化していないツノの %C, %N, C:N 比)[Bones](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-bones.htm) (charred) / 骨 (炭化したもの)
中も外も完全に炭化した骨。20-100 mgδ13CBones (cremated) / 骨 (火葬骨)
中も外も白いチョーク状の色のもののみ可能。黒や青～灰色のものは不可。200 mg – 4 gδ13C, δ18OBones (heated) / 骨 (熱が加えられた)500 mg – 4 gδ13CBones (non-heated) / 骨 (熱が加えられていない)500 mg – 4 gδ13C + δ15N, %C, %N, %C, %N, C:N比[Charcoal / 炭化物](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm)5-100 mgδ13C[Charcoal / 炭化物](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm) 前処理が制限される場合があります。2-4 mgδ13C[Dung / 糞化石](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-dung.htm)5-100 mgδ13C[Fish Otolith / 魚耳石](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/c14-dating-fish-otoliths.htm)5-20 mgδ13C, δ18O[Forams (pre-extracted/sorted) / 有孔虫 (抽出/選別済みのもの)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-forams.htm)
試験所で前処理を行う8 mg以上δ13C, δ18O[Forams (pre-extracted/sorted) / 有孔虫(抽出/選別済みのもの)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-forams.htm)
試験所での前処理は不可能3-7 mgδ13C, δ18O の分析は不可能[Hair / 髪](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-forensics.htm)20-100 mgδ13C[Insect (chitin) / 昆虫 (キチン)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-carbon-dating-isotopic-analysis-insects-chitin/)10-50 mgδ13C[Leather / 革](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-leather.htm)50-100 mgδ13C[Organic Sediment, Gyttja, Silty Peat /
有機堆積物、シルトに富むピート](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-sediments.htm)1-10 g
(おおよその乾燥重量)δ13C[Peat (fibrous) / 繊維質に富むピート](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-peat.htm)3-100 mgδ13C[Phytoliths (extracted) /
プラントオパール (抽出されたもの)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-phytoliths.htm)300 mgδ13C[Plants and Seeds / 植物、種子](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-seeds.htm)3-100 mgδ13C[Pollen (extracted) /
完全にpHが中性, 炭酸塩除去の前処理が行われていて乾燥状態のもの](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-pollen.htm)5-15 mg (乾燥した状態)δ13C[Pottery (charred food residue) /
土器付着炭化物](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-pottery.htm)10-100 mgδ13C[Pteropoda](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-c14-dating-pteropods/)5-100 mgδ13C, δ18O[Shell, Coral, CaCO3 / 貝殻、サンゴ、CaCO3](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-shells.htm)
試験所で前処理を行うことが可能7-100 mgδ13C, δ18O[Shell, Coral, CaCO3 / 貝殻、サンゴ、CaCO3](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-shells.htm)
試験所での前処理は不可能3-6.5 mgδ13C, δ18Oの分析は不可能[Teeth / 歯](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-bones.htm)
(完全な犬歯, 切歯もしくは歯根のついた臼歯)1-2 歯δ13C, δ15N (および炭化していない歯の %C, %N, C:N比)[Textile / 繊維](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-textiles.htm)20-100 mgδ13C[Water for DIC extraction / 水 DIC](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm)250 mL – 1 Lδ13C, δ18O, δ2H[Wood / 木材](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-wood.htm)3-100 mg,
セルロース抽出を行う場合は50-100 mgδ13C---
**前処理** – 前処理は最終結果に直接影響を与えるため、どんな前処理が実施されるかを理解することが重要です。もしサンプルがごく少量、あるいは壊れやすい場合は、試料の余分な減少を避けるため、分析前に前処理方法の選択について話し合うことが望ましいです。前処理が終了した時点で、ご連絡を差し上げる必要がありましたらどうぞお知らせ下さい。
SGS Beta は試料量不足、炭素量不足によってAMS年代測定ができない場合のキャンセル料金、一部分析(前処理)料金を無料といたしました。 年代測定を行った試料のみに料金がかかります。（ただし、溶媒/セルロース抽出には前処理料金がかかります。）
**注記** – 料金には安定同位体質量分析計（IRMS）によるCO2-d13Cの直接測定、品質管理レポート(QA Report)、Conventional Radiocarbon Age および暦年代較正、オンラインアクセスによる測定結果や測定中試料の状況の閲覧が含まれています。
## 推奨パッケージング
比較的量の多いサンプルは直接チャック付きプラスティックバッグ（ユニパックなど）に入れてください。チャック付きプラスティックバッグによってサンプルが汚染されることはありません。 極微量サンプル、または微粒子のサンプルはアルミホイルに包んでください。 各アルミホイルの包みはさらにチャック付きプラスティックバッグに入れてください。
[](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/beta-analytic-samples-packing-japanese.png)
---
**注意: 一度につき、ひとつのサンプルのみを取り扱ってください。** 次のサンプルのパッケージングを始める前に、お取り扱い中のサンプルのパッケージングをまず完了させてください。 そうすることによって、パッケージング過程でサンプルが混乱することを防げます。
送付中にサンプルが崩れることのないよう、なるべく封筒ではなく小さい箱をお使いいただくことを強く推奨します。 郵送サービスで使われる機器は通常自動選別プロセスの際にローラーで封筒を運びます。このプロセスの際に封筒に与えられるわずかな重圧でも小さい欠片を崩して粉状にしてしまいかねません。
[サンプル送付時の推奨と送付先](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/sending-carbon-dating-samples.htm)
[支払い条件](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-sample-payment.htm)
[サンプルを送付する前にお読みください](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/details.htm)
*最終更新： 2025年2月*
---
### [권장 시료 크기](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/required-carbon-dating-sample-sizes.htm)
**Published:** December 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
다음에 제시되는 권장량은 절대적인 것은 아닙니다. 그저 일반적인 가이드라인일 뿐입니다. 실제로 본 연구소가 보유하고 있는 질량가속분석기로 아주 적은 소량의 탄소도 측정할 수 있습니다.
처음 시료 크기가 권장 시료 크기보다 작은 경우, 측정 가능 여부 의논하기 위해 시료 발송 전 연락 바랍니다.
시료 적정량은 시료에 따라 다양합니다. 저희는 다만 연구 목적에 맞는 가장 좋은 시료를 선택하실 것을 권장합니다. 시료 량이 너무 적어 걱정되시면 언제든지 연락주시기 바랍니다.
---
아래에 나열된 시료 크기는 건조 상태이며, 시료에 부착되어 있거나 / 관련 부속 물질이 없다는 가정입니다. 이는 최소한의 권장 크기 범위 내, 혹은 그 정도의 시료를 보낼 때 특히 고려해야 합니다.
시료 이름을 클릭하면 추가 요금 (만약 있다면), 시료 선택 방법 및 실험실의 전처리 절차를 확인할 수 있습니다.
시료 종류AMS연대측정
권장 시료 크기C14 연대측정 시 포함된 분석
(충분한 시료인 경우)[Antler / 뿔](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-bones.htm)1-4 그램δ13C, δ15N (추가로 탄화 안된 뿔 %C, %N, 및 C:N 비)[Bones (charred) / 뼈 (탄화 상태)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-bones.htm)
뼈의 내외가 완전 탄화되어 있어야 합니다.20-100 밀리 그램δ13CBones (cremated) / 뼈 (화장 상태)
뼈 조각들이 반드시 흰색이며, 내 외부가 모두 분필 같은 색이어야 합니다: 검은 색 혹은 파랗거나 회색의 점들이 없어야 합니다.200 밀리 그램 – 4 그램δ13C, δ18OBones (heated) / 뼈 (열이 가해진)500 밀리 그램 – 4 그램δ13CBones (non-heated) / 뼈 (일반)500 밀리 그램 – 4 그램δ13C + δ15N, %C, %N, 및 C:N 비[Charcoal / 목탄](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm)5-100 밀리그램δ13C목탄 전처리에 한계가 있는 경우2-4 밀리그램δ13C[Dung / 분뇨](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-dung.htm)5-100 밀리그램δ13C[Fish Otolith / 어류 이석](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/c14-dating-fish-otoliths.htm)5-20 밀리그램δ13C, δ18O[Forams (pre-extracted/sorted) /
유공충 (사전 추출/정리된 상태)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-forams.htm)
약간의 전처리 제공합니다.8 밀리 그램 이상δ13C, δ18O유공충 (사전 추출/정리된 상태)
전처리 제공 안됨3-7 밀리그램δ13C, δ18O 분석 서비스 제공 못할 수 있습니다.[Hair / 모발](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-forensics.htm)20-100 밀리그램δ13CInsect (chitin) / 곤충 (키친)10-50 밀리그램δ13C[Leather / 가죽](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-leather.htm)50-100 밀리그램δ13C[Organic Sediment, Gyttja, Silty Peat
/ 유기 퇴적물, 진흙, 토탄](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-sediments.htm)1-10 그램 (마른 상태의 대략적 무게)δ13C[Peat (fibrous) / 섬유질 이탄](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-peat.htm)3-100 밀리그램δ13C[Phytoliths (extracted) / 식물암 (추출된 상태)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-phytoliths.htm)300 밀리그램δ13C[Plants and Seeds / 식물체 와 뿌리](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-seeds.htm)3-100 밀리그램δ13C[Pollen (extracted) / 화분 (추출된 상태)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-pollen.htm)
완전 pH 중립, 건조 상태, 탄산염 제거를 위한 전처리5-15 밀리그램δ13C[Pottery (charred food residue) /
도자기 (탄화된 음식 잔여물)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-pottery.htm)10-100 밀리그램δ13C[익룡류](https://www.radiocarbon.com/c14-dating-pteropods/)5-100 밀리그램δ13C, δ18O[Shell, Coral, CaCO3 /
조개껍질, 산호, 탄산염](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-shells.htm)
전처리 제공합니다7-100 밀리그램δ13C, δ18O[조개껍질, 산호, 탄산염](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-shells.htm)
전처리 제공 안됨3-6.5 밀리그램δ13C, δ18O 분석 서비스 제공 못할 수 있습니다.[Teeth / 치아](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-bones.htm) (뿌리가 완전 부착된 송곳니, 앞니, 어금니)1-2 개의 치아δ13C, δ15N (추가로 탄화 안된 치아의 %C, %N, 및 C:N 비)[Textile / 섬유](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-textiles.htm)20-100 밀리그램δ13C[Water for DIC extraction /
DIC 추출된 물](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm)250 밀리리터에서 1 리터δ13C, δ18O, δ2H[Wood / 목재](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-wood.htm)3-100 밀리그램,
셀루로즈 추출 포함 50-100 밀리 그램δ13C---
**전처리** – 시료에 적용되는 전처리 과정은 최종 측정 결과에 직접적인 영향을 미치기 때문에 충분히 인지하고 있어야 합니다. 예를 들어 시료가 아주 소량이거나 부서져 있다면 시료가 줄어들지 않은 전처리 방법을 선택해야 하기 때문에 의논할 필요가 있습니다. 전처리 과정 후 AMS 연대측정에 대한 옵션들의 의논을 위해 연락이 필요할 경우 연락 달라는 요청 사항을 데이타 시트에 기재하시면 연락드립니다.
SGS Beta 연구소는 시료량이 너무 적거나 충분한 탄소를 확보하지 못했을 경우, 취소 수수료와 부분 분석에 대한 비용을 청구하지 않습니다. (예외: 솔벤트/셀루로스 추출).
**참고 사항** – 연대측정 가격에는 다음 서비스들이 포함되어 있습니다. 별도의 안정동위원소 비 질량 분석기 \[isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS)\]을 이용한 d13C 측정, 품질 확인 보고서 (QA reports). 보정값, 지난 보고서와 분석 과정을 보실 수 있는 24/7 웹 사용권한 또한 연대측정 의뢰 시 화장 안된 뼈의 경우는 d15N, 탄산염 시료의 경우는 d18O, 지하수의 경우 d18O 와 d2H 측정 서비스를 무료로 제공해 드립니다.
## 포장 방법
어느 정도 크기의 시료인 경우, 지퍼가 달린 백에 시료를 직접 놓은 다음 지퍼를 닫아 오염이 되지 않게 합니다. 소량이거나 가루가 된 시료라면 알루미늄 포일에 싼 다음 파우치에 넣고, 이 파우치를 지퍼가 달린 백에 넣은 다음에 잘 닫습니다.
[](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/beta-analytic-samples-packing-korean.png)
---
**참고 사항: 시료를 다룰 때 항상 한번에 한 시료만 다룹니다.** 한 시료의 포장을 마친 다음에 다음 시료의 포장을 시작하며, 절대 포장을 완전히 마치기 전에 다른 시료 포장을 시작하지 않습니다. 이 방법이 시료 포장 중 시료들이 섞이게 하지 않는 제일 좋은 방법입니다.
시료를 봉투 대신 작은 상자에 넣어 보내 주시기 바랍니다. 운송 도중 분류 과정에서 롤러를 통해 옮겨지게 되는데 봉투의 경우 시료들이 눌리거나 부서져 가루가 되기 쉽기 때문입니다.
[선적 시 주의 사항과 보내실 주소 ](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/sending-carbon-dating-samples.htm)
[결제 조건](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-sample-payment.htm)
[시료 취급 방법 안내](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/details.htm)
*관련 자료: 2025년 2월*
---
### [Tamanhos recomendados de amostras](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-requisitos-amostras.htm)
**Published:** August 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
As seguintes recomendações não são requisitos, mas sim orientações gerais. Podemos analisar quantidades minúsculas de carbono em nossos espectrômetros de massas com aceleradores (AMS).
Para amostras de tamanhos iniciais menores que os listados, por favor entre em contato para discutirmos possíveis limitações das análises.
Os tamanhos recomendados para amostras individuais podem variar. Sempre aconselhamos que você escolha as melhores amostras para os seus objetivos de pesquisa. Consulte-nos se acredita que as suas amostras são demasiadamente pequenas.
---
As quantidades listadas abaixo supõem que o material esteja seco, limpo e livre de matriz aderida ou associada. É especialmente importante considerar isso quando for enviar uma amostra com tamanho muito próximo ao mínimo recomendado.
Clique no nome do material para ver informações sobre taxas extras (quando aplicáveis), seleção de amostras e procedimentos de pré-tratamento no laboratório.
Tipo de material Datação por 14C Tamanho recomendado de amostra Análises inclusas à datação por 14C (se amostra for suficiente) [Água (CID)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/aguas-subterraneas-carbono-datacao-amostragem.htm) 250 mililitros – 1 litro δ13C, δ18O, δ2H [Artigos têxteis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/ams-datacao-texteis.htm) 20-100 miligramas δ13C [Cabelo ou pelo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/datacao-ema-forense.htm) 20-100 miligramas δ13C [Carvão](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-carvao.htm) 5-100 miligramas δ13C [Carvão](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-carvao.htm) – pode haver limitações de pré-tratamento 2-4 miligramas δ13C [Cerâmica (resíduos carbonizados de alimentos)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/ams-datacao-ceramica.htm) 10-100 miligramas δ13C [Chifres](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-ossos.htm) 1-4 gramas δ13C, δ15N (mais razões de %C, %N e C:N em chifres não queimados) [Concha, coral, CaCO3](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-conchas.htm) – com pré-tratamento no laboratório 7-100 miligramas δ13C, δ18O [Concha, coral, CaCO3](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-conchas.htm) – sem pré-tratamento no laboratório 3-6,5 miligramas δ13C, δ18O caso viável [Couro](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/datacao-carbono-couro.htm) 50-100 miligramas δ13C [Dente](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-ossos.htm) – canino ou incisivo inteiros, ou molar com raízes 1-2 dentes δ13C, δ15N (mais razões de %C, %N e C:N em dentes não queimados) [Esterco](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/datacao-carbono-esterco.htm) 5-100 miligramas δ13C [Fitólitos (extraídos pelo solicitante)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/datacao-carbono-fitolitos.htm) 300 miligramas δ13C [Foraminíferos (extraídos e selecionados pelo solicitante)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/datacao-ema-foraminiferos.htm) – algum pré-tratamento no laboratório 8 ou mais miligramas δ13C, δ18O [Foraminíferos (extraídos e selecionados pelo solicitante)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/datacao-ema-foraminiferos.htm) – sem pré-tratamento no laboratório 3-7 miligramas δ13C, δ18O caso viável [Inseto (quitina)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-isotopic-analysis-insects-chitin/) 10-50 miligramas δ13C [Madeira](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-madeira.htm) 3-100 miligramas;
50-100 miligramas com extração de celulose δ13C Ossos (aquecidos) 500 miligramas – 4 gramas δ13 Ossos (não aquecidos) 500 miligramas – 4 gramas δ13, δ15N, %C, %N, e C:N Osso queimado – deve estar completamente queimado por dentro e por fora 20-100 miligramas δ13C Osso cremado – fragmentos devem ter coloração branca por dentro e por fora, sem marmorização preta ou azul-acinzentada 200 miligramas – 4 gramas δ13C, δ18O [Otólitos de peixe](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/datacao-c14-otolitos-peixe.htm) 5-20 miligramas δ13C, δ18O [Plantas e sementes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/datacao-ema-sementes.htm) 3-100 miligramas δ13C [Pólen (extraído pelo solicitante)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/datacao-ema-polen.htm) – com pH completamente neutro, seco e pré-tratado para a remoção de carbonatos 5-15 miligramas δ13C [Pterópodes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/c14-dating-pteropods/) 5-100 miligramas δ13C, δ18O [Sedimento orgânico, gyttja, turfa argilosa](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/ams-datacao-sedimentos.htm) 1-10 gramas (peso seco aproximado) δ13C [Turfa fibrosa](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/datacao-ema-turfa.htm) 3-100 miligramas δ13C ---
**Pré-tratamento** – É importante compreender os pré-tratamentos aplicados às amostras, visto que eles afetam diretamente o resultado final. Fique à vontade para entrar em contato conosco para discutirmos os pré-tratamentos, ou solicitar que entremos em contato depois que os pré-tratamentos tenham sido realizados (antes da datação).
O SGS Beta não cobra mais taxas de cancelamento e de análises parciais (exceto extração de celulose ou solvente) para amostras insuficientes ou que não produzirem carbono adequado para a datação por AMS.
**Observação:** Os preços incluem medições de δ13C, relatórios de garantia de qualidade, calibração calendárica (quando aplicável), e acesso eletrônico permanente a resultados anteriores e a análises em andamento.
## Embalagem Recomendada
Coloque amostras grandes diretamente em sacos plásticos com fecho de zíper – o plástico não contaminará o material. Amostras pequenas, ou que contenham partículas pequenas, deverão ser envoltas em lâminas de alumínio antes de colocadas dentro de sacos do mesmo tipo. Cada saco deverá ser rotulado com o respectivo código da amostra.
[](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/beta-analytic-samples-packing-portuguese.png)---
**Observação: Manuseie apenas UMA amostra de cada vez.** Conclua o processo de embalagem para cada amostra antes de iniciar o próximo. Isto evitará equívocos durante o procedimento de embalagem.
Recomendamos o uso de pequenas caixas de papelão para o envio das amostras (em vez de envelopes) para proteger a integridade física do material durante o transporte. Geralmente, os serviços postais passam os pacotes por rolos durante o processo de classificação automática, e a pequena pressão exercida durante o processo é suficiente para esmagar pequenos pedaços e transformá-los em pó.
[Recomendações sobre o envio](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-enviar-amostras.htm)
[Termos de pagamento](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-termos-pagamento.htm)
[Dicas sobre como manusear amostras](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-details.htm)
*Última atualização: fevereiro de 2025*
---
### [Quantità di materiale raccomandata](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-radiocarbonio-campioni-dimensioni.htm)
**Published:** July 22, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Queste indicazioni non sono requisiti obbligatori, ma solo linee guida. Possiamo analizzare quantità di carbonio estremamente ridotte nei nostri spettrometri di massa con acceleratore (AMS).
Per i campioni con peso iniziale inferiore a quello indicato, suggeriamo di contattare il laboratorio prima dell’invio per verificare se questo limiterà l’analisi.
La quantità richiesta per un campione specifico può essere diversa rispetto a quella indicata in tabella. Raccomandiamo sempre di selezionare i campioni in base alle necessità e agli obiettivi dello studio. In caso di dubbi sulle dimensioni dei campioni, contattare il laboratorio.
---
Le quantità elencate di seguito presuppongono che il materiale sia asciutto, pulito e privo di matrice aderente/associata, ed è particolarmente importante tenere conto di questo quando si inviano campioni con peso pari o vicino a quello minimo raccomandato.
Fare clic sul nome del materiale per visualizzare i costi aggiuntivi (se presenti), la guida alla selezione dei campioni e le procedure di pretrattamento in laboratorio.
Tipo di materialeDatazione AMS
Quantità raccomandataAnalisi gratuite
con datazione C14
(se le dimensioni lo consentono)[Corna](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-le-ossa.htm)1-4 grammiδ13C, δ15N (e %C, %N, C:N per corna non carbonizzate)[Ossa](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-le-ossa.htm) (carbonizzate)
I frammenti ossei devono essere completamente carbonizzati all’interno e all’esterno 20-100 milligrammiδ13COssa (cremate)
I frammenti ossei devono avere una colorazione bianca, simile al gesso, all’interno e all’esterno; non devono essere presenti macchie nere o grigio-blu200 milligrammi – 4 grammiδ13C, δ18OOssa (esposte a calore)500 milligrammi – 4 grammiδ13COssa (non esposte a calore)500 milligrammi – 4 grammiδ13C + δ15N, %C, %N, e
rapporto C:N[Carbone](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-il-carbone-con-il-carbonio.htm)5-100 milligrammiδ13C[Carbone](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-il-carbone-con-il-carbonio.htm) pretrattamento limitato2-4 milligrammiδ13C[Sterco](https://www.radiocarbon.com/water-doc-dating.htm)1 Lδ13C[Otoliti di pesce](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-sterco.htm)5-100 milligrammiδ13C[Foraminiferi (pre-estratti/selezionati)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-ams-foraminiferi.htm)
Il laboratorio può effettuare un pretrattamento limitatoAlmeno 8 milligrammiδ13C, δ18O[Foraminiferi (pre-estratti/selezionati)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-ams-foraminiferi.htm)
NESSUN pretrattamento in laboratorio3-7 milligrammiδ13C, δ18O potrebbero non essere misurabili[Peli](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-ams-forense.htm)20-100 milligrammiδ13C[Insetti (chitina)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-isotopic-analysis-insects-chitin/)10-50 milligrammiδ13C[Pelle/cuoio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-pelle.htm)50-100 milligrammiδ13C[Sedimenti organici, gyttja, torba sedimentaria ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-i-sedimenti-con-l-ams.htm)1-10 grammi
(peso secco approssimativo)δ13C[Torba (fibrosa)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-ams-torba.htm)3-100 milligrammiδ13C[Fitoliti (estratti)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-radiocarbonio-fitoliti.htm)300 milligrammiδ13C[Piante e semi](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-ams-semi.htm)3-100 milligrammiδ13C[Polline (estratto)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-ams-polline.htm)
A pH neutro, asciutto e pretrattato per rimuovere i carbonati.5-15 milligrammiδ13C[Vasellame (residui di cibo carbonizzato)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-la-ceramica-con-l-ams.htm)10-100 milligrammiδ13C[Pteropodi](https://www.radiocarbon.com/c14-dating-pteropods/)5-100 milligrammiδ13C, δ18O[Conchiglie, corallo, CaCO3](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-le-conchiglie-al-carbonio.htm)
Il laboratorio può effettuare un pretrattamento7-100 milligrammiδ13C, δ18O[Conchiglie, corallo, CaCO3](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-le-conchiglie-al-carbonio.htm)
NESSUN pretrattamento in laboratorio3-6.5 milligrammiδ13C, δ18O potrebbero non essere misurabili[Denti](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-le-ossa.htm) (canini, incisivi o molari interi con radici attaccate)1-2 dentiδ13C, δ15N (e %C, %N, C:N per denti non carbonizzati)[Tessuto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-i-tessuti-con-l-ams.htm)20-100 milligrammiδ13CAcqua per estrazione del carbonio inorganico disciolto250 milliliters-1 litroδ13C, δ18O, δ2H[Legno](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-ams-legno.htm)3-100 milligrammi,
50-100 milligrammi per estrazione della cellulosaδ13C---
**Pretrattamento** – È importante comprendere i pretrattamenti che saranno applicati ai campioni, dal momento che influenzano direttamente il risultato delle analisi. Nel caso i campioni siano particolarmente piccoli o fragili, consigliamo di contattare il laboratorio per discutere i pretrattamenti disponibili, per evitare un’eccessiva riduzione del peso del campione. Siamo sempre disponibili a contattare il cliente per discutere le opzioni per la datazione AMS dopo aver completato i pretrattamenti.
SGS Beta ha rimosso le tariffe per la cancellazione dei campioni e per le analisi parziali (a eccezione delle tariffe per l’estrazione con solventi o della cellulosa) su campioni che risultano troppo piccoli o contengono troppo poco carbonio per la datazione AMS.
**Nota** – Le tariffe includono la misurazione del δ13C con spettrometro di massa isotopica (IRMS), i report di garanzia di qualità, la calibrazione agli anni di calendario (dove applicabile) e l’accesso online 24/7 alle analisi in corso e ai risultati.
## Imballaggio raccomandato
I campioni di grandi dimensioni possono essere inseriti direttamente in una bustina con zip. La busta non contaminerà il campione. Avvolgere i campioni di piccole dimensioni o composti da frammenti fini in fogli di alluminio che andranno chiusi a formare un sacchetto. Riporre ogni sacchetto in una bustina con zip etichettata.
[](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/beta-analytic-samples-packing-italian.png)
---
**NOTA: Maneggiare sempre UN SOLO campione per volta.** Iniziare e concludere il processo di imballaggio di ogni campione prima di passare al successivo. Questo accorgimento permette di evitare confusione nell’imballaggio dei campioni.
Raccomandiamo, quando possibile, di inviare i campioni in scatole rigide (invece di utilizzare buste imbottite) per mantenerli integri durante la spedizione. Durante il processo di smistamento automatico da parte dei servizi postali, le buste vengono fatte passare su nastri trasportatori a rullo e la leggera pressione esercitata durante questo processo è sufficiente a frantumare e polverizzare il materiale.
[Istruzioni per la spedizione](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-radiocarbonio-campioni.htm)
[Termini di pagamento](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-radiocarbonio-pagamento.htm)
[Consigli per la manipolazione dei campioni](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/details.htm)
*Ultimo aggiornamento: febbraio 2025*
---
### [Taille recommandée pour les échantillons](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/taille-des-echantillons-radiocarbone.htm)
**Published:** July 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Les quantités recommandées ne sont pas obligatoires, ce sont uniquement des recommandations générales. Nous pouvons analyser de très petites quantités de carbone dans nos spectromètres de masse par accélérateur (AMS).
Pour les échantillons dont les tailles initiales sont inférieures à celles indiquées, veuillez nous contacter avant l’envoi pour discuter des éventuelles limitations de la datation.
Les quantités nécessaires varient. Nous vous recommandons toujours de choisir les échantillons les plus adaptés à vos objectifs de recherche. Si vous craignez que votre échantillon soit trop petit, n’hésitez pas à nous contacter pour en discuter.
---
Les quantités indiquées ci-dessous supposent que le matériau soit sec et débarrassé de toute matrice associée ou adhérante. Ceci est particulièrement important à prendre en compte lors de l’envoi de tailles d’échantillons égales ou proches de la taille minimale recommandée.
Cliquez sur le nom du matériau pour afficher les frais supplémentaires (le cas échéant), la sélection des échantillons et les procédures de prétraitement.
Type de matériauDatation AMS
Taille recommandée pour les échantillonsAnalyses incluses avec la datation C14 (si la taille de l’échantillon le permet)[Antler / Bois de cervidé](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-os.htm)1-4 grammesδ13C, δ15N (et %C, %N, et ratio C:N pour les bois de cervidés non calcinés)[Bones / Os](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-os.htm) (calcinés)
Les fragments d’os doivent être complètement carbonisés à l’intérieur et à l’extérieur.
20-100 milligrammesδ13COs (incinérés)
Les fragments d’os doivent avoir une coloration blanche semblable à de la craie à l’intérieur et à l’extérieur ; aucune coloration marbrée noire ou bleue-grise n’est présente.200 milligrammes – 4 grammesδ13C, δ18OOs (chauffé)500 milligrammes – 4 grammesδ13COs (non-chauffé)500 milligrammes – 4 grammesδ13C + δ15N, %C, %N, et
C:N[Charcoal / Charbon de bois](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-charbon.htm)5-100 milligrammesδ13C[Charcoal / Charbon de bois](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-charbon.htm) qui peut avoir des limites de prétraitement2-4 milligrammesδ13C[Dung / Excrément](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-excrements.htm)5-100 milligrammesδ13C[Fish Otolith / Otolithes de poisson](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-c14-otolithes-poissons.htm)5-20 milligrammesδ13C, δ18O[Forams (pre-extracted) / Foraminifères (pré-extraits/triés)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-ams-foraminiferes.htm)
Le laboratoire fournit un prétraitement8 milligrammes ou plusδ13C, δ18O[Forams (pre-extracted) / Foraminifères (pré-extraits/triés)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-ams-foraminiferes.htm)
AUCUN prétraitement n’est prévu3-7 milligrammesδ13C, δ18O peuvent ne pas être possible[Hair / Cheveux](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/police-scientifique.htm)20-100 milligrammesδ13C[Insect (chitin) / Insecte (Chitine)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/datation-carbone-analyse-isotopique-insectes-chitine/)10-50 milligrammesδ13C[Leather / Cuir](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-cuir.htm)50-100 milligrammesδ13C[Organic Sediment, Gyttja, Silty Peat /
Sédiments organiques, gyttja, tourbe limoneuse](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-sma-sediments.htm)1-10 grammes grammes
(poids sec approximatif)δ13C[Peat (fibrous) / Tourbe (fibreuse)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-ams-tourbe.htm)3-100 milligrammesδ13C[Phytoliths (extracted) /
Phytolithes (déjà extraits)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-ams-phytolithes.htm)300 milligrammesδ13C[Plants and Seeds / Plantes et graines](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-semences.htm)3-100 milligrammesδ13C[Pollen (extracted) / Pollen (déjà extrait)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-ams-pollen.htm)
pH complètement neutre, sec et prétraité pour éliminer les carbonates5-15 milligrammesδ13C[Pottery (charred food residue) /
Poterie (résidus alimentaires carbonisés)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-sma-poteries.htm)10-100 milligrammesδ13C[Ptéropodes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/c14-datation-pteropodes/)5-100 milligrammesδ13C, δ18O[Shell, Coral, CaCO3 / Coquillage, Corail, CaCO3](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-coquilles.htm)
Le laboratoire fournit un prétraitement7-100 milligrammesδ13C, δ18O[Shell, Coral, CaCO3 / Coquillage, Corail, CaCO3](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-coquilles.htm)
AUCUN prétraitement n’est prévu3-6.5 milligrammesδ13C, δ18O peuvent ne pas être possible[Teeth / Dents](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-os.htm) (canine, incisive ou molaire complète avec racines attachées)1-2 dentsδ13C, δ15N (et %C, %N, et ratio C:N pour les dents non calcinées)[Textile / Textile](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-sma-textiles.htm)20-100 milligrammesδ13C[Water for DIC extraction /
Eau pour extraction de DIC](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/echantillons-datation-carbone-eaux-souterraines.htm)250 millilitres à 1 litreδ13C, δ18O, δ2H[Wood / Bois](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-bois.htm)3-100 milligrammes,
50-100 milligrammes avec extraction de celluloseδ13C**Prétraitement** – Il est important de comprendre la nature des prétraitements qui seront appliqués à l’échantillon, car ils ont une influence directe sur le résultat final. Si vos échantillons sont particulièrement petits ou fragiles, nous devons discuter des différentes options de prétraitement possibles avant de les appliquer afin d’éviter une réduction de taille excessive. Egalement, n’hésitez pas à demander à ce que l’on vous contacte une fois le prétraitement terminé pour discuter des options de datation possibles.
SGS Beta a supprimé les frais d’annulation et d’analyses partielles (à l’exception des frais d’extraction de cellulose et de solvants) pour les échantillons qui sont trop petits ou ne fournissent pas de carbone exploitable pour une datation par AMS.
**Remarque** – Nos tarifs incluent la mesure δ13C réalisée dans un spectromètre de masse de rapport isotopique (IRMS), un rapport d’assurance qualité, le calendrier de calibration (si applicable), un accès Internet 24h/24 aux résultats de datation antérieurs et aux analyses en cours.
## Emballage recommandé
Placez les gros échantillons directement dans des sacs plastiques de type ZipLock. Les sacs ne risquent pas de contaminer les échantillons. Les petits échantillons ou les petites particules doivent être entourés de papier aluminium afin de les protéger. Placez ensuite chacun de ces emballages dans un sac ZipLock étiqueté.
[](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/beta-analytic-samples-packing-french.png)
---
**Important : Veuillez ne manipuler qu’un seul échantillon à la fois.** Il est important d’avoir terminé d’emballer un échantillon avant de commencer le suivant afin d’éviter toute erreur.
Nous vous recommandons grandement d’envoyer vos échantillons dans de petites boites quand cela est possible (au lieu d’utiliser des enveloppes) afin de protéger les échantillons pendant le transport. Les services postaux font en effet passer les enveloppes entre des rouleaux lors du processus de tri automatisé, et la pression exercée lors de ce passage est suffisante pour écraser les petits fragments et les réduire en poudre.
[Préparation d’envoi](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/envoi-echantillons-datation-radiocarbone.htm)
[Conditions de Paiement ](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/radiocarbone-laboratoire-paiement.htm)
[Conseils sur la manipulation des échantillons](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/details.htm)
---
*Dernière mise à jour de la page: février 2025*
---
### [Tamaño de muestra recomendado](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/arqueologia-requisitos-muestras.htm)
**Published:** June 6, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Las siguientes recomendaciones no son requisitos, sino una guía general. Podemos analizar cantidades extremadamente pequeñas de carbón en nuestros espectrómetros de masas con aceleradores (AMS). Para cantidades menores, por favor comuníquese con nosotros.
Para muestras menores a los tamaños mencionados en la lista, por favor contáctenos antes de enviar sus muestras para hablar de las posibles limitaciones del análisis de datación por radiocarbono.
Las recomendaciones sobre tamaños de muestra varían. Siempre sugerimos elegir las mejores muestras para sus objetivos de investigación. Si le preocupa que sus muestras sean muy pequeñas, por favor contáctenos para brindarle asesoría.
---
Las cantidades descritas a continuación asumen que el material está seco y libre de matriz adherida/asociada. Esto es especialmente importante cuando se envían tamaños de muestra cerca del rango del tamaño mínimo recomendado.
Haga clic en el nombre del material para consultar si se aplican cargos adicionales, selección de muestras y procedimientos de pretratamiento.
Tipo de materialDatación por AMS
Tamaño de muestra recomendadoAnálisis incluidos con
la datación por C14
(si el tamaño de la muestra lo permite)[Agua para extracción del DIC](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/aguas-subterraneas-carbono-datacion-muestreo.htm)250 mililitros a 1 litroδ13C, δ18O, δ2H[Carbón](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-carbon.htm)5-100 miligramosδ13C[Carbón](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-carbon.htm) que puede tener limitaciones en el pretratamiento2-4 miligramosδ13C[Cerámica (residuos de comida carbonizados)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/ams-datacion-ceramica.htm)10-100 miligramosδ13C[Concha, coral, CaCO3](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-conchas.htm)
SGS Beta no proporciona pretratamiento3-6.5 miligramosPuede no ser posible realizar los análisis de δ13C y δ18O.[Concha, coral, CaCO3](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-conchas.htm)
El laboratorio realiza pretratamiento7-100 miligramosδ13C, δ18O[Cuernos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-huesos.htm)1-4 gramosδ13C, δ15N (mediciones adicionales de %C, %N y C:N en cuernos sin carbonizar)[Cuero](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-carbono-cuero.htm)50-100 miligramosδ13C[Dientes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-huesos.htm)
(caninos, incisivos o molares completos con raíces adheridas)1-2 dientesδ13C, δ15N (mediciones adicionales de %C, %N y C:N en dientes sin carbonizar)[Estiércol](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-carbono-estiercol.htm)5-100 miligramosδ13C[Fitolitos (extraídos)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-carbono-fitolitos.htm)300 miligramosδ13C[Foraminíferos (pre-extraídos/clasificados)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-ema-foraminiferos.htm)
El laboratorio realiza pretratamiento8 miligramos o másδ13C, δ18O[Foraminíferos (pre-extraídos/clasificados)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-ema-foraminiferos.htm)
SGS Beta no proporciona pretratamiento3-7 miligramosPuede no ser posible realizar los análisis de δ13C y δ18O.[Huesos (carbonizados)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-huesos.htm)
Los fragmentos de hueso deben estar completamente carbonizados por dentro y por fuera.20-100 miligramosδ13CHuesos (incinerados)
Los fragmentos de hueso deben tener una coloración blanca similar a la tiza por dentro y por fuera; no deben presentar coloraciones moteadas negras o azul grisáceas.200 miligramos – 4 gramosδ13C, δ18OHuesos (expuestos al calor)500 miligramos – 4 gramosδ13CHuesos (no expuestos al calor)500 miligramos – 4 gramosδ13C + δ15N, %C, %N, y
C:N[Insectos (quitina)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/datacion-radiocarbono-analisis-isotopos-insectos/)10-50 miligramosδ13C[Madera](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-madera.htm)3-100 miligramos
50-100 miligramos con extracción de celulosaδ13C[Otolitos de peces](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-c14-otolitos-peces.htm)5-20 miligramosδ13C, δ18O[Pelo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-ema-forense.htm)20-100 miligramosδ13C[Plantas y semillas](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-ema-semillas.htm)3-100 miligramosδ13C[Polen (extraído)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-ema-polen.htm)
pH completamente neutro, seco y pretratado para eliminar carbonatos5-15 miligramosδ13C[Pterópodos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/datacion-c14-pteropodos/)5-100 miligramosδ13C, δ18O[Sedimento orgánico, gyttja, turba sedimentaria](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/ams-datacion-sedimentos.htm)1-10 gramos
(peso en seco aproximado)δ13C[Textil](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/ams-datacion-textiles.htm)20-100 miligramosδ13C[Turba (fibrosa)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-ema-turba.htm)3-100 miligramosδ13C---
**Pretratamiento** – Es importante entender los pretratamientos que serán aplicados a las muestras ya que afectan directamente al resultado final. Si sus muestras son extremadamente pequeñas o frágiles, tendríamos que discutir las opciones de pretratamiento antes de su aplicación para evitar una reducción excesiva del tamaño de la muestra. Puede solicitar que nos pongamos en contacto con usted después de los pretratamientos para discutir sus opciones de datación por AMS.
SGS Beta ha eliminado los cargos por cancelación y análisis parciales (excepto por extracción de solventes/celulosa) para muestras que son demasiado pequeñas o que no contienen carbono suficiente para datación por AMS.
**Nota** – Nuestros precios incluyen mediciones de d13C utilizando un espectrómetro de masas de relaciones isotópicas (IRMS), informes de garantía de calidad, calibración calendárica cuando es aplicable, y acceso las 24 horas a resultados anteriores y análisis en curso.
## Embalaje recomendado
Ponga las muestras grandes para análisis por radiocarbono directamente en bolsas plásticas con cierre. Las bolsas plásticas no contaminarán la muestra. Las muestras pequeñas o las que contienen pequeñas partículas deberán ser envueltas en láminas de aluminio. Coloque cada una de las muestras envueltas en láminas de aluminio en una bolsa plástica etiquetada y con cierre.
[](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/beta-analytic-samples-packing-espanol.png)
---
**Manipule SOLO una muestra a la vez. Inicie y concluya el proceso de embalaje de una muestra antes de comenzar con la siguiente. Esto evitará confusiones durante el embalaje de las muestras.**
Le recomendamos que envíe sus muestras en pequeñas cajas siempre que sea posible (en vez de utilizar sobres) para proteger la integridad física de las muestras durante su envío. El equipamiento utilizado por los servicios postales suele pasar los sobres por rodillos durante el proceso automático de clasificación y la pequeña presión ejercida durante este proceso es suficiente para aplastar fragmentos pequeños y convertirlos en polvo.
[Recomendaciones sobre el envío](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/arqueologia-enviar-muestras.htm)
[Condiciones de pago](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/arqueologia-pago-terminos.htm)
[Consejos sobre la manipulación de muestras](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/details.htm)
*Última actualización de la página: Febrero de 2025*
---
### [Empfohlene Probenmengen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/probenanforderung-kohlenstoff-14.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Bei den folgenden Empfehlungen handelt es sich um generelle Richtlinien, sie stellen keine Voraussetzung dar. Mithilfe unserer Beschleuniger-Massenspektrometer (Accelerator Mass Spectrometers – AMS) sind wir in der Lage, extrem kleine Kohlenstoffmengen zu analysieren.
Für Proben mit geringeren Probenmengen, als den aufgeführten, kontaktieren Sie uns bitte vor dem Versand, um mögliche Einschränkungen der Datierungs-Analysen zu besprechen.
Anforderungen hinsichtlich der Probenmenge variieren je nach Probe. Wir empfehlen immer, die für Ihr Forschungsziel passendste Probe auszuwählen. Wenn Sie Bedenken haben, dass Ihre Probe zu klein sein könnte, kontaktieren Sie uns bitte – unsere Spezialisten beraten Sie gerne.
---
Die unten aufgeführten Mengen gehen davon aus, dass das Material trocken und frei von anhaftender/assoziierter Matrix ist. Dies ist besonders wichtig, wenn Probenmengen im oder nahe dem empfohlenen Mindestmengenbereich gesendet werden.
Klicken Sie auf den Materialnamen, um zusätzliche Gebühren (falls zutreffend), Probenauswahl und Labor-Vorbehandlungs-Verfahren anzuzeigen.
MaterialtypAMS Datierungen
Empfohlene ProbenmengenAnalysen enthalten
mit C14 Datierung
(falls Probenmenge ausreichend)[Antlers / Geweihe](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-knochen.htm)1-4 Grammδ13C, δ15N (und %C, %N, und C:N-Verhältnis für nicht verkohlte Geweihe)[Bones (charred) / Knochen (verkohlt)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-knochen.htm)
Knochenfragmente müssen innen und außen vollständig verkohlt sein.20-100 Milligrammδ13CBones (cremated) / Knochen (Leichenbrand)
Knochenfragmente müssen innen und außen eine weiße, kreideartige Färbung aufweisen; keine schwarzen oder blaugrauen Flecken.200 Milligramm – 4 Grammδ13C, δ18OBones (heated) / Knochen (erhitzt)500 Milligramm – 4 Grammδ13CBones (non-heated) / Knochen (nicht erhitzt)500 Milligramm – 4 Grammδ13C + δ15N, %C, %N und
C:N Verhältnis
[Charcoal / Holzkohle](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-holzkohle.htm)5-100 Milligrammδ13CHolzkohle, mit möglichen Einschränkungen für die Vorbehandlung2-4 Milligrammδ13C[Dung ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-dung.htm)5-100 Milligrammδ13C[Fish Otolith / Fisch Otolith](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/c14-datierung-fisch-otolith.htm)5-20 Milligrammδ13C, δ18O[Forams (pre-extracted/sorted) / Foraminiferen (vorextrahiert/gepickt)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-foraminiferen.htm)
Das Labor bietet eine gewisse Vorbehandlung8 Milligramm oder mehr
δ13C, δ18OForaminiferen (vorextrahiert/gepickt)
KEINE Laborvorbehandlung möglich3-7 Milligrammδ13C, δ18O ist potentiell nicht möglich
[Hair / Haar](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-forensik.htm)20-100 Milligrammδ13C[Insect (chitin) / Insekten (Chitin)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-isotopic-analysis-insects-chitin/)10-50 Milligrammδ13C[Leather / Leder](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-leder.htm)50-100 Milligrammδ13C[Organic Sediment, Gyttja, Silty Peat / ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-sedimente.htm)
Organisches Sediment, Gyttja, schluffiger Torf1-10 Gramm (ungefähres Trockengewicht)δ13C[Peat (fibrous) / Faseriger Torf](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-torf.htm)3-100 Milligrammδ13C[Phytoliths (extracted) / Phytolithe (extrahiert)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-phytolithe.htm)300 Milligrammδ13C[Plants and Seeds / Pflanzen und Samen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-samen.htm)3-100 Milligrammδ13C[Pollen (extracted) / Pollen (extrahiert)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-pollen.htm)
Völlig neutraler pH-Wert, trocken und vorbehandelt, um Karbonate zu entfernen5-15 Milligramm δ13C[Pottery (charred food residue) /
Keramik (verkohlte Speisereste)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-keramik.htm)10-100 Milligrammδ13C[Pteropoden](https://www.radiocarbon.com/c14-dating-pteropods/)5-100 Milligrammδ13C, δ18O[Shell, Coral, CaCO3 /
Muscheln, Korallen, CaCO3](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-schalen.htm)
Das Labor bietet eine gewisse Vorbehandlung7-100 Milligrammδ13C, δ18OMuscheln, Korallen, CaCO3
KEINE Laborvorbehandlung möglich3-6.5 Milligrammδ13C, δ18O ist potentiell nicht möglich[Teeth / Zähne](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-knochen.htm) (vollständiger Eckzahn, Schneidezahn oder Backenzahn mit vorhandenen Wurzeln)1-2 Zähneδ13C, δ15N (und %C, %N, und C:N-Verhältnis für nicht verkohlte Zähne)[Textile / Textil](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-textilien.htm)20-100 Milligrammδ13C[Water for DIC extraction /
Wasser für DIC Extraktion](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/grundwasser-dic.htm)250 Milliliter bis 1 Literδ13C, δ18O, δ2H[Wood / Holz](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-holz.htm)3-100 Milligramm,
50-100 Milligramm mit Zelluloseextraktionδ13C---
**Vorbehandlung** – Es ist wichtig, die Vorbehandlungen, die auf eine Probe angewendet werden, zu kennen, da diese das Endergebnis direkt beeinträchtigen können. Wenn Ihre Probe sehr klein oder fragil ist, sollten die Vorbehandlungsoptionen im Vorhinein besprochen werden, um die übermäßige Reduzierung der Probengröße zu vermeiden. Auf Anfrage setzen wir uns gerne nach der Vorbehandlung (und vor der Datierung) mit Ihnen in Verbindung, um die AMS Datierungsoptionen zu eruieren.
SGS Beta hat die Gebühren für Teilanalysen (außer Lösemittel/Zellulose Extraktion) und für den Abbruch von Analysen für Proben, die zu klein für eine AMS Datierung sind oder eine nicht ausreichende Menge Kohlenstoff enthalten, entfernt.
**Hinweis** – Die Gebühren beinhalten δ13C Messungen mittels Isotopen-Massenspektrometer (IRMS), Qualitätssicherungsberichte, Kalenderkalibrierung (wo anwendbar) und den 24/7 Internetzugriff auf vorherige Ergebnisse und in der Bearbeitung befindliche Analysen.
## Empfohlene Verpackung
Geben Sie große Radiokarbonproben bitte direkt in einen Druckverschlussbeutel. Die Beutel werden die Probe nicht verunreinigen. Kleine Proben oder Proben mit kleinen Partikeln sollten in aluminiumfolie eingepackt werden, bevor man sie in die Beutel gibt. Geben Sie jede in Folie eingewickelte Probe einzeln in einen wiederverschließbaren Druckverschlussbeutel.
[](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/beta-analytic-samples-packing-deutsch.png)
---
**HINWEIS: Handhaben Sie bitte nur eine Probe zur selben Zeit**. Beginnen und beenden Sie den Verpackungsvorgang für jede Probe, bevor Sie mit der nächsten beginnen. Dies wird sicherstellen, dass Verwechslungen während des Verpackungsvorgangs vermieden werden.
Wir empfehlen dringend Ihre Proben in kleinen Paketen zu versenden (anstelle von Umschlägen), um die Unversehrtheit der Proben während des Versands zu garantieren. In der Regel verwenden Postdienstleister während des automatisierten Sortierprozesses Walzen, die Druck auf die Umschläge ausüben. Dieser Druck kann ausreichen um kleine Fragmente zu zerdrücken und zu pulverisieren.
[Versandempfehlungen](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/radiokohlenstoff-zusendung-proben.htm "Versandempfehlungen und Adressen")
[Zahlungsbedingungen](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/radiokohlenstoff-labor-preisen.htm "Zahlungsbedingungen")
[Probenbehandlungsanweisungen](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/details.htm "Probenbehandlungsanweisungen")
*Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: Februar 2025*
---
### [Recommended Sample Sizes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/required-carbon-dating-sample-sizes.htm)
**Published:** April 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
The following recommendations are not requirements, they are general guidelines. We can analyze extremely small amounts of carbon in our Accelerator Mass Spectrometers (AMS).
For samples with initial sizes less than those listed, please contact us prior to sending to discuss possible limitations of the dating analyses.
Individual sample size requirements vary. We always recommend that you choose the best samples for your research objectives. If you are concerned that your samples are too small then please contact us for advice.
---
The quantities listed below assume the material is dry and free of adhering/associated matrix. This is especially critical to consider when sending sample sizes at or near the minimum recommended size range.
Click the material name to view additional charges (if any), sample selection, and lab pretreatment procedures.
Material TypeAMS Dating Recommended
Sample SizeAnalyses Included
with C14 Dating
(if sample size permits)[Antlers](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bones.htm)1-4 gramsδ13C, δ15N (and %C, %N, and C:N ratio for uncharred antlers)[Bones](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bones.htm) (charred)
Bone fragments must be completely charred inside and out.20-100 milligramsδ13CBones (cremated)
Bone fragments must have a white, chalk-like coloration inside and out; no black or blue-gray mottling colorations present.200 milligrams – 4 gramsδ13C, δ18OBones (heated)500 milligrams – 4 gramsδ13CBones (non-heated)500 milligrams – 4 gramsδ13C + δ15N, %C, %N,
and C:N ratio[Charcoal](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm)5-100 milligramsδ13CCotton (without cellulose extraction)3-100 milligramsδ13CCotton (with cellulose extraction)50-100 milligramsδ13C[Charcoal](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm) that may have limitations in pretreatment2-4 milligramsδ13C[Dung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-dung.htm)5-100 milligramsδ13C[Fish Otolith](https://www.radiocarbon.com/c14-dating-fish-otoliths.htm)5-20 milligramsδ13C, δ18O[Forams (pre-extracted/sorted)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-forams.htm)
Lab provides some pretreatment8 milligrams or greaterδ13C, δ18O[Forams (pre-extracted/sorted)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-forams.htm)
NO lab pretreatment provided3-7 milligramsδ13C, δ18O
may not be possible[Hair](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-forensics.htm)20-100 milligramsδ13C[Insect (chitin)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-isotopic-analysis-insects-chitin/)10-50 milligramsδ13C[Leather](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-leather.htm)50-100 milligramsδ13C[Lime Mortar](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-lime-mortar.htm)Please contact usNone[Methane](https://www.radiocarbon.com/methane-analysis.htm)Please contact usδ13C[Organic Sediment, Gyttja, Silty Peat](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-sediments.htm)1-10 grams
(approximate dry weight)δ13C[Peat (fibrous)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-peat.htm)3-100 milligramsδ13C[Phytoliths (extracted)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-phytoliths.htm)300 milligramsδ13C[Plants and Seeds](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-seeds.htm)3-100 milligramsδ13C[Pollen (extracted)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-pollen.htm)
Completely neutral pH, dry and pretreated to remove carbonates5-15 milligramsδ13C[Pottery (charred food residue)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-pottery.htm)10-100 milligramsδ13C[Pteropods](https://www.radiocarbon.com/c14-dating-pteropods/)5-100 milligramsδ13C, δ18O[Shell, Coral, CaCO3](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-shells.htm)
Lab provides pretreatment7-100 milligramsδ13C, δ18O[Shell, Coral, CaCO3](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-shells.htm)
NO lab pretreatment provided3-6.5 milligramsδ13C, δ18O
may not be possible[Teeth](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bones.htm) (full canine, incisor, or molar with roots attached)1-2 teethδ13C, δ15N (and %C, %N, and C:N ratio for uncharred teeth)[Textile](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-textiles.htm)20-100 milligramsδ13C[Water for DIC extraction](https://www.radiocarbon.com/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm)250 milliliters-1 literδ13C, δ18O, δ2H[Wood](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-wood.htm)3-100 milligrams,
50-100 milligrams with cellulose extractionδ13C
---
**Pretreatment** – It is important to understand the pretreatments that are going to be applied to samples since they directly affect the final result. If your samples are extremely small or fragile, we should discuss your pretreatment options prior to applying them to avoid excessive reduction in sample size. We also welcome your requests to contact you after the pretreatment to discuss your options for AMS dating.
SGS Beta has removed cancellation and partial analysis fees (except solvent/cellulose extraction) for samples that are too small or do not provide adequate carbon for AMS dating.
**Note** – Fees are inclusive of d13C measurements using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS), quality assurance reports, calendar calibration when applicable, and 24/7 web access to past results and pending analyses.
## Recommended Packaging
Place large samples for radiocarbon analysis directly into ziplock bags. The bags will not contaminate the sample. Small samples or those with fine particles should be wrapped in aluminum foil to contain them in a pouch. Place each foil-wrapped pouch into a labeled ziplock bag.
[](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Packing-Your-Samples-Radiocarbon-Dating-SGS-Beta.png)
**NOTE: Always handle ONLY one sample at a time.** Begin and end the packaging process for each sample prior to beginning the next. This will best ensure mix-ups are avoided during packaging of samples.
We highly recommend sending your samples in small boxes whenever possible (instead of using envelopes) to protect the physical integrity of the samples during shipment. The equipment used by postal services typically run envelopes through rollers during the automated sorting process, and the small amount of pressure exerted during this process is enough to crush small fragments and powder them.
[Shipping Recommendations](http://www.radiocarbon.com/sending-carbon-dating-samples.htm)
[Payment Terms](http://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-sample-payment.htm)
[Sample Handling Advice](http://www.radiocarbon.com/details.htm)
*Page last updated: February 2026*
---
### [SGS Beta in Literature](https://www.radiocarbon.com/literature.htm)
**Published:** July 31, 2026
**Author:** IARC
**Content:**
Publications that specifically mention SGS Beta in the methods and/or acknowledgements, where we could confirm recent sampling (rather than re-use of previously measured samples) and an open-source publication was available. This list is curated and growing.
Highlighted case studies
2026
### [Mummified cave cheetahs inform rewilding actions in Saudi Arabia](https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-03021-6)
Ahmed Al Boug et al.
Communications Earth & Environment · Saudi Arabia · Cheetah skeletal remains
Highly visual conservation story linking radiocarbon evidence directly to a potential rewilding programme.
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-03021-6)
2026
### [Multidisciplinary identification of human skeletal remains from the karst abyss in Demänovská Valley (19th–20th century calCE, Slovakia)](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-34905-4)
Peter Barta et al.
Scientific Reports · Slovakia · Human skeletal remains
Compelling real-world forensic identification combining chronology, isotopes and historical records.
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-34905-4)
2026
### [Radiocarbon dating and characterisation of textiles preserved in late medieval helmets from Benicarló (Castellón, Spain)](https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2026.10341)
Manuel Frallicciardi et al.
Antiquity · Spain · Textiles preserved inside helmets
Excellent object-led heritage story: dating rare organic material changed interpretation of a medieval helmet assemblage.
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2026.10341)
2025
### [Thousands-years-old deep-sea DNA viruses reveal the evolution of human pathogenic viruses](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2025.03.057)
Tianliang He et al.
Journal of Advanced Research · Deep-sea sediment · Marine sediment cores
Unusual, high-impact story using dated sedimentary DNA to investigate the long-term evolution of human-pathogenic viruses.
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2025.03.057)
2024
### [Bomb radiocarbon determines absolute age of adult fin whales, and validates use of earplug growth bands for age determination](https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1327752)
Steven E. Campana et al.
Frontiers in Marine Science · North Atlantic · Fin-whale earplugs
Memorable wildlife case: bomb radiocarbon independently validates whale age estimates from earplug growth bands.
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1327752)
Browse by research area
[Archaeology](#archaeology-heritage)[Climate](#climate-marine-sediment)[Hazards](#hazards-geology)[Carbon](#carbon-environmental)[Conservation](#conservation-wildlife)## Archaeology / heritage
2026
### [Multidisciplinary identification of human skeletal remains from the karst abyss in Demänovská Valley (19th–20th century calCE, Slovakia)](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-34905-4)
Peter Barta et al.
Scientific Reports · Slovakia · Human skeletal remains
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-34905-4)
2026
### [Radiocarbon dating and characterisation of textiles preserved in late medieval helmets from Benicarló (Castellón, Spain)](https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2026.10341)
Manuel Frallicciardi et al.
Antiquity · Spain · Textiles preserved inside helmets
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2026.10341)
2026
### [Reanalysis of the Zongri culture chronology based on new excavations and radiocarbon dates from Dongguotan](https://doi.org/10.1038/s40494-026-02444-4)
Qi Meng et al.
npj Heritage Science · China · Charred plants, bark and bone
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.1038/s40494-026-02444-4)
2026
### [From elites to sacrificial victims: Isotopic insights into the earliest human-sacrifice tombs at the Lushanmao site (4410–4080 cal. a BP) on the Loess Plateau, Northwest China](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352226726000280)
Dan Jin et al.
Archaeological Research in Asia · China · Human femurs and ribs
[View publication →](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352226726000280)
2026
### [Shucking the ager Tarraconensis: An archaeomalacological study of a late Roman oyster dump at Mas dels Frares (Constantí, Catalonia)](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105719)
Francesc Rodríguez Martorell et al.
Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports · Spain · Oyster shells and archaeological material
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105719)
2025
### [The Mouth of the River Ter in the Early Middle Ages: New Chronological and Environmental Evidence](https://doi.org/10.3390/histories5010003)
M. Bouzas Sabater et al.
Histories · Spain · Six archaeological/environmental samples
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.3390/histories5010003)
2024
### [Radiocarbon Dates from the Archaeological Site of Sakas, Bihar, India](https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2024.42)
Jennifer Bates et al.
Radiocarbon · India · Archaeobotanical/archaeological samples
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2024.42)
2024
### [Sequencing the Southern Iberian Late Neolithic hypogeum cemetery of La Beleña through radiocarbon dating and Bayesian modeling](https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2024.64)
Jonathan Santana et al.
Radiocarbon · Spain · Human remains from a collective tomb
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2024.64)
2023
### [Radiocarbon dating of grass-tempered ceramic reveals the earliest pottery from Slovakia predates the arrival of farming](https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2023.39)
Peter Tóth et al.
Radiocarbon · Slovakia · Six grass-tempered ceramic sherds
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2023.39)
2023
### [Dating Ancient Canal Systems Using Radiocarbon Dating and Archaeological Evidence at Tello/Girsu, Southern Mesopotamia, Iraq](https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2023.40)
Ella Egberts et al.
Radiocarbon · Iraq · Shell, charcoal and organic sediment
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2023.40)
## Climate / marine / sediment
2026
### [Intermediate Western Boundary Current speeds from the southeastern Brazilian margin: A 16,000-year record from grain-size evidence](https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.70118)
Júlia Sambugaro et al.
Limnology and Oceanography Letters · Brazil / Southwest Atlantic · Seven marine sediment samples
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.70118)
2026
### [Maximum grain size record from sediments of a Czech headwater lake reveals precipitation patterns during the Allerød to Younger Dryas transition](https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2026.1719593)
Gunther Kletetschka et al.
Frontiers in Environmental Science · Czech Republic · Lake sediment
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2026.1719593)
2026
### [An updated radiocarbon date list for the upper and middle slope of Santos Basin (Southwest Atlantic)](https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2026.10207)
Leticia Zanin de Oliveira Freitas et al.
Radiocarbon · Brazil / Southwest Atlantic · Marine sediment and foraminiferal material
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2026.10207)
2025
### [Thousands-years-old deep-sea DNA viruses reveal the evolution of human pathogenic viruses](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2025.03.057)
Tianliang He et al.
Journal of Advanced Research · Deep-sea sediment · Marine sediment cores
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2025.03.057)
2025
### [Paleontological Evidence for a Northward Shift of the Climate Zone During the Qin and Han Dynasties—A Case of Paleontology from Lake Deposits in the Salawusu River Basin, Mu Us Desert, China](https://doi.org/10.3390/w17172587)
Dongfeng Niu et al.
Water · China · Lake deposits and paleontological material
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.3390/w17172587)
2025
### [Depositional evolution of nearshore fringing reefs](https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1583848)
M. Ye et al.
Frontiers in Marine Science · Tropical coastal setting · Thirteen coral samples
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1583848)
2025
### [The rapid infilling of a tide-dominated channel](https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1503297)
Z. Wu et al.
Frontiers in Marine Science · China · Coastal sediment core material
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1503297)
2025
### [Coastal moderation of Holocene fire and vegetation dynamics](https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2025.1504983)
M. E. Duncan et al.
Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · Coastal ecosystem · Five plant macrofossil samples
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2025.1504983)
2025
### [Western Mediterranean shelf-incised submarine canyons](https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2025.1597056)
A. López-Quirós et al.
Frontiers in Earth Science · Western Mediterranean · Wood and mixed bivalves
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2025.1597056)
2025
### [Changes in the sedimentary record related to climate oscillations over the last ∼2500 years BP in Guanabara Bay (SE Brazil): phytolith records](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666033425000218)
Karina Ferreira Chueng et al.
Quaternary Environments and Humans · Brazil · Organic sediment
[View publication →](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666033425000218)
2024
### [The Yangtze River Delta experienced strong seasonality during the Holocene](https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01668-1)
M. Alberti et al.
Communications Earth & Environment · China · Shell material
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01668-1)
2024
### [Sedimentary Organic Nitrogen Isotopic Constraints on the Mid-Holocene Transition in the Nitrogen Dynamics of the Northern South China Sea](https://doi.org/10.1029/2023PA004819)
F. Ye et al.
Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology · South China Sea · Marine sediment
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.1029/2023PA004819)
2024
### [Pleistocene–Holocene climatic events on the inner coastal plain of southernmost Brazil in relation to marine isotopic stages](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2024.104857)
Veridiana Ribeiro et al.
Journal of South American Earth Sciences · Brazil · Sediment samples
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2024.104857)
2024
### [Sedimentary evolution and environmental change: a case study of the Huanghe (Yellow River) delta](https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1378724)
W. Hu et al.
Frontiers in Marine Science · China · Ten sediment samples across two laboratories
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1378724)
2024
### [Glacial activity and paleoclimatic evolution records in the Cosmonaut Sea since the last glacial maximum](https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1379673)
D. Chen et al.
Frontiers in Marine Science · Cosmonaut Sea, Antarctica · Five marine sediment layers
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1379673)
2023
### [High-resolution sea-level fluctuations during the Mid- to Late Holocene](https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2023.1218658)
C. Ling et al.
Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · Coastal setting · Sixteen sedimentary/biogenic samples
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2023.1218658)
## Hazards / geology
2025
### [Paleoliquefaction Study and Earthquake Source Characterization](https://doi.org/10.3390/geohazards6010013)
M. P. Tuttle et al.
GeoHazards · United States · Paleoliquefaction deposits and associated organic material
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.3390/geohazards6010013)
2025
### [Multi-methodological approach for assessing surface faulting and paleoliquefaction history in central Italy: applicative implications for seismic microzonation studies in the Quaternary L’Aquila basin](https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2025.1523730)
Marco Tallini et al.
Frontiers in Earth Science · Italy · Trench and core materials
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2025.1523730)
2024
### [Upper Holocene tephro-chronostratigraphy of Irazú Volcano, Costa Rica](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-57962-7)
Daniela Campos-Durán et al.
Scientific Reports · Costa Rica · Charcoal/organic material associated with tephra
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-57962-7)
2024
### [New evidence of the Green Tuff deposits and post-caldera evolution](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027323002548)
C. Romagnoli et al.
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research · Mediterranean · Organic material in volcanic sequences
[View publication →](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027323002548)
2024
### [Reconstruction of rock avalanche history in Val Viola (Upper Valtellina, Italian Alps)](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-024-02210-2)
A. Longhi et al.
Landslides · Italy · Organic material linked to avalanche deposits
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-024-02210-2)
2024
### [Sedimentary Records in the Lesser Antilles Fore-Arc Basins](https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GC011152)
C. Seibert et al.
Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems · Lesser Antilles · Marine sediment cores
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GC011152)
2024
### [Revisiting the Tianwen Yellow Pumice eruption](https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JB028563)
Study team et al.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth · East Asia · Total organic carbon associated with pumice deposits
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JB028563)
2023
### [Paleoseismic evidence of five magnitude 7 earthquakes](https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1188602)
P. Galli et al.
Frontiers in Earth Science · Italy · Trench organic samples
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1188602)
2023
### [Slip localization on multiple fault splays accommodating distributed deformation across normal fault complexities](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040195123003736)
F. Iezzi et al.
Tectonophysics · Italy · Fault-trench organic material
[View publication →](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040195123003736)
2023
### [Temporal clustering of fissural eruptions across multiple volcanic systems](https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1169635)
M. Siegburg et al.
Frontiers in Earth Science · Volcanic field · Charcoal associated with lava/tephra
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1169635)
2023
### [Multi-fault rupture behavior of the 1786 M 7¾ Kangding earthquake on the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau](https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1140326)
J. Feng et al.
Frontiers in Earth Science · China / Tibetan Plateau · Fault-trench samples
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1140326)
2023
### [Strong earthquake recurrence interval in the southern sector of an active fault system](https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1280787)
Q. Zhou et al.
Frontiers in Earth Science · China · Fourteen charcoal samples; seven yielded usable ages
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1280787)
## Carbon / environmental
2026
### [Major reservoir regulation reshapes the composition and fate of particulate organic carbon in the Yellow River](https://doi.org/10.1029/2025WR041121)
Jingbo Chen et al.
Water Resources Research · China · Sedimentary and riverine particulate organic carbon
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.1029/2025WR041121)
2025
### [Gold as Pollution Tracer in Holocene Sediments](https://doi.org/10.3390/min15080801)
V. Romero et al.
Minerals · Marine/coastal setting · Six marine mollusc shells
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.3390/min15080801)
2024
### [Characterization of Southern Peru Hydrothermal Systems: New Perspectives for Geothermal Exploration Along the Andean Forearc](https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GC011344)
Audrey Taillefer et al.
Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems · Peru · Hot-spring and groundwater samples
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GC011344)
2024
### [Carbonate mud production in lakes is driven by microbial and physicochemical processes](https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01709-9)
P. Boussagol et al.
Communications Earth & Environment · Lake systems · Carbonate mud and lake sediment
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01709-9)
2024
### [Cycling and persistence of iron-bound organic carbon in marine sediments](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50578-5)
Y. Chen et al.
Nature Communications · Marine sediment · Seven Globigerinoides ruber samples
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50578-5)
2024
### [Paleo-ecological quality status induced by natural and anthropogenic impacts in the last 2000 years: a multidisciplinary approach in the outer region of Sepetiba Bay (SE Brazil)](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-024-03925-4)
Murilo Barros Saibro et al.
Journal of Soils and Sediments · Brazil · In-situ bivalve shells
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-024-03925-4)
## Conservation / wildlife
2026
### [Mummified cave cheetahs inform rewilding actions in Saudi Arabia](https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-03021-6)
Ahmed Al Boug et al.
Communications Earth & Environment · Saudi Arabia · Cheetah skeletal remains
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-03021-6)
2024
### [Bomb radiocarbon determines absolute age of adult fin whales, and validates use of earplug growth bands for age determination](https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1327752)
Steven E. Campana et al.
Frontiers in Marine Science · North Atlantic · Fin-whale earplugs
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1327752)
2024
### [A paleoecological context for forest distribution and conservation](https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2024.1357711)
S. Prader et al.
Frontiers in Conservation Science · Forest ecosystem · Three organic samples
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2024.1357711)
2023
### [First record of Jacobsoniidae (Coleoptera) on the African mainland in Holocene copal from Tanzania](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-30368-7)
David Peris et al.
Scientific Reports · Tanzania · Holocene copal containing a beetle
[View publication →](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-30368-7)
---
### [碳定年費用是多少呢？](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
**Published:** February 8, 2019
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
Beta實驗室的放射性碳定年費用會因樣品種類和服務需求或測試週期而異。
請在下面的聯絡表格中註明以下訊息，以便我們提供正確的價格。
**1. 碳定年服務和測試週期**
- AMS標準測試 – 14個工作日或更少
- AMS優先測試 – 6個工作日或更少
- AMS極速測試 – 2-3個工作日 (不適用於骨頭和沉積物樣品)
**2.** **樣品類型**（例如：未燒過的骨頭、木炭、沉積物）
**3.**如果您需要估算或報價，請同時註明每種材料的樣品數量和付款單位的地址。
關於硼、鍶、鉛、鈾-釷定年、請參閱 [www.isobarscience.com](https://isobarscience.com/).
---
我們的目標是在 24 小時內回覆詢問。
#### SGS BETA實驗室不接受
- 私人、古董商、拍賣行或個人收藏的手稿、藝術品、文物或古物
- 添加“碳-14示蹤劑”或任何其他人工同位素的樣品
- 用於個人研究的材料（例如祖屋的木頭、金屬/硬幣、隨機挖掘的骨頭等）。
- 龍涎香
請詳閱本頁最下方說明。
\* 名字:
\* 姓氏:
\* 電子郵件:
\* 學校/公司名稱:
電話:
\* 國家/地區:
—Please choose an option—United StatesUnited KingdomAfghanistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAmerican SamoaAndorraAngolaAnguillaAntarcticaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaArmeniaArubaAustraliaAustriaAzerbaijanBahamasBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelgiumBelizeBeninBermudaBhutanBoliviaBosnia and HerzegovinaBotswanaBouvet IslandBrazilBritish Indian Ocean TerritoryBrunei DarussalamBulgariaBurkina FasoBurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaCape VerdeCayman IslandsCentral African RepublicChadChileChinaChristmas IslandCocos IslandsColombiaComorosCongoCongoCook IslandsCosta RicaCote d'IvoireCroatiaCubaCyprusCzech RepublicDenmarkDjiboutiDominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEquatorial GuineaEritreaEstoniaEthiopiaFalkland IslandsFaroe IslandsFijiFinlandFranceFrench GuianaFrench PolynesiaGabonGambiaGeorgiaGermanyGhanaGibraltarGreeceGreenlandGrenadaGuadeloupeGuamGuatemalaGuineaGuinea-BissauGuyanaHaitiHeard Island and McDonald IslandsHondurasHong KongHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaIranIraqIrelandIsraelItalyJamaicaJapanJordanKazakhstanKenyaKiribatiKuwaitKyrgyzstanLaosLatviaLebanonLesothoLiberiaLibyaLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMacaoMacedoniaMadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaliMaltaMarshall IslandsMartiniqueMauritaniaMauritiusMayotteMexicoMicronesiaMoldovaMonacoMongoliaMontserratMoroccoMozambiqueMyanmarNamibiaNauruNepalNetherlandsNetherlands AntillesNew CaledoniaNew ZealandNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNorfolk IslandNorth KoreaNorwayOmanPakistanPalauPalestinian TerritoryPanamaPapua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPitcairnPolandPortugalPuerto RicoQatarRomaniaRussian FederationRwandaSaint HelenaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Pierre and MiquelonSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSamoaSan MarinoSao Tome and PrincipeSaudi ArabiaSenegalSerbia and MontenegroSeychellesSierra LeoneSingaporeSlovakiaSloveniaSolomon IslandsSomaliaSouth AfricaSouth GeorgiaSouth KoreaSpainSri LankaSudanSurinameSvalbard and Jan MayenSwazilandSwedenSwitzerlandSyrian Arab RepublicTaiwanTajikistanTanzaniaThailandTimor-LesteTogoTokelauTongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyTurkmenistanTuvaluUgandaUkraineUnited Arab EmiratesUnited States Minor Outlying IslandsUruguayUzbekistanVanuatuVatican CityVenezuelaVietnamVirgin Islands, BritishVirgin Islands, U.S.Wallis and FutunaWestern SaharaYemenZambiaZimbabwe
\* 樣品種類(例如: 木頭):
\* 留言:
\* 分析需求
碳14加速器質譜儀定年d13C, d15Nd13C, d18Od17Od18O, dDIsobar實驗室服務 (Sr, B, U-Th, Pb)
您有多少樣品要分析? (選填)
接收回覆的方式(選填)
您如何得知SGS BETA實驗室?(請選擇)
—Please choose an option—同事推薦網頁搜尋雜誌廣告研討會/國際展覽收到來自SGS Beta的電話收到email/電子報雜誌文章網路研討會其他: (請說明)
我同意接收來自SGS Beta實驗室及其子公司發布的相關行業最新動態電子報。
---
#### **AMS定年服務不受理的樣品**
BETA實驗室放射性碳定年服務不受理以下樣品：
- 手稿、藝術品或其他任何有價值的物品，除非送樣單位和付款方為政府機構、國家博物館或其他跨領域研究的官方組織。
- 含“C14示蹤劑”的樣品或任何含有人為添加的碳-12、碳-13、碳-14或其他同位素的樣品。
為了符合聯合國教科文組織《關於禁止和防止非法進出口文化財產和非法轉讓其所有權的方法的公約》的要求，而且不願助長被掠奪的文化財產交易，Beta實驗室不接受私人、古董商、拍賣行或私人收藏的藝術品、文物或古物等等的定年請求。
---
## 穩定同位素測試
BETA實驗室同時為多種樣品類型提供穩定同位素測試服務，包括：
[骨頭](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/dietary-isotopic-analysis.htm) （火化）、有機物和水的DIC– δ13C[骨頭（未火化）](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-bones.htm)– δ13C + δ15N
– δ13C + δ15N + %C + %N + C:N[碳酸鹽](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/oxygen-isotopes.htm)– δ13C + δ18O[水](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm)– δD
– [δ17O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/water-isotope-d17oxygen.htm)
– δ18O
– δD + δ18O
– δD + δ18O + δ13C（水的DIC）**相關主題:**
[放射性碳定年價格及付款方式](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-sample-payment.htm)
[最近一次網路研討會](https://www.radiocarbon.com/category/beta-analytic-updates/beta-analytic-webinars/)
---
*最後更新 2024年1月*
---
### [炭素年代測定の料金を教えてください](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
**Published:** February 8, 2019
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta の放射性炭素年代測定の料金は、試料の種類とご依頼のサービスによって異なります。
適切な料金をご報告のため、お問合せフォームに以下の情報をご記入いただけますと幸いです。
**1. 炭素年代測定サービスの種類**
- AMS Standard（通常のサービス） – 米国のラボで試料受領後14営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Priority (プライオリティサービス) – 米国のラボで試料受領後6営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Time Guide (タイムガイド) – 2-3 営業日 ( [骨](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-bones.htm)、堆積物は除きます)
**2. 試料** (e.g. non-heated bones, charcoal, sediment)
**3.** お見積りをご希望の場合は、サンプルタイプごとの試料の数と支払い機関の請求先住所をお知らせ願います。
ボロン、ストロンチウム、鉛、 U-Th 年代測定、 [www.isobarscience.com](https://isobarscience.com/)をご参照ください。
---
お問合わせには24時間以内の返信を心がけております。
#### SGS Beta は以下の物はお引き受けできません:
- 個人、古物商、オークションハウス、プライベートコレクションからの原稿(書写)、芸術作品、工芸品、骨董
- “人為起源(トレーサー) Carbon-14” およびその他のすべての人為起源同位体を含む試料
- 私的調査目的のための試料（例、先祖の家にあった木や硬貨、墓から出てきた骨 など）
- アンバーグリス
詳細はこのページの下部にあります。
\* 姓:
\* 名:
\* Email:
\* ご所属:
電話番号:
\* 国:
—Please choose an option—United StatesUnited KingdomAfghanistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAmerican SamoaAndorraAngolaAnguillaAntarcticaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaArmeniaArubaAustraliaAustriaAzerbaijanBahamasBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelgiumBelizeBeninBermudaBhutanBoliviaBosnia and HerzegovinaBotswanaBouvet IslandBrazilBritish Indian Ocean TerritoryBrunei DarussalamBulgariaBurkina FasoBurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaCape VerdeCayman IslandsCentral African RepublicChadChileChinaChristmas IslandCocos IslandsColombiaComorosCongoCongoCook IslandsCosta RicaCote d'IvoireCroatiaCubaCyprusCzech RepublicDenmarkDjiboutiDominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEquatorial GuineaEritreaEstoniaEthiopiaFalkland IslandsFaroe IslandsFijiFinlandFranceFrench GuianaFrench PolynesiaGabonGambiaGeorgiaGermanyGhanaGibraltarGreeceGreenlandGrenadaGuadeloupeGuamGuatemalaGuineaGuinea-BissauGuyanaHaitiHeard Island and McDonald IslandsHondurasHong KongHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaIranIraqIrelandIsraelItalyJamaicaJapanJordanKazakhstanKenyaKiribatiKuwaitKyrgyzstanLaosLatviaLebanonLesothoLiberiaLibyaLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMacaoMacedoniaMadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaliMaltaMarshall IslandsMartiniqueMauritaniaMauritiusMayotteMexicoMicronesiaMoldovaMonacoMongoliaMontserratMoroccoMozambiqueMyanmarNamibiaNauruNepalNetherlandsNetherlands AntillesNew CaledoniaNew ZealandNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNorfolk IslandNorth KoreaNorwayOmanPakistanPalauPalestinian TerritoryPanamaPapua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPitcairnPolandPortugalPuerto RicoQatarRomaniaRussian FederationRwandaSaint HelenaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Pierre and MiquelonSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSamoaSan MarinoSao Tome and PrincipeSaudi ArabiaSenegalSerbia and MontenegroSeychellesSierra LeoneSingaporeSlovakiaSloveniaSolomon IslandsSomaliaSouth AfricaSouth GeorgiaSouth KoreaSpainSri LankaSudanSurinameSvalbard and Jan MayenSwazilandSwedenSwitzerlandSyrian Arab RepublicTaiwanTajikistanTanzaniaThailandTimor-LesteTogoTokelauTongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyTurkmenistanTuvaluUgandaUkraineUnited Arab EmiratesUnited States Minor Outlying IslandsUruguayUzbekistanVanuatuVatican CityVenezuelaVietnamVirgin Islands, BritishVirgin Islands, U.S.Wallis and FutunaWestern SaharaYemenZambiaZimbabwe
\* 試料の種類(例.wood):
\* お問合せ内容:
\* 分析項目
14C AMS 年代測定d13C, d15Nd13C, d18Od17Od18O, dDIsobar のサービス (Sr, B, U-Th, Pb)
分析が必要な試料数? (オプション)
いつまでに結果が必要ですか? (オプション)
SGS Beta を知ったきっかけを教えてください。(任意)
—Please choose an option—同僚からの勧めウェブサイト/検索エンジン弊社の印刷物学会/展示会弊社からの電話メール/ニュースレターなどの電子配信雑誌記事ウェビナー(Webセミナー)その他
ベータ社とその子会社から業界の最新情報に関するニュースレターを受け取ることに同意します。
---
#### **年代測定をお引き受けできないもの**
当試験所では下記に該当するものはお引き受けできません。
- 政府関連機関、公的博物館・美術館、その他の公的機関以外の方から、学術調査を目的としてしない美術品、工芸品、古楽器などは、商業価値のあるなしに関わらずお引き受けできません。
- Carbon-12, Carbon-13, Carbon-14およびその他の全てアイソトープが人為的に付加された ” トレーサーCarbon-14 “およびその他の同位体トレーサー試験を目的とする物質
ユネスコの文化財の不法な輸入、輸出及び所有権移転を禁止し及び防止する手段に関する条約を遵守するため SGS Beta は個人、美術商、古美術商、オークションハウスなどが所有する芸術作品、工芸品、 古美術品などの年代測定は行いません。
---
## 安定同位体試験
ベータアナリティックは安定同位体試験にも対応しています。
[骨](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/dietary-isotopic-analysis.htm) (火葬), 有機物および水のDIC– δ13C[骨 (火葬されていない)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-bones.htm)– δ13C + δ15N
– δ13C + δ15N + %C + %N + C:N[炭酸塩](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/oxygen-isotopes.htm)– δ13C + δ18O[水](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm)– δD
– [δ17O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/water-isotope-d17oxygen.htm)
– δ18O
– δD + δ18O
– δD + δ18O plus δ13C on water DIC**Other Topics:**
[放射性炭素年代測定 費用について](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-sample-payment.htm)
[SGS Beta webinars](https://www.radiocarbon.com/category/beta-analytic-updates/beta-analytic-webinars/)
[SGS Beta: トレーサーフリー&社内一貫分析](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/tracer-free.htm)
---
*最終更新：2024年1月*
---
### [탄소 연대측정 가격?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
**Published:** February 8, 2019
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta 연구소의 **방사성탄소 연대측정 가격은** 시료의 종류, 원하는 서비스에 따라 다릅니다.
아래 양식에 해당 정보를 제공해 주시면, 해당 가격을 알려드립니다.
**1. 서비스 종류**
- AMS 일반 – 14 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 특급 – 6 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 타임 가이드 – 2-3 영업일 이내 결과 보고 ([뼈](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-bones.htm)와 토양 시료는 해당 안됨)
**2. 시료 종류** (예. 열 가해지지 않은 뼈, 목탄, 토양)
**3.** 견적서가 필요하시면, 시료 수량 및 지불인 주소도 포함해서 알려주시기 바랍니다.
붕소 (Boron), 스트론튬, 납 (Lead), 하 U-Th 연대측정, 하려면 [www.isobarscience.com](https://isobarscience.com/)을 방문합니다.
---
모든 문의 사항에 대해 24 시간 이내에 응답합니다.
#### SGS Beta 연구소의 취급하지 않는 시료들:
- 개인 소장가, 고물건 판매상, 옥션 하우스 등이 소유한 서책, 예술품, 고물건 등등
- “Carbon-14 추적자” 혹은 다른 종류의 인공 동위원소들을 첨가한 시료들
- 개인 연구 물질들 (예, 조상 전래의 목제품, 금속 제품/동전, 무작위 발굴에서 나온 뼈들, 등등.)
- 용연향
이 페이지 하단에서 자세한 내용을 보실 수 있습니다.
\* 이름:
\* 성:
\* 이메일 주소:
\* 소속 기관:
전화:
\* 국가:
—Please choose an option—United StatesUnited KingdomAfghanistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAmerican SamoaAndorraAngolaAnguillaAntarcticaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaArmeniaArubaAustraliaAustriaAzerbaijanBahamasBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelgiumBelizeBeninBermudaBhutanBoliviaBosnia and HerzegovinaBotswanaBouvet IslandBrazilBritish Indian Ocean TerritoryBrunei DarussalamBulgariaBurkina FasoBurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaCape VerdeCayman IslandsCentral African RepublicChadChileChinaChristmas IslandCocos IslandsColombiaComorosCongoCongoCook IslandsCosta RicaCote d'IvoireCroatiaCubaCyprusCzech RepublicDenmarkDjiboutiDominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEquatorial GuineaEritreaEstoniaEthiopiaFalkland IslandsFaroe IslandsFijiFinlandFranceFrench GuianaFrench PolynesiaGabonGambiaGeorgiaGermanyGhanaGibraltarGreeceGreenlandGrenadaGuadeloupeGuamGuatemalaGuineaGuinea-BissauGuyanaHaitiHeard Island and McDonald IslandsHondurasHong KongHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaIranIraqIrelandIsraelItalyJamaicaJapanJordanKazakhstanKenyaKiribatiKuwaitKyrgyzstanLaosLatviaLebanonLesothoLiberiaLibyaLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMacaoMacedoniaMadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaliMaltaMarshall IslandsMartiniqueMauritaniaMauritiusMayotteMexicoMicronesiaMoldovaMonacoMongoliaMontserratMoroccoMozambiqueMyanmarNamibiaNauruNepalNetherlandsNetherlands AntillesNew CaledoniaNew ZealandNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNorfolk IslandNorth KoreaNorwayOmanPakistanPalauPalestinian TerritoryPanamaPapua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPitcairnPolandPortugalPuerto RicoQatarRomaniaRussian FederationRwandaSaint HelenaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Pierre and MiquelonSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSamoaSan MarinoSao Tome and PrincipeSaudi ArabiaSenegalSerbia and MontenegroSeychellesSierra LeoneSingaporeSlovakiaSloveniaSolomon IslandsSomaliaSouth AfricaSouth GeorgiaSouth KoreaSpainSri LankaSudanSurinameSvalbard and Jan MayenSwazilandSwedenSwitzerlandSyrian Arab RepublicTaiwanTajikistanTanzaniaThailandTimor-LesteTogoTokelauTongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyTurkmenistanTuvaluUgandaUkraineUnited Arab EmiratesUnited States Minor Outlying IslandsUruguayUzbekistanVanuatuVatican CityVenezuelaVietnamVirgin Islands, BritishVirgin Islands, U.S.Wallis and FutunaWestern SaharaYemenZambiaZimbabwe
\* 시료 종류 (예. 목탄):
\* 추가 메시지:
\* 분석 요청
14C AMS 연대측정d13C, d15Nd13C, d18Od17Od18O, dDIsobar 서비스 (Sr, B, U-Th, Pb)
분석할 시료가 몇 개입니까? (선택 사항)
언제까지 분석 결과가 필요하십니까 (선택 사항)
Beta 연구소을 어떻게 아셨나요? (선택사항)
—Please choose an option—동료의 추천웹사이트/ 서치 엔진인쇄 광고물학회 모임의 전시Beta의 소개 전화이메일/뉴스레터잡지 기사웨비나그 외의 방법 (적시)
베타 및 베타 자회사로부터 최신 소식에 대한 뉴스레터를 받는데 동의합니다.
---
#### **연대측정 불가 물질**
아래 시료들은 연대측정 서비스를 제공하지 않습니다.
- 학술적 연구 목적의 일환으로 정부 기관, 박물관, 그 외 공식 기관의 시료 제출이 아니거나 지불하지 않는 개인의 소장품의 감정 목적 이유로 제출한 시료 들.
- “추적자 탄소-14” 혹은 인위적으로 탄소-12, 탄소-13, 탄소 14 혹은 다른 동위원소를 주입한 시료 들.
문화유산의 불법 수출입, 거래 예방 및 금지, 도난 문화재의 불법 거래 방지에 관한 유네스코 (UNESCO) 협약 준수를 위해, Beta 연구소는 개인간 거래, 고가구 판매상, 옥션 판매상이 의뢰하는 예술품, 고가구 등에 대해 연대측정 서비스를 제공하지 않습니다.
---
## 안정 동위원소 분석 서비스
다음과 같은 다양한 시료의 안정 동위원소 분석 서비스를 제공합니다:
[뼈](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/dietary-isotopic-analysis.htm) (화장된), 유기물, 물의 DIC– δ13C[뼈 (화장 안된)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-bones.htm)– δ13C + δ15N
– δ13C + δ15N + %C + %N + C:N[탄산염](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/oxygen-isotopes.htm)– δ13C + δ18O[물](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm)– δD
– [δ17O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/water-isotope-d17oxygen.htm)
– δ18O
– δD + δ18O
– δD + δ18O + 물 DIC의 δ13C**기타 :**
[가격 및 지불 조건](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-sample-payment.htm)
[최신 웨비나](https://www.radiocarbon.com/category/beta-analytic-updates/beta-analytic-webinars/)
[SGS Beta – C14 추적자 샘플의 서비스 거절 이유](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/tracer-free-lab.htm)
---
*관련 자료: 2024년 1월*
---
### [Quanto custa a datação por radiocarbono?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/quanto-custa-datacao-radiocarbono.htm)
**Published:** February 8, 2019
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
O custo da datação por radiocarbono do SGS Beta varia de acordo com o tipo de material e serviço requerido.
Por favor indique as seguintes informações no formulário de contato abaixo para que possamos providenciar os preços adequados.
**1. Serviços de datação por carbono**
- AMS Standard – resultados reportados em 14 dias úteis ou menos
- AMS Priority – 6 dias úteis ou menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 dias úteis (não se aplica a [ossos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-ossos.htm) ou [sedimentos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/ams-datacao-sedimentos.htm))
**2. Tipo de material** (por exemplo, ossos não aquecidos ou sedimentos)
**3.** Se você precisa de um orçamento ou cotação, por favor indique também a **quantidade de amostras por material** e o **endereço para cobrança da instituição** responsável pelo pagamento.
Para análises de boro, estrôncio, chumbo, e datação por U-Th, visite [www.isobarscience.com](https://isobarscience.com/).
---
Nosso objetivo é responder a consultas dentro de 24 horas.
#### SGS Beta NÃO ACEITA:
- manuscritos, obras de arte, artefatos ou antiguidades de pessoas privadas, comerciantes de antiguidades, casas de leilão ou coleções privadas
- amostras com “Carbono-14 marcado” ou outros isótopos artificiais
- materiais para pesquisas pessoais (como madeira de casas ancestrais, metais e moedas, ossos de escavações informais, etc.)
- Âmbar cinza
Os detalhes estão ao final desta página.
\* Nome:
\* Sobrenome:
\* Email:
\* Universidade/Empresa:
Telefone:
\* País/Região:
—Please choose an option—United StatesUnited KingdomAfghanistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAmerican SamoaAndorraAngolaAnguillaAntarcticaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaArmeniaArubaAustraliaAustriaAzerbaijanBahamasBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelgiumBelizeBeninBermudaBhutanBoliviaBosnia and HerzegovinaBotswanaBouvet IslandBrazilBritish Indian Ocean TerritoryBrunei DarussalamBulgariaBurkina FasoBurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaCape VerdeCayman IslandsCentral African RepublicChadChileChinaChristmas IslandCocos IslandsColombiaComorosCongoCongoCook IslandsCosta RicaCote d'IvoireCroatiaCubaCyprusCzech RepublicDenmarkDjiboutiDominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEquatorial GuineaEritreaEstoniaEthiopiaFalkland IslandsFaroe IslandsFijiFinlandFranceFrench GuianaFrench PolynesiaGabonGambiaGeorgiaGermanyGhanaGibraltarGreeceGreenlandGrenadaGuadeloupeGuamGuatemalaGuineaGuinea-BissauGuyanaHaitiHeard Island and McDonald IslandsHondurasHong KongHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaIranIraqIrelandIsraelItalyJamaicaJapanJordanKazakhstanKenyaKiribatiKuwaitKyrgyzstanLaosLatviaLebanonLesothoLiberiaLibyaLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMacaoMacedoniaMadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaliMaltaMarshall IslandsMartiniqueMauritaniaMauritiusMayotteMexicoMicronesiaMoldovaMonacoMongoliaMontserratMoroccoMozambiqueMyanmarNamibiaNauruNepalNetherlandsNetherlands AntillesNew CaledoniaNew ZealandNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNorfolk IslandNorth KoreaNorwayOmanPakistanPalauPalestinian TerritoryPanamaPapua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPitcairnPolandPortugalPuerto RicoQatarRomaniaRussian FederationRwandaSaint HelenaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Pierre and MiquelonSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSamoaSan MarinoSao Tome and PrincipeSaudi ArabiaSenegalSerbia and MontenegroSeychellesSierra LeoneSingaporeSlovakiaSloveniaSolomon IslandsSomaliaSouth AfricaSouth GeorgiaSouth KoreaSpainSri LankaSudanSurinameSvalbard and Jan MayenSwazilandSwedenSwitzerlandSyrian Arab RepublicTaiwanTajikistanTanzaniaThailandTimor-LesteTogoTokelauTongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyTurkmenistanTuvaluUgandaUkraineUnited Arab EmiratesUnited States Minor Outlying IslandsUruguayUzbekistanVanuatuVatican CityVenezuelaVietnamVirgin Islands, BritishVirgin Islands, U.S.Wallis and FutunaWestern SaharaYemenZambiaZimbabwe
\* Tipo de material (ex.: madeira):
\* Mensagem:
\* Análise requerida
Datação por 14Cd13C, d15Nd13C, d18Od17Od18O, dDServiços Isobar (Sr, B, U-Th, Pb)
Quantas amostras precisa analisar?
Quando precisa dos resultados?
Onde você ouviu falar do SGS Beta?
—Please choose an option—Recomendação de um colegaSite / ferramenta de buscaPropaganda impressaExposição em conferência / congressoRecebi um telefonema do BetaRecebi um email / informativoArtigo em revistaWebinarOutro
Concordo em receber a newsletter do Beta e seus subsidiários sobre novidades do setor.
---
#### **Materiais não aceitos para a datação por C14**
O laboratório **não realiza** a datação dos seguintes materiais:
- Manuscritos, objetos de arte ou outros ítens de valor ou valor inestimável, exceto se forem remetidos e pagos por uma agência governamental reconhecida, grande museu, ou outra agência oficial a investigar o material como parte de um processo acadêmico multidisciplinar
- Amostras com marcadores de carbono-14 (“tracer Carbon-14”) ou outros materiais que tiverem sido artificialmente enriquecidos com carbono-12, carbono-13, carbono-14 ou qualquer outro isótopo
Para atender às exigências da UNESCO na Convenção Relativa às Medidas a Serem Adotadas para Proibir e Impedir a Importação, Exportação e Transferência de Propriedades Ilícitas dos Bens Culturais, e para desincentivar o comércio de propriedade cultural saqueada, o SGS Beta não realiza datações em obras de arte, artefatos ou antiguidades de particulares, comerciantes de antiguidades, leiloeiros ou coleções privadas.
---
## Análises de isótopos estáveis
O SGS Beta também realiza análises de isótopos estáveis de diferentes amostras, entre as quais:
[Ossos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/analise-isotopica-dietetica.htm) (cremados), materiais orgânicos e DIC (carbono inorgânico dissolvido) em água– δ13C[Ossos (não cremados)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-ossos.htm)– δ13C + δ15N
– δ13C + δ15N + %C + %N + C:N[Carbonatos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/isotopos-oxigenio.htm)– δ13C + δ18O[Água](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/isotopos-deuterio-oxigenio.htm)– δD
– [δ17O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/isotopo-agua-d17oxigenio.htm)
– δ18O
– δD + δ18O
– δD + δ18O mais δ13C em DIC em água**Outros assuntos:**
[Preços de datação por radiocarbono e termos de pagamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-termos-pagamento.htm)
[Último webinário](https://www.radiocarbon.com/category/beta-analytic-updates/beta-analytic-webinars/)
[SGS Beta: Por que não aceitar as amostras com carbono 14 como marcador](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/lab-sem-marcadores.htm)
---
*Última atualização: janeiro de 2024*
---
### [Quanto costa la datazione al carbonio?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/costi-datazione-carbonio.htm)
**Published:** February 8, 2019
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
Il prezzo della datazione al radiocarbonioeffettuata da SGS Beta varia in base al tipo di materiale e ai tempi di consegna richiesti.
Abbiamo bisogno delle seguentiinformazioni per fornire un preventivo corretto.
**1. Servizio di datazione al carbonio**
- AMS Standard: i risultati sono pronti entro 14 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Priority: entro 6 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Time Guide: 2-3 giorni lavorativi (non disponibile per [ossa](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-le-ossa.htm) o [sedimenti](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-i-sedimenti-con-l-ams.htm))
**2. Tipo di materiale** (ad es. ossa non scaldate, carbone, sedimenti)
**3.** Per ricevere un preventivo o un’offerta, indicare inoltre il **numero di campioni** per ogni tipo di materiale e **l’indirizzo di fatturazione** **dell’istituto che effettuerà il pagamento**, incluso il numero di partita IVA se disponibile.
Per l’analisi di boro, stronzio, piombo, e datazione U/Th, visita il sito [www.isobarscience.com](https://isobarscience.com/).
---
Ci impegniamo a rispondere alle richieste di informazioni entro 24 ore.
#### SGS Beta NON ACCETTA:
- manoscritti, opere d’arte, artefatti o antichità inviati da privati, antiquari, case d’asta o collezioni private
- campioni arricchiti con o potenzialmente contaminati da carbonio-14 tracciante o altri isotopi artificiali
- campioni per ricerca personale (ad es. legno da immobili di proprietà, metalli/monete, ossa ritrovate casualmente, etc.)
- Ambra grigia
Ulteriori dettagli sono disponibili in fondo a questa pagina.
\* Nome:
\* Cognome:
\* Email:
\* Università/Azienda:
Telefono:
\* Paese:
—Please choose an option—United StatesUnited KingdomAfghanistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAmerican SamoaAndorraAngolaAnguillaAntarcticaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaArmeniaArubaAustraliaAustriaAzerbaijanBahamasBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelgiumBelizeBeninBermudaBhutanBoliviaBosnia and HerzegovinaBotswanaBouvet IslandBrazilBritish Indian Ocean TerritoryBrunei DarussalamBulgariaBurkina FasoBurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaCape VerdeCayman IslandsCentral African RepublicChadChileChinaChristmas IslandCocos IslandsColombiaComorosCongoCongoCook IslandsCosta RicaCote d'IvoireCroatiaCubaCyprusCzech RepublicDenmarkDjiboutiDominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEquatorial GuineaEritreaEstoniaEthiopiaFalkland IslandsFaroe IslandsFijiFinlandFranceFrench GuianaFrench PolynesiaGabonGambiaGeorgiaGermanyGhanaGibraltarGreeceGreenlandGrenadaGuadeloupeGuamGuatemalaGuineaGuinea-BissauGuyanaHaitiHeard Island and McDonald IslandsHondurasHong KongHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaIranIraqIrelandIsraelItalyJamaicaJapanJordanKazakhstanKenyaKiribatiKuwaitKyrgyzstanLaosLatviaLebanonLesothoLiberiaLibyaLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMacaoMacedoniaMadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaliMaltaMarshall IslandsMartiniqueMauritaniaMauritiusMayotteMexicoMicronesiaMoldovaMonacoMongoliaMontserratMoroccoMozambiqueMyanmarNamibiaNauruNepalNetherlandsNetherlands AntillesNew CaledoniaNew ZealandNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNorfolk IslandNorth KoreaNorwayOmanPakistanPalauPalestinian TerritoryPanamaPapua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPitcairnPolandPortugalPuerto RicoQatarRomaniaRussian FederationRwandaSaint HelenaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Pierre and MiquelonSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSamoaSan MarinoSao Tome and PrincipeSaudi ArabiaSenegalSerbia and MontenegroSeychellesSierra LeoneSingaporeSlovakiaSloveniaSolomon IslandsSomaliaSouth AfricaSouth GeorgiaSouth KoreaSpainSri LankaSudanSurinameSvalbard and Jan MayenSwazilandSwedenSwitzerlandSyrian Arab RepublicTaiwanTajikistanTanzaniaThailandTimor-LesteTogoTokelauTongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyTurkmenistanTuvaluUgandaUkraineUnited Arab EmiratesUnited States Minor Outlying IslandsUruguayUzbekistanVanuatuVatican CityVenezuelaVietnamVirgin Islands, BritishVirgin Islands, U.S.Wallis and FutunaWestern SaharaYemenZambiaZimbabwe
\* Tipo di materiale (es. legno):
\* Messaggio:
\* Analisi richiesta
Datazione 14C AMSd13C, d15Nd13C, d18Od17Od18O, dDServizi di Isobar (Sr, B, U-Th, Pb)
Quanti campioni vorresti analizzare?
Entro quando hai bisogno di ricevere i risultati?
Come hai conosciuto SGS Beta?
—Please choose an option—Suggerimento di un collegaSito web / motore di ricercaMateriale pubblicitario cartaceoConferenza / congressoChiamata da parte di BetaEmail / newsletterArticolo di giornaleWebinarAltro
Accetto di ricevere le newsletter di Beta e delle sue società affiliate, con aggiornamenti del settore.
---
#### **Materiali non accettati per datazione AMS**
Il laboratorio **non** effettua la datazione al radiocarbonio di:
- manoscritti, oggetti d’arte o altri oggetti preziosi o di valore inestimabile, a meno che non siano inviati e pagati da un ente governativo riconosciuto, da un grande museo o da altro organismo ufficiale che stia studiando i materiali nell’ambito di un progetto di ricerca
- campioni contenenti carbonio-14 tracciante e qualsiasi materiale che sia stato artificialmente arricchito con carbonio-12, carbonio-13, carbonio-14 o qualsiasi altro isotopo
Per soddisfare i requisiti della Convenzione UNESCO concernente le misure da adottare per interdire e impedire l’illecita importazione, esportazione e trasferimento di proprietà dei beni culturali e contrastare il commercio illecito di beni culturali, SGS Beta non effettua la datazione di opere d’arte, manufatti o antichità per conto di privati, antiquari, case d’aste o collezioni private.
---
## Analisi degli isotopi stabili
SGS Beta effettua anche analisi degli isotopi stabili su vari materiali, tra cui:
[Ossa](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/analisi-isotopica-dieta.htm) (cremate), sostanze organiche e acqua– δ13C[Ossa (non cremate)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-le-ossa.htm)– δ13C + δ15N
– δ13C + δ15N + %C + %N + C:N[Carbonati](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/isotopi-ossigeno.htm)– δ13C + δ18O[Acqua](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/isotopi-ossigeno-deuterio.htm)– δD
– [δ17O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/d17ossigeno-acqua.htm)
– δ18O
– δD + δ18O
– δD + δ18O più δ13C su DIC da acqua**Altri argomenti:**
[Tariffe per la datazione al radiocarbonio e termini di pagamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-radiocarbonio-pagamento.htm)
[Ultimo webinar](https://www.radiocarbon.com/category/beta-analytic-updates/beta-analytic-webinars/)
[SGS Beta – Perché non accettiamo campioni con carbonio-14 tracciante](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/lab-tracer-free.htm)
*Ultimo aggiornamento: gennaio 2024*
---
### [Prix datation carbone 14](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/combien-coute-la-datation-carbone.htm)
**Published:** February 8, 2019
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
Les tarifs de datation au radiocarbone de SGS Beta varient selon le type de matériau et le service demandé.
Veuillez indiquer les informations suivantes dans le formulaire de contact ci-dessous afin que nous puissions vous fournir les tarifs appropriés.
**1. Services de datation au carbone**
- AMS Standard – les résultats sont communiqués sous 14 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Priority – 6 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 jours ouvrés (non applicable aux [os](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-os.htm) et [sédiments](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-sma-sediments.htm))
**2. Type** **de matériau** (par ex. os non chauffés, charbon, sédiment)
**3.** Si vous avez besoin d’un devis, veuillez également indiquer le **nombre d’échantillons** par type de matériau et **l’adresse de facturation.**
Pour l’analyse du bore, du strontium, du plomb et de la datation U-Th, veuillez visiter [www.isobarscience.com](https://isobarscience.com/).
---
Nous nous efforçons de répondre aux demandes de renseignements dans les 24 heures.
#### SGS Beta N’ACCEPTE PAS:
- manuscrits, œuvres d’art, artefacts ou antiquités de particuliers, d’antiquaires, de maisons de ventes aux enchères ou de collections privées
- échantillons contenant du « carbone 14 artificiel » ou tout autre isotope artificiel
- matériaux pour recherche personnelle (par exemple bois d’une maison ancienne, métaux/pièces de monnaie, os provenant d’une fouille, etc.)
- Ambre gris
Plus d’informations au bas de cette page.
\* Prénom:
\* Nom:
\* Email:
\* Université/Société:
Téléphone:
\* Pays:
—Please choose an option—United StatesUnited KingdomAfghanistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAmerican SamoaAndorraAngolaAnguillaAntarcticaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaArmeniaArubaAustraliaAustriaAzerbaijanBahamasBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelgiumBelizeBeninBermudaBhutanBoliviaBosnia and HerzegovinaBotswanaBouvet IslandBrazilBritish Indian Ocean TerritoryBrunei DarussalamBulgariaBurkina FasoBurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaCape VerdeCayman IslandsCentral African RepublicChadChileChinaChristmas IslandCocos IslandsColombiaComorosCongoCongoCook IslandsCosta RicaCote d'IvoireCroatiaCubaCyprusCzech RepublicDenmarkDjiboutiDominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEquatorial GuineaEritreaEstoniaEthiopiaFalkland IslandsFaroe IslandsFijiFinlandFranceFrench GuianaFrench PolynesiaGabonGambiaGeorgiaGermanyGhanaGibraltarGreeceGreenlandGrenadaGuadeloupeGuamGuatemalaGuineaGuinea-BissauGuyanaHaitiHeard Island and McDonald IslandsHondurasHong KongHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaIranIraqIrelandIsraelItalyJamaicaJapanJordanKazakhstanKenyaKiribatiKuwaitKyrgyzstanLaosLatviaLebanonLesothoLiberiaLibyaLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMacaoMacedoniaMadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaliMaltaMarshall IslandsMartiniqueMauritaniaMauritiusMayotteMexicoMicronesiaMoldovaMonacoMongoliaMontserratMoroccoMozambiqueMyanmarNamibiaNauruNepalNetherlandsNetherlands AntillesNew CaledoniaNew ZealandNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNorfolk IslandNorth KoreaNorwayOmanPakistanPalauPalestinian TerritoryPanamaPapua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPitcairnPolandPortugalPuerto RicoQatarRomaniaRussian FederationRwandaSaint HelenaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Pierre and MiquelonSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSamoaSan MarinoSao Tome and PrincipeSaudi ArabiaSenegalSerbia and MontenegroSeychellesSierra LeoneSingaporeSlovakiaSloveniaSolomon IslandsSomaliaSouth AfricaSouth GeorgiaSouth KoreaSpainSri LankaSudanSurinameSvalbard and Jan MayenSwazilandSwedenSwitzerlandSyrian Arab RepublicTaiwanTajikistanTanzaniaThailandTimor-LesteTogoTokelauTongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyTurkmenistanTuvaluUgandaUkraineUnited Arab EmiratesUnited States Minor Outlying IslandsUruguayUzbekistanVanuatuVatican CityVenezuelaVietnamVirgin Islands, BritishVirgin Islands, U.S.Wallis and FutunaWestern SaharaYemenZambiaZimbabwe
\* Type de matériau (ex. bois):
\* Message:
\* Analyse demandée
Datation C14 AMSd13C, d15Nd13C, d18Od17Od18O, dDServices Isobar (Sr, B, U-Th, Pb)
Combien d’échantillons devez-vous analyser ?
Vous devez recevoir les résultats avant le
Comment avez-vous connu SGS Beta ?
—Please choose an option—Par recommandation d'un collègueSite Internet / moteur de recherchePublicité impriméeStand lors d'une conférenceReçu un appel de SGS BetaReçu un e-mail / une newsletterArticle de magazineWebinaireAutre
J'accepte de recevoir les actualités de SGS Beta et de ses filiales sur les mises à jour de l'industrie.
---
#### **Matériaux non acceptés pour la datation AMS**
Le laboratoire ne réalise **pas** la datation radiocarbone des :
- manuscrits, objets d’art ou tout autre objet de valeur ou non à moins qu’il ne soit envoyé et payé par une agence gouvernementale, un musée ou toute autre institution officielle dans le cadre d’une démarche scientifique
- échantillons avec du “carbone 14 artificiel” ou tout autre matériau artificiellement enrichi avec du carbone 12, 13, 14 ou tout autre isotope
Afin de répondre aux exigences de la Convention de l’UNESCO sur les moyens d’interdire et de prévenir l’importation, l’exportation et le transfert de propriété illicites de biens culturels et non d’encourager le commerce des biens culturels pillés, SGS Beta ne date pas les œuvres d’art, objets ou antiquités de particuliers, antiquaires, maisons de ventes aux enchères ou collections privées.
---
## Analyses isotopes stables
SGS Beta fournit également les analyses d’isotopes stables de nombreux échantillons, notamment :
[Ossements](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/analyses-alimentaires-isotopiques.htm) (incinérés), matières organiques et DIC de l’eau– δ13C[Ossements (non incinérés)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-os.htm)– δ13C + δ15N
– δ13C + δ15N + %C + %N + C:N[Carbonates](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/isotopique-oxygene.htm)– δ13C + δ18O[Eau](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/isotopes-oxygene-deuterium.htm)– δD
– [δ17O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/eau-isotope-d17oxygene.htm)
– δ18O
– δD + δ18O
– δD + δ18O plus δ13C sur le DIC de l’eau**En savoir plus:**
[Tarifs de datation au radiocarbone et conditions de paiement](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/radiocarbone-laboratoire-paiement.htm)
[Dernier webinaire](https://www.radiocarbon.com/category/beta-analytic-updates/beta-analytic-webinars/)
[Pourquoi nous n’acceptons pas les échantillons avec traceur Carbone-14](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/labo-sans-traceur.htm)
*Dernière mise à jour de la page: janvier 2024*
---
### [¿Cuánto cuesta la datación por carbono?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/cuanto-cuesta-la-datacion-por-carbono.htm)
**Published:** January 20, 2019
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
El costo de la datación por radiocarbono de SGS Beta varía en función del tipo de material y el servicio requerido.
Por favor proporcione la siguiente información en el formulario de contacto para brindarle los precios correctos.
**1. Servicios de datación por carbono**
- AMS Standard – Los resultados se entregan en 14 días laborables o menos
- AMS Priority – 6 días laborables o menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 días laborables (no disponible para [huesos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-huesos.htm) o [sedimentos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/ams-datacion-sedimentos.htm))
**2. Tipo de material** (por ejemplo, huesos no expuestos a fuentes de calor, carbón vegetal, sedimentos)
**3.** Si necesita una cotización, por favor indique el **número de muestras por material** y la dirección de facturación de la **institución a quien debe ir dirigida.**
Para analizar de boro, estroncio, plomo y datación U-Th, visite [www.isobarscience.com](https://isobarscience.com/).
---
Respondemos a consultas en un plazo de 24 horas.
#### SGS Beta NO ACEPTA:
- manuscritos, obras de arte, artefactos o antigüedades de particulares, empresas, casas de subastas o coleccionistas privados.
- muestras que contengan C14 artificial ni ningún otro marcador isotópico artificial.
- materiales para la investigación personal (por ejemplo madera de una casa antigua, metal/monedas, huesos de una excavación no científica, etc.)
- Ámbar gris
Consulte más detalles al final de esta página.
\* Nombre:
\* Apellido:
\* Email:
\* Universidad/Empresa:
Teléfono:
\* País/Región:
—Please choose an option—United StatesUnited KingdomAfghanistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAmerican SamoaAndorraAngolaAnguillaAntarcticaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaArmeniaArubaAustraliaAustriaAzerbaijanBahamasBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelgiumBelizeBeninBermudaBhutanBoliviaBosnia and HerzegovinaBotswanaBouvet IslandBrazilBritish Indian Ocean TerritoryBrunei DarussalamBulgariaBurkina FasoBurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaCape VerdeCayman IslandsCentral African RepublicChadChileChinaChristmas IslandCocos IslandsColombiaComorosCongoCongoCook IslandsCosta RicaCote d'IvoireCroatiaCubaCyprusCzech RepublicDenmarkDjiboutiDominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEquatorial GuineaEritreaEstoniaEthiopiaFalkland IslandsFaroe IslandsFijiFinlandFranceFrench GuianaFrench PolynesiaGabonGambiaGeorgiaGermanyGhanaGibraltarGreeceGreenlandGrenadaGuadeloupeGuamGuatemalaGuineaGuinea-BissauGuyanaHaitiHeard Island and McDonald IslandsHondurasHong KongHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaIranIraqIrelandIsraelItalyJamaicaJapanJordanKazakhstanKenyaKiribatiKuwaitKyrgyzstanLaosLatviaLebanonLesothoLiberiaLibyaLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMacaoMacedoniaMadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaliMaltaMarshall IslandsMartiniqueMauritaniaMauritiusMayotteMexicoMicronesiaMoldovaMonacoMongoliaMontserratMoroccoMozambiqueMyanmarNamibiaNauruNepalNetherlandsNetherlands AntillesNew CaledoniaNew ZealandNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNorfolk IslandNorth KoreaNorwayOmanPakistanPalauPalestinian TerritoryPanamaPapua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPitcairnPolandPortugalPuerto RicoQatarRomaniaRussian FederationRwandaSaint HelenaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Pierre and MiquelonSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSamoaSan MarinoSao Tome and PrincipeSaudi ArabiaSenegalSerbia and MontenegroSeychellesSierra LeoneSingaporeSlovakiaSloveniaSolomon IslandsSomaliaSouth AfricaSouth GeorgiaSouth KoreaSpainSri LankaSudanSurinameSvalbard and Jan MayenSwazilandSwedenSwitzerlandSyrian Arab RepublicTaiwanTajikistanTanzaniaThailandTimor-LesteTogoTokelauTongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyTurkmenistanTuvaluUgandaUkraineUnited Arab EmiratesUnited States Minor Outlying IslandsUruguayUzbekistanVanuatuVatican CityVenezuelaVietnamVirgin Islands, BritishVirgin Islands, U.S.Wallis and FutunaWestern SaharaYemenZambiaZimbabwe
\* Estado
—Please choose an option—AlabamaAlaskaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDelawareFloridaGeorgiaHawaiiIdahoIllinoisIndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaOhioOklahomaOregonPennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeTexasUtahVermontVirginiaWashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWyomingDistrict of ColumbiaPuerto RicoGuamAmerican SamoaU.S. Virgin IslandsNorthern Mariana Islands
\* Tipo de material (por ejemplo, madera):
\* Mensaje:
\* Análisis solicitado
Datación por radiocarbono por AMSd13C, d15Nd13C, d18Od17Od18O, dDServicios de Isobar (Sr, B, U-Th, Pb)
¿Cuántas muestra necesita analizar?
Necesita recibir los resultados antes de
¿Cómo se enteró de SGS Beta?
—Please choose an option—Recomendación de un colegaWebsite / buscadorAnuncio impresoConferencia / exhibición en congresoRecibí una llamada de BetaRecibí un email / boletínArtículo de revistaWebinarOtro
Acepto recibir boletines informativos de Beta y sus subsidiarios sobre actualizaciones del sector.
---
#### **Materiales no aceptados para datación por AMS**
El laboratorio **no** realiza datación por radiocarbono de los siguientes materiales:
- Manuscritos, objetos de arte u otros artículos de valor, a menos que sean enviados y pagados por una agencia gubernamental reconocida, un museo de renombre, o alguna otra agencia oficial que esté trabajando con los materiales como parte de un proceso académico multidisciplinario
- Muestras con “trazadores de Carbono-14” o cualquier material que haya sido enriquecido artificialmente con Carbono-12, Carbono-13, Carbono-14, o cualquier otro isótopo
En cumplimiento de los requisitos establecidos por la Convención sobre las medidas que deben adoptarse para prohibir e impedir la importación, la exportación y la transferencia de propiedad ilícitas de bienes culturales de la UNESCO, SGS Beta no realiza dataciones de obras de arte, artefactos o antigüedades que provengan de particulares, anticuarios, casas de subastas o colecciones privadas.
---
## Análisis de isótopos estables
SGS Beta también ofrece análisis de isótopos estables para diferentes tipos de muestras, entre ellas:
[Huesos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/analisis-isotopico-dietetico.htm) (cremados), materia orgánica y DIC del agua– δ13C[Huesos (no cremados)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-huesos.htm)– δ13C + δ15N
– δ13C + δ15N + %C + %N + C:N[Carbonatos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/isotopicas-oxigeno.htm)– δ13C + δ18O[Agua](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/isotopos-oxigeno-deuterio.htm)– δD
– [δ17O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/agua-isotopo-oxigenod17.htm)
– δ18O
– δD + δ18O
– δD + δ18O además de δ13C en el DIC del agua**Temas relacionados:**
[Precios de datación por radiocarbono y términos de pago](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/arqueologia-pago-terminos.htm)
[Último webinario](https://www.radiocarbon.com/category/beta-analytic-updates/beta-analytic-webinars/)
[SGS Beta: Por qué no aceptamos muestras con carbono 14 como marcador](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/lab-sin-marcadores.htm)
*Última actualización de la página: Enero de 2024*
---
### [Kosten einer Radiokarbon-Datierung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/was-kosten-carbon-datierungen.htm)
**Published:** January 18, 2019
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
Die Kosten für eine Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung von SGS Beta variieren je nach Materialtyp und gewünschtem Service.
Bitte geben Sie im nachstehenden Kontaktformular die folgenden Informationen an, damit wir die entsprechenden Preise angeben können.
**1. Kohlenstoff-Datierungsdienste**
- AMS Standard – Ergebnisse werden innerhalb von 14 Werktagen oder weniger berichtet
- AMS Priority – 6 Werktage oder weniger
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 Werktage (nicht möglich für [Knochen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-knochen.htm) oder [Sediment](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-sedimente.htm))
**2. Materialtyp** (z.B. nicht erhitzte Knochen, Holzkohle, Sediment)
**3.** Wenn Sie einen Kostenvoranschlag oder ein Angebot benötigen, geben Sie bitte auch die **Anzahl der Proben je Material** und die **Rechnungsadresse der zahlenden Institution an.**
Um Bor-, Strontium-, Blei- und U-Th-Datierungen zu analysieren, besuchen Sie bitte [www.isobarscience.com](https://isobarscience.com/).
---
Wir beantworten Anfragen innerhalb von 24 Stunden.
#### SGS Beta AKZEPTIERT KEINE:
- Manuskripte, Kunstwerke, Artefakte oder Antiquitäten von Privatpersonen, Antiquitätenhändlern, Auktionshäusern oder Privatsammlungen
- Proben mit “Tracer Kohlenstoff-14” oder anderen künstlichen Isotopen
- Materialien für persönliche Forschung (z.B. Holz aus einem Ahnenhaus, Metalle/Münzen, Knochen aus einer zufälligen Ausgrabung usw.)
- Ambergris
Details finden Sie unten auf dieser Seite.
\* Vorname:
\* Nachname:
\* Email:
\* Universität / Firma:
Telefon:
\* Land / Region:
—Please choose an option—United StatesUnited KingdomAfghanistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAmerican SamoaAndorraAngolaAnguillaAntarcticaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaArmeniaArubaAustraliaAustriaAzerbaijanBahamasBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelgiumBelizeBeninBermudaBhutanBoliviaBosnia and HerzegovinaBotswanaBouvet IslandBrazilBritish Indian Ocean TerritoryBrunei DarussalamBulgariaBurkina FasoBurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaCape VerdeCayman IslandsCentral African RepublicChadChileChinaChristmas IslandCocos IslandsColombiaComorosCongoCongoCook IslandsCosta RicaCote d'IvoireCroatiaCubaCyprusCzech RepublicDenmarkDjiboutiDominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEquatorial GuineaEritreaEstoniaEthiopiaFalkland IslandsFaroe IslandsFijiFinlandFranceFrench GuianaFrench PolynesiaGabonGambiaGeorgiaGermanyGhanaGibraltarGreeceGreenlandGrenadaGuadeloupeGuamGuatemalaGuineaGuinea-BissauGuyanaHaitiHeard Island and McDonald IslandsHondurasHong KongHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaIranIraqIrelandIsraelItalyJamaicaJapanJordanKazakhstanKenyaKiribatiKuwaitKyrgyzstanLaosLatviaLebanonLesothoLiberiaLibyaLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMacaoMacedoniaMadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaliMaltaMarshall IslandsMartiniqueMauritaniaMauritiusMayotteMexicoMicronesiaMoldovaMonacoMongoliaMontserratMoroccoMozambiqueMyanmarNamibiaNauruNepalNetherlandsNetherlands AntillesNew CaledoniaNew ZealandNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNorfolk IslandNorth KoreaNorwayOmanPakistanPalauPalestinian TerritoryPanamaPapua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPitcairnPolandPortugalPuerto RicoQatarRomaniaRussian FederationRwandaSaint HelenaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Pierre and MiquelonSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSamoaSan MarinoSao Tome and PrincipeSaudi ArabiaSenegalSerbia and MontenegroSeychellesSierra LeoneSingaporeSlovakiaSloveniaSolomon IslandsSomaliaSouth AfricaSouth GeorgiaSouth KoreaSpainSri LankaSudanSurinameSvalbard and Jan MayenSwazilandSwedenSwitzerlandSyrian Arab RepublicTaiwanTajikistanTanzaniaThailandTimor-LesteTogoTokelauTongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyTurkmenistanTuvaluUgandaUkraineUnited Arab EmiratesUnited States Minor Outlying IslandsUruguayUzbekistanVanuatuVatican CityVenezuelaVietnamVirgin Islands, BritishVirgin Islands, U.S.Wallis and FutunaWestern SaharaYemenZambiaZimbabwe
\* Materialtyp (z. B. Holz):
\* Nachricht:
\* Gewünschte Analyse
14C-AMS-Datierungd13C, d15Nd13C, d18Od17Od18O, dDIsobar-Dienstleistungen (Sr, B, U-Th, Pb)
Wie viele Proben möchten Sie analysieren lassen?
Sie benötigen die Ergebnisse bis zum
Wie sind Sie auf SGS Beta gestoßen?
—Please choose an option—Empfehlung eines KollegenWebseite / SuchmaschineGedruckte WerbungKonferenz / KongressausstellungErhielt einen Anruf von BetaErhielt eine E-Mail / NewsletterArtikel in einem MagazinWebinarAndere
Ich bin damit einverstanden, Newsletter von Beta und seinen Tochtergesellschaften mit Branchenaktualisierungen zu erhalten.
---
#### **Nicht für die AMS-Analyse akzeptierte Materialien**
Unser Labor führt **keine** Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung für folgende Materialien durch:
- Manuskripte, Kunstgegenstände oder andere wertvolle oder unbezahlbare Objekte; es sei denn, sie werden von einer anerkannten staatlichen Behörde, einem großen Museum oder einer anderen offiziellen Stelle eingereicht und bezahlt, die das Material im Rahmen multidisziplinärer und wissenschaftlicher Vorgaben untersucht.
- Proben, die „Tracer Kohlenstoff-14“ enthalten oder andere Materialien, die künstlich mit Kohlenstoff-12, Kohlenstoff-13, Kohlenstoff-14 oder einem anderen Isotop angereichert wurden.
SGS Beta datiert keine Kunstwerke, Artefakte oder Antiquitäten von Privatpersonen, Antiquitätenhändlern, Auktionshäusern oder Privatsammlungen. Damit erfüllen wir die Anforderungen des UNESCO-Übereinkommens über das Verbot und die Verhinderung der unerlaubten Einfuhr, Ausfuhr, Übertragung des Eigentums von Kulturgütern und den Handel mit geplündertem Kulturgut.
---
## Analyse von stabilen Isotopen
SGS Beta bietet auch eine stabile Isotopenanalyse verschiedener Proben:
[Knochen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/dietatisch-isotopische-analyse.htm) (eingeäschert), organische Materialien und Wasser DIC– δ13C[Knochen (nicht verbrannt)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-knochen.htm)– δ13C + δ15N
– δ13C + δ15N + %C + %N + C:N[Karbonate](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/sauerstoff-isotope.htm)– δ13C + δ18O[Wasser](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/sauerstoff-deuterium-isotope.htm)– δD
– [δ17O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/wasser-isotop-d17sauerstoff.htm)
– δ18O
– δD + δ18O
– δD + δ18O + δ13C an Wasser DIC**Andere Themen:**
[SGS Beta Preise für Datierungen und Zahlungsbedingungen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/radiokohlenstoff-labor-preisen.htm)
[Aktuelles Webinar](https://www.radiocarbon.com/category/beta-analytic-updates/beta-analytic-webinars/)
[SGS Beta – Warum wir keine Proben mit C-14 Tracern annehmen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/tracer-freies-labor.htm)
---
*Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: Januar 2024*
---
### [Análise isotópica específica de compostos de hidrocarbonetos gasosos (δ¹³C)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/analise-isotopos-hidrocarbonetos.htm)
**Published:** July 10, 2026
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
A análise isotópica específica de compostos (CSIA) do δ13C em hidrocarbonetos em fase gasosa e gases atmosféricos tem sido utilizada para explicar a atividade microbiana, termogénica ou geogénica do gás, proporcionando uma compreensão mais sólida da origem do carbono do que a simples análise da concentração. Entre as aplicações que têm recorrido à análise isotópica contam-se:
- Testes ambientais para distinguir fontes termogénicas, microbianas e abióticas
- Rastreio da metanogênese microbiana
- Identificar assinaturas de craqueamento térmico, fraturamento hidráulico e gás natural
- Projetos de gás energético que monitoram gás do solo, biogás e gás de aterro sanitário
- Projetos de pesquisa que visam melhorar a eficiência do biogás ou dos digestores
## Análise de δ13C da SGS Beta para gases de hidrocarbonetos
A SGS Beta oferece uma análise especializada dos seguintes gases:
- Carbono total (gás total)
- Dióxido de carbono (CO2)
Entre os gases selecionados para a separação por cromatografia antes da combustão incluem-se:
- Methane (CH4)
- Ethane (C2H6)
- Propano (C3H8)
A SGS Beta utiliza materiais de referência (MR) secundários internacionais para a determinação dos valores de δ13C específicos de cada composto em gases de hidrocarbonetos. Os RMs são fornecidos pelo Serviço Geológico dos Estados Unidos (USGS), que disponibiliza um conjunto de gases padrão de metano, etano e propano (HCG-1, HCG-2 e HCG-3), além dos padrões de ácido oxálico NIST SRM 4990C.
Abaixo está um exemplo de como a análise de δ13C é aplicada na monitorização ambiental no mundo real.
 Figura 1: Análises de aterro sanitário Classe III Flare 1 de seis parâmetros medidas na SGS Beta (Departamento de P&D)
## Análise do δ13C do CH4 e do CO2 nos gases do solo e em aterros sanitários
A análise do δ13C do CH4 e do CO2 nos gases do solo e nos aterros sanitários tornou-se uma ferramenta essencial para distinguir entre fontes de carbono biogénicas e geogénicas. O metano presente nos solos pode ter origem na metanogênese microbiana, em fugas termogênicas de combustíveis fósseis ou mesmo em reações abióticas. Cada um destes processos sofre fracionamento isotópico de 13/12C, produzindo assinaturas de δ13C . Por exemplo, a literatura científica indica que as vias microbianas apresentam valores de metano com empobrecimento de ¹³C entre –50 e –110‰; o gás termogénico apresenta um empobrecimento moderado (–30 a –50‰), enquanto o metano abiótico ou derivado do manto pode estar comparativamente enriquecido (–5 a –30‰). Ao medir o δ13C juntamente com perfis de profundidade, é possível inferir a origem do metano se está sendo formado in situ sob condições anaeróbias ou se é gás fóssil migrado contaminando camadas superficiais do solo. O δ13C da fração de CO2 fornece informações complementares sobre o ciclo do carbono e a potencial contaminação, quando comparado com a fração de CH4 O CO2 exalado pelo solo proveniente da vegetação é normalmente mais negativo nos ecossistemas C3 (–22 a –37‰) e menos reduzido nos sistemas C4 (–9 a –15‰). Desvios em relação a estes intervalos, tais como um enriquecimento em direção a 0‰, podem indicar a dissolução de carbonatos ou a desgaseificação termogénica, em vez da respiração das raízes ou de microrganismos. Também se observou um enriquecimento de δ13C na fração de CO2 do gás de aterro, variando entre –10 e +15‰.
## Análise de δ13C no etano e no propano
A análise do δ13C do etano (C2H6) e do propano (C3H8) fornece um contexto essencial para interpretar a origem dos gases, a par do metano. Como esses hidrocarbonetos de cadeia mais longa raramente são produzidos por vias microbianas, sua presença e composição isotópica servem como indicadores-chave de processos termogênicos ou abióticos. Em aplicações ambientais e energéticas, valores elevados δ13C no etano e no propano podem ajudar a distinguir fugas de combustíveis fósseis ou impactos da fraturação hidráulica da metanogênese puramente microbiana, enquanto as variações relativas entre CH4, C2H6 e C3H8 revelam vias de mistura, migração e contaminação de gases. Os valores típicos de etano e propano termogénicos situam-se, em média, em cerca de -30‰ (variação entre ≈-60‰ e -16‰), enquanto as fontes abióticas podem apresentar teores comparativamente mais elevados (aproximando-se, por vezes, de -5‰) e os sistemas microbianos caracterizam-se pela ausência ou pela presença apenas de vestígios destes gases. Ao analisar conjuntamente o metano, o etano e o propano, a SGS Beta fornece impressões isotópicas específicas de cada composto, que constituem uma base sólida para a atribuição de fontes, a monitorização ambiental e os estudos sobre o sistema petrolífero.
## Análise de isótopos duplos 14C e δ13C
O δ13C pode indicar vias de formação; no entanto, a sua combinação com o 14C fornece informações tanto sobre o processo como sobre a idade, criando um poderoso quadro de isótopos duplos. Ao integrar a análise de δ13C com medições de radiocarbono (14C), é possível determinar a atividade do 14C(ou idade), a origem e o destino dos hidrocarbonetos e dos gases atmosféricos associados (CO e CO2). As amostras podem ser analisadas e os resultados apresentados através [do ensaio de 14C em hidrocarbonetos biogénicos](https://www.betalabservices.com/portugues/hidrocarbonetos/analise-c14-biogenico.html) , em conformidade com a norma ASTM D6866, ou submetidas a [análise de radiocarbono](https://www.radiocarbon.com/methane-analysis.htm) para a determinação do pMC medido (MpMC), do pMC convencional (CpMC), da idade aparente em radiocarbono em BP e do δ13C.
## Pronto para enviar amostras para teste?
Contacte o seu gestor de conta ou para receber um questionário de análise isotópica específica de compostos, que deve ser preenchido, enviado e aprovado pela nossa equipa de laboratório antes do envio da amostra. A análise por cromatografia de gás, em conformidade com a norma ASTM D7833, também pode ser solicitada em conjunto com os nossos serviços de análise isotópica para amostras de metano, etano, propano e carbono total (gás a granel).
**Volume de amostra e requisitos de recipientes:** 2% (v/v) num saco de gás de folha de alumínio multicamadas com 0,6 L ou num IsoTube pressurizado.
[**Leia aqui as nossas orientações completas para o envio de amostras de gás.**](https://www.betalabservices.com/hydrocarbons/shipping.html)
Para quaisquer dúvidas ou mais informações, contacte-nos através do endereço .
**Referências:**
- Whiticar, M. J. (1999). Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of bacterial formation and oxidation of methane. Chemical Geology, 161(1–3), 291–314.
- Reddy, C. M., et al. (2002). Radiocarbon as a tool to constrain the origins of methane in natural waters. Environmental Science & Technology, 36(19), 4244–4250.
- Etiope, G., & Sherwood Lollar, B. (2013). Abiotic methane on Earth. Reviews of Geophysics, 51(2), 276–299.
## [Ver mais](#collapseOne)
1. Cerling, T. E., & Quade, J. (1993). Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in soil carbonates. In: Climate Change in Continental Isotopic Records (AGU Monograph 78), 217–231.
2. Amundson, R., et al. (1998). Soil carbon dioxide and its isotopic composition: Implications for global carbon cycle. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 12(2), 195–210.
3. Chanton, J. P. (2005). The effect of gas transport on the isotope signature of methane in wetlands. Organic Geochemistry, 36(5), 753–768.
4. Bakkaloglu, S., Lowry, D., Fisher, R. E., France, J. L., & Nisbet, E. G. (2022). Landfill methane emissions: characterisation using isotopic signatures. Waste Management, 139, 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.12.004
5. Bergamaschi, P., Lubina, C., Königstedt, R., Fischer, H., Veltkamp, A. C., & Zwaagstra, O. (1998). Stable isotopic signatures (δ13C, δD) of methane from European landfill sites. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 103(D7), 8251–8265. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD03615
6. Bowling, D. R., Pataki, D. E., & Randerson, J. T. (2003). Carbon isotopes in terrestrial ecosystem pools and CO2 fluxes. New Phytologist, 157(2), 269–285. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00698.x
7. Chen, D., Shen, J., Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., Huang, C., & Li, Y. (2011). δ13C signature of carbon dioxide emissions from biogas digestate applied soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43(4), 1030–1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.12.015
8. Ehleringer, J. R., Buchmann, N., & Flanagan, L. B. (1997). Carbon isotope ratios in belowground carbon cycle processes. Ecological Applications, 7(3), 1067–1078. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007\[1067:CIRIBC\]2.0.CO;₂
9. Hackley, K. C., Liu, C. L., & Coleman, D. D. (1996). Environmental isotope and dissolved gas indicators of landfill gas effects on groundwater. Ground Water, 34(1), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb01867.x
10. Levin, I., Glatzel-Mattheier, H., Marik, T., Cuntz, M., & Schmidt, M. (1993). Verification of methane emission from German landfills using stable isotope analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 98(D3), 5195–5206. https://doi.org/10.1029/92JD02225
11. Smith, C., Jensen, L. S., & Andersen, J. M. (2015). The effect of biogas plant residues on soil carbon dioxide emissions and carbon isotopes. Waste Management, 44, 190–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.07.027
12. Whiticar, M. J. (1999). Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of bacterial formation and oxidation of methane. Chemical Geology, 161(1–3), 291–314.
13. Ni, Yunyan et al. (2025) Application of carbon and hydrogen isotopes in the study of natural gas origins. Journal of Natural Gas Geoscience, 10(2), 75-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnggs.2025.02.001
Última atualização: abril de 2026
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### [탄화수소 가스의 δ¹³C 특정 화합물 동위원소 분석](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/hydrocarbon-isotope-analysis.htm)
**Published:** July 16, 2026
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
기체 상태의 탄화수소 및 대기 가스의 δ13C 특정 화합물 동위원소 분석(CSIA)은 가스의 미생물학적, 열 기원 또는 지질 기원 활동을 설명하는 데 오랫동안 사용해 왔으며, 단순히 농도만으로는 알 수 없는 탄소 공급원의 이해를 확실하게 제공합니다. 동위원소 분석 활용의 응용 분야는 다음과 같습니다.
- 열 기원, 미생물 및 비생물학적 기원을 구분하기 위한 환경 테스트
- 미생물에 의한 메탄 생성 과정 추적
- 열분해, 수압파쇄 및 천연가스 특징 식별
- 토양가스, 바이오가스, 매립지 가스를 모니터링하는 에너지 가스 프로젝트
- 바이오가스 또는 소화조 효율 향상을 목표로 하는 연구 프로젝트
## SGS 베타 연구소의 탄화수소 가스 δ13C 분석
SGS Beta 연구소는 다음 가스에 대한 전문 분석을 제공합니다:
- 총 탄소 (벌크 가스)
- 이산화탄소 (CO2)
연소 전 크로마토그래피 분리 후 다음 가스 선택 :
- 메탄(CH4)
- 에탄(C2H6)
- 프로판(C3H8)
SGS Beta 연구소는 탄화수소 가스의 특정 화합물 δ13C 값을 측정하기 위해 국제 표준 2차 참조 물질(RM)을 사용합니다. 해당 참조 물질(RM)은 미국 지질 조사국(USGS)에서 제공하며, USGS는 NIST SRM 4990C 옥살산 표준 물질 외에도 메탄, 에탄, 프로판을 표준 가스(HCG-1, HCG-2, HCG-3)로 제공합니다.
아래는 δ13C 분석이 실제 환경 모니터링에 적용되는 예시입니다.
 탄화수소의 d¹³C 특정 화합물 동위원소 분석
## 토양 가스 및 매립지 내 CH4 및 CO2 의 δ13C 분석
토양 가스와 매립지 내 CH4 및 CO2 의 δ13C 분석은 생물 기원 탄소와 지질 기원 탄소를 구분하는 데 필수적인 도구가 되었습니다. 토양 속 메탄은 미생물에 의한 메탄 생성, 화석 연료의 열 발생 누출, 또는 비생물학적 반응 등 다양한 원인에서 발생할 수 있습니다. 이러한 각 과정은 δ13C 특징을 생성하기 위한 13/12C 동위원소 분별 작용을 거칩니다. 예를 들어, 과학 문헌에 따르면 미생물 경로로 생성된 메탄은 δ13C 값이 -50~-110‰로 낮게 나타나는 반면, 열생성 가스는 중간 정도로 낮게(-30~-50‰) 나타나고, 비생물학적 또는 맨틀 유래 메탄은 상대적으로 높게(-5~-30‰) 나타날 수 있습니다. 깊이별 δ13C 값을 측정함으로써, 메탄의 공급원은 혐기성 조건에서 활발하게 현장 생성되는 것인지, 아니면 얕은 토양층을 오염시키는 이동된 화석 가스인지를 추론할 수 있다. CO2 분획의 δ¹³C 값은 CH4 분획과 비교했을 때 탄소 순환 및 잠재적 오염에 대한 보완적인 통찰력을 제공합니다. 식물 호흡으로 인한 토양 CO2 배출량은 일반적으로 C3 생태계에서 더 낮은 값(–22~–37‰)을 보이며, C4 시스템에서는 그 정도가 덜 낮은 값(–9~–15‰)을 나타냅니다. 0‰ 쪽으로 치우치는 등 이러한 범위에서 벗어나는 현상은 뿌리나 미생물 호흡보다는 탄산염 용해 또는 열생성 가스 방출을 나타낼 수 있습니다. 매립지 가스의 CO2 분획에서 δ¹³C 값이 –10‰에서 +15‰까지 증가하는 현상도 관찰되었습니다.
## 에탄 및 프로판에서의 δ13C 분석
에탄 (C2H6)과 프로판(C3H8)의 δ¹³C 분석은 메탄과 함께 가스의 기원을 해석하는 데 중요한 맥락을 제공합니다. 이러한 고분자량 탄화수소는 미생물 경로를 통해 생성되는 경우가 드물기 때문에, 이들의 존재 및 동위원소 조성은 열생성 또는 비생물학적 과정의 핵심 지표 역할을 합니다. 환경 및 에너지 분야에서 에탄과 프로판의 δ13C 값 증가는 화석 연료 누출이나 프래킹의 영향을 순수한 미생물 메탄 생성과 구별하는 데 도움이 될 수 있으며, CH4, C2H6 및 C3H8 간의 상대적 변화 는 가스 혼합, 이동 및 오염 경로를 나타냅니다 . 일반적인 열생성 에탄 및 프로판의 평균값은 약 -30‰(범위 ≈-60‰ ~ -16‰)인 반면, 비생물학적 공급원은 상대적으로 높은 농도(때로는 -5‰에 근접)를 나타낼 수 있으며, 미생물 시스템은 이러한 가스가 없거나 극미량으로만 존재하는 것이 특징입니다. SGS Beta 연구소는 메탄, 에탄 및 프로판을 함께 분석하여 화합물별 동위원소 지문을 제공하며, 이는 발생원 규명, 환경 모니터링 및 석유 시스템 연구를 위한 견고한 틀을 제공합니다.
## 14C 및 δ13C 이중 동위원소 분석
δ13C 는 생성 경로를 암시할 수 있지만,14C 와 결합하면 생성 과정과 연대 정보를 모두 얻을 수 있어 강력한 이중 동위원소 분석 체계를 구축할 수 있습니다. δ13C 분석을 방사성 탄소 (14C) 측정과 통합하면 탄화수소 및 관련 대기 가스(CO 및 CO2)의 14 C 활동(또는 연령), 기원 및 운명을 결정할 수 있습니다. ASTM D6866에 따른 [생물 기원 탄화수소 가스 14C 분석을](https://www.betalabservices.com/hydrocarbons/biogenic-c14-testing.html) 의뢰하거나, 측정 pMC(MpMC), 교정을 거친 일반 pMC(CpMC), BP 단위의 방사성 탄소 연대 및 δ13C을 위한 [방사성탄소 분석을](https://www.radiocarbon.com/methane-analysis.htm) 의뢰할 수 있습니다.
## 시료 제출 준비하기?
특정 화합물 동위원소 분석 설문지를 받으시려면 담당 매니저 또는 으로 문의하십시오. 시료 제출 전, 설문지 작성, 제출하여 당사 실험실 팀의 승인을 받아야 합니다. ASTM D7833을 사용한 가스 크로마토그래피 분석은 메탄, 에탄, 프로판 및 총 탄소(벌크 가스) 시료에 대한 동위원소 검사 서비스와 별도입니다.
**시료량 및 용기 요건:** 2%(v/v) 0.6L 다층 알루미늄 호일 가스 백 또는 가압 IsoTube.
[**가스 시료 제출에 대한 전체 지침은 여기에서 확인하세요.**](https://www.betalabservices.com/hydrocarbons/shipping.html)
문의사항이나 추가 정보가 필요하시면 으로 연락주시기 바랍니다.
**참조 물질들**
- Whiticar, M. J. (1999). Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of bacterial formation and oxidation of methane. Chemical Geology, 161(1–3), 291–314.
- Reddy, C. M., et al. (2002). Radiocarbon as a tool to constrain the origins of methane in natural waters. Environmental Science & Technology, 36(19), 4244–4250.
- Etiope, G., & Sherwood Lollar, B. (2013). Abiotic methane on Earth. Reviews of Geophysics, 51(2), 276–299.
## [더 보기](#collapseOne)
1. Cerling, T. E., & Quade, J. (1993). Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in soil carbonates. In: Climate Change in Continental Isotopic Records (AGU Monograph 78), 217–231.
2. Amundson, R., et al. (1998). Soil carbon dioxide and its isotopic composition: Implications for global carbon cycle. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 12(2), 195–210.
3. Chanton, J. P. (2005). The effect of gas transport on the isotope signature of methane in wetlands. Organic Geochemistry, 36(5), 753–768.
4. Bakkaloglu, S., Lowry, D., Fisher, R. E., France, J. L., & Nisbet, E. G. (2022). Landfill methane emissions: characterisation using isotopic signatures. Waste Management, 139, 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.12.004
5. Bergamaschi, P., Lubina, C., Königstedt, R., Fischer, H., Veltkamp, A. C., & Zwaagstra, O. (1998). Stable isotopic signatures (δ13C, δD) of methane from European landfill sites. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 103(D7), 8251–8265. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD03615
6. Bowling, D. R., Pataki, D. E., & Randerson, J. T. (2003). Carbon isotopes in terrestrial ecosystem pools and CO2 fluxes. New Phytologist, 157(2), 269–285. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00698.x
7. Chen, D., Shen, J., Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., Huang, C., & Li, Y. (2011). δ13C signature of carbon dioxide emissions from biogas digestate applied soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43(4), 1030–1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.12.015
8. Ehleringer, J. R., Buchmann, N., & Flanagan, L. B. (1997). Carbon isotope ratios in belowground carbon cycle processes. Ecological Applications, 7(3), 1067–1078. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007\[1067:CIRIBC\]2.0.CO;₂
9. Hackley, K. C., Liu, C. L., & Coleman, D. D. (1996). Environmental isotope and dissolved gas indicators of landfill gas effects on groundwater. Ground Water, 34(1), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb01867.x
10. Levin, I., Glatzel-Mattheier, H., Marik, T., Cuntz, M., & Schmidt, M. (1993). Verification of methane emission from German landfills using stable isotope analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 98(D3), 5195–5206. https://doi.org/10.1029/92JD02225
11. Smith, C., Jensen, L. S., & Andersen, J. M. (2015). The effect of biogas plant residues on soil carbon dioxide emissions and carbon isotopes. Waste Management, 44, 190–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.07.027
12. Whiticar, M. J. (1999). Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of bacterial formation and oxidation of methane. Chemical Geology, 161(1–3), 291–314.
13. Ni, Yunyan et al. (2025) Application of carbon and hydrogen isotopes in the study of natural gas origins. Journal of Natural Gas Geoscience, 10(2), 75-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnggs.2025.02.001
관련 자료: 2026년 4월
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### [δ¹³C 炭化水素ガス分子レベル同位体分析](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/hydrocarbon-isotope-analysis.htm)
**Published:** July 17, 2026
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
炭化水素ガスや大気のδ13Cを対象とした分子レベル同位体分析（CSIA）は、ガスの微生物起源、熱起源、あるいは地質起源を詳細に解明するために用いられ、濃度データのみを用いる場合と比較して、炭素の起源についてより多くの知見をもたらします。この同位体分析を利用した応用例には以下のようなものがあります:
- 熱起源、微生物起源、および非生物起源を区別するための環境試験
- 微生物によるメタン生成の追跡
- 熱分解、水圧破砕、および天然ガスの特徴を特定する
- 土壌ガス、バイオガス、および埋立ガスをモニターするエネルギーガスプロジェクト
- バイオガスまたは消化槽の効率向上を目的とした研究プロジェクト
## SGS Betaによる炭化水素ガスのδ13C分析
SGS Beta は、以下のガスの専門的な分析を提供します。
- 全炭素（バルクガス）
- 二酸化炭素 (CO2)
燃焼前のクロマトグラフィー分離に選択できるガスには次のものがあります。
- メタン (CH4)
- エタン (C2H6)
- プロパン (C3H8)
SGS Betaでは、炭化水素ガスの分子レベルδ13Cを測定するために、国際的な二次標準物質を使用しています。標準物質は米国地質調査所（USGS）が供給している炭化水素標準ガス(HCG-1、HCG-2、HCG-3）で、NISTが供給する標準物質 SRM 4990C（シュウ酸）と併せて使用します。
以下は、δ13C分析が実際の環境モニタリングにおいてどのように活用されているかの例です。
 図1：SGS Beta（研究開発部門）にて測定された6つのパラメータに関するクラスIIIフレア1埋立地の分析
## 土壌ガスおよび埋立地におけるメタン CH4 および二酸化炭素 CO2 のδ13C分析
土壌ガスや埋立地におけるメタン CH4 および二酸化炭素 CO2 のδ13C分析は、生物起源と地質起源の炭素源を区別するための不可欠な手法となっています。土壌中のメタンは、微生物によるメタン生成、化石燃料の熱起源による漏出、あるいは非生物学的反応に起因する場合があります。これらの各プロセスでは、 13/12C同位体分別が起こり、それぞれのプロセスで異なるδのシグネチャを与えます。例えば、文献によれば、微生物由来のメタンはδ13Cが–50～–110‰と低い値、熱起源のガスはそれに比べ–30～–50‰と若干低い値であるのに対し、非生物起源またはマントル由来のメタンは–5～–30‰と比較的高い値を示します。深度プロファイルとともにδ13Cを測定することで、嫌気条件下でその場において(in situ)生成されたメタン、あるいは浅い土壌層に混入した化石ガスといった、メタンの起源を推定することができます。CO2分画のδ13C値は、CH4分画と比較することで、炭素循環や潜在的な汚染について補足的な知見をもたらします。土壌呼吸による植物由来のCO2は、一般的にC3生態系ではより軽い値（–22～–37‰）を示し、C4生態系ではそれほど軽い値を示しません（-9～-15‰）。これらの範囲から外れる場合、例えば0‰への濃縮は、根や微生物の呼吸ではなく、炭酸塩の溶解や熱起源の脱ガスを示唆している可能性があります。また、埋立地ガス由来のCO2分画において、δ13C値が–10～+15‰の範囲に濃縮されるケースも確認されています。
## エタンおよびプロパンにおけるδ13C分析
エタン(C2H6) およびプロパン (C3H8) の δ13C分析は、メタンと併せてガスの起源を解釈する上で重要な手がかりとなります。これらの長鎖炭化水素は微生物による経路ではほとんど生成されないため、その存在と同位体組成は、熱成因的あるいは非生物学的プロセスの重要な指標となります。環境・エネルギー分野において、エタンおよびプロパン中のδ13C値の上昇は、化石燃料の漏出や水圧破砕（フラッキング）の影響と、純粋な微生物によるメタン生成とを区別するのに役立ちます。一方、CH4, C2H6, C3H8間の相対的な変化は、ガスの混合、移動、および汚染経路を明らかにします。一般的な熱生成エタンおよびプロパンの値は平均で約-30‰（範囲は約-60‰～-16‰）であるのに対し、非生物起源のものは比較的濃縮されている場合があり（時には-5‰に近づくこともあります）、微生物系ではこれらのガスが存在しないか、あるいは微量しか含まれないのが特徴です。SGS Betaは、メタン、エタン、プロパンを同時に分析することで、分子レベルの同位体フィンガープリントを特定し、発生源の特定、環境モニタリング、および石油システムの研究のための有用な情報を提供します。
## 14Cおよびδ13C、二種類の同位体分析
δ13Cは生成経路を示す手がかりとなり、14Cと組み合わせることで、生成過程と年代の両方の情報が得られ、強力な二重同位体指標の構築が可能です。δ13Cと放射性炭素 14C を組み合わせることで、炭化水素および関連する大気ガス（COおよび CO2) の14Cアクティビティ（または年代）、起源、および将来を予測をすることが可能となります。試験は、ASTM D6866に基づく[バイオジェニック炭化水素ガスの14C測定](https://www.betalabservices.com/jp/hydrocarbons/biogenic-c14-testing.html) による報告、あるいは [放射性炭素分析](https://www.radiocarbon.com/methane-analysis.htm)による、Measured pMC（MpMC）、Conventional pMC（CpMC）、見かけ放射性炭素年代(BP)、およびδ13Cの報告が可能です。
## 試験用のサンプルを提出する準備はできましたか？
担当のアカウントマネージャー、または までご連絡ください。「分子レベル同位体分析」の質問票をお送りいたします。サンプルをご提出いただく前に、この質問票に必要事項を記入の上、ご提出いただき、当試験所のチームによる承認を受ける必要があります。当社のメタン、エタン、プロパン、および全炭素（バルクガス）試料の同位体分析サービスと併せて、ASTM D7833に基づくガスクロマトグラフィー分析もご依頼いただけます。
**サンプルの容量および容器に関する要件：** 0.6 Lの多層アルミ箔製ガスバッグまたは加圧IsoTubeに、2%（v/v）充填。
[**ガス試料の提出に関するガイドラインの全文はこちらをご覧ください。**](https://www.betalabservices.com/hydrocarbons/shipping.html)
ご質問や詳細については、 までお問い合わせください。
**参考文献**
- Whiticar, M. J. (1999). Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of bacterial formation and oxidation of methane. Chemical Geology, 161(1–3), 291–314.
- Reddy, C. M., et al. (2002). Radiocarbon as a tool to constrain the origins of methane in natural waters. Environmental Science & Technology, 36(19), 4244–4250.
- Etiope, G., & Sherwood Lollar, B. (2013). Abiotic methane on Earth. Reviews of Geophysics, 51(2), 276–299.
## [さらに詳しく](#collapseOne)
1. Cerling, T. E., & Quade, J. (1993). Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in soil carbonates. In: Climate Change in Continental Isotopic Records (AGU Monograph 78), 217–231.
2. Amundson, R., et al. (1998). Soil carbon dioxide and its isotopic composition: Implications for global carbon cycle. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 12(2), 195–210.
3. Chanton, J. P. (2005). The effect of gas transport on the isotope signature of methane in wetlands. Organic Geochemistry, 36(5), 753–768.
4. Bakkaloglu, S., Lowry, D., Fisher, R. E., France, J. L., & Nisbet, E. G. (2022). Landfill methane emissions: characterisation using isotopic signatures. Waste Management, 139, 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.12.004
5. Bergamaschi, P., Lubina, C., Königstedt, R., Fischer, H., Veltkamp, A. C., & Zwaagstra, O. (1998). Stable isotopic signatures (δ13C, δD) of methane from European landfill sites. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 103(D7), 8251–8265. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD03615
6. Bowling, D. R., Pataki, D. E., & Randerson, J. T. (2003). Carbon isotopes in terrestrial ecosystem pools and CO2 fluxes. New Phytologist, 157(2), 269–285. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00698.x
7. Chen, D., Shen, J., Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., Huang, C., & Li, Y. (2011). δ13C signature of carbon dioxide emissions from biogas digestate applied soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43(4), 1030–1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.12.015
8. Ehleringer, J. R., Buchmann, N., & Flanagan, L. B. (1997). Carbon isotope ratios in belowground carbon cycle processes. Ecological Applications, 7(3), 1067–1078. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007\[1067:CIRIBC\]2.0.CO;₂
9. Hackley, K. C., Liu, C. L., & Coleman, D. D. (1996). Environmental isotope and dissolved gas indicators of landfill gas effects on groundwater. Ground Water, 34(1), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb01867.x
10. Levin, I., Glatzel-Mattheier, H., Marik, T., Cuntz, M., & Schmidt, M. (1993). Verification of methane emission from German landfills using stable isotope analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 98(D3), 5195–5206. https://doi.org/10.1029/92JD02225
11. Smith, C., Jensen, L. S., & Andersen, J. M. (2015). The effect of biogas plant residues on soil carbon dioxide emissions and carbon isotopes. Waste Management, 44, 190–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.07.027
12. Whiticar, M. J. (1999). Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of bacterial formation and oxidation of methane. Chemical Geology, 161(1–3), 291–314.
13. Ni, Yunyan et al. (2025) Application of carbon and hydrogen isotopes in the study of natural gas origins. Journal of Natural Gas Geoscience, 10(2), 75-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnggs.2025.02.001
最終更新：2026年4月
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### [Analisi isotopica δ¹³C specifica per composto su idrocarburi gassosi](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/analisi-isotopica-idrocarburi.htm)
**Published:** July 10, 2026
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
L’analisi isotopica δ13C specifica per composto (CSIA) degli idrocarburi gassosi e dei gas atmosferici è utilizzata per determinare l’origine microbica, termogenica o geogenica dei gas e permette una comprensione più approfondita delle fonti di carbonio rispetto alla sola concentrazione. Le sue principali applicazioni includono:
- studi ambientali per distinguere tra fonti termogeniche, microbiche e abiotiche
- tracciamento della metanogenesi microbica
- distinzione tra le firme di cracking termico, fratturazione idraulica (fracking) e gas naturale
- progetti di monitoraggio di gas interstiziali, biogas e gas di discarica
- progetti di ricerca volti a migliorare l’efficienza del biogas o dei digestori
## Le analisi δ13C su idrocarburi gassosi di SGS Beta
SGS Beta offre analisi specializzate su:
- carbonio totale (miscele gassose)
- anidride carbonica (CO2)
Gas isolabili tramite cromatografia:
- metano (CH4)
- etano (C2H6)
- propano (C3H8)
SGS Beta utilizza materiali di riferimento secondari internazionali (RM) per la determinazione dei valori di δ13C specifici per ciascun composto di un idrocarburo gassoso. I materiali di riferimento (RM) provengono dallo United States Geological Survey (USGS), che fornisce campioni di metano, etano e propano come gas standard (HCG-1, HCG-2 e HCG-3), oltre agli standard di acido ossalico NIST SRM 4990C.
Di seguito riportiamo un esempio di applicazione dell’analisi δ13C nel monitoraggio ambientale.
 Figura 1: Analisi di sei parametri, misurati dal reparto Ricerca e Sviluppo di SGS Beta, relativi al Flare 1 di una discarica di classe III
## Analisi del δ13C di CH4 e CO2 nel gas interstiziale e di discarica
L’analisi del δ13C di CH4 e CO2 nei gas interstiziali e di discarica è diventata uno strumento essenziale per distinguere le fonti di carbonio biogeniche da quelle geogeniche. Il metano presente nei suoli può formarsi per metanogenesi microbica, per fuoriuscita termogenica di combustibili fossili o persino attraverso reazioni abiotiche. Ciascuno di questi processi comporta un frazionamento isotopico 13/12C che genera una firma δ¹³C caratteristica. Ad esempio, i processi microbici mostrano valori di metano impoveriti in δ13C , compresi tra -50 e -110‰; i gas termogenici presentano valori moderatamente impoveriti (da -30 a -50‰), mentre il metano abiotico o derivato dal mantello può risultare relativamente arricchito (da -5 a -30‰). Combinando le misure di ¹³C con i profili di profondità, è possibile determinare se il metano si forma in situ in condizioni anaerobiche oppure se si tratta di gas fossile migrato che contamina gli strati superficiali del suolo. Il δ13C della frazione di CO2 se confrontato con il valore relativo al CH4 fornisce informazioni aggiuntive sul ciclo del carbonio e sull’eventuale contaminazione. La CO2 prodotta dalla respirazione del suolo è solitamente caratterizzata da una firma più negativa negli ecosistemi C3 (da -22 a -37‰) e meno impoverita nei sistemi C4 (da -9 a -15‰). Deviazioni da questi intervalli, come l’arricchimento verso 0‰, possono indicare una dissoluzione di carbonati o un degassamento termogenico piuttosto che una respirazione radicale o microbica. È stato inoltre osservato un arricchimento del δ13C della CO2 proveniente dal gas di discarica, con valori compresi tra -10 e +15‰.
## Analisi del δ13C di etano e propano
L’analisi del δ13C dell’etano (C2H6) e del propano (C3H8) fornisce dati fondamentali per comprendere l’origine dei gas. Poiché questi idrocarburi, a catena più lunga rispetto al metano, vengono raramente prodotti attraverso processi microbici, la loro presenza e composizione isotopica fungono da indicatori chiave di processi termogenici o abiotici. Nelle applicazioni ambientali ed energetiche, valori di δ13C arricchiti nell’etano e nel propano possono aiutare a distinguere le perdite di combustibili fossili o l’impatto del fracking dalla metanogenesi puramente microbica, mentre le variazioni relative tra CH4, C2H6 e C3H8 rivelano i percorsi di miscelazione, migrazione e contaminazione dei gas. I valori tipici dell’etano e del propano termogenici si attestano in media intorno a -30‰ (intervallo da -60‰ a -16‰), mentre le fonti abiotiche possono presentare valori più elevati (a volte vicini a -5‰), e i sistemi microbici sono caratterizzati dall’assenza o da concentrazioni minime di questi gas. Analizzando congiuntamente metano, etano e propano, SGS Beta determina le firme isotopiche specifiche per ciascun composto, offrendo un quadro di riferimento solido per la determinazione delle fonti, il monitoraggio ambientale e gli studi sui sistemi petroliferi.
## Analisi combinata di 14C e δ13C
Il δ13C, da solo, consente di ipotizzare i processi di formazione, ma l’aggiunta del 14C permette di ottenere informazioni sia sul processo sia sull’età, creando un potente approccio isotopico integrato. Integrando l’analisi del δ13C con quella del radiocarbonio (14C) è possibile determinare l’attività (o età), l’origine e il destino degli idrocarburi e dei gas atmosferici associati (CO and CO2). Per questo tipo di campioni sono disponibili [il test del carbonio-14 (14C) ](https://www.betalabservices.com/italiano/idrocarburi/analisi-c14-biogenico.html) per la misurazione del contenuto biogenico secondo la norma ASTM D6866, e [l’analisi al radiocarbonio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/methane-analysis.htm) con risultati che includono il pMC misurato (MpMC), il pMC convenzionale (CpMC), l’età radiocarbonica apparente (BP) e il δ13C.
## Ha dei campioni da analizzare?
Contatti il suo Account Manager o scriva un’email a per ricevere un questionario per l’analisi isotopica specifica per composto, che dovrà essere compilato, inviato e approvato dal nostro team prima dell’invio del campione. Insieme ai nostri servizi di analisi isotopica, è possibile richiedere anche la gascromatografia secondo la norma ASTM D7833 per campioni di metano, etano, propano e miscele gassose.
**Volume del campione e requisiti del contenitore:** 2% (v/v) in un sacchetto per gas da 0,6 L in alluminio multistrato o in un IsoTube pressurizzato.
[**Consulti qui le nostre linee guida per l’invio dei campioni di gas.**](https://www.betalabservices.com/hydrocarbons/shipping.html)
Per domande e ulteriori informazioni, può contattarci all’indirizzo .
**Riferimenti**
- Whiticar, M. J. (1999). Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of bacterial formation and oxidation of methane. Chemical Geology, 161(1–3), 291–314.
- Reddy, C. M., et al. (2002). Radiocarbon as a tool to constrain the origins of methane in natural waters. Environmental Science & Technology, 36(19), 4244–4250.
- Etiope, G., & Sherwood Lollar, B. (2013). Abiotic methane on Earth. Reviews of Geophysics, 51(2), 276–299.
## [Visualizza altro](#collapseOne)
1. Cerling, T. E., & Quade, J. (1993). Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in soil carbonates. In: Climate Change in Continental Isotopic Records (AGU Monograph 78), 217–231.
2. Amundson, R., et al. (1998). Soil carbon dioxide and its isotopic composition: Implications for global carbon cycle. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 12(2), 195–210.
3. Chanton, J. P. (2005). The effect of gas transport on the isotope signature of methane in wetlands. Organic Geochemistry, 36(5), 753–768.
4. Bakkaloglu, S., Lowry, D., Fisher, R. E., France, J. L., & Nisbet, E. G. (2022). Landfill methane emissions: characterisation using isotopic signatures. Waste Management, 139, 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.12.004
5. Bergamaschi, P., Lubina, C., Königstedt, R., Fischer, H., Veltkamp, A. C., & Zwaagstra, O. (1998). Stable isotopic signatures (δ13C, δD) of methane from European landfill sites. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 103(D7), 8251–8265. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD03615
6. Bowling, D. R., Pataki, D. E., & Randerson, J. T. (2003). Carbon isotopes in terrestrial ecosystem pools and CO2 fluxes. New Phytologist, 157(2), 269–285. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00698.x
7. Chen, D., Shen, J., Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., Huang, C., & Li, Y. (2011). δ13C signature of carbon dioxide emissions from biogas digestate applied soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43(4), 1030–1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.12.015
8. Ehleringer, J. R., Buchmann, N., & Flanagan, L. B. (1997). Carbon isotope ratios in belowground carbon cycle processes. Ecological Applications, 7(3), 1067–1078. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007\[1067:CIRIBC\]2.0.CO;₂
9. Hackley, K. C., Liu, C. L., & Coleman, D. D. (1996). Environmental isotope and dissolved gas indicators of landfill gas effects on groundwater. Ground Water, 34(1), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb01867.x
10. Levin, I., Glatzel-Mattheier, H., Marik, T., Cuntz, M., & Schmidt, M. (1993). Verification of methane emission from German landfills using stable isotope analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 98(D3), 5195–5206. https://doi.org/10.1029/92JD02225
11. Smith, C., Jensen, L. S., & Andersen, J. M. (2015). The effect of biogas plant residues on soil carbon dioxide emissions and carbon isotopes. Waste Management, 44, 190–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.07.027
12. Whiticar, M. J. (1999). Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of bacterial formation and oxidation of methane. Chemical Geology, 161(1–3), 291–314.
13. Ni, Yunyan et al. (2025) Application of carbon and hydrogen isotopes in the study of natural gas origins. Journal of Natural Gas Geoscience, 10(2), 75-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnggs.2025.02.001
Ultimo aggiornamento: aprile 2026
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### [Analyse isotopique composé-spécifique (CSIA) du δ¹³C des hydrocarbures gazeux](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/analyse-isotopes-hydrocarbures.htm)
**Published:** July 10, 2026
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
L’analyse isotopique composé-spécifique (CSIA) du δ13C des hydrocarbures en phase gazeuse et des gaz atmosphériques est utilisée pour interpréter l’activité microbienne, thermogénique ou géogénique des gaz, et fournit une compréhension plus solide de la source du carbone que la concentration seule. Les applications ayant recours à l’analyse isotopique comprennent notamment
- Analyses environnementales visant à distinguer les sources thermogéniques, microbiennes et abiotiques
- Traçage de la méthanogénèse microbienne
- Caractérisation des signatures liées au craquage thermique, à la fracturation hydraulique et au gaz naturel
- Projets liés aux gaz énergétiques qui surveillent les gaz du sol, le biogaz et les gaz de décharge
- Projets de recherche visant à améliorer l’efficacité du biogaz ou des digesteurs
## Analyse du δ13C des gaz hydrocarbures par SGS Beta
SGS Beta propose une analyse spécialisée des gaz suivants :
- Carbone total (gaz en vrac)
- Dioxyde de carbone (CO2)
Les gaz sélectionnés pour une isolation par chromatographie avant combustion comprennent :
- Méthane (CH4)
- Éthane (C2H6)
- Propane (C3H8)
SGS Beta utilise des matériaux de référence (MR) secondaires internationaux pour déterminer les valeurs δ13C par analyse isotopique composé-spécifique (CSIA) des hydrocarbures gazeux. Les MR proviennent de l’Institut d’études géologiques des États-Unis (USGS), qui fournit une série de gaz étalons de méthane, d’éthane et de propane (HCG-1, HCG-2 et HCG-3), en complément des étalons d’acide oxalique NIST SRM 4990C.
Vous trouverez ci-dessous un exemple de la manière dont l’analyse du δ13C est appliquée concrètement dans la surveillance environnementale réelle.
 Figure 1 : Analyses de la décharge « Class III Flare 1 » (Torchère 1, Classe III) portant sur six paramètres, réalisées par SGS Beta (département R&D)
## Analyse δ13C du CH4 et CO2 dans les gaz du sol et les décharges
L’analyse du δ13C du CH4 et CO2 présents dans les gaz du sol et les décharges est devenue un outil indispensable pour distinguer les sources de carbone d’origine biogénique de celles d’origine géogénique. Le méthane présent dans les sols peut provenir de la méthanogénèse microbienne, de fuites thermogéniques de combustibles fossiles, voire de réactions abiotiques. Chacun de ces processus subit un fractionnement isotopique 13/12C qui génère des signatures δ13C . À titre d’exemple, la littérature scientifique indique que les voies microbiennes présentent des valeurs de ¹³C appauvries pour le méthane, allant de –50 à –110 ‰ ; le gaz thermogénique est modérément appauvri (–30 à –50 ‰), tandis que le méthane abiotique ou issu du manteau peut être comparativement enrichi (–5 à –30 ‰). En mesurant le δ13C parallèlement aux profils de profondeur, on peut déduire l’origine du méthane : soit une formation active in situ en conditions anaérobies, soit une contamination des couches superficielles du sol par la migration de gaz fossile. Le δ13C de la fraction CO2 apporte un éclairage complémentaire sur le cycle du carbone et les contaminations potentielles lorsqu’il est comparé à la fraction CH4. Le CO2 issu de la respiration du sol provenant de la végétation est généralement plus faible dans les écosystèmes C3 (–22 à –37 ‰) et moins appauvri dans les systèmes C4 (–9 à –15 ‰) Tout écart par rapport à ces fourchettes, tel qu’un enrichissement vers 0 ‰, peut indiquer une dissolution des carbonates ou un dégazage thermogénique plutôt qu’une respiration racinaire ou microbienne. On a également observé un enrichissement en δ13C de la fraction CO2 issue des gaz de décharge, compris entre –10 et +15 ‰.
## Analyse du δ13C dans l’éthane et le propane
L’analyse du δ13C de l’éthane (C2H6) et du propane (C3H8) fournit des éléments essentiels pour interpréter l’origine des gaz, parallèlement à celle du méthane. Étant donné que ces hydrocarbures à longue chaîne sont rarement produits par des voies microbiennes, leur présence et leur composition isotopique constituent des indicateurs clés des processus thermogéniques ou abiotiques. Dans les applications environnementales et énergétiques, des valeurs élevées de δ13C dans l’éthane et le propane peuvent aider à distinguer les fuites de combustibles fossiles ou les effets de la fracturation hydraulique de la méthanogénèse purement microbienne, tandis que les variations relatives entre le CH4, C2H6 et C3H8 révèlent les voies de mélange, de migration et de contamination des gaz. Les valeurs thermogéniques typiques de l’éthane et du propane s’élèvent en moyenne à environ -30 ‰ (avec une fourchette allant de ≈-60 ‰ à -16 ‰), tandis que les sources abiotiques peuvent présenter des teneurs comparativement plus élevées (atteignant parfois près de -5 ‰) et que les systèmes microbiens se caractérisent par l’absence de ces gaz ou par des concentrations infimes. En analysant conjointement le méthane, l’éthane et le propane, SGS Beta fournit des empreintes isotopiques spécifiques à chaque composé, qui constituent un cadre solide pour l’attribution des sources, la surveillance environnementale et les études des systèmes pétroliers.
## Analyse isotopique double 14C et δ13C
Le δ13C peut suggérer les voies de formation ; toutefois, son couplage avec le 14C renseigne à la fois sur les processus et sur l’âge, créant ainsi un puissant cadre d’analyse à double isotope. En combinant l’analyse δ13C avec les mesures au radiocarbone (14C), il est possible de déterminer l’activité du 14C (ou l’âge), l’origine et le devenir des hydrocarbures et des gaz atmosphériques associés (CO et CO2). Les échantillons peuvent être analysés et faire l’objet d’un rapport soit par [l’analyse du C14 pour les hydrocarbures gazeux biogéniques](https://www.betalabservices.com/francais/hydrocarbures/analyse-c14-biogenique.html) selon la norme ASTM D6866, soit soumis à une [analyse au radiocarbone](https://www.radiocarbon.com/methane-analysis.htm) pour obtenir le pMC mesuré (MpMC), le pMC conventionnel (CpMC), l’âge radiocarbone apparent en BP et le δ13C.
## Vous êtes prêt à envoyer vos échantillons pour analyse ?
Veuillez contacter votre chargé de compte ou envoyer un e-mail à pour recevoir un questionnaire d’analyse isotopique composé-spécifique (CSIA). Ce questionnaire doit être rempli, renvoyé et approuvé par notre équipe de laboratoire avant l’envoi des échantillons. Il est également possible de demander une analyse par chromatographie en phase gazeuse selon la norme ASTM D7833 en complément de nos services d’analyse isotopique pour des échantillons de méthane, d’éthane, de propane et de carbone total (gaz en vrac).
**Volume des échantillons et exigences relatives aux contenants :** 2 % (v/v) dans un sac à gaz multicouche en feuille d’aluminium de 0,6 L ou dans un IsoTube sous pression.
[**Consultez ici nos consignes complètes concernant l’envoi d’échantillons de gaz.**](https://www.betalabservices.com/hydrocarbons/shipping.html)
Pour toute question ou pour plus d’informations, veuillez nous contacter à l’adresse .
**Références**
- Whiticar, M. J. (1999). Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of bacterial formation and oxidation of methane. Chemical Geology, 161(1–3), 291–314.
- Reddy, C. M., et al. (2002). Radiocarbon as a tool to constrain the origins of methane in natural waters. Environmental Science & Technology, 36(19), 4244–4250.
- Etiope, G., & Sherwood Lollar, B. (2013). Abiotic methane on Earth. Reviews of Geophysics, 51(2), 276–299.
## [En savoir plus](#collapseOne)
1. Cerling, T. E., & Quade, J. (1993). Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in soil carbonates. In: Climate Change in Continental Isotopic Records (AGU Monograph 78), 217–231.
2. Amundson, R., et al. (1998). Soil carbon dioxide and its isotopic composition: Implications for global carbon cycle. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 12(2), 195–210.
3. Chanton, J. P. (2005). The effect of gas transport on the isotope signature of methane in wetlands. Organic Geochemistry, 36(5), 753–768.
4. Bakkaloglu, S., Lowry, D., Fisher, R. E., France, J. L., & Nisbet, E. G. (2022). Landfill methane emissions: characterisation using isotopic signatures. Waste Management, 139, 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.12.004
5. Bergamaschi, P., Lubina, C., Königstedt, R., Fischer, H., Veltkamp, A. C., & Zwaagstra, O. (1998). Stable isotopic signatures (δ13C, δD) of methane from European landfill sites. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 103(D7), 8251–8265. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD03615
6. Bowling, D. R., Pataki, D. E., & Randerson, J. T. (2003). Carbon isotopes in terrestrial ecosystem pools and CO2 fluxes. New Phytologist, 157(2), 269–285. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00698.x
7. Chen, D., Shen, J., Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., Huang, C., & Li, Y. (2011). δ13C signature of carbon dioxide emissions from biogas digestate applied soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43(4), 1030–1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.12.015
8. Ehleringer, J. R., Buchmann, N., & Flanagan, L. B. (1997). Carbon isotope ratios in belowground carbon cycle processes. Ecological Applications, 7(3), 1067–1078. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007\[1067:CIRIBC\]2.0.CO;₂
9. Hackley, K. C., Liu, C. L., & Coleman, D. D. (1996). Environmental isotope and dissolved gas indicators of landfill gas effects on groundwater. Ground Water, 34(1), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb01867.x
10. Levin, I., Glatzel-Mattheier, H., Marik, T., Cuntz, M., & Schmidt, M. (1993). Verification of methane emission from German landfills using stable isotope analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 98(D3), 5195–5206. https://doi.org/10.1029/92JD02225
11. Smith, C., Jensen, L. S., & Andersen, J. M. (2015). The effect of biogas plant residues on soil carbon dioxide emissions and carbon isotopes. Waste Management, 44, 190–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.07.027
12. Whiticar, M. J. (1999). Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of bacterial formation and oxidation of methane. Chemical Geology, 161(1–3), 291–314.
13. Ni, Yunyan et al. (2025) Application of carbon and hydrogen isotopes in the study of natural gas origins. Journal of Natural Gas Geoscience, 10(2), 75-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnggs.2025.02.001
Dernière mise à jour de la page: avril 2026
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### [Análisis isotópico específico de δ¹³C en gases de hidrocarburos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/hidrocarburos-analisis-isotopico.htm)
**Published:** July 9, 2026
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
El análisis isotópico específico de compuestos (CSIA, por sus siglas en inglés) de δ13C de hidrocarburos en fase gaseosa y gases atmosféricos se ha utilizado para explicar la actividad microbiana, termogénica o geogénica del gas, y proporciona una comprensión más sólida de la fuente de carbono que la concentración por sí sola. Entre las aplicaciones que han utilizado el análisis isotópico se incluyen:
- Pruebas ambientales para distinguir fuentes termogénicas, microbianas y abióticas.
- Seguimiento de la metanogénesis microbiana
- Identificar las firmas isotópicas del craqueo térmico, la fracturación hidráulica y del gas natural
- Proyectos energéticos relacionados con el monitoreo de gases del suelo, biogás y gas de rellenos sanitarios.
- Proyectos de investigación que buscan mejorar la eficiencia del biogás o del digestor.
## Análisis de δ13C de SGS Beta para gases de hidrocarburos
SGS Beta ofrece un análisis especializado de los siguientes gases:
- Carbono total (gas a granel)
- Dióxido de carbono (CO2)
Entre los gases seleccionados para el aislamiento cromatográfico previo a la combustión se incluyen:
- Metano (CH4)
- Etano (C2H6)
- Propano (C3H8)
SGS Beta utiliza materiales de referencia secundarios internacionales (RM) para la determinación de los valores de δ13C específicos por compuesto en gases de hidrocarburos. Los materiales de referencia (RM) provienen del Servicio Geológico de los Estados Unidos (USGS),el cual proporciona una serie de gases estándar de metano, etano y propano (HCG-1, HCG-2 y HCG-3), además de los estándares de ácido oxálico NIST SRM 4990C.
A continuación se muestra un ejemplo de cómo se aplica el análisis de δ13C en el monitoreo ambiental del mundo real.
 Figura 1: Análisis de relleno sanitario Clase III – Antorcha 1 de seis parámetros, medidos en SGS Beta (Departamento de I+D).
## Análisis de δ13C de CH4 y CO2 en gases del suelo y vertederos
El análisis de δ13C en CH4 y CO2 en el gas del suelo y los vertederos se ha convertido en una herramienta esencial para distinguir entre fuentes de carbono biogénicas y geogénicas. El metano en los suelos puede tener su origen en la metanogénesis microbiana, la fuga termogénica de combustibles fósiles o incluso reacciones abióticas. Cada uno de estos procesos sufre un fraccionamiento isotópico de 13/12C para producir huellas isotópicas de δ13C . Por ejemplo, las vías microbianas han mostrado en la literatura científica valores de metano empobrecidos en ¹³Cde -50 a -110‰, el gas termogénico está moderadamente empobrecido (de -30 a -50‰), mientras que el metano abiótico o derivado del manto puede estar comparativamente enriquecido (de -5 a -30‰). Al medir el δ13C junto con los perfiles de profundidad, se puede inferir el origen del metano mediante su formación activa in situ en condiciones anaeróbicas, o mediante la migración de gas fósil que contamina las capas superficiales del suelo. El δ13C de la fracción de CO2 proporciona información complementaria sobre el ciclo del carbono y la posible contaminación en comparación con la fracción de CH4 fraction. El CO2 respirado por el suelo a partir de la vegetación suele ser más negativo en los ecosistemas C3 (de -22 a -37‰) y menos empobrecido en los sistemas C4 (de -9 a -15‰). Las desviaciones de estos rangos, como el enriquecimiento hacia 0‰, pueden indicar disolución de carbonatos o desgasificación termogénica en lugar de respiración radicular o microbiana. También se ha observado un enriquecimiento de δ13C de la fracción de CO2 del gas de vertedero de -10 a +15‰.
## Análisis de δ13C en etano y propano
El análisis de δ13C del etano (C2H6) y del propano (C3H8) proporciona un contexto fundamental para interpretar el origen de los gases junto con el metano. Dado que estos hidrocarburos de cadena más larga rara vez se producen a través de vías microbianas, su presencia y composición isotópica sirven como indicadores clave de procesos termogénicos o abióticos. En aplicaciones medioambientales y energéticas, los valores enriquecidos de δ13C en etano y propano pueden ayudar a distinguir las fugas de combustibles fósiles o los impactos de la fracturación hidráulica de la metanogénesis puramente microbiana, mientras que los cambios relativos entre CH4, C2H6, y C3H8 revelan la mezcla de gases, la migración y las vías de contaminación. Los valores típicos de etano y propano termogénicos promedian ~-30‰ (rango ≈-60‰ a -16‰), mientras que las fuentes abióticas pueden estar comparativamente enriquecidas (a veces acercándose a -5‰), y los sistemas microbianos se caracterizan por la ausencia o niveles traza de estos gases. Mediante el análisis conjunto de metano, etano y propano, SGS Beta proporciona huellas isotópicas específicas de cada compuesto, lo que ofrece un marco sólido para la atribución de fuentes, el monitoreo ambiental y los estudios de sistemas petrolíferos.
## Análisis de isótopos duales de 14C y δ13C
El δ13C puede sugerir vías de formación; sin embargo, combinarlo con 14C proporciona información tanto sobre el proceso como sobre la edad, creando un potente marco de doble isótopo. Al integrar el análisis de δ13C con las mediciones de radiocarbono (14C) es posible determinar la actividad (o edad) del 14C, el origen y el destino de los hidrocarburos y los gases atmosféricos asociados (CO y CO2). Las muestras se pueden analizar y notificar utilizando la prueba de [de gases de hidrocarburos biogénicos 14C](https://www.betalabservices.com/espanol/hidrocarburos/analisis-c14-biogenico.html) según ASTM D6866 o bien, se pueden enviar para [análisis de radiocarbono](https://www.radiocarbon.com/methane-analysis.htm) para informar sobre pMC medido (MpMC), pMC convencional (CpMC), edad aparente de radiocarbono en BP y δ13C.
## ¿Listo para enviar sus muestras?
Póngase en contacto con su gerente de cuenta o escríbanos a para recibir un cuestionario de análisis de isótopos específicos del compuesto, que deberá completar, enviar y ser aprobado por nuestro equipo de laboratorio antes de la presentación de la muestra. También se puede solicitar un análisis por cromatografía de gases según la norma ASTM D7833 junto con nuestros servicios de análisis isotópico para muestras de metano, etano, propano y carbono total (gas a granel).
**Volumen de muestra y requisitos del recipiente:** 2% (v/v) en una bolsa de gas de papel de aluminio multicapa de 0,6 L o en un tubo isotérmico presurizado.
[**Lea aquí nuestras guías completas para el envío de muestras de gas.**](https://www.betalabservices.com/hydrocarbons/shipping.html)
Para cualquier pregunta o información adicional, póngase en contacto con nosotros en .
**Referencias**
- Whiticar, M. J. (1999). Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of bacterial formation and oxidation of methane. Chemical Geology, 161(1–3), 291–314.
- Reddy, C. M., et al. (2002). Radiocarbon as a tool to constrain the origins of methane in natural waters. Environmental Science & Technology, 36(19), 4244–4250.
- Etiope, G., & Sherwood Lollar, B. (2013). Abiotic methane on Earth. Reviews of Geophysics, 51(2), 276–299.
## [Ver más](#collapseOne)
1. Cerling, T. E., & Quade, J. (1993). Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in soil carbonates. In: Climate Change in Continental Isotopic Records (AGU Monograph 78), 217–231.
2. Amundson, R., et al. (1998). Soil carbon dioxide and its isotopic composition: Implications for global carbon cycle. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 12(2), 195–210.
3. Chanton, J. P. (2005). The effect of gas transport on the isotope signature of methane in wetlands. Organic Geochemistry, 36(5), 753–768.
4. Bakkaloglu, S., Lowry, D., Fisher, R. E., France, J. L., & Nisbet, E. G. (2022). Landfill methane emissions: characterisation using isotopic signatures. Waste Management, 139, 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.12.004
5. Bergamaschi, P., Lubina, C., Königstedt, R., Fischer, H., Veltkamp, A. C., & Zwaagstra, O. (1998). Stable isotopic signatures (δ13C, δD) of methane from European landfill sites. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 103(D7), 8251–8265. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD03615
6. Bowling, D. R., Pataki, D. E., & Randerson, J. T. (2003). Carbon isotopes in terrestrial ecosystem pools and CO2 fluxes. New Phytologist, 157(2), 269–285. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00698.x
7. Chen, D., Shen, J., Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., Huang, C., & Li, Y. (2011). δ13C signature of carbon dioxide emissions from biogas digestate applied soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43(4), 1030–1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.12.015
8. Ehleringer, J. R., Buchmann, N., & Flanagan, L. B. (1997). Carbon isotope ratios in belowground carbon cycle processes. Ecological Applications, 7(3), 1067–1078. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007\[1067:CIRIBC\]2.0.CO;₂
9. Hackley, K. C., Liu, C. L., & Coleman, D. D. (1996). Environmental isotope and dissolved gas indicators of landfill gas effects on groundwater. Ground Water, 34(1), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb01867.x
10. Levin, I., Glatzel-Mattheier, H., Marik, T., Cuntz, M., & Schmidt, M. (1993). Verification of methane emission from German landfills using stable isotope analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 98(D3), 5195–5206. https://doi.org/10.1029/92JD02225
11. Smith, C., Jensen, L. S., & Andersen, J. M. (2015). The effect of biogas plant residues on soil carbon dioxide emissions and carbon isotopes. Waste Management, 44, 190–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.07.027
12. Whiticar, M. J. (1999). Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of bacterial formation and oxidation of methane. Chemical Geology, 161(1–3), 291–314.
13. Ni, Yunyan et al. (2025) Application of carbon and hydrogen isotopes in the study of natural gas origins. Journal of Natural Gas Geoscience, 10(2), 75-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnggs.2025.02.001
Última actualización de la página: Abril de 2026
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### [δ¹³C Spezifische Isotopenanalyse von Kohlenwasserstoffgasen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenwasserstoff-isotopenanalyse.htm)
**Published:** July 9, 2026
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
Die δ13C-Verbindungsspezifische Isotopenanalyse (CSIA) von Kohlenwasserstoffen in der Gasphase und von atmosphärischen Gasen wird herangezogen, um mikrobielle, thermogene oder geogene Aktivitäten von Gasen zu erklären, und liefert ein fundierteres Verständnis der Kohlenstoffquelle als die Konzentration allein. Zu den Anwendungsbereichen der Isotopenanalyse gehören:
- Umweltuntersuchungen zur Unterscheidung zwischen thermogenen, mikrobiellen und abiotischen Quellen
- Rückverfolgung der mikrobiellen Methanbildung
- Identifizierung von Signaturen aus thermischem Cracken, Fracking und Erdgas
- Energie und Gasprojekte zur Überwachung von Bodengas, Biogas und Deponiegas
- Forschungsprojekte, die darauf abzielen, die Effizienz von Biogas oder Biogasanlagen zu verbessern
## δ13C-Analyse von Kohlenwasserstoffgasen durch SGS Beta
SGS Beta bietet eine spezialisierte Analyse der folgenden Gase an:
- Gesamtkohlenstoff (Bulk-Gas)
- Kohlendioxid (CO2)
Zu den ausgewählten Gasen für die chromatographische Isolierung vor der Verbrennung gehören:
- Methan (CH4)
- Ethan (C2H6)
- Propan (C3H8)
SGS Beta verwendet internationale Sekundärreferenzmaterialien (RMs) zur Bestimmung der verbindungsspezifischen δ13C-Werte von Kohlenwasserstoffgasen. Die Referenzmaterialien stammen vom United States Geological Survey (USGS), der neben den NIST-SRM-4990C-Oxalsäure-Standards auch eine Reihe von Methan-, Ethan- und Propangas-Standardgasen (HCG-1, HCG-2 und HCG-3) bereitstellt.
Im Folgenden finden Sie ein Beispiel dafür, wie die δ13C-Analyse in der praktischen Umweltüberwachung eingesetzt wird.
 Abbildung 1: Klasse-III-Fackel 1 – Deponieanalysen von sechs Parametern, gemessen bei SGS Beta (F&E-Abteilung)
## δ13C-Analyse von CH4 und CO2 in Bodenluft und Deponien
Die δ13C-Analyse von CH4 und CO2 in Bodenluft und Deponien hat sich zu einem unverzichtbaren Instrument für die Unterscheidung zwischen biogenen und geogenen Kohlenstoffquellen entwickelt. Methan in Böden kann aus mikrobieller Methanogenese, thermogener Leckage fossiler Brennstoffe oder sogar aus abiotischen Reaktionen stammen. Jeder dieser Prozesse unterliegt einer 13/12C-Isotopenfraktionierung, wodurch δ13C-Signaturen entstehen. So weisen mikrobielle Stoffwechselwege in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur ¹³C-abgereicherte Methanwerte von –50 bis –110‰ auf, thermogenes Gas ist mäßig abgereichert (–30 bis –50‰), während abiotisches oder aus dem Erdmantel stammendes Methan vergleichsweise angereichert sein kann (–5 bis –30‰). Durch die Messung von δ13C in Verbindung mit Tiefenprofilen lässt sich die Herkunft des Methans ableiten: Entweder handelt es sich um Methan, das sich vor Ort unter anaeroben Bedingungen aktiv bildet, oder um migriertes fossiles Gas, das flache Bodenschichten verunreinigt. Der δ13C-Wert der CO2-Fraktion liefert im Vergleich zur CH4-Fraktion zusätzliche Erkenntnisse über den Kohlenstoffkreislauf und mögliche Verunreinigungen. Vom Boden freigesetztes CO2 aus der Vegetation ist in C3-Ökosystemen typischerweise stärker negativ (–22 bis –37 ‰) und in C4-Systemen weniger stark verarmt (–9 bis –15 ‰). Abweichungen von diesen Bereichen, wie beispielsweise eine Anreicherung in Richtung 0‰, können eher auf Karbonatauflösung oder thermogene Entgasung hindeuten als auf Wurzel- oder mikrobielle Atmung. Eine δ13C-Anreicherung der CO2-Fraktion aus Deponiegas wurde ebenfalls im Bereich von –10 bis +15‰ beobachtet.
## δ13C-Analyse in Ethan und Propan
Die δ13C-Analyse von Ethan (C2H6) und Propan (C3H8) liefert wichtige Anhaltspunkte für die Interpretation der Herkunft von Gasen neben Methan. Da diese höherkettigen Kohlenwasserstoffe nur selten auf mikrobiologischem Wege entstehen, dienen ihr Vorkommen und ihre Isotopenzusammensetzung als wichtige Indikatoren für thermogene oder abiotische Prozesse. In Umwelt- und Energieanwendungen können erhöhte δ13C-Werte in Ethan und Propan dabei helfen, das Austreten fossiler Brennstoffe oder die Auswirkungen von Fracking von rein mikrobieller Methanbildung zu unterscheiden, während relative Verschiebungen zwischen CH4, C2H6, und C3H8 Aufschluss über Gasvermischungen, Migrationswege und Kontaminationspfade geben. Typische thermogene Ethan- und Propangewerte liegen im Durchschnitt bei ~-30 ‰ (Bereich ≈-60 ‰ bis -16 ‰), während abiotische Quellen vergleichsweise angereichert sein können (manchmal bis nahe -5 ‰) und mikrobielle Systeme durch das Fehlen oder nur Spuren dieser Gase gekennzeichnet sind. Durch die gemeinsame Analyse von Methan, Ethan und Propan liefert SGS Beta verbindungsspezifische isotopische Fingerabdrücke, die einen soliden Rahmen für die Quellenzuordnung, die Umweltüberwachung und Untersuchungen von Erdölsystemen bieten.
## 14C- und δ13C-Duale Isotopenanalyse
Der δ13C-Wert kann Aufschluss über Entstehungswege geben; in Kombination mit 14C liefert er jedoch sowohl Informationen über den Entstehungsprozess als auch über das Alter und bildet so ein leistungsfähiges Doppelisotopen-Modell. Durch die Kombination von δ13C-Analysen mit Radiokarbonmessungen (14C) lassen sich die 14C -Aktivität (bzw. das Alter), die Herkunft und der Verbleib von Kohlenwasserstoffen und den damit verbundenen atmosphärischen Gasen (CO und CO2) bestimmen. Proben können entweder mittels [–14C Analyse biogener Kohlenwasserstoffgase](https://www.betalabservices.com/deutsch/kohlenwasserstoffe/biogener-c14-test.html) gemäß ASTM D6866 untersucht und ausgewertet werden oder zur [Radiokarbonanalyse](https://www.radiocarbon.com/methane-analysis.htm) eingereicht werden, um die gemessene pMC (MpMC), die konventionelle pMC (CpMC), das scheinbare Radiokarbonalter in BP und δ13C zu ermitteln.
## Bereit, Proben zur Analyse einzureichen?
Wenden Sie sich bitte an Ihren Kundenbetreuer oder an , um einen Fragebogen zur spezifischen Isotopenanalyse zu erhalten, der vor der Probenabgabe ausgefüllt, eingereicht und von unserem Laborteam genehmigt werden muss. Neben unseren Isotopenanalysen für Methan-, Ethan-, Propan- und Gesamtkohlenstoffproben (Gesamtgas) können auch gaschromatographische Analysen gemäß ASTM D7833 angefordert werden.
**Anforderungen an Probenvolumen und Behälter:** 2 % (v/v) in einem 0,6-Liter-Gasbeutel aus mehrlagiger Aluminiumfolie oder einem unter Druck stehenden IsoTube.
[**Lesen Sie hier unsere vollständigen Richtlinien für die Einreichung von Gasproben.**](https://www.betalabservices.com/hydrocarbons/shipping.html)
Bei Fragen und für weitere Informationen wenden Sie sich bitte an .
**Referenzen**
- Whiticar, M. J. (1999). Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of bacterial formation and oxidation of methane. Chemical Geology, 161(1–3), 291–314.
- Reddy, C. M., et al. (2002). Radiocarbon as a tool to constrain the origins of methane in natural waters. Environmental Science & Technology, 36(19), 4244–4250.
- Etiope, G., & Sherwood Lollar, B. (2013). Abiotic methane on Earth. Reviews of Geophysics, 51(2), 276–299.
## [Mehr anzeigen](#collapseOne)
1. Cerling, T. E., & Quade, J. (1993). Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in soil carbonates. In: Climate Change in Continental Isotopic Records (AGU Monograph 78), 217–231.
2. Amundson, R., et al. (1998). Soil carbon dioxide and its isotopic composition: Implications for global carbon cycle. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 12(2), 195–210.
3. Chanton, J. P. (2005). The effect of gas transport on the isotope signature of methane in wetlands. Organic Geochemistry, 36(5), 753–768.
4. Bakkaloglu, S., Lowry, D., Fisher, R. E., France, J. L., & Nisbet, E. G. (2022). Landfill methane emissions: characterisation using isotopic signatures. Waste Management, 139, 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.12.004
5. Bergamaschi, P., Lubina, C., Königstedt, R., Fischer, H., Veltkamp, A. C., & Zwaagstra, O. (1998). Stable isotopic signatures (δ13C, δD) of methane from European landfill sites. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 103(D7), 8251–8265. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD03615
6. Bowling, D. R., Pataki, D. E., & Randerson, J. T. (2003). Carbon isotopes in terrestrial ecosystem pools and CO2 fluxes. New Phytologist, 157(2), 269–285. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00698.x
7. Chen, D., Shen, J., Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., Huang, C., & Li, Y. (2011). δ13C signature of carbon dioxide emissions from biogas digestate applied soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43(4), 1030–1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.12.015
8. Ehleringer, J. R., Buchmann, N., & Flanagan, L. B. (1997). Carbon isotope ratios in belowground carbon cycle processes. Ecological Applications, 7(3), 1067–1078. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007\[1067:CIRIBC\]2.0.CO;₂
9. Hackley, K. C., Liu, C. L., & Coleman, D. D. (1996). Environmental isotope and dissolved gas indicators of landfill gas effects on groundwater. Ground Water, 34(1), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb01867.x
10. Levin, I., Glatzel-Mattheier, H., Marik, T., Cuntz, M., & Schmidt, M. (1993). Verification of methane emission from German landfills using stable isotope analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 98(D3), 5195–5206. https://doi.org/10.1029/92JD02225
11. Smith, C., Jensen, L. S., & Andersen, J. M. (2015). The effect of biogas plant residues on soil carbon dioxide emissions and carbon isotopes. Waste Management, 44, 190–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.07.027
12. Whiticar, M. J. (1999). Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of bacterial formation and oxidation of methane. Chemical Geology, 161(1–3), 291–314.
13. Ni, Yunyan et al. (2025) Application of carbon and hydrogen isotopes in the study of natural gas origins. Journal of Natural Gas Geoscience, 10(2), 75-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnggs.2025.02.001
Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: April 2026
---
### [δ¹³C Hydrocarbon Gas Compound Specific Isotope Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/hydrocarbon-isotope-analysis.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2025
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
δ13C Compound Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA) of gas phase hydrocarbons and atmospheric gas has been used to explain microbial, thermogenic or geogenic activity of gas, and provides a more robust understanding of the source of carbon than concentration alone. Applications that have used isotopic analysis include:
- Environmental testing to distinguish thermogenic, microbial, and abiotic sources
- Tracing microbial methanogenesis
- Identify thermal cracking, fracking, and natural gas signatures
- Energy gas projects that monitor soil gas, biogas, and landfill gas
- Research projects that aim to improve biogas or digester efficiency
## SGS Beta’s δ13C Analysis for Hydrocarbon Gases
SGS Beta offers a specialized analysis of the following gases:
- Total Carbon (Bulk Gas)
- Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Select gases for chromatography isolation prior to combustion include:
- Methane (CH4)
- Ethane (C2H6)
- Propane (C3H8)
SGS Beta uses international secondary reference materials (RMs) for the determination of the compound-specific δ13C values of hydrocarbon gases. The RMs are sourced from the United States Geological Survey (USGS), which provides a suite of methane, ethane, and propane as standard gases (HCG-1, HCG-2, and HCG-3), in addition to NIST SRM 4990C oxalic acid standards.
Below is an example of how δ13C analysis is applied in real-world environmental monitoring.
 Figure 1: Class III Flare 1 landfill analyses of six parameters measured at SGS Beta (R&D Department)
## δ13C Analysis of CH4 and CO2 in Soil Gas and Landfills
δ13C analysis of CH4 and CO2 in soil gas and landfills has become an essential tool for distinguishing between biogenic and geogenic carbon sources. Methane in soils may originate from microbial methanogenesis, thermogenic leakage of fossil fuels, or even abiotic reactions. Each of these processes undergo 13/12C isotopic fractionation to produce δ13C signatures. For example, microbial pathways have shown in the scientific literature ¹³C-depleted values of methane from –50 to –110‰, thermogenic gas is moderately depleted (–30 to –50‰), while abiotic or mantle-derived methane can be comparatively enriched (–5 to –30‰). By measuring δ13C alongside depth profiles, methane sourcing can be inferred by actively forming in situ under anaerobic conditions, or migrated fossil gas contaminating shallow soil layers. The δ13C of the CO2 fraction provides complementary insight into carbon cycling and potential contamination when compared to the CH4 fraction. Soil-respired CO2 from vegetation is typically more negative in C3 ecosystems (–22 to –37‰) and less depleted in C4 systems (–9 to –15‰). Deviations from these ranges such as enrichment toward 0‰ may indicate carbonate dissolution or thermogenic degassing rather than root or microbial respiration. δ13C enrichment of the CO2 fraction from landfill gas has also been observed from –10 to +15‰.
## δ13C Analysis in Ethane and Propane
δ13C analysis of ethane (C2H6) and propane (C3H8) provides critical context for interpreting gas origins alongside methane. Since these higher-chain hydrocarbons are rarely produced through microbial pathways, their presence and isotopic composition serve as key indicators of thermogenic or abiotic processes. In environmental and energy applications, enriched δ13C values in ethane and propane can help distinguish fossil fuel leakage or fracking impacts from purely microbial methanogenesis, while relative shifts among CH4, C2H6, and C3H8 reveal gas mixing, migration, and contamination pathways. Typical thermogenic ethane and propane values average ~-30‰ (range ≈-60‰ to -16‰), while abiotic sources can be comparatively enriched (sometimes approaching -5‰), and microbial systems are characterized by the absence or trace-only levels of these gases. By analyzing methane, ethane and propane together, SGS Beta delivers compound-specific isotopic fingerprints that provide a robust framework for source attribution, environmental monitoring, and petroleum system studies.
## 14C and δ13C Dual Isotope Analysis
The δ13C can suggest formation pathways; however, combining it with 14C provides both process and age information, creating a powerful dual-isotope framework. By integrating δ13C analysis with radiocarbon (14C) measurements it is possible to determine the 14C activity (or age), origin, and fate of hydrocarbon and associated atmospheric gases (CO and CO2). Samples can be analyzed and reported using either [Biogenic Hydrocarbon Gas 14C Testing](https://www.betalabservices.com/hydrocarbons/biogenic-c14-testing.html) via ASTM D6866 or submitted for [radiocarbon analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/methane-analysis.htm) for reporting of Measured pMC (MpMC), conventional pMC (CpMC), apparent radiocarbon age in BP, and δ13C.
## Ready to Submit Samples for Testing?
Contact your Account Manager or to receive a Compound Specific Isotope Analysis questionnaire, which must be completed, submitted, and approved by our laboratory team prior to sample submission. Gas chromatography analysis using ASTM D7833 can also be requested alongside our isotopic testing services for methane, ethane, propane, and total carbon (bulk gas) samples.
**Sample Volume and Container Requirements:** 2% (v/v) in a 0.6 L multilayered aluminum foil gas bag or pressurized IsoTube.
[**Read our full guidelines for gas samples submission here.**](https://www.betalabservices.com/hydrocarbons/shipping.html)
For questions and more information, please contact us at .
**References**
- Whiticar, M. J. (1999). Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of bacterial formation and oxidation of methane. Chemical Geology, 161(1–3), 291–314.
- Reddy, C. M., et al. (2002). Radiocarbon as a tool to constrain the origins of methane in natural waters. Environmental Science & Technology, 36(19), 4244–4250.
- Etiope, G., & Sherwood Lollar, B. (2013). Abiotic methane on Earth. Reviews of Geophysics, 51(2), 276–299.
## [View More](#collapseOne)
1. Cerling, T. E., & Quade, J. (1993). Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in soil carbonates. In: Climate Change in Continental Isotopic Records (AGU Monograph 78), 217–231.
2. Amundson, R., et al. (1998). Soil carbon dioxide and its isotopic composition: Implications for global carbon cycle. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 12(2), 195–210.
3. Chanton, J. P. (2005). The effect of gas transport on the isotope signature of methane in wetlands. Organic Geochemistry, 36(5), 753–768.
4. Bakkaloglu, S., Lowry, D., Fisher, R. E., France, J. L., & Nisbet, E. G. (2022). Landfill methane emissions: characterisation using isotopic signatures. Waste Management, 139, 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.12.004
5. Bergamaschi, P., Lubina, C., Königstedt, R., Fischer, H., Veltkamp, A. C., & Zwaagstra, O. (1998). Stable isotopic signatures (δ13C, δD) of methane from European landfill sites. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 103(D7), 8251–8265. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD03615
6. Bowling, D. R., Pataki, D. E., & Randerson, J. T. (2003). Carbon isotopes in terrestrial ecosystem pools and CO2 fluxes. New Phytologist, 157(2), 269–285. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00698.x
7. Chen, D., Shen, J., Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., Huang, C., & Li, Y. (2011). δ13C signature of carbon dioxide emissions from biogas digestate applied soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43(4), 1030–1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.12.015
8. Ehleringer, J. R., Buchmann, N., & Flanagan, L. B. (1997). Carbon isotope ratios in belowground carbon cycle processes. Ecological Applications, 7(3), 1067–1078. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007\[1067:CIRIBC\]2.0.CO;₂
9. Hackley, K. C., Liu, C. L., & Coleman, D. D. (1996). Environmental isotope and dissolved gas indicators of landfill gas effects on groundwater. Ground Water, 34(1), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb01867.x
10. Levin, I., Glatzel-Mattheier, H., Marik, T., Cuntz, M., & Schmidt, M. (1993). Verification of methane emission from German landfills using stable isotope analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 98(D3), 5195–5206. https://doi.org/10.1029/92JD02225
11. Smith, C., Jensen, L. S., & Andersen, J. M. (2015). The effect of biogas plant residues on soil carbon dioxide emissions and carbon isotopes. Waste Management, 44, 190–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.07.027
12. Whiticar, M. J. (1999). Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of bacterial formation and oxidation of methane. Chemical Geology, 161(1–3), 291–314.
13. Ni, Yunyan et al. (2025) Application of carbon and hydrogen isotopes in the study of natural gas origins. Journal of Natural Gas Geoscience, 10(2), 75-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnggs.2025.02.001
Page last updated: April 2026
---
### [δ¹³C Hydrocarbon Gas Compound Specific Isotope Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/hydrocarbon-isotope-analysis.htm)
**Published:** July 15, 2026
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
δ13C Compound Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA) of gas phase hydrocarbons and atmospheric gas has been used to explain microbial, thermogenic or geogenic activity of gas, and provides a more robust understanding of the source of carbon than concentration alone. Applications that have used isotopic analysis include:
- Environmental testing to distinguish thermogenic, microbial, and abiotic sources
- Tracing microbial methanogenesis
- Identify thermal cracking, fracking, and natural gas signatures
- Energy gas projects that monitor soil gas, biogas, and landfill gas
- Research projects that aim to improve biogas or digester efficiency
## SGS Beta’s δ13C Analysis for Hydrocarbon Gases
SGS Beta offers a specialized analysis of the following gases:
- Total Carbon (Bulk Gas)
- Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Select gases for chromatography isolation prior to combustion include:
- Methane (CH4)
- Ethane (C2H6)
- Propane (C3H8)
SGS Beta uses international secondary reference materials (RMs) for the determination of the compound-specific δ13C values of hydrocarbon gases. The RMs are sourced from the United States Geological Survey (USGS), which provides a suite of methane, ethane, and propane as standard gases (HCG-1, HCG-2, and HCG-3), in addition to NIST SRM 4990C oxalic acid standards.
Below is an example of how δ13C analysis is applied in real-world environmental monitoring.
 Figure 1: Class III Flare 1 landfill analyses of six parameters measured at SGS Beta (R&D Department)
## δ13C Analysis of CH4 and CO2 in Soil Gas and Landfills
δ13C analysis of CH4 and CO2 in soil gas and landfills has become an essential tool for distinguishing between biogenic and geogenic carbon sources. Methane in soils may originate from microbial methanogenesis, thermogenic leakage of fossil fuels, or even abiotic reactions. Each of these processes undergo 13/12C isotopic fractionation to produce δ13C signatures. For example, microbial pathways have shown in the scientific literature ¹³C-depleted values of methane from –50 to –110‰, thermogenic gas is moderately depleted (–30 to –50‰), while abiotic or mantle-derived methane can be comparatively enriched (–5 to –30‰). By measuring δ13C alongside depth profiles, methane sourcing can be inferred by actively forming in situ under anaerobic conditions, or migrated fossil gas contaminating shallow soil layers. The δ13C of the CO2 fraction provides complementary insight into carbon cycling and potential contamination when compared to the CH4 fraction. Soil-respired CO2 from vegetation is typically more negative in C3 ecosystems (–22 to –37‰) and less depleted in C4 systems (–9 to –15‰). Deviations from these ranges such as enrichment toward 0‰ may indicate carbonate dissolution or thermogenic degassing rather than root or microbial respiration. δ13C enrichment of the CO2 fraction from landfill gas has also been observed from –10 to +15‰.
## δ13C Analysis in Ethane and Propane
δ13C analysis of ethane (C2H6) and propane (C3H8) provides critical context for interpreting gas origins alongside methane. Since these higher-chain hydrocarbons are rarely produced through microbial pathways, their presence and isotopic composition serve as key indicators of thermogenic or abiotic processes. In environmental and energy applications, enriched δ13C values in ethane and propane can help distinguish fossil fuel leakage or fracking impacts from purely microbial methanogenesis, while relative shifts among CH4, C2H6, and C3H8 reveal gas mixing, migration, and contamination pathways. Typical thermogenic ethane and propane values average ~-30‰ (range ≈-60‰ to -16‰), while abiotic sources can be comparatively enriched (sometimes approaching -5‰), and microbial systems are characterized by the absence or trace-only levels of these gases. By analyzing methane, ethane and propane together, SGS Beta delivers compound-specific isotopic fingerprints that provide a robust framework for source attribution, environmental monitoring, and petroleum system studies.
## 14C and δ13C Dual Isotope Analysis
The δ13C can suggest formation pathways; however, combining it with 14C provides both process and age information, creating a powerful dual-isotope framework. By integrating δ13C analysis with radiocarbon (14C) measurements it is possible to determine the 14C activity (or age), origin, and fate of hydrocarbon and associated atmospheric gases (CO and CO2). Samples can be analyzed and reported using either [Biogenic Hydrocarbon Gas 14C Testing](https://www.betalabservices.com/hydrocarbons/biogenic-c14-testing.html) via ASTM D6866 or submitted for [radiocarbon analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/methane-analysis.htm) for reporting of Measured pMC (MpMC), conventional pMC (CpMC), apparent radiocarbon age in BP, and δ13C.
## Ready to Submit Samples for Testing?
Contact your Account Manager or to receive a Compound Specific Isotope Analysis questionnaire, which must be completed, submitted, and approved by our laboratory team prior to sample submission. Gas chromatography analysis using ASTM D7833 can also be requested alongside our isotopic testing services for methane, ethane, propane, and total carbon (bulk gas) samples.
**Sample Volume and Container Requirements:** 2% (v/v) in a 0.6 L multilayered aluminum foil gas bag or pressurized IsoTube.
[**Read our full guidelines for gas samples submission here.**](https://www.betalabservices.com/hydrocarbons/shipping.html)
For questions and more information, please contact us at .
**References**
- Whiticar, M. J. (1999). Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of bacterial formation and oxidation of methane. Chemical Geology, 161(1–3), 291–314.
- Reddy, C. M., et al. (2002). Radiocarbon as a tool to constrain the origins of methane in natural waters. Environmental Science & Technology, 36(19), 4244–4250.
- Etiope, G., & Sherwood Lollar, B. (2013). Abiotic methane on Earth. Reviews of Geophysics, 51(2), 276–299.
## [View More](#collapseOne)
1. Cerling, T. E., & Quade, J. (1993). Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in soil carbonates. In: Climate Change in Continental Isotopic Records (AGU Monograph 78), 217–231.
2. Amundson, R., et al. (1998). Soil carbon dioxide and its isotopic composition: Implications for global carbon cycle. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 12(2), 195–210.
3. Chanton, J. P. (2005). The effect of gas transport on the isotope signature of methane in wetlands. Organic Geochemistry, 36(5), 753–768.
4. Bakkaloglu, S., Lowry, D., Fisher, R. E., France, J. L., & Nisbet, E. G. (2022). Landfill methane emissions: characterisation using isotopic signatures. Waste Management, 139, 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.12.004
5. Bergamaschi, P., Lubina, C., Königstedt, R., Fischer, H., Veltkamp, A. C., & Zwaagstra, O. (1998). Stable isotopic signatures (δ13C, δD) of methane from European landfill sites. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 103(D7), 8251–8265. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD03615
6. Bowling, D. R., Pataki, D. E., & Randerson, J. T. (2003). Carbon isotopes in terrestrial ecosystem pools and CO2 fluxes. New Phytologist, 157(2), 269–285. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00698.x
7. Chen, D., Shen, J., Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., Huang, C., & Li, Y. (2011). δ13C signature of carbon dioxide emissions from biogas digestate applied soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43(4), 1030–1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.12.015
8. Ehleringer, J. R., Buchmann, N., & Flanagan, L. B. (1997). Carbon isotope ratios in belowground carbon cycle processes. Ecological Applications, 7(3), 1067–1078. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007\[1067:CIRIBC\]2.0.CO;₂
9. Hackley, K. C., Liu, C. L., & Coleman, D. D. (1996). Environmental isotope and dissolved gas indicators of landfill gas effects on groundwater. Ground Water, 34(1), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb01867.x
10. Levin, I., Glatzel-Mattheier, H., Marik, T., Cuntz, M., & Schmidt, M. (1993). Verification of methane emission from German landfills using stable isotope analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 98(D3), 5195–5206. https://doi.org/10.1029/92JD02225
11. Smith, C., Jensen, L. S., & Andersen, J. M. (2015). The effect of biogas plant residues on soil carbon dioxide emissions and carbon isotopes. Waste Management, 44, 190–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.07.027
12. Whiticar, M. J. (1999). Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of bacterial formation and oxidation of methane. Chemical Geology, 161(1–3), 291–314.
13. Ni, Yunyan et al. (2025) Application of carbon and hydrogen isotopes in the study of natural gas origins. Journal of Natural Gas Geoscience, 10(2), 75-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnggs.2025.02.001
Page last updated: April 2026
---
### [Radiocarbon Dating Sample Submission Guide](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sending-carbon-dating-samples.htm)
**Published:** March 20, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
[Request a quote](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "Request a quote") before sample submission.
[Payment methods](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-sample-payment.htm "Payment methods") – Prices are available in EUR, GBP, JPY, KRW, RMB, TWD and USD.
---
**Prepare Samples**
Always handle only one sample at a time. Begin and end the packaging process for each sample prior to beginning the next to avoid mix-ups.
[Recommended sample sizes](http://www.radiocarbon.com/required-carbon-dating-sample-sizes.htm)
[Please read sample handling and container recommendations before preparing your samples](http://www.radiocarbon.com/details.htm)
[](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Packing-Your-Samples-Radiocarbon-Dating-SGS-Beta.png)---
**Complete Submission Form**
[Submission Form](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/) – please include the confirmation email with your samples.
---
**Package samples and ship to a SGS Beta office**
Use small boxes instead of envelopes to protect the samples from being crushed or powdered during shipment.
For groundwater samples, please put the bottles inside a plastic bag and seal the bag with a zip-tie or duct tape. If any of the bottles leak during shipment, the water will not weaken the cardboard shipping container.
Please use a tracked mail service or courier and email the tracking number to .
For irreplaceable samples, please attach SGS Beta’s address to the outside of the Ziploc bag.
---
**Customs Declaration for DIRECT shipment to SGS Beta’s Miami address**
Description of goods for your customs declaration form – “GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES FOR SCIENTIFIC STUDY – NO COMMERCIAL VALUE – WILL BE DESTROYED IN THE ANALYSIS.”
Customs and carriage value – 1 USD
Harmonized Tariff Number (HS code) – 280300
To avoid delays at customs, use the word “coprolite” in shipping documents instead of guano, dung or feces to describe the materials being sent.
---
## FAQs:
## [How long does it take to receive radiocarbon dating results?](#collapseFive0)
It depends on the service selected. If you select the “AMS standard” service, you will receive the results in 14 business days or less, AMS Priority – 6 business days or less, or AMS Time Guide – 2-3 business days. The Time Guide service is not applicable to [bones](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bones.htm "carbon dating bones").
## [Will SGS Beta inform clients when to expect the results?](#collapseFive1)
A SGS Beta representative will contact you to confirm the safe arrival of your samples in MIAMI and to quote you a delivery date for the results. Our quoted turnaround time starts following the day of receipt at the Miami laboratory excluding weekends.
Samples being delivered to the lab after 3 PM EST will be logged in the system the following day.
## [Does SGS Beta charge cancellation fees?](#collapseFive)
There are no cancellation fees for samples that cannot be dated.
Requests to **cancel samples that are suitable for a C14 measurement will be charged** according to the amount of work done at the time of cancellation. Please note we begin analysis within hours of receipt of the sample, so charges begin to accrue almost immediately. If in doubt about the suitability of your samples, you are welcome to ask us to contact you for discussion before incurring charges.
## [What materials are NOT ACCEPTED by SGS Beta for carbon dating?](#collapseFive3)
- manuscripts, art works, artifacts or antiquities;
- any samples with “tracer Carbon-14” or any other artificial isotopes
- materials for personal research (e.g. wood from an ancestral house, metals/coins, bones from a random dig, etc.)
- Ambergris (“whale vomit”)
## [Will SGS Beta return excess samples?](#collapseSix)
If you want excess samples to be returned, please provide return shipping instructions. Note: We cannot return extracted collagen, soil and water samples. More details can be found on the page [Sample Retention and Return of Excess Materials](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sample-return-policy.htm "Sample Retention and Return of Excess Materials").
## [How long is SGS Beta’s sample retention period?](#collapseSeven)
SGS Beta will dispose of samples after six (6) months that there is pending communication and no response has been received from the client on how to proceed.
## [Does SGS Beta accept artworks or antiquities?](#collapseEight)
SGS Beta’s Professional Archaeology Policy – Materials with commercial value are not accepted, including houses. SGS Beta only accepts samples submitted by research and academic institutions or professional archaeologists. We do not date manuscripts, objects of art or other valuable or priceless items unless they are submitted and paid for by a recognized governmental agency, major museum, or other official agency that is investigating the materials as part of a multidisciplinary scholarly process. The lab does not analyze antiques, books, manuscripts or materials of a religious nature or items which are commonly sold in the antiquities markets.
To meet the requirements of the UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property and not abet trade of looted cultural property, SGS Beta does not date art works, artifacts or antiquities from private persons, antiquities dealers, auction houses or private collections.
## [Does SGS Beta accept samples from private individuals?](#collapseTen)
No. SGS Beta’s Professional Archaeology Policy – Materials with commercial value are not accepted, including houses. SGS Beta only accepts samples submitted by research and academic institutions or professional archaeologists.
### Other Topics:
- [SGS Beta’s Lab Capacity & Detection Limits](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-radiocarbon-lab.htm "About SGS Beta's Equipment and Detection Limits")
- [C14 Lab Quality Control](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-radiocarbon-lab2.htm "SGS Beta Quality Control")
- [Standard Pretreatment Protocols](https://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm "SGS Beta's Pretreatment Protocols")
*Page last updated: March 2026*
---
### [Stable Isotope Analysis of Carbonates (δ13C and δ18O)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/oxygen-isotopes.htm)
**Published:** August 27, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Turnaround time**- 14 business days
 **Recommended container**- Ziplock Bags (place in aluminum foil if sample is small or can be crushed during shipment)
- Please send your samples in small boxes instead of envelopes to protect the samples.
- We only provide dual-isotope measurements (d13C + d18O) on carbonates.
We do not provide single isotope measurements (d13C only or d18O only) on this sample type.
---
SGS Beta ONLY accepts samples ready for measurement for stable isotope analysis not in conjunction with radiocarbon dating.
**Submittal** – Please use this online [data sheet](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/ "d13cd15n data sheet").
**Results** – d13C (± 0.3 ‰ relative to VPDB), d18O (± 0.3 ‰ relative to VPDB)
## Stable Isotope Analysis Cost
To provide you with the appropriate prices, please let us know the material type. For formal estimates, please indicate in [this form](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "contact form") the number of samples per material type and the paying institution’s billing name and address.
## Recommended Sample Sizes for d13C + d18O analysis
The following are minimum size recommendations for **simultaneous d13C + d18O measurements** and may not be sufficient in every instance. Please contact us if you are in doubt about the suitability or weight of your sample.
**Material** **Minimum sample size required** Corals 2 mg Forams (pre-extracted) 1 mg Fish otoliths 1 mg Ostracods 2 mg Pteropods 2 mg Shells & other carbonates 2 mg Tufa (limestone) 2 mg **Samples must be ready for measurement (pH neutral, clean and dry).** ---
### You might also be interested in:
Radiocarbon dating carbonates – d13C and d18O measurements are included at no additional cost
- [Corals](https://www.radiocarbon.com/radiocarbon-dating-coral/)
- [Forams](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-forams.htm)
- [Fish Otoliths ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-fish-otoliths/)
- [Pteropods](https://www.radiocarbon.com/c14-dating-pteropods/)
- [Shells and CaCO3](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-shells.htm)
**Isobar Science Services for Carbonates**
- [Boron Isotope Analysis](https://isobarscience.com/boron/sample-types/) of shells, corals and other carbonates
- [Strontium ratio](https://isobarscience.com/strontium/sample-types/) measurement of pre-extracted forams, shells, corals and other carbonates
- [Uranium-Thorium dating](https://isobarscience.com/u-th/sample-types/) of shells, corals and carbonate crust
Isobar Science is a subsidiary of SGS Beta specializing in complex isotope services for geochronology, geochemical fingerprinting, and environmental source tracking.
*Page last updated: February 202*6
---
### [News, Events & Features](https://www.radiocarbon.com/news.htm)
**Published:** October 19, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [SGS Beta — 1979년부터 방사성탄소 연대 측정 서비스 제공](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-analytic.htm)
**Published:** January 22, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta의 방사성탄소 연대측정 연구소는 고고학 및 후기 4기 지질학 분야에 일대 혁명을 일으켰습니다. SGS Beta는 “Beta Analytic”이란 이름으로 최초 설립되었습니다. 1979년 회사 설립 전에는 방사성탄소 연대측정이란 매우 귀했으며, 소규모 대학 연구소를 통해서만 가능했습니다. 빠르고 정확한 탄소 연대측정 분석에 대한 과학계의 요구를 충족시키려는 SGS Beta의 노력은 즉각적인 성공으로 이어졌습니다.
## **Beta는 이제 SGS 연구소입니다.**
[Beta Analytic은 2024년 11월 SGS North America의 산업 및 환경 사업부에 합류했습니다](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-analytic-an-sgs-lab/). Beta의 전문 서비스를 통합함으로써 SGS는 고객들의 여러 산업 분야 별 목표와 요구 사항의 충족을 위해 보다 혁신적이고 표적화된 솔루션을 제공할 수 있게 되었습니다.
SGS는 품질 및 무결성에 대한 글로벌 벤치마크로 인정받는 세계 최고의 분석, 검사 및 인증 회사입니다. SGS Beta는 전 세계 고객에게 정확하고 신뢰할 수 있는 방사성탄소 연대 측정 서비스와 안정적인 동위원소 분석 결과를 적시에 보고하기 위한 노력을 지속하고 있습니다.
## **많은 연구자들이 SGS Beta를 선택하는 이유**
### **전 세계에서 가장 빠른 AMS 서비스: 3-14 영업일 내 결과 보고**
SGS Beta의 모든 분석은 사내에서 직접 수행됨으로써 신속한 서비스를 제공할 수 있습니다. 실험실에는 자주 고장을 일으키는 가속기의 예비 부품을 항상 비치해 두어보고 시간을 일관되게 맞출 수 있습니다. 연구소에는 기술자와 과학자로 구성된 전담 상근 직원이 있어 필요한 경우 약속한 보고 시간을 맞추기 위해 초과 근무를 합니다.
### **무제한의 무료 기술 지원**
SGS Beta의 직원 및 기술 매니저는 분석 전, 분석 중, 분석 후의 논의를 환영합니다. 기술 자문 비용은 무료입니다.
### **결과 보고서, 시료 사진 및 품질 보증 보고서에 대한 안전한 온라인 접근 가능**
고객은 모든 장치에서 결과 보고서를 온라인으로 접속 가능하며, 본사 웹 사이트의 포탈에 접속해 연중무휴 24시간 교정 및 QA 보고서를 다운로드할 수 있습니다.
### **24 시간 내 모든 문의에 대한 신속한 응답, 9개 국어로 고객 지원**
당사는 전 세계 고객에게 배송 지원을 제공하고 이메일, 전화 또는 웹 사이트 채팅을 통해 시료 제출 및 분석 절차 전반에 걸쳐 기술 지원을 제공하는 전담 고객 지원 팀을 보유하고 있습니다. SGS Beta에는 한국어 포함, 중국어, 영어, 프랑스어, 독일어, 이탈리아어, 일본어, 스페인어 및 포르투갈어로 지원 및 조언을 제공하는 직원이 있습니다.
### **연구 결과는 높은 평가를 받는 학술지에 게재되고 있습니다.**
우리의 연대측정 값은 Nature, [Science](https://www.science.org/) und [미국 국립 과학원 회보(PNAS)](https://www.pnas.org/), 등 전 세계 영향력이 큰 학술지에 게재된 수천 개의 간행물 중 일부입니다.
### **SGS Beta 만의 고유 장점**
**세계 주요 통화의 가격**
지역에 따라 한국 원 포함하여 EUR, GBP, JPY, RMB, TWD 및 USD 가격제공합니다.
**세계 각국 시료 발송 사무실로 편리하게 배송**
유럽 (독일, 노르웨이, 스페인, 영국) 및 아시아 (중국, 일본, 한국, 대만) 에 시료 발송 사무소를 두고 있습니다. 이들 사무소를 통해 발송되는 모든 시료들은 특송 택배 서비스를 통해 SGS Beta의 비용으로 플로리다 마이애미에 있는 본사 실험실로 전달됩니다.
**추적자 없는 실험실 — 생의학용 시료는 취급하지 않습니다.**
[교차 오염](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-tracer-free-lab/) 위험성 제거를 위해 “추적자 탄소-14” 를 함유한 의약품 시료 혹은 인공 방사성탄소 (14C)를 함유한 시료는 허용하지 않습니다.
## **최초의 ISO/IEC 17025:2017 인증을 받은 탄소-14 연대 측정 연구소**
SGS Beta는 ISO 9001:2008 관리 시스템 요구 사항을 준수하여 운영되는 [ISO/IEC 17025:2017 인증](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/iso-certified.htm) 된 최초의 방사성탄소 연대측정 연구소입니다.
2008년부터 Perry Johnson Laboratory Accreditation (PJLA)의 제3자 감사를 거쳐 매년 ISO 17025 인증을 받아왔습니다. 이는 SGS 베타의 기술 능력, 관리, 시설 및 비즈니스 운영이 가능한 최고 수준으로 일관되게 유지되고 있음을 보여줍니다.
SGS Beta에는 Δ13c, Δ15n, Δ18o, δ170 및 Δd와 같은 안정 동위원소 측정을 위한 다수의 가속기 질량 분석기 (AMS), 동위원소 비율 질량 분석기 (IRMS) 및 공동 링다운 분광법 (CRDS) 시스템 설비가 구비되어 있습니다.
#### **연락 바랍니다.**
질문이나 자세히 알고 싶은게 있는 경우 으로 이메일을 보내거나 (+1) 305-667-5167로 연락 바랍니다.
#### **자주 묻는 질문**
- [탄소 연대측정 비용은 어떻게 되나? ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
- [시료를 얼마나 보내야 하나? ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/required-carbon-dating-sample-sizes.htm)
- [결과 보고 시간이 어떤 차이를 만드나? ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/fast-results/)
---
페이지 최근 업데이트: 2025년 3월
---
### [結果のご報告例](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/groundwater-carbng-sample-report.htm)
**Published:** July 15, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
最終報告結果は「放射性炭素年代測定結果報告書」としてお送りいたします。 試料ごとに、測定方法、納期、試料の種類、年代(Conventional Radiocarbon Age, 暦年代)、前処理方法などをご報告いたします。報告書はE-mail, Fax, 郵送でお送りできます。日本語の報告書の例をご希望の方は、 にお問い合わせください。
## 前処理の方法
[前処理の方法](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm) は それぞれの結果に記載されます。試料を代表する炭素を分離するために、個々の試料にとって最適な前処理方法が適用されます。
放射性炭素年代測定の結果を解釈する際、前処理を検討することが重要です。サンプルによってはfull pretreatmentが不可能なものもあります （例 acid washes only） 。その場合は、2次的に混入した炭素の影響を受ける可能性があります。また試料によっては前処理が不可能な場合もあります 。
## AMSによる放射性炭素年代測定
AMSは、グラファイトターゲット(100％C)を加速器で分析します。多数のスタンダードおよびバックグラウンドも同一ホイールで分析されます。当試験所では現在2器の加速器が常時運転しております。最終的な結果は、同位体分別補正を行った後、暦年代較正を行います。
## 放射性炭素年代から暦年代への較正
Conventional Radiocarbon AgeはINTCAL13 または MARINE13によって暦年代較正を行います。Beta Analyticの較正プログラムでは、データセットの基となる測定値の誤差も考慮し、数学的な近似を行っています。 詳細につきましては下記論文をご参考にしてください。
A Simplified Approach to Calibrating C14 Dates, Talma, A.S., Vogel, J.C., 1993, Radiocarbon 35 (2): 317-322)
## 標準誤差
Beta Analytiｃでは、確度(accuracy)に対する誤解を避けるため、シングル測定に対して±30より小さい誤差では報告いたしません。 AMS測定での計数効率は非常に高いため、シングル測定における測定時間を増やせば、極端に小さい誤差を得ることは技術的には大変容易です。 しかしそれは見かけ上の誤差を小さくしているにすぎず、確度(accuracy)を含めた精度を高めることにはなりません。±30より小さい誤差で報告可能なのは、同一試料を、前処理からグラファイト化およびAMS測定にいたるまですべての工程を含めた繰り返し測定をした場合に限ります。 繰り返し測定を行った場合は、加重平均によって年代を算出します。
---
### [炭酸塩の安定同位体分析 (δ13C および δ18O)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/oxygen-isotopes.htm)
**Published:** March 30, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **納期**- 14 営業日
 **お奨めの容器**- ジップロックバッグ (微小な試料の場合は破損を防ぐためアルミフォイルに包んでください)
- 輸送中の破損を防ぐため封筒などではなく、箱に入れて送付してください。
- 炭酸塩試料は2核種 (d13C + d18O) 同時分析のみ対応しています。
1核種のみ (d13Cもしくは18Oのどちらかのみ)の分析は行っていません。
---
SGS Beta は放射性炭素年代測定と併せて測定する時以外の安定同位体用試料は、前処理なく測定できるものに限ります。
**提出** – 株式会社地球科学研究所にお問い合わせください。.
**結果** – d13C (± 0.3 ‰ relative to VPDB), d18O (± 0.3 ‰ relative to VPDB)
## 安定同位体の分析費用
費用のお見積りは、 [フォームで](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "contact form") 試料の種類、試料数、支払いを行う組織名および住所をお知らせください。
## d13C + d18O 分析のための最小試料量
以下は**simultaneous d13C + d18O** 同時分析のための最小試料量ですが、場合によっては不足する場合があります。 試料量についてご不安な場合はお問合せください。
**Material** **Minimum sample size required** サンゴ 2 mg 有孔虫 (抽出済みの物) 1 mg 魚耳石 1 mg 貝虫類 2 mg 翼足類(Pteropods) 2 mg 貝 および その他の炭酸塩 2 mg 石灰岩 2 mg 試料は測定できる状態になっているものに限ります **(pH neutral, clean and dry).** ---
### こちらにもご興味をお持ちかもしれません:
炭酸塩の放射性炭素年代測定には d13C and d18O 分析が含まれています。
- [サンゴ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-radiocarbon-dating-coral/)
- [有孔虫](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-forams.htm)
- [魚耳石](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-ams-dating-fish-otoliths/)
- [翼足類Pteropods](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-c14-dating-pteropods/)
- [貝および CaCO3](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-shells.htm)
**Isobar Science の炭酸塩試料分析**
- [ボロン同位体分析](https://isobarscience.com/boron/sample-types/) 貝, サンゴおよびその他の炭酸塩
- [ストロンチウム分析](https://isobarscience.com/strontium/sample-types/) 抽出済みの有孔虫, 貝, サンゴおよびその他の炭酸塩
- [ウラン-トリウム年代測定](https://isobarscience.com/u-th/sample-types/) 貝, サンゴおよびその他の炭酸塩クラスト
Isobar Science は SGS Beta の子会社で、地球年代学、地球化学フィンガープリント、環境ソーストラッキングに特化した複雑な同位体分析を提供しています。
*最終更新：2026年2月*
---
### [放射性炭素年代測定試料提出ガイド](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/sending-carbon-dating-samples.htm)
**Published:** March 3, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
試料お送りいただく前に、 [見積をご依頼ください](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "見積をご依頼ください")。
[お支払い方法につきまして](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-sample-payment.htm "お支払い方法につきまして") – 日本円の価格表をお送りいたします。 (EUR, GBP, JPY, KRW, RMB, TWD およびUSDでのお支払いが可能です)。
---
**試料の準備**
試料は取り違いを防ぐために一度に1試料のみ取り扱ってください。 一つの試料の梱包が終わるまで次の試料の梱包に取り掛からないでください。
[試料の必要量（推奨するサイズ）](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/required-carbon-dating-sample-sizes.htm)
[試料の取り扱いとお勧めする梱包材などについて](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/details.htm)
[](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/beta-analytic-samples-packing-japanese.png)
---
**提出フォームの記入**
[提出フォームの記入](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/)、メール添付、試料と同封 いずれも可
---
**送付のための梱包材**
輸送時の試料破壊を防ぐため封筒ではなく丈夫な小箱などを用いてください。
水の試料は、万が一採水ボトルが破損した場合でも外箱を濡らさないように、1試料ずつジップロックバッグなどに入れ密封する、中箱に発泡スチロールの箱を使用するなどの対策をとってください。
可能な限り追跡可能な宅急便などでお送りください。 できましたら試料発送後、追跡番号をお知らせください。 .
---
---
## FAQ
## [放射性炭素年代測定の結果を受け取るまでどれくらいの時間がかかりますか？](#collapseFive0)
お選びいただいたサービスによって異なります。“AMS standard”の場合は14営業日、AMS Priorityは6営業日、AMS Time Guideは3営業日です。Time Guideサービスは[骨](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-bones.htm).には適用できません。営業日はマイアミ試験所に試料が到着した翌日からカウントします。
## [SGS Beta は納期を知らせますか?](#collapseFive1)
弊社よりお客様の試料がマイアミ試験所に到着したこと及び試験結果の納期についてお知らせします。納期はマイアミ試験所に試料が到着した翌日からの営業日（週末を除く）でカウントします。
試験所に3 PM EST以降に届いた試料は翌日のログインとさせていただきます。
## [SGS Betaではキャンセル料金が必要ですか?](#collapseFive)
測定が不可能な試料のキャンセル料金は発生いたしません。
**C14測定に適した試料を分析の途中でキャンセルされる場合は処理に応じて料金がかかります。**我々は、試料の到着後数時間以内に分析を開始しますので、料金はすぐに発生します。年代測定に適した試料かどうかわからない場合は分析が開始される前にご相談ください。
## [SGS Beta で受け付けられない放射性炭素年代測定用試料はありますか?](#collapseFive3)
- 個人、古物商、オークションハウス、プライベートコレクションからの原稿(書写)、芸術作品、工芸品、骨董
- “人為起源(トレーサー) Carbon-14” およびその他のすべての人為起源同位体を含む試料
- 私的調査目的のための試料（例、先祖の家にあった木や硬貨、墓から出てきた骨 など）
- アンバーグリス (“マッコウクジラの結石”)
## [SGS Betaでは残試料の返却は可能ですか？](#collapseSix)
原則返却いたしかねますが、コラーゲン、土壌、水以外の試料は可能な場合があります。試料をお送りいただく前にご相談ください。日本以外のお客様は [Sample Retention and Return of Excess Materials](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/sample-return-policy.htm "を参照してください")を参照してください。
## [SGS Betaは試料をどれくらいの期間試料を保持していますか?](#collapseSeven)
SGS Beta はクライアントによる指示が必要であるため保留中の試料は、6か月間回答がない場合、廃棄します。
## [SGS Betaは美術品や骨とう品を分析しますか? ](#collapseEight)
SGS Betaの考古学試料に関するポリシー – 家屋を含む商業価値のあるものは受け入れません。SGS Beta は研究団体および学術調査団体、プロフェッショナル考古学者からの試料のみ受け入れ可能です。我々は、美術品や書籍、その他価値のあるものや貴重品などは、政府機関、主要博物館、その他の公的機関が学際的学術調査の一環として行い、かつそれらの機関によって試料が提出され分析料金が支払われる場合以外は受け入れません。試験所はアンティークマーケットなどで取引されている古書、書簡、宗教的背景を持つ事物は受け入れません。
ユネスコの文化財の不法な輸入、輸出及び所有権移転を禁止し及び防止する手段に関する条約を遵守するため SGS Beta は個人、美術商、古美術商、オークションハウスなどが所有する芸術作品、工芸品、 古美術品などの年代測定は行いません。
## [SGS Betaは個人から試料を受け付けますか?](#collapseTen)
受け入れません。 SGS Betaの考古学試料に関するポリシー 家屋を含む商業価値のあるものは受け入れません。SGS Beta は、研究団体および学術調査団体、プロフェッショナル考古学者からの試料のみ受け入れ可能です。
### Other Topics:
- [SGS Beta 能力と検出限界](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-radiocarbon-lab.htm "SGS Beta 能力と検出限界")
- [SGS Beta の品質管理と品質保証](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-radiocarbon-lab2.htm "SGS Beta の品質管理と品質保証")
- [ベータアナリティック社の標準的な前処理プロトコル](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm "ベータアナリティック社の標準的な前処理プロトコル")
*最終更新： 2024年9月*
---
### [放射性炭素年代測定 費用について](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-sample-payment.htm)
**Published:** March 30, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
[*最新の放射性炭素年代測定費用*](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
*最新の料金表はこちらにお尋ねください *
*日本国内でのお支払いにつきましては (株)地球科学研究所 松山までご連絡ください *
**キャンセル時の分析料金につきまして** – お約束の期限内に結果をお知らせするためにBeta Analytic LLC社に試料が到着後、ただちに分析を開始します。分析途中での仕様の変更、キャンセルなどは問題ございませんが、試料の到着後すぐに処理内容及び処理時間に応じた料金が発生することにご留意ください。(試料の炭素量不足などにより測定不能だった場合はキャンセル料金は発生いたしません。)
---
## 放射性炭素年代測定 費用のお支払い方法
日本国内でのお支払いにつきましては日本総代理店 (株)地球科学研究所にお問合せください。
(株)地球科学研究所
住所：468-0007名古屋市天白区植田本町一丁目608番地
TEL：052-802-0703 Email： (松山)
**キャンセル時の分析料金につきまして** – お約束の期限内に結果をお知らせするためにBeta Analytic LLC社に試料が到着後、ただちに分析を開始します。分析途中での仕様の変更、キャンセルなどは問題ございませんが、試料の到着後すぐに処理内容及び処理時間に応じた料金が発生することにご留意ください。(試料の炭素量不足などにより測定不能だった場合はキャンセル料金は発生いたしません。)
### 損害賠償責任
Beta Analytic LLCは、当社またはその代理店および代理人のいかなる契約の違反、若しくは過失に対する責任は購入者（試料提出者）への対象試料に対する分析価格の支払返済のみに限定されます。 当社、その代理店および代理人は、いかなる直接的または間接的な損害に対しても一切責任を負いません。Beta Analytic LLC のサービスは、Beta Analytic LLCが発行する価格とサービスの一覧に記載されている条件で提供されています。 価格とサービスの一覧に記載のない条件については、Beta Analytic LLC のオーナーまたは役員が署名による承認を行った場合のみに有効となります。 また、両当事者により事前に、直接かつ承認された書面によって認証された者のみが署名者の資格を持ちます。 Beta Analytic LLCは、例えば｢この作業を請け負うことは以下の条件に同意することを意味する｣などの文言によって指定された条項には、正式な署名が伴わない限り認証も同意もしません。
*Beta Analytic LLCを装った企業からのフィッシングメールや詐欺請求書には注意してください。疑いがある場合は、お支払いの直前にご連絡ください。*
---
最終更新：2025年7月
---
### [SGS Beta實驗室的返還剩餘樣品政策](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/sample-return-policy.htm)
**Published:** July 13, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- 作為實驗室品質量保證措施的一部分，剩餘的樣品會被保留數個月。
- 當保留期結束時，所有樣品都會被焚燒處理。
- 我們無法退回已萃取的膠原蛋白、土壤和水樣。
## **存檔樣品保留期**
當寄送的原始樣品量和/或預處理後的樣品量足以允許進行存檔時，實驗室將在報告/結果發布後保存樣品幾個月。作為內部**品質保證**的其中一個項目，實驗室會在需要時進行備份分析或進行額外的調查。
在保留期過後，所有的樣品袋和剩餘的樣品材料（原始和預處理過的）都將焚燒處理。
**溝通和樣品處置**：如果有待處理的溝通而且沒有收到客戶關於如何繼續進行的回覆，SGS Beta實驗室將在6個月後處理掉樣品。
## **樣品返還請求**
如果您需要返還任何未使用的原始或預處理過的剩餘樣品，您的請求必須經由以下任何方式以書面形式提出（我們可能無法滿足太晚提出的請求）：
1\. 在提出測試申請時
請在[線上申請表](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/)註明需要返還剩餘樣品。或者，您可以發送[email給實驗室](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-contact.htm)。
2\. 收到實驗室確認函時回覆郵件通知我們
3\. 發布報告時
**請提供寄送地址與Fedex返回運單。如果您無法提供，請選擇以下步驟(需要額外費用):**
- 美國郵政(USPS)一般郵件 – 包裹無法追蹤。請注意: 我們不會使用美國郵政(USPS)寄送容器。
- Fedex – 包裹可以追蹤。
台北代理處將與您聯繫付款。
除了將剩餘樣品寄回外，我們不承擔任何責任。樣品寄出後，客戶需自行跟進快遞延誤、海關文件或包裹丟失索賠等問題。一旦包裹被快遞員取走，SGS Beta實驗室就無法提供幫助。
## 我們無法返還土壤類樣品
根據美國農業部USDA “Q-330.300-1, Soil (01/2010) Revised”規定，我們無法退還任何歸類為土壤的樣品。「土壤」的定義包括但不限於沉積物、古土壤、腐植質、泥炭、灰、表層土、淤泥、岩心等。這類土壤類型的樣品將使用USDA土壤處理設備進行化學處理以及/或焚燒。
請注意，其他國家的土壤樣品與美國各個州的樣品一樣，都必須根據USDA動植物衛生檢查局的規定進行處理。該規定要求非本國的土壤樣品在收到時需進行化學處理或加熱處理，最後皆必須焚燒銷毀。實驗室收到的所有土壤樣品都需按此規定處理，因此，很遺憾地，我們無法退還您的土壤樣品。
我们建議您只需寄送測試所需的樣品量即可。我們會根據您的樣品情況來建議您所需寄送的樣品量，但最终樣品量不可超過200g。對於AMS定年，大部分有機 [沉積物樣品](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-sediments.htm)，根據碳含量而定，實驗室僅需2-4g甚至更少就可以測試。
若您對樣品保留或返還有任何疑問，您可随時聯繫 ，我們將盡力為您解答。
*圖片來源：Pixabay, Pexels
最後更新: 2023年2月*
---
### [Guide de soumission des échantillons pour la datation au radiocarbone](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/envoi-echantillons-datation-radiocarbone.htm)
**Published:** June 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
[Obtenir un devis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/combien-coute-la-datation-carbone.htm "Obtenir un devis") avant l’envoi des échantillons.[Méthodes de paiement](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/radiocarbone-laboratoire-paiement.htm "Méthodes de paiement") – Les prix sont disponibles en EUR, GBP, JPY, KRW, RMB, TWD et USD.
---
**Préparation des échantillons**
Nous vous conseillons de manipuler un échantillon à la fois. Le processus d’emballage de chaque échantillon doit être effectué du début à la fin avant de commencer le suivant pour éviter toute erreur.
[Tailles d’échantillons recommandées](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/taille-des-echantillons-radiocarbone.htm)
[Veuillez lire les recommandations relatives à la préparation et à l’emballage des échantillons avant tout envoi.](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/details.htm)
[](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/beta-analytic-samples-packing-french.png)
---
**Remplir le formulaire de soumission**
[Formulaire d’envoi](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/) – Joindre l’e-mail de confirmation à vos échantillons.
---
**Emballage des échantillons pour l’envoi**
Nous vous conseillons d’utiliser de petites boites plutôt que des enveloppes pour éviter que les échantillons soient écrasés ou réduits en poudre pendant le transport.
Pour les échantillons d’eau souterraine, merci de placer les bouteilles dans un sac plastique et de fermer le sac avec du scotch ou une attache mono-usage. Si une fuite survient pendant le transport, l’eau n’endommagera pas le conteneur en carton.
Merci d’utiliser un service de suivi postal et de nous fournir le numéro de suivi par e-mail à .
Pour les échantillons non-remplaçables, veuillez indiquer l’adresse de notre laboratoire à l’extérieur du sac Ziploc.
---
**Déclaration de douane pour l’envoi direct au laboratoire à Miami, Floride**
Description du contenu pour le formulaire de déclaration des douanes : “GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES FOR SCIENTIFIC STUDY – NO COMMERCIAL VALUE – WILL BE DESTROYED IN THE ANALYSIS.”
Valeur : 1 USD
Numéro de tarif harmonisé (code HS) – 280300
Pour éviter tout retard aux douanes, veuillez utiliser le terme « coprolite » dans vos documents d’envoi au lieu de guano, excréments ou selles pour décrire les matériaux envoyés.
---
## FAQ:
## [Combien de temps faut-il pour recevoir les résultats de la datation au radiocarbone ?](#collapseFive0)
Cela dépend du service choisi. Si vous sélectionnez le service AMS standard, vous recevrez les résultats en 14 jours ouvrés ou moins, AMS Priority – 6 jours ouvrés ou moins ou AMS Time Guide – 2 à 3 jours ouvrés. Le service Time Guide ne s’applique pas aux [os](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-os.htm "carbon dating bones").
## [SGS Beta informe-t-il les clients de la date prévue pour la livraison des résultats ?](#collapseFive1)
Un représentant SGS Beta vous contactera pour confirmer l’arrivée en toute sécurité de vos échantillons à MIAMI et vous indiquer une date de livraison des résultats. Les délais indiqués commencent le jour suivant la réception au laboratoire de Miami, hors week-ends.
Les échantillons livrés au laboratoire après 15h00 HNE seront enregistrés dans le système le jour suivant.
## [SGS Beta facture-t-il des frais d’annulation ?](#collapseFive)
Aucuns frais ne s’appliquent aux échantillons qui ne peuvent pas être datés.
Les demandes d’annulation d’échantillons qui sont de bonne qualité pour être datés seront facturées selon la quantité de travail déjà réalisée au moment de l’annulation. Veuillez noter que nous commençons les analyses dans les heures qui suivent la réception de l’échantillon. Par conséquent, des frais sont engagés presque immédiatement. En cas de doute concernant la qualité de vos échantillons pour la datation, n’hésitez pas à demander que l’on vous contacte pour en discuter avant d’engager des frais.
## [Quels matériaux ne sont pas acceptés par SGS Beta pour la datation au radiocarbone ?](#collapseFive3)
- manuscrits, œuvres d’art, artefacts ou antiquités de particuliers, d’antiquaires, de maisons de ventes aux enchères ou de collections privées
- échantillons contenant du « carbone 14 artificiel » ou tout autre isotope artificiel
- matériaux pour recherche personnelle (par exemple bois d’une maison ancienne, métaux/pièces de monnaie, os provenant d’une fouille, etc.)
- Ambre gris (« vomi de baleine »)
## [SGS Beta renverra-t-il les échantillons excédentaires ?](#collapseSix)
Si vous souhaitez que le matériel excédentaire vous soit retourné, merci de nous préciser vos instructions pour l’envoi. Vous trouverez plus de détails sur notre page [Politique de retour des échantillons](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/politique-retour-echantillons.htm "Politique de retour des échantillons").
## [Quelle est la durée de conservation des échantillons chez SGS Beta ?](#collapseSeven)
SGS Beta se débarrassera des échantillons après 6 mois d’attente si aucune réponse n’a été reçue du client sur la façon de procéder.
## [SGS Beta accepte-t-il les œuvres d’art ou les antiquités ?](#collapseEight)
Les échantillons ayant une valeur commerciale ne sont pas acceptés. Le laboratoire ne procède pas à la datation de manuscrits, objets d’art ou autre objet de valeur à moins que ces derniers soient envoyés, et que leur analyse soit prise en charge par une institution gouvernementale reconnue, un musée, ou toute autre institution ayant besoin d’une analyse de datation à des fins de recherche. Le laboratoire ne procède pas à l’analyse d’antiquités, livres, manuscrits, objets de nature religieuse ou autres articles généralement vendus chez les antiquaires.
Afin de répondre aux exigences de la Convention de l’UNESCO sur les moyens d’interdire et de prévenir l’importation, l’exportation et le transfert de propriété illicites de biens culturels et non d’encourager le commerce des biens culturels pillés, SGS Beta ne date pas les œuvres d’art, objets ou antiquités de particuliers, antiquaires, maisons de ventes aux enchères ou collections privées.
## [SGS Beta accepte-t-il des échantillons de particuliers ?](#collapseTen)
Non. Politique d’archéologie professionnelle de SGS Beta – Les matériaux à valeur commerciale ne sont pas acceptés, y compris les maisons. SGS Beta n’accepte que les échantillons soumis par des institutions de recherche et universitaires ou des archéologues professionnels.
### En savoir plus:
- [SGS Beta capacité et limites de détection](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-radiocarbone-lab.htm "SGS Beta capacité et limites de détection")
- [Contrôle Qualité & Assurance Qualité pratiqués par SGS Beta](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-radiocarbone-lab2.htm "Contrôle Qualité & Assurance Qualité pratiqués par SGS Beta")
- [Les protocoles de prétraitements normaux de SGS Beta](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/pretraitements-protocoles-datation-radiocarbone.htm "Les protocoles de prétraitements normaux de SGS Beta")
*Dernière mise à jour de la page: Septembre *2024**
---
### [Leitfaden für die Einreichung von Proben für eine Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/radiokohlenstoff-zusendung-proben.htm)
**Published:** September 11, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
[Erfragen Sie ein Angebot](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/was-kosten-carbon-datierungen.htm "Erfragen Sie ein Angebot"), bevor Sie Proben einsenden.
[Zahlungsmethoden](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/radiokohlenstoff-labor-preisen.htm "Zahlungsmethoden") – Die Preise sind verfügbar in EUR, GBP, JPY, KRW, RMB, TWD und USD.
---
**Proben vorbereiten**
Bitte bereiten Sie die Proben einzeln vor. Beginnen und beenden Sie bitte den Verpackungsprozess jeder Probe einzeln, bevor Sie die nächste Probe bearbeiten, um Vermischungen zu vermeiden.
[Empfohlene Probenmenge](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/probenanforderung-kohlenstoff-14.htm)
[Bitte lesen Sie die Empfehlungen zu Probenhandhabung und Probenbehälter, bevor Sie Ihre Proben vorbereiten](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/details.htm)
[](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/beta-analytic-samples-packing-deutsch.png)---
**Einreichungsformular Ausfüllen**
[Proben-Datenblatt](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/) – bitte legen Sie Ihren Proben die Bestätigungs-E-Mail bei
---
**Proben für den Versand verpacken**
Wir empfehlen dringend Proben in kleinen Paketen, anstelle von Umschlägen, zu versenden, um sicherzustellen, dass diese während des Versands nicht zerdrückt oder zermahlen werden.
Grundwasser Proben – Bitte verpacken Sie die Flasche/n in eine Plastiktüte und verschließen Sie den Beutel mit einem Kabelbinder oder Klebeband. Sollte eine der Flaschen während des Transports auslaufen, wird auf diese Weise verhindert, dass das Wasser die Pappe des Transportbehälters aufweicht.
Verwenden Sie bitte einen Versanddienstleister oder Kurier mit Sendungsverfolgung und e-mailen Sie die Referenznummer (Tracking-Nummer) an .
Bei unersetzlichen Proben bringen Sie bitte die Adresse von SGS Beta auf der Außenseite des Ziploc-Beutels an.
---
**Zollinhaltserklärung bei direktem Versand an das Labor in Miami, Florida**
Verwenden Sie zur Beschreibung der Waren bitte folgenden Vermerk: “GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES FOR SCIENTIFIC STUDY – NO COMMERCIAL VALUE – WILL BE DESTROYED IN THE ANALYSIS.” (Geologische Proben für die wissenschaftliche Untersuchung – Kein Handelswert – Wird während der Analyse zerstört).
Wert: 1 USD
Harmonisierte Zollnummer (Harmonized Tariff Number – HS code) – 280300
Um Verzögerungen beim Zoll zu vermeiden, verwenden Sie bitte die Bezeichnung “coprolite” in Versanddokumenten anstelle von Guano, Mist oder Kot, um das Material zu beschreiben.
---
## FAQ:
## [Wie lang dauert es, bis man die Ergebnisse der Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung erhält?](#collapseFive0)
Dies hängt vom ausgewählten Service ab. Wenn Sie den „AMS-Standard“-Service wählen, erhalten Sie die Ergebnisse innerhalb von 14 Werktagen oder weniger, AMS Priority – 6 Werktage oder weniger oder AMS Time Guide – 2-3 Werktage. Der Time Guide-Dienst gilt nicht für [Knochen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-knochen.htm "Knochen").
## [Wird SGS Beta Kunden informieren, wann die Ergebnisse zu erwarten sind?](#collapseFive1)
Ein SGS Beta-Vertreter wird sich mit Ihnen in Verbindung setzen, um die sichere Ankunft Ihrer Proben in MIAMI zu bestätigen und Ihnen einen Liefertermin für die Ergebnisse mitzuteilen. Unsere angegebene Bearbeitungszeit beginnt einen Tag nach Eingang im Labor in Miami, ausgenommen Wochenenden.
Nach 15 Uhr EST werden die Proben am folgenden Tag im System angemeldet.
## [Erhebt SGS Beta Stornogebühren?](#collapseFive)
Für nicht datierbare Proben werden keine Stornogebühren berechnet.
Wenn für die**C14-Datierung geeignete Proben storniert werden**, entspricht die Höhe der Gebühren dem bis zu der Stornierung geleisteten Arbeitsaufwand. Bitte beachten Sie, dass wir innerhalb weniger Stunden nach Erhalt der Proben mit der Analyse beginnen, daher fallen sehr schnell Kosten an. Wenn Sie Bedenken bezüglich der Eignung Ihrer Probe haben, können Sie uns gerne kontaktieren, bevor Kosten anfallen, um die Proben gemeinsam zu eruieren.
## [Welche Materialien werden von SGS Beta nicht für eine Kohlenstoff-Datierung akzeptiert?](#collapseFive3)
- Manuskripte, Kunstwerke, Artefakte oder Antiquitäten von Privatpersonen, Antiquitätenhändlern, Auktionshäusern oder Privatsammlungen
- Proben mit “Tracer Kohlenstoff-14” oder anderen künstlichen Isotopen
- Materialien für persönliche Forschung (z.B. Holz aus einem Ahnenhaus, Metalle/Münzen, Knochen aus einer zufälligen Ausgrabung usw.)
- Ambergris (“Wal-Erbrochenes”)
## [Wird SGS Beta überschüssige Proben zurückgeben?](#collapseSix)
Wenn überschüssiges Probenmaterial an Sie zurückgeschickt werden soll, geben Sie bitte Anweisungen zur Rücksendung an. Einzelheiten hierzu finden Sie auf unserer Seite [Aufbewahrungsfrist von Proben und Verfahren für eine Probenrückgabe](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/proben-ruckgabe-verfahren.htm "Aufbewahrungsfrist von Proben und Verfahren für eine Probenrückgabe").
## [Wie lang ist die Probenaufbewahrungsfrist von SGS Beta?](#collapseSeven)
SGS Beta wird nach 6 Monaten die Proben entsorgen, wenn es eine offene Kommunikation gibt, aber vom Kunden keine Antwort erhalten wurde.
## [Akzeptiert SGS Beta Kunstwerke oder Antiquitäten?](#collapseEight)
Unser Labor nimmt keine Datierungen von Manuskripten, Kunstgegenständen oder anderen wertvollen oder unbezahlbaren Gegenständen vor, es sei denn, sie sind von einer anerkannten Regierungsbehörde, einem großen Museum oder einer anderen Regierungsstelle eingesandt und bezahlt worden, die Materialien als Teil eines multidisziplinären wissenschaftlichen Verfahrens untersuchen. Unser Labor analysiert keine Antiquitäten, Bücher, Manuskripte, Materialien religiöser Natur oder Gegenstände, die gewöhnlich auf Antikmärkten verkauft werden.
SGS Beta datiert keine Kunstwerke, Artefakte oder Antiquitäten von Privatpersonen, Antiquitätenhändlern, Auktionshäusern oder Privatsammlungen. Damit erfüllen wir die Anforderungen des UNESCO-Übereinkommens über das Verbot und die Verhinderung der unerlaubten Einfuhr, Ausfuhr, Übertragung des Eigentums von Kulturgütern und den Handel mit geplündertem Kulturgut.
## [Akzeptiert SGS Beta Proben von Privatpersonen?](#collapseTen)
Nein. SGS Betas professionelle Archäologierichtlinie – Materialien mit kommerziellem Wert werden nicht akzeptiert, einschließlich Häusern. SGS Beta akzeptiert nur Proben, die von Forschungs- und akademischen Einrichtungen oder professionellen Archäologen eingereicht wurden.
### Andere Themen:
- [SGS Beta Kapazität & Nachweisgrenzen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-labor.htm "SGS Beta Kapazität & Nachweisgrenzen")
- [Qualitätskontrolle & Qualitätssicherung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-labor2.htm "Qualitätskontrolle & Qualitätssicherung")
- [SGS Beta Standard Vorbehandlungsprotokolle](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-vorbehandlungsprotokolle.htm "SGS Beta Standard Vorbehandlungsprotokolle")
*Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: September *2024**
---
### [AMS-Datierung von Knochen, Geweihen und Zähnen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-knochen.htm)
**Published:** September 22, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Empfohlene Probenmengen (geringere AMS Mengen sind möglich – bitte [kontaktieren Sie uns](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/beta-kontakt.htm "contact us"))**- Geweih – 1-4 Gramm
- verkohlte Knochen – 20-100 Milligramm
- Leichenbrand – 200 Milligramm – 4 Gramm
- unverkohlte Knochen – 500 Milligramm – 4 Gramm
- 1-2 Zähne (vollständiger Eckzahn, Schneidezahn oder Backenzahn mit Wurzeln)
 **Kohlenstoff-Datierungsdienste**- AMS Standard – Ergebnisse werden innerhalb von 14 Werktagen oder weniger berichtet
- AMS Priority – 6 Werktage oder weniger
 **Analysen enthalten mit C14 Datierung (falls Probenmenge ausreichend)**- Geweih, Zähne – δ13C, δ15N(und %C, %N, und C:N-Verhältnis für unverkohlte Geweihe und Zähne)
- verkohlte Knochen – δ13C
- Leichenbrand – δ13C, δ18O
- erhitzte Knochen – δ13C
- nicht erhitzte Knochen – δ13C + δ15N, %C, %N und C:N-Verhältnis
 **Empfohlenes Behältnis**- Wiederverschließbare Plastikbeutel für Knochen, Geweih und Zähne
- Geben Sie extrahiertes Kollagen bitte in Plastik-/Glasfläschchen mit Schraubverschluss oder verpacken Sie es in aluminiumfolie, bevor Sie die Probe in einen wiederverschließbaren Plastikbeutel geben.
- Bitte senden Sie Ihre Proben in Paketen und nicht in Umschlägen, um die Proben vor Schäden während des Versands zu bewahren.
- Wir bieten Ultrafiltration im Anschluss an herkömmliche Kollagen Extraktionsverfahren an.
- Kostenloses Webinar über Knochen auf Abruf verfügbar (nur auf Englisch), siehe Vorschau [hier](https://www.radiocarbon.com/optimal-bone-samples-radiocarbon-dating/ "Kostenloses Webinar über Knochen").
---
**Hinweis** – Die Gebühren beinhalten Qualitätssicherungsberichte, ggf. Kalenderkalibrierung und rund um die Uhr verfügbaren Webzugriff auf frühere Ergebnisse und ausstehende Analysen. Für die Kollagen- oder Knochenkarbonat-Extraktion wird eine zusätzliche Gebühr erhoben. [Angebot anfordern](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/was-kosten-carbon-datierungen.htm "Angebot anfordern")
Die δ13C- und δ15N-Verhältnisse werden unter Verwendung eines Massenspektrometers für die Isotopenmessung (IRMS) gemessen. Abhängig von der Probenqualität ist es ist uns vielleicht nicht möglich δ15N Messungen für verbrannte oder verkohlte Knochen bereitzustellen. Bitte kontaktieren Sie uns, bevor Sie erhitzte Knochen einsenden.
SGS Beta berichtet, ohne zusätzliche Kosten, für nicht eingeäscherte Knochen im Rahmen einer AMS-Datierung auch %C, %N und C:N Werte.
**Vorbehandlung** – Es ist wichtig die angewandte [Vorbehandlung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-vorbehandlungsprotokolle.htm#Collagen) zu verstehen, da diese direkt die finalen Ergebnisse beeinflusst. Für Knochenproben bieten wir die konventionelle Kollagen-Extraktion an und sofern gewünscht auch eine anschließende Ultrafiltration. Sollte eine [Ultrafiltration erforderlich](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-bones-ultrafiltration/ "ultra-filtration methods") sein, dann kontaktieren Sie uns bitte bevor Sie Ihre Proben einsenden.
## [Probenauswahl – Knochen, Zähne und Geweih](#collapseOne)
**Knochen** – Gute kortikale Knochen der größeren Körperknochen (Oberschenkelknochen, Schienbein, Oberarmknochen, Kieferknochen, Paukenteil des Schädels und manchmal Rippen) eignen sich am besten. Schwammartige Knochen wie Gelenke und Pfannen, Wirbelknochen, etc. neigen dazu, unter schwierigen Bedingungen nicht gut erhalten zu sein und ergeben daher evtl. nicht genug Kollagen für die Analyse. Bei Vogelknochen und Gräten beraten Sie sich hinsichtlich der ausreichenden Probenmenge bitte mit dem Labor.
Aufgrund der geringen Dichte von Vogelknochen, ist der Kollagengehalt pro Einheit Gramm sehr viel niedriger als der von anderen Tierknochen. Darüber hinaus ist die zur Verfügung stehende Menge an Vogelknochen oft sehr gering. Bei gut erhaltenen Proben, war die Radiokarbondatierung von Vogelknochen mit einer Probenmenge von nur 300 Milligramm erfolgreich. Es ist wichtig die Nahrungsquellen und gegebenenfalls den Meerwasser Effekt in Betracht zu ziehen.
**Zähne** – Im Fall von menschlichen Zähnen werden einzelne und komplette Schneide- oder Eckzähne bevorzugt. Wenn Sie einen Backenzahn einsenden, muss er noch alle 4 Wurzeln haben. Bei Tierzähnen hängt die Probenmenge vom Tier ab. Bei großen Säugetieren ist ein Zahn ausreichend. Bei kleinen Tieren sollten Sie sich vom Labor über die geeignete Menge beraten lassen.
**Geweih** – Stücke oder Späne eignen sich am besten für die Radiokarbondatierung. Falls Ihre Probe in Pulverform vorliegt, kontaktieren Sie uns bitte bevor Sie die Probe versenden.
## [Extrahiertes Kollagen](#collapseSix)
Wir akzeptieren für die [Radiokohlenstoff Datierung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/uber-karbon-datierung.htm) auch extrahiertes Knochenkollagen. Allerdings wird das Material dann im Abschlussbericht als “organisches Material” anstatt als “Knochenkollagen” aufgeführt. Aufgrund der Vorschriften unserer ISO/IEC 17025:2017 Akkreditierung können wir, wenn wir die chemischen Vorbehandlungen und/oder Extraktionen nicht selbst vorgenommen haben, das datierte Material nicht ausdrücklich bescheinigen, da Schritte, die die Probenqualität beeinträchtigen könnten, außerhalb unserer Kontrolle und dem Umfang unserer Akkreditierung vorgenommen wurden.
Bitte geben Sie extrahiertes Kollagen nicht unmittelbar in einen wiederverschließbaren Plastikbeutel. Wir empfehlen die Probe in aluminiumfolie zu verpacken oder in Plastik-/Glasfläschchen mit Schraubverschluss zu geben, bevor sie diese in einen wiederverschließbaren Plastikbeutel geben.
## [Zahnschmelz](#collapseTwo)
Der organische Anteil von Zahnschmelz ist zu gering für eine Kohlenstoff-14-Analyse. Daher analysieren wir die Karbonfraktion, wenn wir Zahnschmelz datieren. Ein Zahn ist ausreichend für eine AMS-Datierung.
**Haftungsausschluss**: Es ist bekannt, dass unter bestimmten Umweltbedingungen die Datierung des karbonisierter
Zahnschmelz mit 14C aufgrund von Verunreinigungen durch sekundäre Karbonate im Boden, im Wasser oder aus anderen Quellen zu ungenauen Datierungen führen kann. Wenn dies bei Ihrer Probe der Fall ist, kann das Problem möglicherweise mit den aktuellen Vorbehandlungsmethoden nicht ausreichend behoben werden. Wir empfehlen Ihnen, dies bei der Interpretation von Zahnschmelzkarbonat-Daten zu berücksichtigen. In mehreren Veröffentlichungen werden die möglichen Probleme erörtert. In den meisten Fällen sind die Ergebnisse aktueller als der tatsächliche Todeszeitpunkt, und diese Verzerrung kann erheblich sein.
## [In Wasser gelagerte Knochen](#collapseThree)
Beraten Sie sich hinsichtlich Knochen, die in Wasser oder nassen [Sedimenten](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-sedimente.htm) gelagert sind, bitte mit unserem Labor, bevor Sie eine Probe einsenden. Wasser ist bezüglich der Auswaschung von Kollagenproteinen aus dem Knochen sehr effektiv, sodass nur Knochenkarbonat zurückbleibt. Daher ist es möglich, dass die Knochen nur noch sehr wenig Kollagen enthalten.
## [Bitte senden Sie kein Knochenpulver](#collapseFour)
Falls Sie Knochen in Pulverform oder als Bohrstaub an unser Labor senden möchten, kann vielleicht keine vollständige Vorbehandlung durchgeführt werden, die allerdings nötig ist, um die Genauigkeit der Ergebnisse sicherzustellen. Wir empfehlen deshalb die Knochen NICHT als Bohrstaub oder in Pulverform an unser Labor zu senden. Bevor das Knochenmaterial gemahlen oder gebohrt wird, muss es von jeglichen anhaftenden und invasiven Verschmutzungen gereinigt werden. Dies erfordert meist sowohl den physikalischen Abrieb der Oberfläche, als auch chemische Behandlungen.
## [Vorbehandlung und Kollagen-Extraktion bei nicht eingeäscherten Knochen](#collapseFour10)
Die Vorbehandlung von nicht eingeäscherten Knochenproben beginnt mit der Kollagenextraktion, das extrahierte Kollagen wird datiert. Die Qualitätsbewertung wird durch die visuelle Begutachtung des Kollagens und dessen Extraktion gestützt.
Knochenproben werden auf Mürbheit (“Weichheit”) untersucht. Sehr weiches Knochenmaterial weist auf die potenzielle Abwesenheit der Kollagenfraktion hin (basales Knochenprotein, das als “Verstärkungskomponente” innerhalb der kristallinen Apatitstruktur dient).
Um die Qualität des erhaltenen Kollagens zu beurteilen, wird die Probe, nachdem die freiliegenden Außenflächen physikalisch und chemisch entfernt wurden, in kalter Dünnsäure entmineralisiert, um Apatite und Karbonate zu entfernen. Das Kollagen wird anschließend präpariert und auf Würzelchen untersucht. Jedwede vorhandenen Würzelchen werden bei der Säurelösungs-Nachfüllung entfernt.
Zu diesem Zeitpunkt führt das Labor eine gründliche visuelle Prüfung der Kollagenqualität durch. Falls das Kollagen schlecht erhalten ist, setzt sich das Labor mit Ihnen in Verbindung, um weitere Schritte zu eruieren. Wenn das Kollagen die visuelle Prüfung besteht, werden mithilfe von Natriumhydroxid (NaOH) Huminrückstände und exogene organische Verunreinigungen entfernt. Dieser Schritt wirkt meist sehr destruktiv auf das Kollagen, sichert jedoch die Reinheit der Probe für die Radiokarbondatierung. Nach einer abschließenden Säurewaschung wird das Kollagen getrocknet und der δ13C-Wert wird gemessen. Wenn das δ13C-Ergebnis akzeptabel ist, fahren wir mit der AMS-Datierung fort. Sollte dies nicht der Fall sein, setzen wir uns mit Ihnen in Verbindung, bevor weitere Schritte eingeleitet werden.
Die Kollagenextraktion kann mit oder ohne Alkali vorgenommen werden. “Mit Alkali” bezieht sich auf die zusätzliche Vorbehandlung mit NaOH, um sicherzustellen, dass keine sekundären organischen Säuren vorliegen. “Ohne Alkali” bedeutet, dass der NaOH-Schritt aufgrund schlechter Erhaltungsbedingungen übersprungen wurde, da die Durchführung zu dem Verlust aller verfügbaren organischen Materialien führen könnte.
## [Ultrafiltration (auf Anfrage erhältlich)](#collapseFour11)
Im Rahmen der Ultrafiltration wird das Kollagen bei hohen Drehzahlen pro Minute durch extrem feine Filter gefiltert; es ist ein zusätzliches Verfahren zur Entfernung von Huminsäuren. Für die Ultrafiltration berechnen wir eine zusätzliche Gebühr, bitte kontaktieren Sie uns bzgl. weiterer Details.
**Hinweis** – Die Ultrafiltration erhöht die Genauigkeit des Radiokarbondatums nicht in allen Fällen. Diese zusätzliche Vorbehandlung “fraktioniert” den Kohlenstoff in der Probe. Theoretisch entweicht die Huminsäure aus dem Filter und das Kollagen verbleibt. Je nachdem, wie gut das Kollagen erhalten ist, greift obige Theorie nicht immer. Proben, die mittels Ultrafiltration vorbehandelt wurden, ergaben sowohl ältere als auch jüngere Daten im Vergleich zu mit Alkali extrahierten Kollagenproben. Ob diese zusätzliche Vorbehandlung sinnvoll ist, hängt von den individuellen Begräbnis-, Erhaltungszuständen und Verunreinigungen ab.
## AMS Datierung verschiedener Knochenarten
Wenn Sie sich unsicher sind, welcher Kategorie Ihre Knochenproben zuzuordnen sind, senden Sie diese bitte an unser Labor. Wir werden Ihre Proben untersuchen und Sie bzgl. der Datierbarkeit wie auch Methoden beraten.
## [Knochen (erhitzt)](#collapseSix2)
Knochen, die bei geringen Temperaturen erhitzt wurden (niedriger als 600°C), zeigen meist schwarze, blaue oder graue Flecken auf den äußeren oder inneren Oberflächen. Dies zeigt an, dass nicht alle Fette und Proteine verbrannt wurden und daher das Osteocalcin nicht vollständig in strukturelles Karbonat umgewandelt wurde.
Der Grad der Erhitzung und die Ausgrabungsbedingungen werden letztlich bestimmen, ob ein erhitzter Knochen mittels AMS datiert werden kann. Es ist nicht möglich vorherzusagen, was aus einem erhitzten Knochen gewonnen werden kann. Eventuell ist noch gutes Kollagen vorhanden, es können aber auch organische Materialien gewonnen werden, die nicht als Kollagen identifiziert werden können. Die Datierung dieser “residual bone organics” (zurückbleibendes organisches Knochenmaterial) kann ein realistisches AMS-Ergebnis liefern, wobei bei der Interpretation zur Vorsicht geraten wird.
Vorbehandlung [Ultrafiltration und Säure/Alkali/Säure Bad](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-vorbehandlungsprotokolle.htm#Collagen)
Es werden keine Stornogebühren für erhitzte Knochen erhoben, die nach den Vorbehandlungen für ungeeignet befunden werden.
## [Knochen (vollständig verkohlt)](#collapseOne1)
Die Hocherhitzung kann ein hilfreiches Ereignis in der Geschichte einer Knochenprobe darstellen. Bei ausreichend hohen Temperaturen verkohlt das Kollagen, somit wird der sich im Knochen befindliche Kohlenstoff sehr stabil, resistent gegen Verunreinigungen und mittels Säure- und Alkali-Vorbehandlungen (wie bei Holzkohleproben) gut lösbar.
Knochen, die innen und außen komplett verkohlt sind, sehen wie ein Stück Holzkohle aus. Meist wurden sie bei sehr geringer Sauerstoffzufuhr, Temperaturen unter 600°C und über einen langen Zeitraum erhitzt. Das Osteocalcin wurde verbrannt, sodass ausschließlich verkohlte Fette und Proteine (Kollagen) zurückbleiben. Diese Art von Knochenproben kann normalerweise datiert werden, die Vorbehandlung kann sich jedoch auf Säureauslaugung zur Entfernung der Karbonate beschränken. Oft sind solche Proben zu fragil, um eine Alkaliextraktion zur Entfernung von Huminsäuren, die im Fundbereich in großen Mengen vorkommen können, zu ermöglichen.
Ob ein verkohlter Knochen ein Radiokarbonalter ergibt, hängt vom Grad der Verkohlung ab. Knochen, die bei niedrigen Temperaturen erhitzt wurden, müssen gesondert betrachtet werden. Knochen mit verkohltem Protein können sehr gute Proben für die AMS-Datierung darstellen. In diesem Fall ist der Kohlenstoff zerfallsbeständig und kann alle im Labor angewendeten Vorbehandlungen durchlaufen. Wenn das Protein teilweise verkohlt ist, ist es wahrscheinlich geschädigt und sehr zerfallsanfällig. Es kann im Labor meist nicht vollständig vorbehandelt (oder als Protein identifiziert) werden.
Generell kann man sagen, dass bei durchgehend weiß geblichenen Knochen kein verkohltes Kollagen vorliegt. Schwarz oder blau gefärbte Knochen können evtl. unter Verwendung der verkohlten Kollagenreste datiert werden. Dies kann nur mittels einiger Vorbehandlungen festgestellt werden.
Vorbehandlung – [Starke Säure-Alkali-Säure Waschung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-vorbehandlungsprotokolle.htm)
Es werden Ihnen keine Stornierungsgebühren berechnet, wenn verbrannte Knochen nach der Vorbehandlung als für die Datierung ungeeignet befunden werden.
## [Knochen (nicht erhitzt)](#collapseTwo3)
Ein Knochen, der nicht verbrannt ist, wird durch die Extraktion des Kollagenproteins vorbehandelt. Kollagenprotein ist bei nicht eingeäscherten Knochen das beste Material für eine Datierung.
Der Zustand und die Qualität des erhaltenen Kollagens sind sehr wichtig. Dies kann während der Vorbehandlung beurteilt werden. Wenn die Kollagenqualität gut ist, werden die Vorbehandlungen fortgeführt (Säure/Alkali/Säure Bad). Wenn die Kollagenqualität schlecht ist, berät sich das Labor mit dem Kunden über die Stornierung der Analyse.
Nach der anfänglichen Überprüfung wird das Kollagen für die Karbon-13/Karbon-12 Verhältnisanalyse getrocknet. Wenn das Ergebnis dieser Analyse angemessen ist, fährt das Labor mit der AMS-Datierung fort. Ist das δ13C Ergebnis schlecht, kann die AMS-Datierung auf Anfrage abgebrochen werden. Es werden Ihnen keine Stornierungsgebühren berechnet, wenn Knochen nach der Vorbehandlung als für die Datierung ungeeignet befunden werden.
[Kollagenextraktion gefolgt von Säure-Alkali-Säure Waschung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-vorbehandlungsprotokolle.htm) (Ultrafiltration auf Anfrage)
## [Knochen (eingeäschert)](#collapseTwo10)
Knochen, die über einen ausreichenden Zeitraum über 600°C erhitzt wurden, sodass Kollagene, Fette und Proteine vollständig verbrannt wurden. Diese Knochen sind meist weiß und weisen, wenn sie zerbrochen sind, auch komplett weiße Innenflächen auf.
Eine Erhitzung über 600°C wandelt das Osteocalcin (Apatite) im Knochen in strukturelles Karbonat um. Dieses Knochenkarbonat wird datiert. Das strukturelle Karbonat ist veränderungsresistent und nach der Einäscherung schwer zu verunreinigen, daher erwies es sich als gute Substanz für verlässliche AMS-Datierungen.
Wenn kein verkohltes Kollagen vorliegt, gibt es eine Methode zur Datierung der Kohlenstofffraktion in eingeäscherten Knochen. Diese Methode wurde 2000 im Rahmen der 17. International Radiocarbon Konferenz veröffentlicht und angenommen. Studien weisen darauf hin, dass gute Übereinstimmungen zwischen Knochenkarbonat von hocherhitzten Knochen mit assoziierter Holzkohle bestehen. Die Methode sollte nur in Betracht gezogen werden, wenn kein Kollagen oder verkohltes Kollagen vorliegt.
Aktuelle Studien belegen ebenfalls, dass Karbonaterträge, die aus zwei verschiedenen Bereichen des Knochens stammen, die unvollständige Kremation anzeigen. Um dies herauszufinden, wird das Karbonataufkommen in zwei Bereichen des Knochens getestet. Wenn es ähnlich ist, fährt das Labor mit der AMS-Datierung fort. Wenn die Ergebnisse unterschiedlich ausfallen, setzt sich das Labor mit Ihnen in Verbindung, um zu besprechen, ob die Analyse abgebrochen werden soll oder ob die AMS-Datierung an den Karbonataufkommen beider Bereiche durchgeführt werden soll (die Kosten für zwei Analysen fallen an).
Wenn kein Kollagen oder verkohltes Kollagen vorliegt, wird zur Datierung der Karbonatfraktion geraten. Es ist jedoch Vorsicht geboten, da die vollständige Entfernung von verunreinigenden Karbonaten nicht gänzlich sichergestellt werden kann. Wenn alle Karbonate während der Erhitzung entfernt wurden, kann das verbleibende Kalziumoxid mit dem Kohlenstoffdioxid des Brennstoffs reagiert haben. In diesem Fall sollte der Einfluss des Altholzeffekts durch den Brennstoff in Betracht gezogen werden.
**Interessiert an U-Th-Datierung, Pb-Isotopen oder Sr-Verhältnis-Analyse? Besuchen Sie: [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "U-Th dating, Pb isotopes, Sr ratio analysis").**
## Weitere Informationen zur AMS-Datierung von Knochen
[Radiokarbon Datierung von Knochen mittels PVA](https://www.radiocarbon.com/radiocarbon-dating-pva-contaminated-bones/)
[Bestandteile eines Knochens](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-knochen.htm#Components)
[Zeitspanne von Knochenproben](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-knochen.htm#Time)
[Verunreinigung von Knochenproben](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-knochen.htm#Sample)
[Auswirkung von Verunreinigungen auf die AMS Kohlenstoff Datierungsergebnisse](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-knochen.htm#Effect)
[Physikalische Vorbehandlung von Knochen in AMS Laboren](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-knochen.htm#Physical)
[Chemische Vorbehandlung von Knochen in AMS Laboren](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-knochen.htm#Chemical)
*Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: Februar 2025*
---
### [Analyse isotopique stable des carbonates (δ13C et δ18O)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/isotopique-oxygene.htm)
**Published:** September 25, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Délai de livraison des résultats**- 14 jours ouvrés
 **Contenant recommandé**- Sacs Ziplock (si l’échantillon est petit ou risque d’être écrasé pendant le transport, veuillez l’emballer dans de l’aluminium)
- Nous vous recommandons d’envoyer vos échantillons dans de petites boites au lieu d’utiliser des enveloppes pour protéger les échantillons.
- Nous fournissons uniquement les mesures isotopiques combinées (d13C + d18O) sur les carbonates.
Nous ne fournissons pas de mesures isotopiques séparées (d13C uniquement ou d18O only) uniquement) sur ce type d’échantillon.
---
SGS Beta accepte UNIQUEMENT les échantillons prêts à être mesurés pour l’analyse des isotopes stables sans la datation au carbone 14.
**Envoi** – Veuillez utiliser ce [formulaire en ligne](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/ "d13cd15n data sheet").
**Résultats** – d13C (± 0.3 ‰ par rapport à VPDB), d18O (± 0.3 ‰ par rapport à VPDB)
## Coût de l’analyse des isotopes stables
Afin de vous fournir les bons prix, veuillez nous indiquer le type de matériau. Pour les devis officiels, veuillez indiquer dans [ce formulaire](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "contact form") le nombre d’échantillons par type de matériau ainsi que le nom et l’adresse de facturation de l’établissement payeur.
## Tailles d’échantillon recommandées pour l’analyse d13C et d18O
Les tailles suivantes sont des recommandations minimales pour **les mesures simultanées de d13C et d18O measurements** et peuvent ne pas être suffisantes dans tous les cas. Merci de nous contacter en cas de doute sur la possibilité d’analyse ou le poids de votre échantillon.
**Type de matériau** **Taille minimale pour les échantillons** Corail 2 milligrammes Foraminifères (pré-extraits) 1 milligramme Otolithes de poisson 1 milligramme Ostracodes 2 milligrammes Ptéropodes 2 milligrammes Coquillages et autres carbonates 2 milligrammes Tuf (calcaire) 2 milligrammes **Les échantillons doivent être prêts pour la mesure (pH neutre, propres et secs).** ---
### Vous pourriez également être intéressé par:
Datation radiocarbone des carbonates – les mesures d13C et d18O sont incluses sans frais supplémentaires
- [Corail](https://www.radiocarbon.com/radiocarbon-dating-coral/)
- [Foraminifères](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-ams-foraminiferes.htm)
- [Otolithes de poisson](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-fish-otoliths/)
- [Ptéropodes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/c14-datation-pteropodes/)
- [Coquillages et CaCO3](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-coquilles.htm)
**Services d’Isobar Science pour les carbonates**
- [Analyse des isotopes du bore](https://isobarscience.com/boron/sample-types/) pour coquillages, coraux et autres carbonates
- Mesure du [rapport de strontium](https://isobarscience.com/strontium/sample-types/) de foraminifères pré-extraits, coquillages, coraux et autres carbonates
- [Datation uranium-thorium](https://isobarscience.com/u-th/sample-types/) des coquillages, coraux et croûte carbonatée
Isobar Science est une filiale de SGS Beta spécialisée dans les services isotopiques complexes pour la géochronologie, les empreintes géochimiques et le suivi des sources environnementales.
*Dernière mise à jour de la page: février 2026*
---
### [탄소와 질소 동위원소 비 측정 (δ13C and δ15N)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/dietary-isotopic-analysis.htm)
**Published:** February 1, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **필요한 시료 량은 시료 종류에 따라 다릅니다. (아래 보기)**
 **소요 시간**- 14 영업일 이내
 **(아래참조)**- 지프 백 (작거나 운송 중 부서질 수 있는 시료들은 알루미늄 포일로 포장)
- 시료를 보내주실 때 봉투 대신 작은 박스에 담아 보내야 운송 중 시료들이 부스러지는 것을 방지할 수 있습니다.
---
**전처리** – 뼈 시료를 제외하고, 모든 시료는 측정 준비가 되어 있어야 합니다. (pH 중립, 건조하고 깨끗한 상태). 뼈 시료는 콜라겐 추출 (화장 안된 뼈 시료의 경우) 혹은 탄산염 추출 (화장된 뼈 시료의 경우) 작업이 포함되어 있습니다.
**시료 제출** – 이 [온라인 양식](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/)을 사용합니다.
[견적 요청하기](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "견적 요청하기")
---
## 단지 d13C 분석을 위한 권장 시료 크기
다음은 d13C 측정을 위한 최소 시료 권장 량입니다. 어떤 경우에는 충분치 않을 수도 있습니다. 시료의 적합성 및 크기에 대해 의문 사항이 있으면 실험실로 연락 바랍니다.
**시료의 종류****최소 필요 시료 크기 (전처리된 d13C 시료) \***뿔 / 치아 / 뼈 / 화장된 뼈0.5 mg목탄0.5 mg분뇨1 mg모발2 mg곤충 (키틴질)2 mg가죽2 mg유기 퇴적물 / 해니10 mg나무 / 씨앗2 mg화분4 mg섬유류2 mg목재2 mg*\* 전처리된 시료는 반드시 pH 중성, 깨끗하고 건조 상태여야 합니다.*
## d13C + d15N 분석 용 물질들.
SGS Beta 연구소는 동위원소 비 질량 분석기 (isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS))을 사용해서 **N testing for non-cremated bones** 화장되지 않은 뼈의 **d13C + d15** 분석 서비스를 제공합니다.
적정 시료 크기: 전처리 된 상태로 2 mg
결과 값: d13C (± 0.3 ‰ relative to VPDB), d15N (± 0.5 ‰ relative to air-N2), %C, %N 및 C:N 값
**경우에 따라 다음 시료들 분석도 가능합니다:**
- 머리카락, 물고기 뼈 (이석 포함), 조류, 연조직, 무척추 동물, 수생 곤충, 플랑크톤, 양어 사료, 어류 변
- 필요한 시료 크기: 전처리 후 2 mg.
**현재 분석 안되는 시료들:**
- 식물류, 씨앗류, 유기 퇴적물, 목재
- 탄화되거나 탄 뼈 시료의 경우, 시료의 상태에 따라 d15N 분석이 안될 수도 있습니다.
d13C + d15N 분석이 가능한지 시료 제출 전 연락주시기 바랍니다.
**다른 추가 서비스:**
- [무료 안정 동위원소 분석이 포함된 방사성탄소 연대측정 (시료 크기가 가능한 경우)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/required-carbon-dating-sample-sizes.htm)
- [d13C 및 d18O 탄산염 분석](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/oxygen-isotopes.htm)
- [d13C 물 DIC 분석](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/water-analysis.htm)
*관련 자료: 2023년 2월*
---
### [木頭的AMS定年](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-wood.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **建議樣品量（若樣品量較少，請 [聯繫我們](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 3-100 毫克 (AMS)，或50-100 毫克，使用纖維素萃取
 **碳定年服務和測試週期**- AMS標準測試 – 14個工作日或更少
- AMS優先測試 – 6個工作日或更少
- AMS極速測試 – 2-3個工作日
 **碳14定年 附帶免費分析**- δ13C
 **推薦包裝**- 夾鏈袋(若樣品量很小，或於運送途中容易破損，請先以鋁箔紙包裝)
- 請您使用堅固的小纸盒寄送您的樣品，而不要使用信封寄送，這樣能够防止您的樣品在運輸途中被壓碎。
- 在您寄送保存過的木頭樣品之前請聯絡實驗室。
---
**請注意** – 費用包含質量保證報告、日曆校準（在允許的情況下）以及24小時全年無休的線上系統，可查詢測試結果和待測樣品。 [需要報價單](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "需要報價單")
**預處理** – 由於樣品所採用的 [預處理](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) 將直接影響最終的測試結果。所以我們歡迎您聯絡我們共同討論預處理方法或要求我們在預處理之後（開始測試之前）與您聯絡。由於實驗室在時間和資源方面的成本較高，所以即使取消了測試，仍會收取溶解萃取和提取纖維素等預處理步驟的費用。
**浸水樣品** – 您可寄送浸過水的木頭樣品進行放射性碳定年。值得注意的是，根據飽和度，樣品中水的比重可能高達50%-75%。因此，保險起見我們建議您按照推薦樣品量（乾燥的木頭樣品）的2倍或3倍寄送（例如乾燥的木頭樣品需要50毫克，則您可寄送100-150毫克浸過水的木頭樣品）。
當您寄送浸過水的樣品，您可將木頭放入夾鏈袋（額外的水則不需要寄送），盡量將袋子中的空氣擠出，密封好袋子並寄送到實驗室進行測試。
## [保存過的木頭AMS定年](#collapseSix)
從保存過的材料中收集到的木頭樣品會比較複雜，如輪船中的木材。最佳取樣處是造船時，未進行任何化學處理的地方，因為使用木榴油（用於遏止藤壺和木蟲生長）可能會造成木材的年齡偏老。
推薦採樣方法與建議：
1 – 選擇無腐爛或昆蟲活動跡象的區域。同時確保該區域未經過蟲漆、油、膠以及其他防腐劑或添加劑處理過。
2 – 木頭樣品的採樣理想位置是從最外面的部份取，如此可確保，定年的木頭是來自最外層的年輪，而定年結果也最接近樹木死亡的時間（因此推斷建造時間）。
3 – 準備好兩個新木頭鑽頭。我們建議第一次用近似5/32尺寸的鑽頭鑽，第二次用1/8尺寸的鑽頭。使用前請先將鑽頭清洗乾淨。可以使用丙酮將機油清除後晾乾。或者是，您也可以將鑽頭用火烤至發紅發熱，然後自然冷卻。
4 – 鑽一個5/32″ 英寸的洞，大約1/4″ 至3/8″ 深，將刨花丟掉。若木頭腐爛或腐蝕，則需要酌情鑽得更深。應盡量鑽到不含表面污染物的部分。
5 – 將物品平放並在鑽過的地方下面放張鋁箔紙，您可直接在商店買 4″ x 4″ 的鋁箔紙，使用前無需進行清潔。
6 – 第二次使用1/8″的鑽頭鑽到大約5/32″的定位孔，然後用鋁箔紙將刨花收集起來。通常第二次鑽孔時最好使用低速鑽頭，避免將木頭鑽成粉末，刨花比木屑更適合選為樣品。
收集大約100-200毫克的木頭刨花。根據木頭的密度而定，一般如2號鉛筆頂部的橡皮擦，或接近牙籤的1/4高度，就是木頭刨花的大約量。
7 – 將刨花用鋁箔紙收集好後，將其折成一個小包。用不褪色的記號筆寫上樣品名稱或樣品編號，該編號將會出現在測試報告上。把鋁箔小包放入夾鏈袋後，便可寄送至實驗室，夾鏈袋的編號需與鋁箔包上的編號一致。
8 – 寄送樣品時，我們建議您使用能提供追踪編號的快遞服務公司，如FedEx、UPS、DHL、TNT等。然而，也可選擇對您而言，最為方便的寄送方式。
若希望由我們來追蹤您的包裹，請將寄件單號email至 。實驗室總部及其他代表處地址請見：[寄送地址](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-contact.htm)。
## 更多有關木頭AMS定年的訊息
[舊木效應](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/old-wood-effect.htm)
[木頭樣品污染物](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/charcoal-wood.htm#Contamination)
[污染物對碳定年結果的影響](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/charcoal-wood.htm#Effect)
[木頭的物理預處理](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/charcoal-wood.htm#Physical)
[木頭的化學預處理](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/charcoal-wood.htm#Chemical)
最後更新2022年10月
---
### [木材のAMS年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-wood.htm)
**Published:** March 30, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **サンプルの推奨量（より少量でのAMS測定も可能です。詳細は [お問合せ下さい](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-contact.htm))**- 3-100 mg(AMS), セルロース抽出を行う場合は50-100 mg
 **炭素年代測定サービスの種類**- AMS Standard（通常の納期） – 米国のラボで試料受領後14営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Priority (特急) – 米国のラボで試料受領後6営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Time Guide (超特急) – 米国のラボで試料受領後3～4営業日で結果をご報告いたします。 (骨または堆積物では対応不可）
 **C14年代測定に含まれて いる分析サービス**- δ13C
 **推奨容器**- ジップロックバッグ（試料が小さい場合、あるいは輸送中に破壊されそうな場合はアルミホイルに包んでからバッグに入れて下さい）
- 送付中にサンプルが崩れることのないように封筒ではなく小さい箱を使って試料をご送付下さい。
- 木材のサンプル送付前に、ラボにご相談下さい。
---
**注記** – 料金には、品質管理レポート、適応可能な場合は暦年代較正、既出結果への24/7アクセス、測定保留に係る経費が含まれています。 [お見積りはこちらから](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "お見積りはこちらから")
**前処理** – 最終結果に直接影響を与えるため、サンプルに施される [前処理](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) について理解していただくことが重要です。年代測定前をするための前処理についての協議や、前処理後（測定前）に弊社からご連絡が欲しいというご要望等ございましたら、お気軽にお問合せ下さい。また、ラボ側の都合で分析がキャンセルとなった場合でも溶媒抽出料金とセルロース抽出料金がかかりますのでご注意下さい。
**浸水したサンプル** – 浸水した木材のサンプルをお送りいただけます。浸水の度合いに応じて、水分が重量の50-75%を占めることがあります。従って安全を期すために、乾燥したサンプルの2-3倍の重量のサンプルを送付することを推奨しています（例：50ミリグラムの乾燥した木材の代わりとして、100-150ミリグラムの浸水した木材を送付下さい）。お手持ちの量が十分でない場合は、ラボにご相談下さい。
浸水したサンプルをご送付する際には、まず木材をチャック付きプラスティックバッグに入れて下さい（水に浸しての送付はしないで下さい）。次に余分な空気を抜くため、バッグを丸めたり絞ったりして下さい。最後に封をしてバッグをご送付下さい。
## [保存された木材のAMS年代測定](#collapseSix)
保存されている物質から木材を収集することは厄介になりがちです。例えば、船から取り出される材木などがあります。造船時に用いられるクレオソート（フジツボの侵食や虫食いを防ぐために用いられます）などの接着剤は、材木の年代を古くすることがありますので、割れ目やひびがない箇所からサンプルを採取下さい。
サンプルの採取に際してのヒントや推奨：
1 – 腐敗や虫食いのない箇所を選んで下さい。また、セラック、オイル、接着剤、その他の保存料が当該箇所にないかどうか確認して下さい。
2 – 年輪の一番外側が測定されるようにサンプルを採取するのが理想的です。木の死んだ年代の測定結果は、製造の推定年代に一番近いものとなります。
3 – 新品のツイストドリルビットを2つご準備下さい。推奨サイズは5/32インチ（初回のドリル用）と1/8インチ（2回めのドリル用）です。使用前にドリルをクリーニングして下さい。アセトンを使って機械油を取り除き、乾かして下さい。または、プロパン/トーチで赤くなるまでドリルを炙って、空気中で冷やすことでドリルを清潔にすることができます。
4 – 1/4から3/4インチの深さで5/32インチの穴をドリルで開けて、削りかすを捨てて下さい。木材が腐食していたり変質してる場合はより深くドリルする必要があるかもしれません。表面の汚染から隔離されている箇所の木材を手に入れて下さい。
5 – 木片を置いて、ドリルする箇所の下にアルミホイルを敷いて下さい。市販のアルミホイルで、4インチ四方あれば構いません。アルミホイルをクリーニングする必要はありません。
6 – 1/8インチのドリルビットで最初に開けた5/32インチの穴の真ん中に二つ目の穴を開け、削りかすをアルミホイルの上に集めて下さい。通常2つ目の穴にはスピードが遅いドリルを使うのがベストです。木材の粉化が防げます。粉化したものよりも削りかすの方が良いサンプルとなります。
およそ100-200ミリグラムの削りかすを集めて下さい。木材の密度にもよりますが、当該量は鉛筆の末端についている消しゴム位、あるいは楊枝の1/4位に相当する量です。
7 – アルミホイルに削りかすを収集できたら、小さい袋状になるようアルミホイルを折り畳んで下さい。消えないインクのマーカーで、結果レポートに記載して欲しい識別名あるいはサンプルコード番号をアルミホイルに記載下さい。アルミホイルの袋をチャック付きプラスティックバッグに入れてラボに送付下さい。プラスティックバッグにはアルミホイルのラベルと同じ識別名、あるいは番号をご記載下さい。
8 – サンプルを〒468-0007 名古屋市天白区植田本町一丁目608番地 株式会社 地球科学研究所 松山 phone 052(802)0703 宛にお送り下さい。
## 木材の放射性炭素年代測定に関する他の情報
[Old Wood Effect（古木効果）](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/old-wood-effect.htm)
[木材のコンタミネーション](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/charcoal-wood.htm#Contamination)
[コンタミネーションの結果への影響](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/charcoal-wood.htm#Effect)
[木材の物理的前処理](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/charcoal-wood.htm#Physical)
[木材の化学的前処理](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/charcoal-wood.htm#Chemical)
*最終更新：2022年10月*
---
### [목재 AMS 연대측정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-wood.htm)
**Published:** February 1, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **권장 시료 크기 (소량 크기도 가능 – [문의바람](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-contact.htm "문의바람"))**- 3-100 밀리 그램 (AMS), 셀루로즈 추출 포함 50-100 밀리 그램
 **서비스 종류**- AMS 일반 – 14 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 특급 – 6 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 타임 가이드 – 2-3 영업일 이내 결과 보고
 **C14 연대측정 시 포함된 분석**- δ13C
 **권장 용기**- 지프 백 (작거나 운송 중 부서질 수 있는 시료들은 알루미늄 포일로 포장)
- 시료를 보내주실 때 봉투 대신 작은 박스에 담아 보내야 운송 중 시료들이 부스러지는 것을 방지할 수 있습니다.
- 오랫동안 보존 처리된 목재 시료는 보내기 전 실험실로 문의 바랍니다.
---
**참고 사항** – 요금에는 다음 서비스들이 포함됩니다. 품질 확인 보고서 (QA reports). 보정값, 지난 보고서와 현 분석 과정을 보실 수 있는 24/7 웹 사용권한. [견적 요청하기](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "견적 요청하기")
**전처리 과정** – [전처리](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) 과정은 최종 측정 결과에 직접적인 영향을 미치기 때문에 전처리 과정을 충분히 이해하는 것이 중요합니다. 전처리 과정에 대해 상담을 원하시거나, 사전 처리 후 (그리고 연대측정 전에) 본 연구소로부터 연락을 받기 원하면 언제든지 연락 바랍니다. 솔베트 추출 (Solvent extraction) 혹은 셀로루즈 추출 (Cellulose extraction) 작업은 시간과 노동력이 많이 소요되므로, 연대측정 의뢰를 취소해도 추가 비용이 부과됩니다.
**젖은 상태의 시료** – 연대측정을 위해 물에 젖어 있는 상태의 시료를 보낼 수 있지만 포화 정도에 따라 물 무게가 50-75%을 차지합니다. 따라서 시료를 보내주실 때 마른 상태의 권장량 2-3배 정도 보내주시는 것이 좋습니다. (예를 들면 마른 상태의 시료 50 밀리그램이므로 젖은 상태일 때는 100-150 밀리그램). 만약 시료가 충분치 않을 경우, 연구소에 문의 바랍니다.
젖은 상태의 시료를 보낼 때 지프백에 담아 보냅니다. (물은 추가로 보내지 마시기 바랍니다.) 가능하면 백을 눌러 공기를 충분히 뺀 다음, 잘 봉한 다음 보냅니다.
## [보존 상태가 좋은 목재 시료의 연대측정 ](#collapseSix)
보존 상태가 좋은 목재에서 시료를 채집하는 것은 힘든 일입니다. 가장 좋은 예로는 배에서 쓰는 목재입니다. 본래 선박 건조에 쓰이는 크레오소트 (Creosote) (따개비나 나무 벌레를 살게끔 하는데 쓰임)와 같은 첨가제는 실제 목재의 연대를 너무 많게 하므로 부딪치거나 갈라지지 않았다고 생각되는 곳에서 채집한 것이 가장 좋은 시료입니다.
시료 채집 시 권장 사항들.
1- 썩지 않은 곳, 벌레가 없는 곳을 선택하며, 셸략, 오일, 풀, 기타 방부제나 첨가제로 처리한 곳이 아닌 곳을 선택합니다.
2- 시료는 나무 가장 바깥 부분에서 수집하는 것이 가장 좋습니다. 이유는 가장 바깥 쪽에 있는 나이테로 연대 측정해야 측정 결과가 나무가 죽은 대략적인 시간을 물리적으로 가장 근접하게 보여주기 때문입니다. (추론하여 만든 시점).
3- 두 종류의 구멍 뚫는 드릴을 준비하는데, 하나는 대략 5/32″짜리, 다른 하나는 1/8″짜리 입니다. 사용하기 전 드릴의 날을 세척하며, 드릴의 윤할 류는 아세톤으로 세척하고 대기 중에서 말립니다. 드릴을 깨끗이 하는 다른 방법으로, 드릴의 날을 프로판/공기 가열기로 빨갛게 될 때까지 가열한 다음에 대기에서 식힙니다.
4- 대략 깊이가 1/4″에서 3/8″로 5/32”짜리 드릴로 구멍을 만들고, 톱밥은 버립니다. 썩거나 변질되었으면 더 깊게 팝니다. 표면이 오염되지 않은 나무를 구합니다.
5- 아래 놓고 구멍을 뚫은 곳 아래 알루미늄 호일을 놓습니다. 가게에서 쉽게 구할 수 있는 4″X4″ 알루미늄 호일이면 되고, 미리 닦으실 필요는 없습니다.
6- 5/32”로 뚫어둔 구멍 중심까지 1/8″ 드릴 날로 두 번째 구멍을 만듭니다. 알루미늄 호일에 떨어진 톱밥들은 모인 상태로 그대로 둡니다. 두 번째 구멍을 뚫을 때 천천히 도는 드릴을 사용하여 나무가 가루가 되지 않게 합니다. 가루보다는 부스러기 형태가 더 좋습니다.
톱밥 100-200 밀리그램을 모읍니다. 나무의 밀도에 따라 다르지만, 톱밥의 양이 #2 연필 끝에 달려있는 지우개 정도나 대략 이쑤시개의 1/4 정도 됩니다.
7- 밑에 받쳐두었던 알루미늄 호일에 톱밥이 모이자마자, 호일을 접어 지워지지 않는 사인펜으로 샘플의 이름과 코드 번호를 적은 다음에 지프 백에 넣고, 백에다가도 똑같은 이름과 코드 번호를 적습니다.
8- 연구소로 샘플을 보내실 때는, 배송 추적이 가능한 FedEx, UPS, DHL, TNT와 같은 전문 운송 업체를 이용하시는 것이 좋습니다만 편하신 운송 방법을 알아서 택하셔도 됩니다.
본 연구소가 배송 상태를 확인하게 하시려면, 로 배송 업체와 추적 번호 (tracking number)를 보내주시기 바랍니다([주소는 이곳에서 찾을 수 있습니다](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-contact.htm)).
## 목재 AMS 연대측정에 관한 추가 정보
[고목 효과](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/old-wood-effect.htm)
[목재 시료의 오염](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/charcoal-wood.htm#Contamination)
[오염의 영향](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/charcoal-wood.htm#Effect)
[물리적 전처리](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/charcoal-wood.htm#Physical)
[화학적 전처리](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/charcoal-wood.htm#Chemical)
*관련 자료: 2022년 10월*
---
### [Datation par AMS du bois](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-bois.htm)
**Published:** July 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Taille recommandée pour les échantillons (de plus petites quantités sont possibles pour les AMS – merci de [nous contacter](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-contact.htm "nous contacter"))**- 3-100 milligrammes (AMS), 50-100 milligrammes avec extraction de cellulose
 **Services de datation au carbone**- AMS Standard – les résultats sont communiqués sous 14 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Priority – 6 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 jours ouvrés
 **Analyses incluses avec la datation C14**- δ13C
 **Contenants recommandés**- Sacs Ziplock (si l’échantillon est petit ou risque d’être écrasé pendant le transport, veuillez l’emballer dans de l’aluminium)
- Nous vous recommandons grandement d’envoyer vos échantillons dans de petites boites quand cela est possible (au lieu d’utiliser des enveloppes) pour protéger l’intégrité physique des échantillons.
- Merci de consulter le laboratoire avant tout envoi d’échantillons des bois qui ont été prélevés de matériaux conservés.
---
**Remarque** – Les tarifs comprennent les rapports d’assurance qualité, la calibration s’il y a lieu et l’accès Internet 24/7 aux résultats antérieurs et aux analyses en cours. [Obtenir un devis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/combien-coute-la-datation-carbone.htm "Obtenir un devis")
**Pretraitement** – Il est important de comprendre la nature des [prétraitements](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/pretraitements-protocoles-datation-radiocarbone.htm#Acid) qui seront appliqués à l’échantillon, car ils ont une influence directe sur le résultat final. N’hésitez pas à nous contacter pour en discuter. Vous pouvez également demander à ce qu’on vous recontacte une fois le prétraitement appliqué (avant la datation). Les extractions de solvants et de cellulose seront facturées même si les analyses de datation sont annulées en raison des frais élevés engagés par le laboratoire en temps et en ressources.
**Echantillons Humides** – Les échantillons imbibés d’eau peuvent être envoyés dans leur état actuel. Merci de bien vouloir noter que le poids d’un échantillon humide peut être 50 à 75% fois son poids sec, dépendant du degré de saturation. Par conséquent, nous recommandons d’envoyer le double ou le triple de la quantité conseillée pour les échantillons secs (c’est-à-dire 100 à 150 mg de bois humide au lieu de 50 mg, pour la datation par AMS). Veuillez contacter le laboratoire si vous n’avez pas suffisamment de matière.
Lorsque vous envoyez un échantillon humide, veuillez placer le bois dans un sac de type Ziplock (sans eau supplémentaire). Veuillez rouler ou appuyer sur le sac pour retirer le maximum d’air possible, et puis bien le fermer et nous le faire parvenir pour l’analyse.
## [Datation par AMS de bois à partir de matériaux conserves](#collapseSix)
Prélever des échantillons de bois à partir de matériaux conservés peut être complexe. On peut citer en exemple le bois provenant de navires. Il est préférable de faire le prélèvement dans les zones ne montrant aucune fissure ou craquelure. Les additifs utilisés dans la construction navale comme la créosote (utilisée pour éviter les bernacles ou les vers à bois) font paraître le bois trop vieux.
Conseils et recommandations pour les prélèvements :
1 – Sélectionner une zone qui ne montre pas de signe de pourriture ni de trace d’insectes. Elle ne doit pas avoir été traitée avec de la gomme-laque, de l’huile, de la colle ou d’autres conservateurs ou additifs.
2 – Idéalement, le bois doit être recueilli sur la section la plus excentrée de la pièce qui doit correspondre aux cernes de croissance périphériques, afin que les résultats de datation fournissent le temps de mort de l’arbre le plus fiable possible (date supposée de la fabrication).
3 – Obtenir deux (2) nouveaux forets à bois hélicoïdaux. Les dimensions approximatives recommandées sont de 4 mm pour le premier forage et 3 mm pour le second. Les nettoyer avant utilisation. Enlever les huiles industrielles avec de l’acétone puis sécher à l’air libre. Vous pouvez également les nettoyer avec un chalumeau propane/air jusqu’à ce que le métal rougisse, avant de laisser refroidir à l’air libre.
4 – Percer un trou d’un diamètre valant approximativement 4 mm, avec une profondeur de 6.4 mm à 9.5 mm. Il peut être nécessaire de forer plus profondément si le bois est pourri ou altéré, pour accéder aux parties isolées des contaminations de surface.
5 – Placer l’objet sur le côté et placer une feuille d’aluminium sous la zone à percer. Une feuille de 10 cm sur 10 cm conviendra parfaitement et ne requiert aucun nettoyage en amont.
6 – Le premier trou de 4 mm servira de guide pour percer le second trou au centre, avec le foret de 3 mm. Les copeaux seront collectés à leur chute sur l’aluminium. Il est préférable d’utiliser une perceuse basse vitesse pour éviter de réduire le bois en poudre, et avoir des copeaux à la place.
Recueillir environ 100 à 200 milligrammes de copeaux de bois. En fonction de la densité, cette quantité correspond au volume de la gomme à l’extrémité d’un crayon HB ou au quart d’un cure-dent.
7 – Une fois les copeaux recueillis, plier la feuille et la placer dans une petite poche, qui sera étiquetée grâce à un marqueur indélébile (Sharpie) avec un numéro d’identification ou un code d’échantillon qui apparaîtra sur le rapport des résultats. Le tout sera placé dans un sac Ziploc, étiqueté avec les mêmes informations que la poche, avant envoi au laboratoire.
8 – Pour l’envoi des échantillons, nous recommandons des services tels que FedEx, UPS, DHL, TNT (etc) qui proposent le suivi des expéditions. N’hésitez pas toutefois à utiliser l’option de livraison la plus commode pour vous.
Vous pouvez nous communiquer les informations de suivi à l’adresse si vous souhaitez que l’on surveille l’acheminement du colis vers l’une de nos antennes ([adresses ici](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-contact.htm)).
## Plus d’information sur la datation AMS du bois
[Effet vieux bois](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/effet-vieux-bois.htm)
[Contamination du charbon ou du bois](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/charbon-bois.htm#Contamination)
[Effets de la contamination sur les résultats de la datation AMS](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/charbon-bois.htm#Effect)
[Prétraitement physique du charbon](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/charbon-bois.htm#Physical)
[Prétraitement chimique du charbon](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/charbon-bois.htm#Chemical)
*Dernière mise à jour de la page : octobre 2022*
---
### [Datación radiocarbónica de madera por AMS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-madera.htm)
**Published:** June 5, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tamaño de muestra recomendado (es posible enviar muestras más pequeñas para datación por AMS – por favor [contáctenos](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/contacto.htm "contáctenos"))**- 3-100 miligramos (AMS), 50-100 miligramos con extracción de celulosa
 **Servicios de datación por carbono**- AMS Standard – Los resultados se entregan en 14 días laborables o menos
- AMS Priority – 6 días laborables o menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 días laborables
 **Análisis incluidos con la datación por C14**- δ13C
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Bolsas con cierre zip (envuelva la muestra en papel de aluminio si es pequeña o si puede ser aplastada durante el envío)
- Le recomendamos que envíe sus muestras en pequeñas cajas siempre que sea posible (en vez de utilizar sobres) para proteger la integridad física de las muestras.
- Por favor, consulte el laboratorio antes de enviar muestras de madera que hayan sido conservadas.
---
**Nota** – Nuestras tarifas incluyen informes con garantía de calidad, calibraciones de calendario (cuando sea aplicable) y acceso perpetuo a resultados anteriores o análisis pendientes a través de nuestra web. [Solicite un presupuesto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/cuanto-cuesta-la-datacion-por-carbono.htm "Solicite un presupuesto")
**Pretratamiento** – Es importante entender el [pretratamiento](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/pretratamiento-protocolos.htm#Acid) previo aplicado a las muestras ya que afecta directamente al resultado final. No dude en ponerse en contacto con nosotros para discutir sobre el pretratamiento o solicite que le contactemos una vez el pretratamiento haya finalizado (y antes de la datación).
**Muestras empapadas** – Puede enviar muestras de madera empapadas para su datación por radiocarbono. Por favor, tenga en cuenta que el peso del agua puede suponer entre el 50% y el 75% del peso total, dependiendo del grado de saturación. Para mayor seguridad, le recomendamos que envíe el doble o el triple de la cantidad que se recomienda para muestras secas (por ejemplo, en lugar de enviar 50 mg de madera seca, envíe de 100 a 150 mg de madera empapada). Si usted no cuenta con una cantidad suficiente de muestra, por favor, póngase en contacto con el laboratorio. Las tasas por los pretratamiento para la extracción de celulosa y de solventes será aplicadas aunque los análisis de radiocarbono sean cancelados debido a la gran cantidad de tiempo y recursos que suponen para el laboratorio.
Al enviar muestras empapadas, por favor coloque la madera en una bolsa con cierre (no envíe una cantidad adicional de agua). Enrolle o apriete la bolsa para sacar el aire tanto como sea posible y luego selle y envíe la bolsa a nuestro laboratorio para el análisis.
## [Datación por AMS de madera proveniente de materiales conservados](#collapseSix)
La recolección de muestras de madera que ya haya sido conservada, como la utilizada en barcos, puede ser complejo. La mejor opción es recolectar las muestras en zonas NO tengan ranuras o fisuras generadas por los aditivos utilizados en la construcción de barcos, como la creosota (utilizada para inhibir la presencia de percebes o gusanos de madera), que puedan ofrecer fechas demasiado antiguas.
Consejos y recomendaciones sobre la recolección de muestras:
1 – Elija un área sin signos de deterioro o de la presencia de insectos. También asegúrese de que la zona no presenta signos de haber sido tratada con laca, aceite, pegamento u otros aditivos o conservantes.
2 – Idealmente, se retira la muestra de la parte más externa de la pieza de madera para asegurar que los anillos de crecimiento más externos sean datados y los resultados muestren el momento aproximado de la muerte del árbol con la mayor precisión posible (la edad inferida de fabricación).
3 – Consiga dos (2) taladros helicoidales nuevos para madera. Los tamaños aproximados recomendados son de 5/32 pulgadas (3,9688 mm) para la primera perforación y 1/8 de pulgada (3,1750 mm) para la segunda. Limpie los taladros antes de usarlos. Utilice acetona para eliminar cualquier aceite de máquina y deje que se sequen naturalmente. Alternativamente, puede limpiar los taladros quemándolos con un soplete de propano o con aire caliente hasta que se pongan rojos, y déjelos enfriar naturalmente.
4 – Haga un agujero de ~ 5/32 pulgadas (3,9688 mm) con una profundidad de aproximadamente 1/4 a 3/8 pulgadas (6,3500 a 9,5250 mm) y deseche las virutas. Podrá ser necesario perforar más profundamente si la madera está podrida o ha sido alterada. Trate de llegar a la madera que no tuvo ningún contacto con cualquier contaminación de la superficie.
5 – Coloque el objeto en su lado y un trozo de papel aluminio bajo el área a ser perforado. Usted podrá comprar papel aluminio de 4 x 4 pulgadas (10 x 10 cm), que no necesita ser limpio previamente.
6 – Haga el segundo agujero con el taladro de ~ 1/8 pulgada (3,1750 mm) en el centro del agujero guía de ~ 5/32 pulgadas (3,9688 mm) y deje que las virutas caigan en el papel aluminio. Por lo general es mejor utilizar un taladro menos rápido en la segunda perforación para que la madera no se convierta en polvo. Es mejor conseguir virutas que serrín.
Junte de 100 a 200 miligramos de virutas de madera. Dependiendo de la densidad de la madera, esto equivale aproximadamente al tamaño de una pequeña goma de borrar en el extremo de un lápiz o un cuarto de un palillo de dientes.
7 – Una vez que las virutas han caído sobre el papel aluminio, dóblelo en forma de un paquete pequeño. Ponga una etiqueta en el envase con un marcador de tinta indeleble (como los de la marca “Sharpie”) con un nombre de identificación o código de muestra que usted desea que sea incluido en informe de resultados. Coloque el paquete de papel aluminio en una bolsa con cierre antes de enviarlo al laboratorio. Ponga una etiqueta en la bolsa, incluyendo el mismo nombre o código.
8 – Al enviar muestras al laboratorio, recomendamos los servicios ofrecidos por empresas como FedEx, UPS, DHL, TNT, etc., que ofrecen la posibilidad de rastrear su envío. Sin embargo, utilice el servicio de envíos que le sea más conveniente.
Por favor, envíe el nombre de la empresa de envío y el número de referencia al correo electrónico para que podamos controlar la ubicación de las muestras enviadas a nuestro laboratorio o a cualquiera de nuestras oficinas de reenvío (puede encontrar las direcciones [aquí](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/contacto.htm)).
## Más información sobre la datación de madera por AMS
[El problema de la madera antigua](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-madera-antigua.htm)
[Contaminación de muestras de madera](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-carbon-madera.htm#Contamination)
[Efecto de la contaminación en los resultados de la datación por radiocarbono](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-carbon-madera.htm#Effect)
[Pretratamiento de madera](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-carbon-madera.htm#Physical)
[Pretratamiento químico de la madera](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-carbon-madera.htm#Chemical)
*Última actualización de la página: Octubre de 2022*
---
### [Datação Por Carbono de Madeira Por AMS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-madeira.htm)
**Published:** August 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tamanho de amostra recomendado (favor consultar sobre amostras menores)**- 3 – 100 miligramas (AMS), 50 – 100 miligramas com extração de celulose
 **Serviços de datação por carbono**- AMS Standard – resultados reportados em 14 dias úteis ou menos
- AMS Priority – 6 dias úteis ou menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 dias úteis
 **Análises inclusas à datação por 14C**- δ13C
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Saco plástico com fecho, estilo Ziplock (embrulhar amostras pequenas em alumínio para evitar esmagamento durante transporte)
- Recomendamos que o envio das amostras seja realizado em pequenas caixas sempre que possível (em vez de usar envelopes) para proteger a integridade física das amostras.
- Favor consultar o laboratório antes de enviar amostras de madeira que tenham sido conservadas.
---
**Obs** – As taxas incluem laudos de controle de qualidade, calibração calendárica (quando aplicável) e acesso 24/7 a resultados anteriores e análises em curso. [Solicite um orçamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/quanto-custa-datacao-radiocarbono.htm "Solicite um orçamento")
**Pré-tratamento** – É importante compreender os [ré-tratamentos](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-pretratamento-protocolos.htm#Acid) aplicados às amostras, visto que os mesmos afetam diretamente o resultado final. Fique à vontade para entrar em contato conosco para discutir sobre os pré-tratamentos ou solicitar que entremos em contato depois que os mesmos tenham sido feitos (e antes da datação). Os custos dos pré-tratamentos de extração de celulose e de extração de solvente são incorridos mesmo se as análises de radiocarbono forem canceladas, devido ao custo elevado para o laboratório em tempo e recursos.
**Amostras Encharcadas** – Você poderá enviar amostras encharcadas de madeira para a datação por radiocarbono. Favor observar que o peso da água pode variar de 50% a75%, dependendo do grau de saturação. Por garantia, recomendamos que envie o dobro ou o triplo da quantidade que recomendamos para as amostras secas (ex. ao invés de enviar 50 mg de madeira seca, favor enviar de 100 a 150 mg de madeira encharcada para a datação por EMA). Favor consultar o laboratório se você tiver uma quantidade insuficiente de amostra.
Ao enviar amostras encharcadas, favor colocar a madeira em uma sacola ou bolsa com fecho (não envie uma quantidade adicional de água). Enrole ou esprema a sacola ou bolsa para remover a maior quantidade possível de ar e, em seguida, vede e envie a sacola ao nosso laboratório para análise.
## [Datação por EMA de Madeira Proveniente de Materiais Que Foram Conservados](#collapseSix)
Pode ser complexo coletar amostras de madeira que tenha sido conservada. Um exemplo de material como este é a madeira usada em navios. É melhor coletar amostras em áreas que não apresentam ranhuras ou fissuras pois os aditivos utilizados na construção do navio, tal como o creosoto (usado para inibir a presença de cracas ou vermes de madeira), pode fazer com que a idade da madeira seja demasiadamente avançada. Dicas e Recomendações Para a Coleta:
1 – Escolha uma área sem sinais de deterioração ou a presença de insetos. Também certifique-se de que a área não apresente sinais de que tenha sido tratada com goma-laca, óleo, cola e outros conservantes ou aditivos.
2 – O ideal é que a amostra seja retirada da parte mais externa do pedaço de madeira para garantir que os anéis de crescimento mais externos sejam datados e os resultados revelem o momento aproximado da morte da árvore com a maior precisão possível (a idade inferida de fabricação).
3 – Obtenha duas (2) brocas holecoidais novas para madeira. Os tamanhos aproximados recomendados são de 5/32 de polegadas (3.9688 mm) para a primeira perfuração e 1/8 de polegada (3.1750 mm) para a segunda. Limpe estas brocas antes de usá-las. Use acetona para remover quaisquer óleos de máquina e, em seguida, deixe-as secar naturalmente. Alternativamente, você poderá limpar as brocas queimando-as com uma tocha de propano / ar quente até ficarem vermelhas e, em seguida, deixe-as esfriar naturalmente.
4 – Faça um furo de ~ 5/32 polegadas (3.9688 mm) com uma profundidade de aproximadamente 1/4 a 3/8 polegadas (6.3500 a 9.5250 mm) e descarte as aparas. Poderá ser necessário perfurar mais profundamente se a madeira estiver podre ou tiver sido alterada. Procure chegar à madeira que não teve contato com nenhum tipo de contaminação de superfície.
5 – Coloque o objeto de lado e coloque um pedaço de folha de alumínio debaixo da área que será perfurada. Você poderá comprar uma folha de alumínio de 4 x 4 polegadas (10 x 10 cm), que não precisa ser limpa previamente.
6 – Faça o segundo furo com a broca de ~ 1/8 de polegada (3.1750 mm) no centro do furo piloto de ~ 5/32 de polegada (3.9688 mm) e deixe que as aparas caiam sobre a folha de alumínio. Geralmente é melhor usar uma furadeira menos veloz na segunda perfuração para que a madeira não se transforme em pó. É melhor ter aparas do que serragem.
Junte de 100 a 200 miligramas de aparas de madeira. Dependendo da densidade da madeira, isto equivale aproximadamente ao tamanho de uma pequena borracha na extremidade de um lápis tradicional ou a um quarto de um palito de dente.
7 – Uma vez que as aparas tenham caído sobre a folha de alumínio, dobre-a no formato de um pequeno embrulho. Coloque um rótulo no embrulho com um marcador de tinta indelével (como os da marca “Sharpie”) com um nome de identificação ou código de amostra que você queira que seja incluído no relatório de resultados. Coloque o embrulho de folha de alumínio em uma sacola ou bolsa com fecho antes de enviá-la ao laboratório. Coloque um rótulo na sacola ou bolsa, incluindo o mesmo nome ou código.
8 – Ao enviar amostras ao laboratório, recomendamos os serviços oferecidos por empresas como a FedEx, UPS, DHL, TNT, etc., as quais oferecem a possibilidade de fazer o rastreamento da encomenda. No entanto, utilize o serviço de encomendas que lhe seja mais conveniente.
Favor enviar o nome da empresa de encomendas e o número de referência para o email para que possamos fazer o rastreamento das amostras enviadas ao nosso laboratório ou a qualquer um de nossos escritórios de encaminhamento ([os endereços podem ser encontrados aqui](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-contato.htm)).
## Mais informações sobre a Datação AMS de Madeira
[Efeito da Madeira Antiga](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/madeira-antiga.htm)
[Contaminação de Amostras de Madeira](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carvao-madeira.htm#Contamination)
[Efeito da Contaminação nos Resultados de Datação por Carbono](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carvao-madeira.htm#Effect)
[Pré-tratamento de Madeira](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carvao-madeira.htm#Physical)
[Pré-tratamento Químico de Madeira](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carvao-madeira.htm#Chemical)
*Última atualização: outubro de 2022*
---
### [Datazione AMS del legno](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-ams-legno.htm)
**Published:** July 22, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Quantità raccomandata (può essere inferiore per AMS – si prega [di contattarci](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/contatti.htm "contact us"))**- 3-100 milligrammi (AMS), 50-100 milligrammi per estrazione della cellulosa
 **Servizio di datazione al carbonio**- AMS Standard – i risultati sono pronti entro 14 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Priority – entro 6 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 giorni lavorativi
 **Analisi gratuite con Datazione C14**- δ13C
 **Contenitore consigliato**- Bustine con zip (avvolgere prima in un foglio di alluminio i campioni molto piccoli e/o che potrebbero subire danni durante la spedizione)
- Inviare i campioni in scatole rigide (invece di utilizzare buste imbottite) per preservarne l’integrità.
- Consultare il laboratorio prima di inviare campioni di legno conservato.
---
**Nota** – Le tariffe includono i referti di garanzia di qualità, la calibrazione quando applicabile e l’accesso online 24/7 ai risultati e alle analisi in corso. [Richiedi un preventivo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/costi-datazione-carbonio.htm "Richiedi un preventivo")
**Pretrattamento** – È importante comprendere i [pretrattamenti](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm#Acid) che saranno applicati ai campioni, dal momento che influenzano direttamente il risultato delle analisi. È possibile contattarci per discutere i pretrattamenti oppure richiedere di essere contattati dopo la loro applicazione (e prima della datazione). Le tariffe per l’estrazione con solvente e l’estrazione della cellulosa vengono addebitate anche nei casi in cui l’analisi al **radiocarbonio** deve essere cancellata, a causa del loro costo elevato in termini di tempo e risorse.
**Campioni impregnati d’acqua** – È possibile inviare campioni umidi per la datazione al radiocarbonio. Dal momento che l’acqua può costituire fino al 50%-75% del peso del campione, raccomandiamo di inviare il doppio o il triplo della quantità richiesta per i campioni secchi (ad esempio, inviare 50 mg di legno secco 100-150 mg di legno bagnato per la **datazione AMS**). Consultare il laboratorio se il peso del campione disponibile è inferiore a quello raccomandato.
Per inviare campioni impregnati d’acqua, inserirli in una bustina con zip (senza acqua aggiuntiva). Comprimere o arrotolare la bustina per rimuovere quanta più aria possibile, quindi sigillarla e spedirla al laboratorio per l’analisi.
## [Datazione al carbonio di legno conservato ](#collapseSix)
La raccolta di campioni di legno da materiali conservati può essere complessa. Un esempio di tale materiale è il legname delle navi e delle barche: è preferibile prelevare i campioni da aree che NON presentano tacche o crepe, poiché le sostanze impiegate per il trattamento delle barche, come il creosoto (utilizzato per impedire lo sviluppo di cirripedi o tarli), potrebbero modificare l’età del legno.
Suggerimenti sulla raccolta dei campioni:
1 – Scegliere un’area che non presenta segni di marcescenza o attività di insetti. Devono essere evitate anche le zone trattate con gommalacca, oli, colla o altri conservanti o additivi.
2 – È preferibile raccogliere il legno dalla parte più esterna del pezzo, in modo che vengano datati gli anelli più esterni e che il risultato rappresenti il momento della morte dell’albero (e quindi, presumibilmente, il momento della produzione dell’oggetto).
3 – Prendere due (2) punte da trapano elicoidali per legno nuove. Utilizzare punte da 4 mm per il primo foro e 3 mm per il secondo. Pulire le punte prima dell’uso. Utilizzare dell’acetone per rimuovere gli eventuali oli e quindi lasciar asciugare all’aria. In alternativa, pulire le punte scaldandole con una torcia ad aria/propano fino all’incandescenza e lasciandole poi raffreddare all’aria.
4 – Praticare un foro di 4 mm di diametro, profondo circa 6-9 mm, e rimuovere i trucioli. Su legno marcio o alterato potrebbe essere necessario praticare un foro più profondo. Cercare di raggiungere la parte di legno isolata dalla contaminazione superficiale.
5 – Poggiare l’oggetto su un lato e collocare un foglio di alluminio sotto la zona da forare. È possibile utilizzare un normale foglio di alluminio di 10 cm x 10 cm senza alcuna pre-pulizia.
6 – Praticare il secondo foro con una punta da circa 3 mm al centro del foro pilota da 4 mm e raccogliere i trucioli sul foglio di alluminio. Di solito è preferibile utilizzare un trapano a bassa velocità per il secondo foro in modo da non polverizzare il legno. È preferibile raccogliere trucioli anziché segatura.
Raccogliere circa 100-200 milligrammi di trucioli. A seconda della densità del legno, questa quantità può avere le dimensioni della gomma di una matita o di un quarto di stuzzicadenti.
7 – Una volta raccolti i trucioli sul foglio di alluminio, piegarlo in modo da formare una bustina. Etichettare la bustina con un pennarello indelebile, indicando il nome o codice del campione che deve apparire sul report dei risultati. Inserire la bustina di alluminio in una busta di plastica con zip prima di inviarla al laboratorio. Etichettare la busta con lo stesso nome o codice.
8 – Per la spedizione dei campioni al laboratorio, consigliamo di utilizzare un corriere come FedEx, UPS, DHL, TNT (o altri) che offra un servizio di tracciamento della spedizione. È comunque possibile utilizzare qualsiasi mezzo di spedizione adatto alle proprie necessità.
È possibile comunicare il nome del corriere e il numero di tracciamento all’indirizzo , così che lo stato della spedizione dei campioni al nostro laboratorio, o a una delle nostre sedi, sia monitorato ([informazioni sugli indirizzi](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/contatti.htm)).
## Ulteriori informazioni sulla datazione al carbonio del legno
[L’effetto legno antico](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/effetto-legno-antico.htm)
[Contaminazione dei campioni di legno](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbone-legno.htm#Contamination)
[Effetto della contaminazione sui risultati della datazione al radiocarbonio](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbone-legno.htm#Effect)
[Pretrattamenti fisici applicati al legno](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbone-legno.htm#Physical)
[Pretrattamenti chimici applicati al legno](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbone-legno.htm#Chemical)
*Ultimo aggiornamento: ottobre 2022*
---
### [Datação de Produtos Têxteis por AMS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/ams-datacao-texteis.htm)
**Published:** August 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tamanho de amostra recomendado (favor consultar sobre amostras menores)**- 20 a 100 miligramas
 **Serviços de datação por carbono**- AMS Standard – resultados reportados em 14 dias úteis ou menos
- AMS Priority – 6 dias úteis ou menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 dias úteis
 **Análises inclusas à datação por 14C**- δ13C
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Saco plástico com fecho, estilo Ziplock (embrulhar amostras pequenas em alumínio para evitar esmagamento durante transporte)
- Recomendamos que o envio das amostras seja realizado em pequenas caixas sempre que possível (em vez de usar envelopes) para proteger a integridade física das amostras.
- A SGS Beta não faz a datação de produtos têxteis, a menos que faça parte de um processo acadêmico multidisciplinar.
---
**Obs** – As taxas incluem laudos de controle de qualidade, calibração calendárica (quando aplicável) e acesso 24/7 a resultados anteriores e análises em curso. [Solicite um orçamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/quanto-custa-datacao-radiocarbono.htm "Solicite um orçamento")
**Pré-tratamento** – É importante compreender os [pré-tratamentos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) aplicados às amostras, visto que os mesmos afetam diretamente o resultado final. Fique à vontade para entrar em contato conosco para discutir sobre os pré-tratamentos ou solicitar que entremos em contato depois que os mesmos tenham sido feitos (e antes da datação). Devido ao alto custo para o laboratório em tempo e recursos, os custos dos pré-tratamentos de extração de celulose e de extração de solventes são incorridos mesmo se as análises de radiocarbono forem canceladas.
---
A maioria dos pesquisadores desejam preservar as amostras têxteis e enviam a quantidade mínima possível. Portanto, a técnica mais apropriada de datação de produtos têxteis por radiocarbono é a datação por [Espectrometria de Massas com Aceleradores (AMS)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/acelerador-massa-espectrometria.htm "Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) dating") devido à pequena quantidade de amostra necessária quando se usa este método.
## Todos os Produtos Têxteis Podem Ser Datados Com Precisão?
As amostras de produtos têxteis bem conservados, com uma boa estrutura e que não tenham sido tratadas com quaisquer produtos conservantes, irão fornecer resultados precisos. As amostras retiradas de produtos têxteis que tenham sido tratados com aditivos ou conservantes apresentarão uma idade incorreta de radiocarbono.
Para assegurar-se que o produto têxtil possa ser datado, favor enviar por email uma descrição ou fotos do mesmo em alta resolução para que façamos uma avaliação preliminar.
## Recomendações de tamanho de amostras
Mande 20 a 100 miligramas de amostra têxtil para datação com radiocarbono. Isso equivale aproximadamente ao tamanho de um selo postal. Esta amostra pode ser uma tira bem fina ou retirada de uma área danificada. Se não for possível fornecer uma amostra com estas dimensões, o nosso laboratório poderá analisar amostras menores, mas não poderá fazer um pré-tratamento tão agressivo para remover os contaminantes.
## Política da SGS Beta Relacionada à Datação de Produtos Têxteis
O laboratório não faz a datação de produtos têxteis ou outros itens valiosos ou de valor inestimável, a menos que seja solicitada e paga por uma agência governamental reconhecida, um museu importante ou outro órgão oficial que esteja investigando os materiais como parte de um processo acadêmico multidisciplinar.
Você poderá enviar a sua amostra através de um arqueólogo profissional, o qual irá avaliar se a mesma é adequada para a datação por radiocarbono.
*Última atualização: outubro de 2022*
---
### [Datation AMS des textiles](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-sma-textiles.htm)
**Published:** July 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Taille recommandée pour les échantillons (de plus petites quantités sont possibles pour les AMS – merci de [nous contacter](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-contact.htm "nous contacter"))**- 20-100 milligrammes (AMS)
 **Services de datation au carbone**- AMS Standard – les résultats sont communiqués sous 14 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Priority – 6 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 jours ouvrés
 **Analyses incluses avec la datation C14**- δ13C
 **Contenants recommandés**- Sacs Ziplock (si l’échantillon est petit ou risque d’être écrasé pendant le transport, veuillez l’emballer dans de l’aluminium)
- Nous vous recommandons grandement d’envoyer vos échantillons dans de petites boites quand cela est possible (au lieu d’utiliser des enveloppes) pour protéger l’intégrité physique des échantillons.
- Le laboratoire ne pratique pas la datation de textiles sauf ceux-ci sont étudiés dans le cadre d’un projet académique multidisciplinaire.
---
**Remarque** – Les tarifs comprennent les rapports d’assurance qualité, la calibration s’il y a lieu et l’accès Internet 24/7 aux résultats antérieurs et aux analyses en cours. [Obtenir un devis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/combien-coute-la-datation-carbone.htm "Obtenir un devis")
**Pretraitement** – Il est important de comprendre la nature des [prétraitements](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/pretraitements-protocoles-datation-radiocarbone.htm#Acid) qui seront appliqués à l’échantillon, car ils ont une influence directe sur le résultat final. N’hésitez pas à nous contacter pour en discuter. Vous pouvez également demander à ce qu’on vous recontacte une fois le prétraitement appliqué (avant la datation). En raison des frais élevés engagés par le laboratoire en temps et en ressources, les montants des prétraitements relatifs aux extractions de solvants et de cellulose sont dûs même si les analyses radiocarbone sont annulées.
---
La plupart des chercheurs étudiant des échantillons de textiles souhaitent les conserver et envoyer aussi peu de tissus que possible. La technique la plus appropriée dans ce cas, en raison de la faible taille d’échantillon requise, est clairement la [spectrométrie de masse par accélérateur (AMS)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/spectrometrie-acceleration-masse.htm "Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) dating").
## Peut-on dater tous les textiles avec précision?
Les échantillons de textiles qui sont bien conservés, ont une bonne structure et n’ont pas été traités avec des matériaux de conservation sont les plus à même de fournir des résultats précis. Si des additifs ou des conservateurs ont été appliqués, l’âge radiocarbone sera faussé.
Pour s’assurer que le textile peut être daté, vous pouvez envoyer un courriel au laboratoire avec la description ou des photos des textiles pour une évaluation préliminaire.
## Recommandations pour les tailles d’échantillon
Envoyer 20-100 milligrammes de textile pour une datation au radiocarbone. Elle correspond approximativement à la taille d’un timbre. Il peut s’agir d’une fine bandelette ou d’un bout endommagé. S’il n’est pas possible de collecter cette taille, le laboratoire peut s’en accommoder, mais le prétraitement pour retirer les contaminants sera moins agressif.
## Politique de Beta Analytic pour la datation AMS de textiles
Le laboratoire ne pratique la datation de textiles ou de pièces de grande valeur que si la demande provient d’organismes gouvernementaux reconnus, de grands musées ou d’autres agences officielles qui enquêtent sur les matériaux dans le cadre d’études scientifiques multidisciplinaires.
Vous pouvez soumettre votre échantillon par l’entremise d’un archéologue professionnel, qui évaluera la possibilité de procéder à la datation radiocarbone.
*Dernière mise à jour de la page: octobre 2022*
---
### [Datación por AMS de muestras textiles](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/ams-datacion-textiles.htm)
**Published:** June 5, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tamaño de muestra recomendado (es posible enviar muestras más pequeñas para datación por AMS – por favor [contáctenos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/contacto.htm "contáctenos"))**- de 20 a 100 mg de material textil
 **Servicios de datación por carbono**- AMS Standard – Los resultados se entregan en 14 días laborables o menos
- AMS Priority – 6 días laborables o menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 días laborables
 **Análisis incluidos con la datación por C14**- δ13C
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Bolsas con cierre zip (envuelva la muestra en papel de aluminio si es pequeña o si puede ser aplastada durante el envío)
- Le recomendamos que envíe sus muestras en pequeñas cajas siempre que sea posible (en vez de utilizar sobres) para proteger la integridad física de las muestras.
- SGS Beta no realiza dataciones de material textil a no ser que sea parte de un proceso académico multidisciplinario.
---
**Nota** – Nuestras tarifas incluyen informes con garantía de calidad, calibraciones de calendario (cuando sea aplicable) y acceso perpetuo a resultados anteriores o análisis pendientes a través de nuestra web. [Solicite un presupuesto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/cuanto-cuesta-la-datacion-por-carbono.htm "Solicite un presupuesto")
**Pretratamiento** – Es importante entender el [pretratamiento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/pretratamiento-protocolos.htm#Acid) previo aplicado a las muestras ya que afecta directamente al resultado final. No dude en ponerse en contacto con nosotros para discutir sobre el pretratamiento o solicite que le contactemos una vez el pretratamiento haya finalizado (y antes de la datación). Debido a la gran cantidad de tiempo y recursos invertidos en la extracción de solventes y celulosa, el laboratorio seguirá aplicando las tasas correspondientes aunque los análisis de radiocarbono se cancelen.
---
La mayoría de los investigadores desean conservar las muestras de textiles y envían la cantidad mínima posible. Por tanto, la técnica más adecuada de datación radiocarbónica de materiales textiles es la datación por [Espectrometría de Masas con Aceleradores](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/acelerador-masa-espectrometria.htm "Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) dating") (AMS) porque requiere apenas una pequeña cantidad de muestra.
## ¿Se pueden datar todos los materiales textiles con precisión?
Las muestras de materiales textiles bien conservados, con una buena estructura y que no han sido tratados con productos conservantes proporcionarán resultados precisos. Sin embargo las muestras textiles que hayan sido tratadas con aditivos o conservantes presentarán una edad radiocarbónica incorrecta.
Para asegurarse de que su muestra textil puede ser datada, por favor envíenos por correo electrónico una descripción o una fotografía de la misma en alta resolución para que podamos realizar una evaluación preliminar.
## Recomendaciones sobre el peso de la muestra
Envíe 20-100 miligramos de tejido para su datación por radiocarbono. Esto equivale al tamaño de un sello postal. Esta muestra puede ser una franja muy delgada o provenir de un área dañada. Si no es posible proporcionar una muestra de estas dimensiones, nuestro laboratorio podrá analizar muestras más pequeñas, pero no podrá realizar un pretratamiento agresivo para eliminar los contaminantes.
## Política de SGS Beta respecto a la datación de materiales textiles
El laboratorio no realiza dataciones de materiales textiles u otros artículos de valor o valor incalculable, a menos que el análisis sea solicitado y pagado por un organismo oficial reconocido, un museo importante u otro organismo oficial que esté investigando los materiales como parte de un proceso académico multidisciplinario.
Puede enviar su muestra a través de un arqueólogo profesional que evalúe si ésta es adecuada para la datación por radiocarbono.
*Última actualización de la página: Octubre de 2022*
---
### [Datação por Radiocarbono de Sementes, Grãos e Plantas](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/datacao-ema-sementes.htm)
**Published:** August 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tamanho de amostra recomendado (favor consultar sobre amostras menores)**- 3 a 100 miligramas (para o AMS)
 **Serviços de datação por carbono**- AMS Standard – resultados reportados em 14 dias úteis ou menos
- AMS Priority – 6 dias úteis ou menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 dias úteis
 **Análises inclusas à datação por 14C**- δ13C
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Embrulhe em papel alumínio antes de colocá-las em um saco rotulado e com fecho zip.
- Recomendamos que o envio das amostras seja realizado em pequenas caixas sempre que possível (em vez de usar envelopes) para proteger a integridade física das amostras durante o seu transporte.
---
**Obs** – As taxas incluem laudos de controle de qualidade, calibração calendárica (quando aplicável) e acesso 24/7 a resultados anteriores e análises em curso. [Solicite um orçamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/quanto-custa-datacao-radiocarbono.htm "Solicite um orçamento")
**Pré-tratamento** – É importante compreender o [pré-tratamento](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-pretratamento-protocolos.htm#Acid) aplicado às amostras, visto que os mesmos afetam diretamente o resultado final. Em se tratando de amostras pequenas como sementes e grãos, a nossa principal consideração é sempre a nossa capacidade de fazer o pré-tratamento completo para eliminar a contaminação com carbono secundário.
É difícil saber exatamente a quantidade de amostra que o laboratório vai necessitar. Até mesmo o peso de “amostras secas” costuma ser relativo. Não é incomum que o peso de uma amostra seca diminua em 15% ao ser colocada em um forno de um dia para o outro, a uma temperature de 110ºC. Depois do pré-tratamento, o tamanho da amostra diminui de 30 a 70%, dependendo de muitos fatores relacionados ao tipo, conservação, grau de umidade da espécie em questão, etc.
**Seleção de amostras** – Ao selecionar amostras para serem enviadas ao laboratório para a datação por radiocarbono, favor observar que a carbonização tem uma grande importância. Dez miligramas (10 mg) de grãos carbonizados é uma amostra muito diferente do que 10 mg de grãos não carbonizados. A carbonização atua como um veíulo importante para a preservação e resistência ao ataque ácido pelo álcali usado no pré-tratamento.
Para fazer [datação por EMA](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/acelerador-massa-espectrometria.htm), costumamos recomendar 20 mg de amostra porque muitas vezes o material enviado inclui muitos sedimentos aderentes ou outros materiais que precisam ser removidos da amostra antes da datação.
## [Recipiente para remessa](#collapseSix)
Você poderá colocar os grãos, as sementes ou plantas em papel alumínio ou tubos plásticos antes de colocá-los em uma sacola ou bolsa com fecho. Favor colocar cada uma das amostras em uma bolsa separada com fecho para evitar que as amostras se misturem durante o transporte, caso haja alguma ruptura.
## [Datação por Radiocarbono de Amostras Pequenas](#collapseTwo)
Há diversas maneiras de lidar com amostras bem pequenas:
1 – Pré-tratamento completo (lavagem com ácido/álcali/ácido)
Toda a amostra sera destruída no processo. Se não sobrar uma quantidade suficiente de amostra após o pré-tratamento, a análise é interrompida até que o cliente submeta amostras adicionais. Se o cliente não puder enviar mais sementes ou grãos, a análise será cancelada.
2 – Pré-tratamento cuidadoso
Aplicaremos um pré-tratamento com ácido e álcali muito cuidadosamente para manter a amostra suficientemente grande para ser medida.
3 – Omitir a etapa do álcali
Podemos pular a etapa da lavagem alcalina. Isto é eficaz em cenários onde os ácidos húmicos secundários ou detritos em decomposição não são um fator.
4 – Sem pré-tratamento
Com excessão de alguns casos extremos, não costumamos recomendar que não seja feito nenhum pré-tratamento.
Se as sementes e os grãos estiverem bem preservados, secos e não tiverem sedimentos aderidos aos mesmos, 4 mg deverão ser suficientes para a datação por EMA.
Após o pré-tratamento, o laboratório terá 1,8 mg de amostra para fazer uma datação padrão por EMA. Se a amostra tiver entre 1,3 mg e 1,8 mg, é possível que o laboratório não possa relatar a razão δ13C separadamente do CO2 gerado na ocasião da combustão.
O laboratório não analisa amostras extremamente pequenas (ou seja, quando o carbono disponível depois do pré-tratamento for inferior a 200 microgramas) porque pode haver reações dentro da máquina de EMA que acrescentam erros indeterminados ao resultado.
*Crédito da imagem: Rasbak (sob licença CC BY-SA 3.0)*
*Última atualização: outubro de 2022*
---
### [陶片的放射性碳定年](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-pottery.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **建議樣品量（若樣品量較少，請 [聯繫我們](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 10-100 毫克的炭化食物殘渣（我們需根據炭化殘渣的薄厚度來決定寄送陶片的大小）
 **碳定年服務和測試週期**- AMS標準測試 – 14個工作日或更少
- AMS優先測試 – 6個工作日或更少
- AMS極速測試 – 2-3個工作日
 **碳14定年 附帶免費分析**- δ13C
 **推薦包裝**- 夾鏈袋(若樣品量很小，或於運送途中容易破損，請先以鋁箔紙包裝)
- 請您使用堅固的小纸盒寄送您的樣品，而不要使用信封寄送，這樣能够防止您的樣品在運輸途中被壓碎。
- 我們可從陶片中萃取殘留物。
---
**請注意** – 費用包含質量保證報告、日曆校準（在允許的情況下）以及24小時全年無休的線上系統，可查詢測試結果和待測樣品。 [需要報價單](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "需要報價單")
**預處理** – 根據您的研究目標，您可聯繫實驗室共同討論最合適的定年材料以及預處理方法，也可要求我們在完成預處理後與您聯繫，以便討論AMS定年選項。
## 提取陶器殘留物進行放射性碳定年
實驗室十分樂意幫助客户提取萃取殘留物，然後按要求將陶片返還。請確認在定年申請書上標明是否需要返還陶片。否則，實驗室在完成碳定年後即會將陶片丢棄。更多詳情請参閱 [SGS Beta實驗室關於返還多餘樣品的規定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/sample-return-policy.htm "Beta實驗室關於返還多餘樣品的規定")。
## [陶片定年的三種方法](#collapseOne)
****以下是SGS Beta實驗室測量陶器的三種方法，按優先順序排列:******1- 測試陶器內表面上的炭化食物殘渣**
實驗室傾向採用陶片內表面的炭化食物殘渣進行定年，因為它的定年結果，最有可能代表陶器最後一次的使用時間。
一般而言，炭化食物殘渣是形成於表面的小塊或大塊氧化物，而非不是煙灰粉末。由於腐植酸可能與上層的沉積物或表面，以及地下水交互作用，若殘渣十分細小，僅能得到煙灰，那麼執行去除腐植酸的鹼預處理將會比較困難（如果可執行的話）。
**2- 測定陶片中的有機物，這些黏土中的有機物於燒製中存留下來，並吸收了食物或液體的有機物質**
若無法從器皿內表面提取出炭化的食物殘渣，則第二個選擇是＂陶片中的有機物＂，這是黏土或回火介質中的總有機物質，以及在使用過程中所盛裝的食品，或在埋葬過程中與陶器接觸到的有機物質。
使用陶片中的有機物進行定年一般會出現兩種情況，（1）若有機物與使用時間都是同時代的，則定年結果會比較準確；或是（2）測出陶片的最低年齡，這意味著器皿的年齡至少是放射性碳定年測出的年齡。但是，有時樣品的真實年齡會更古老一些，這是因為由於腐植酸的作用，將近代有機物摻入陶器中。
**3- 測定萃取的回火劑**
通常是不可能測定回火劑的年齡，因為燒製的過程一般會把它們燒掉，僅在內部或外部剩下一點煙灰痕或煙灰層。回火劑通常由植物纖維、貝殼或其他有機物質組成。
要萃取出足以進行定年的回火劑十分困難。燒製過程一般都會將它們燒掉，就算剩下一點回火劑，也會變成煙灰斑，而貝殼物質會在高溫下與二氧化碳反應並轉化成正磷酸鹽。若器皿未進行燒製，只是用回火劑將其黏在一起做成黏土鍋，那麼就有可能使用回火劑物質進行定年。
請注意 – 若您無法確定您的陶片該使用哪部分進行定年，請在寄樣前諮詢實驗室。
片長: 1 分鐘, 52 秒
免責聲明：本視頻託管於第三方網站中，可能包含廣告。
## [污染物對樣品真實年齡的影響](#collapseSix)
[放射性碳定年](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/about-carbon-dating.htm "放射性碳定年")最大的誤差在於近代碳的影響，由於近代碳會增加碳的重量，以及增加放射性碳14的含量，除非樣品未受到任何近代碳的二次污染，否則較古老污染物（或古老的黏土）帶來的影響會比較小。污染物若含有許多十分古老的碳，則會產生較大的誤差。
## [陶片外部煙灰的放射性碳定年](#collapseTwo)
若陶片表面含有足夠厚的炭化殘留物或煙灰，則可將其刮下定年（不可將煙灰下的黏土一起刮下）。根據煙灰的穩定性，預處理可選用酸或酸和鹼。
最後一次用火的時間準度取決於煙灰的來源。如果是來自於海洋食品殘渣，則要考慮＂碳庫效應＂並進行校正。若煙灰來自古樹（樹幹），則年齡可能太老。
放射性碳定年代表樣品最後一次與大氣進行CO2交換的時間。就樹木來看，這僅指外樹皮年輪、樹根、樹枝、小樹幹、樹皮、堅果等。這些代表了生長介質，中心年輪是樹木開始生長的時間。從樹皮開始往裡算，每一個年齡都代表一年。若有一棵樹齡200年且現在仍在生長的樹，那麼樹皮定年代表的是現代，最內部的年齡則為距今200年前。因此，放射性碳定年的準確性將視定年木頭是從樹木的那一部分取出而定。人為污染也會對準確性有一定的影響。
*相關主題: 2022年10月*
---
### [Datação Por Radiocarbono de Cerâmica](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/ams-datacao-ceramica.htm)
**Published:** August 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tamanho de amostra recomendado (favor consultar sobre amostras menores)**- 10 a 100 mg de resíduos de comida carbonizada(o tamanho do caco a ser enviado depende da grossura do resíduo cabonizado)
 **Serviços de datação por carbono**- AMS Standard – resultados reportados em 14 dias úteis ou menos
- AMS Priority – 6 dias úteis ou menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 dias úteis
 **Análises inclusas à datação por 14C**- δ13C
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Saco plástico com fecho, estilo Ziplock (embrulhar amostras pequenas em alumínio para evitar esmagamento durante transporte)
- Recomendamos que o envio das amostras seja realizado em pequenas caixas sempre que possível (em vez de usar envelopes) para proteger a integridade física das amostras.
- Podemos extrair os resíduos de fragmentos de cerâmica
---
**Obs** – As taxas incluem laudos de controle de qualidade, calibração calendárica (quando aplicável) e acesso 24/7 a resultados anteriores e análises em curso. [Solicite um orçamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/quanto-custa-datacao-radiocarbono.htm "Solicite um orçamento")
**Pré-tratamento** – Entre em contato conosco para discutir a natureza do seu objetivo de pesquisa para garantir a seleção do material mais adequado e [pré-tratamentos](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-pretratamento-protocolos.htm#Acid) dos seus cacos de cerâmica. Você está convidado a solicitar que nós entremos em contato após o pré-tratamento para discutir as opções para datação.
## Extraindo Resíduos de Cerâmica para a Datação por Radiocarbono
O laboratório poderá extrair o resíduo e devolver o fragmento de cerâmica aos clientes que solicitem. Por favor, certifique-se de que seja mencionado no formulário de dados que o fragmento deverá ser devolvido. Caso contrário, o mesmo será descartado depois que a datação por radiocarbono seja completada. Para obter mais detalhes, favor consultar a [Política da SGS Beta Sobre a Devolução de Amostras](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/amostra-devolucao-poliza.htm "Política da Beta Analytic Sobre a Devolução de Amostras").
## [Três Maneiras de Datar Cerâmica](#collapseOne)
******As seguintes maneiras estão na ordem de preferência da SGS Beta:********1- Datar os resíduos alimentares carbonizados que foram encontrados nas superfícies interiores**
O laboratório prefere datar resíduos alimentares queimados extraídos das superfícies interiores de um fragmento de cerâmica pois isso oferece a melhor chance de chegarmos a uma data que represente a última vez em que o recipiente tenha sido utilizado.
Em geral, o resíduo alimentar queimado precisa ser uma pátina que possa ser removida em pedaços pequenos e não em pó. Quando há pouco resíduo e o mesmo precisa ser removido na forma de pó, é difícil (ou até mesmo impossível) fazer o pré-tratamento alcalino para remover os ácidos húmicos provenientes de sedimentos que cobriam a amostra ou de interações da amostra com a água subterrânea ou de superfície.
**2- Datar a maior parte dos produtos orgânicos encontrados nos fragmentos e compostos dos produtos orgânicos na argila que sobreviveu ao aquecimento e absorveu materiais orgânicos através da armazenagem de alimentos e líquidos**
No caso de fragmentos de cerâmica sem resíduos alimentares queimados que possam ser extraídos do interior do recipiente, a segunda melhor alternativa é datar todos os materiais orgânicos presentes na argila e nos agentes de têmpera, provenientes do material que costumava ser guardado no recipiente e quaisquer substâncias orgânicas que tenham entrado em contato com o fragmento, desde que tenha sido enterrado.
A datação dos materiais orgânicos do recipiente como um todo costuma chegar a uma data imprecisa se os materiais orgânicos incluídos forem contemporâneos ao período de uso ou a uma “idade mínima”, significando que o recipiente é pelo menos tão antigo quanto indica a sua idade de radiocarbono. No entanto, o recipiente pode ser bem mais antigo se materiais orgânicos recentes tiverem sido incorporados ao mesmo devido aos ácidos húmicos mobilizados.
**3- Datação dos agentes de revenimento extraíveis**
A datação de agentes orgânicos de revenimento é possível quando o material orgânico está carbonizado, ou quando a temperatura do processo de queima não foi alta o suficiente para queimá-lo.
O revenido de concha não é afetado em temperaturas de queima menores que 600°C. Se a temperatura for maior que 600°C, o carbonato pode dissociar, liberando seu carbono em forma de dióxido de carbono (CO2). Durante o resfriamento, qualquer CO2 disponível reformará o carbonato. Se esse CO2 não é o CO2 original, o conteúdo de carbono da concha não será afetado. Porém, se o CO2 disponível for da argila, o carbonato reformado refletirá a idade da argila. Se a argila for mais antiga que o momento da queima, a idade do carbonato também será mais antiga que o momento da queima. Se o CO2 disponível for do combustível da queima, a idade da concha refletirá a idade do combustível. Neste caso, é também importante considerar a homogeneidade do carbonato reformado. Diferentes fragmentos podem ser reformados a partir de múltiplas fontes de CO2.
OBS.: Se você não tiver certeza do que poderá ser datado em seu fragmento de cerâmica, por favor entre em contato conosco antes de enviar a sua amostra ao laboratório.
Duração: 1 minuto, 52 segundos
Aviso legal: Este vídeo está hospedado em um site de terceiros e poderá conter publicidade.
## [Efeito da Contaminação na Idade Verdadeira da Amostra](#collapseSix)
Na [datação por radiocarbono](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/sobre-carbono-datacao.htm "datação por radiocarbono"), a maior dúvida é sempre no sentido mais recente pois o carbono moderno acrescenta carbono por peso e carbono radioativo 14C por conteúdo, enquanto que a contaminação mais antiga (ou argila muito antiga)tem menos impacto, a menos que não tenha ocorrido nenhuma contaminação secundária por carbono mais recente.
## [Datação por Radiocarbono de Fuligem do Exterior da Cerâmica](#collapseTwo)
Os fragmentos de cerâmica com pó ou resíduos alimentares carbonizados suficientemente espessos em sua superfície podem ser datados se o pó puder ser raspado sem incorporar a matriz de argila subjacente. Dependendo da consistência do pó, os pré-tratamentos poderão ser variados, permitindo o uso de uma solução ácida ou ácida e alcalina. A precisão referente ao tempo de uso do fogo dependerá da fonte do pó disponível. Se for proveniente de resíduos de alimentos provenientes do mar, haverá um “efeito reservatório” associado ao mesmo que deverá ser corrigido. Se o pó for proveniente de árvores antigas (troncos de árvores), a data poderá ser demasiadamente antiga.
Uma data de radiocarbono representa a última vez em que o material analisado teve interações com o CO2 no ar. Em árvores, isto se refere apenas aos anéis exteriores, raízes, ramos, galhos pequenos, casca, nozes, etc. Estes representam o meio de crescimento presente, enquanto que o anel central da árvore indica quando a mesma começou a crescer. Ao retornar para o centro da árvore a partir da casca, cada anel é um ano mais velho. No caso de uma árvore com 200 anos e que ainda esteja viva, a data da casca representa os dias de hoje e a data do anel mais central representa 200 anos atrás, apesar da árvore ainda estar viva. Portanto, a precisão da data de radiocarbono depende de que parte da árvore a madeira é proveniente. Também depende da ausência de contaminantes feitos pelo homem.
*Última atualização: outubro de 2022*
---
### [Datazione al radiocarbonio del vasellame](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-la-ceramica-con-l-ams.htm)
**Published:** July 22, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Quantità raccomandata (può essere inferiore per AMS – si prega [di contattarci](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/contatti.htm "contact us"))**- 10-100 mg di residui di cibo bruciato (la dimensione del coccio da inviare dipende dallo spessore del residuo carbonizzato)
 **Servizio di datazione al carbonio**- AMS Standard – i risultati sono pronti entro 14 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Priority – entro 6 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 giorni lavorativi
 **Analisi gratuite con Datazione C14**- δ13C
 **Contenitore consigliato**- Bustine con zip (avvolgere prima in un foglio di alluminio i campioni molto piccoli e/o che possono essere polverizzati durante la spedizione)
- Si raccomanda di inviare i campioni in scatole rigide quando possibile (invece di utilizzare buste imbottite) per preservarne l’integrità.
- Possiamo estrarre i residui dai frammenti di vasellame
---
**Nota** – Le tariffe includono i referti di garanzia di qualità, la calibrazione quando applicabile e l’accesso online 24/7 ai risultati e alle analisi in corso. [Richiedi un preventivo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/costi-datazione-carbonio.htm "Richiedi un preventivo")
**Pretrattamento** – Si prega di contattarci per discutere l’obbiettivo della propria ricerca per garantire la selezione e il [pretrattamenti](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm#Acid) più appropriati per cocci e vasellame. È possibile richiedere di essere contattati dal laboratorio dopo i pretrattamenti per discutere le opzioni per l’analisi.
## Estrazione dei residui dal vasellame per la datazione al radiocarbonio
Il laboratorio è lieto di estrarre i residui e restituire i frammenti ai clienti se richiesto. Assicurarsi di indicare sul foglio dati se è richiesta la restituzione del frammento. In caso contrario, verrà smaltito al completamento della datazione al radiocarbonio. Per maggiori informazioni, vedere la [politica di SGS Beta sulla restituzione dei campioni in eccesso](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/politica-restituzione-campioni.htm "Beta Analytic's Policy on Returning Excess Samples").
## [Tre modi per datare il vasellame](#collapseOne)
****In ordine di preferenza di SGS Beta:******1 – Datare i residui di cibo carbonizzato che si trovano sulle superfici interne**
Il laboratorio preferisce datare i residui di cibo bruciato estratti dalle superfici interne di un frammento, poiché offrono le migliori possibilità di fornire una data rappresentativa del momento dell’ultimo utilizzo.
In generale, i residui di cibo bruciato dovrebbero essere una patina che può essere rimossa a piccoli pezzi, anziché una polvere fuligginosa. Quando il residuo è così sottile che è possibile rimuovere solo una polvere fuligginosa, è difficile (se non impossibile) effettuare un trattamento basico per rimuovere gli acidi umici che potrebbero essere entrati in contatto con il materiale da sedimenti sovrastanti o interazioni con acqua di superficie o falde acquifere.
**2 – Datare la massa organica dei frammenti, che comprende la componente organica dell’argilla sopravvissuta alla cottura ed i materiali organici assorbiti dal cibo o dai liquidi contenuti**
Per i frammenti che non presentano sulla superficie interna residui di cibo bruciati estraibili, la seconda migliore possibilità è la datazione della “massa organica dei frammenti”, il totale dei materiali organici dell’argilla o degli agenti di temperamento, qualsiasi materiale il vaso possa aver contenuto durante il suo utilizzo e qualsiasi sostanza organica che sia entrata in contatto con il frammento dal momento dell’interramento.
La datazione della “massa organica dei frammenti” genera tipicamente una risultato accurato, se i materiali organici inclusi sono contemporanei al momento dell’utilizzo, o una “età minima”, che significa che il vaso è antico almeno quanto indicato dall’età radiocarbonica. Tuttavia, può avere un’età maggiore, nel caso in cui materiali organici recenti siano stati incorporati nel vaso a causa dello spostamento di acidi umici.
**3 – Datare gli agenti di temperamento estraibili**
Datare gli agenti di temperamento organici è possibile quando il materiale organico è carbonizzato o quando il processo di cottura non ha raggiunto una temperatura abbastanza elevata da rimuoverlo completamente.
Gli agenti a base di conchiglie non vengono intaccati da temperature inferiori a 600°C. Se la temperatura supera i 600°C, i carbonati possono separarsi rilasciando carbonio sotto forma di anidride carbonica (CO2). Quando il materiale si raffredda, la CO2 disponibile riforma i carbonati. Se questa CO2 è la CO2 originale, il contenuto di carbonio delle conchiglie non viene modificato. Tuttavia, se la CO2 disponibile proviene dall’argilla, il carbonato riformato rifletterà l’età dell’argilla. Se l’argilla è più antica rispetto al momento della cottura, anche l’età dei carbonati sarà precedente a quella della cottura. Tuttavia, se il combustibile utilizzato per la cottura ha reso disponibile della CO2, l’età delle conchiglie rifletterà l’età del combustibile. È inoltre necessario, in questo caso, considerare l’omogeneità dei carbonati che si sono riformati. Frammenti diversi potrebbero essersi riformati da fonti di CO2 diverse.
NOTA – Se non si è sicuri del tipo di datazione da effettuare per i propri frammenti di vasellame, si prega di consultare il laboratorio prima dell’invio dei campioni.
Avvertenza: questo video è ospitato su un sito esterno e potrebbe contenere pubblicità.
## [Effetti della contaminazione sull’età reale di un campione](#collapseSix)
Con la [datazione al radiocarbonio](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-al-carbonio.htm "radiocarbon dating"), la deviazione massima si presenta sempre nella direzione più recente, dal momento che il carbonio moderno aggiunge carbonio sia a livello di peso, che di contenuto di 14C radioattivo, mentre le contaminazioni più antiche (o l’argilla molto vecchia) hanno un impatto minore, salvo in caso di contaminazione secondaria con carbonio più recente. È necessario molto tempo perché il carbonio antico causi una differenza significativa di contaminazione.
## [Datazione al radiocarbonio di fuliggine proveniente dall’esterno del vasellame](#collapseTwo)
I frammenti di vasellame che presentano residui carbonizzati o fuliggine di spessore sufficiente sulla superficie possono essere datati nel caso in cui la fuliggine possa essere raschiata senza incorporare anche la matrice di argilla sottostante. A seconda della consistenza della fuliggine, i pretrattamenti sono variabili e possono includere acido, o acido/base.
La precisione relativa al momento dell’uso del vasellame dipende dalla fonte della fuliggine. Se proviene da residui di cibi di origine marina, presenterà un “effetto serbatoio” associato che richiederà una correzione. Se la fuliggine proviene da vecchi alberi (tronchi), la data potrebbe risultare troppo antica.
Una data radiocarbonica rappresenta l’ultima volta in cui il materiale analizzato ha scambiato CO2 con l’aria. Negli alberi, questo fa riferimento solo agli anelli esterni, le radici, i fuscelli, i piccoli rami, la corteccia, i gusci, ecc. Questi rappresentano la fase di crescita corrente dell’albero, mentre l’anello centrale ne rappresenta la nascita. Avvicinandosi al centro dell’albero partendo dalla corteccia, ogni anello rappresenta un anno di età. In un albero vivente di 200 anni, ad esempio, una datazione della corteccia corrisponde alla data odierna ed una datazione dell’anello centrale ad una data di 200 anni fa, nonostante l’albero sia ancora vivo. Per questo motivo, la precisione della data radiocarbonica dipende dalla localizzazione del legno utilizzato all’interno dell’albero. Dipende inoltre dall’assenza di contaminanti di origine umana.
*Ultimo aggiornamento: ottobre 2022*
---
### [Datation par AMS des poteries](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-sma-poteries.htm)
**Published:** July 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Taille recommandée pour les échantillons (de plus petites quantités sont possibles pour les AMS – merci de [nous contacter](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-contact.htm "nous contacter"))**- 10-100 mg de résidus alimentaires brûlés (la taille du tesson qu’il convient d’envoyer dépend de l’épaisseur du résidu calciné)
 **Services de datation au carbone**- AMS Standard – les résultats sont communiqués sous 14 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Priority – 6 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 jours ouvrés
 **Analyses incluses avec la datation C14**- δ13C
 **Contenants recommandés**- Sacs Ziplock (si l’échantillon est petit ou risque d’être écrasé pendant le transport, veuillez l’emballer dans de l’aluminium)
- Nous vous recommandons grandement d’envoyer vos échantillons dans de petites boites quand cela est possible (au lieu d’utiliser des enveloppes) pour protéger l’intégrité physique des échantillons.
- Nous pouvons extraire les résidus des surfaces intérieures de tessons
---
**Remarque** – Les tarifs comprennent les rapports d’assurance qualité, la calibration s’il y a lieu et l’accès Internet 24/7 aux résultats antérieurs et aux analyses en cours. [Obtenir un devis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/combien-coute-la-datation-carbone.htm "Obtenir un devis")
**Pretraitement** – Merci de nous contacter pour discuter de la nature de vos objectifs de recherche afin de garantir la sélection de matériel et les [prétraitements](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/pretraitements-protocoles-datation-radiocarbone.htm#Acid) les plus appropriés pour vos tessons de poterie. Vous pouvez également demander à ce que l’on vous contacte une fois les prétraitements terminés pour discuter des différentes options de datation.
## Extraction des résidus de poterie pour la datation radiocarbone
Le laboratoire est parfaitement disposé à extraire les résidus et retourner les tessons aux clients qui en font la demande. Merci de nous l’indiquer le cas échéant sur la fiche de données. Autrement, l’échantillon sera mis au rebut à la fin de la procédure de datation radiocarbone. Pour plus de détails, voir la politique de [SGS Beta sur le retour des excédents d’échantillons](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/politique-retour-echantillons.htm "Beta Analytic sur le retour des excédents d'échantillons").
## [Trois façons de dater les poteries](#collapseOne)
****Elles sont listées dans l’ordre de préférence de SGS Beta:******1- Datation des résidus de nourriture carbonisée sur les surfaces intérieures**
Le laboratoire préfère les résidus alimentaires brûlés extraits des surfaces intérieures de tessons, qui ont le plus de chance d’être représentatifs de la dernière utilisation.
En général, le résidu de nourriture brûlé doit être sous forme “caramélisée” pouvant être détachée par bouts plutôt que sous forme de poudre de suie. Dans ce dernier cas, il est difficile, voire impossible, d’avoir recours au rinçage basique pour retirer les acides humiques provenant de sédiments, de surfaces ou d’eaux souterraines qui peuvent avoir été en contact avec le matériau.
**2- Datation des matières organiques dans les tessons, provenant d’argiles non détruites par la cuisson, et de matières absorbées durant le stockage de nourriture ou de liquides**
Pour les tessons sans résidu alimentaire brûlé accroché sur les parois intérieures, il est préférable d’extraire l’ensemble de la matière organique argileuse ou provenant des dégraissants, tout ce que le pot aura contenu durant son usage, et toute substance entrée en contact avec depuis la mise en terre.
Lors de la datation des matières organiques dans les tessons, nous pouvons obtenir soit une date exacte, si toutes les matières organiques sont contemporaines à la période d’utilisation, soit une date qui indique “l’âge minimum”. Cependant, l’échantillon peut être plus âgé que la date obtenue, si des matières organiques s’y sont infiltrées par la migration d’acides humiques.
**3- Datation des agents de trempe extractibles**
La datation des agents de trempe organiques est possible lorsque le matériau organique est calciné, ou lorsque la température n’était pas assez élevée lors de la cuisson pour les brûler complètement.
Les coquilles utilisées comme agents de trempe ne seront pas affectées par des températures inférieures à 600°C. Si la température dépasse 600°C, le carbonate peut se dissocier et relâcher son carbone comme dioxyde de carbone (CO2). Lors du refroidissement, le CO2 disponible reformera le carbonate. Si ce CO2 était le CO2 d’origine, alors la teneur en carbone de la coquille ne sera pas affectée. Toutefois, si du CO2 est disponible dans l’argile, le carbonate reformé reflétera l’âge de l’argile. Si l’argile est plus ancien que l’époque de la cuisson, l’âge du carbonate sera également plus ancien que l’époque de la cuisson. Si le CO2 provient du combustible utilisé, alors l’âge de la coquille reflétera l’âge du combustible. Dans ce cas, il faut également tenir compte de l’homogénéité du carbonate reformé. Des fragments différents peuvent se reformer à partir de différentes sources de CO2.
Remarque – Si vous prévoyez d’envoyer des échantillons de poterie, merci de nous contacter au préalable si vous avez des doutes sur le choix de la méthode.
Durée: 1 minute, 52 secondes
Avertissement : cette vidéo est hébergée sur un site tiers et peut contenir de la publicité.
## [Effets des contaminants sur l’âge réel de l’échantillon](#collapseSix)
Le plus grand biais en [datation radiocarbone](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/a-propos-datation-carbone.htm "datation radiocarbone") va dans le sens des âges récents à cause de la contamination par du carbone moderne, qui ajoute de la masse de carbone, et du carbone 14 radioactif. Les carbones plus anciens (comme les vieilles argiles) ont peu d’impact, à moins qu’il n’y ait eu aucune contamination secondaire en carbone moderne. Il est difficile dans ce dernier cas d’atteindre des niveaux de contamination significatifs.
## [La datation de la suie extraite de surfaces extérieures](#collapseTwo)
Les tessons de poteries peuvent être datés si les résidus de nourriture carbonisés se détachent par bouts de l’argile en dessous. Dépendament de la consistance de la suie, les prétraitements chimiques peuvent être variés : lavage à l’acide suivi ou non par un bain alcalin.
La source de la suie déterminera si les résultats indiquent la période d’utilisation ou pas. S’il s’agit des résidus de nourriture d’origine marine, il faut appliquer une correction pour éliminer l’effet “réservoir marin”. Si la suie provient du bois, la date obtenue pourrait être plus jeune que la période d’utilisation.
L’âge radiocarbone indique le moment où la matière s’est arrêtée d’interagir avec la biosphère. Pour un arbre vivant âgé de 200 ans l’âge du cœur sera de 200 ans même si l’arbre est toujours en vie, tandis que toute matière de croissance : cernes de croissance périphériques, racines, écorce et noix, aura l’âge radiocarbone zéro. En partant du périphérique, tout cerne de croissance a un an de plus d’ancienneté ; les ajouts successifs d’anneaux empêchent tout échange de carbone entre la biosphère et les cernes intérieures. Donc l’âge radiocarbone ne sera pas le même pour le bois de cœur et le bois d’aubier. Par conséquent, la précision de la date obtenue dépend de la provenance du prélèvement de bois, ainsi que de l’absence de contaminants artificiels.
*Dernière mise à jour de la page: octobre 2022*
---
### [Datación por radiocarbono de muestras cerámicas](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/ams-datacion-ceramica.htm)
**Published:** June 5, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tamaño de muestra recomendado (es posible enviar muestras más pequeñas para datación por AMS – por favor [contáctenos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/contacto.htm "contáctenos"))**- 10-100 mg de residuos de comida quemados (el tamaño de los fragmentos que deben ser enviados dependen del grosor del residuo carbonizado)
 **Servicios de datación por carbono**- AMS Standard – Los resultados se entregan en 14 días laborables o menos
- AMS Priority – 6 días laborables o menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 días laborables
 **Análisis incluidos con la datación por C14**- δ13C
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Bolsas con cierre zip (envuelva la muestra en papel de aluminio si es pequeña o si puede ser aplastada durante el envío)
- Le recomendamos que envíe sus muestras en pequeñas cajas siempre que sea posible (en vez de utilizar sobres) para proteger la integridad física de las muestras.
- Podemos extraer los residuos de fragmentos de cerámica
---
**Nota** – Nuestras tarifas incluyen informes con garantía de calidad, calibraciones de calendario (cuando sea aplicable) y acceso perpetuo a resultados anteriores o análisis pendientes a través de nuestra web. [Solicite un presupuesto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/cuanto-cuesta-la-datacion-por-carbono.htm "Solicite un presupuesto")
**Pretratamiento** – Por favor, contáctenos para indicarnos cuál es el objetivo de su investigación y asegurarnos la selección más apropiada de material y [pretratamiento](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/pretratamiento-protocolos.htm#Acid) para sus muestras de cerámica. Puede solicitar que le contactemos después del pretratamiento para hablar sobre las opciones disponibles para la datación.
## Extraer residuos de cerámica para su datación por radiocarbono
El laboratorio puede extraer el residuo y devolver el fragmento de cerámica a los clientes que lo soliciten. Por favor, asegúrese de indicar en el formulario de datos que el fragmento deberá ser devuelto. De lo contrario, el fragmento será desechado después una vez se realice su datación radiocarbónica. Para más detalles, por favor consulte la [Política de SGS Beta sobre la devolución de muestras excedentes](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/muestra-devolucion-politica.htm "Beta Analytic's Policy on Returning Excess Samples").
## [Tres maneras de datar cerámica](#collapseOne)
**Las siguientes maneras están en orden de preferencia de SGS Beta:**
**1 – Datar los residuos de alimentos quemados presentes en las superficies interiores**
El laboratorio prefiere datar residuos de alimentos quemados extraídos de las superficies interiores de un fragmento de cerámica porque éstos ofrecen la mejor oportunidad de conseguir una fecha que represente la última vez que el recipiente fue utilizado.
En general, los residuos de alimentos quemados tienen que formar una pátina que pueda retirarse en trozos pequeños no pulverizados. Cuando hay poco residuo y éste tiene no puede sino recolectarse ya pulverizado, es difícil (si no imposible) realizar el pretratamiento alcalino para eliminar los ácidos húmicos que pueden haber estado en contacto con la muestra a partir de los sedimentos que la cubrían o de las interacciones de la muestra con agua subterránea o superficial.
**2- Datar los compuestos orgánicos de los fragmentos en general conformados por los compuestos orgánicos en la arcilla que hayan sobrevivido a la cocción y hayan absorbido otros compuestos orgánicos gracias al almacenamiento de alimentos y líquidos**
En el caso de los fragmentos de cerámica que no contengan residuos de alimentos quemados que se puedan extraer del interior del recipiente, la segunda mejor alternativa es datar todos los materiales orgánicos presentes en la arcilla y en los agentes de temple, los compuestos orgánicos provenientes del material almacenado en el recipiente y cualquier otra sustancia orgánica que haya estado en contacto con el fragmento desde su entierro.
La datación del total de materiales orgánicos del recipiente tiende a alcanzar una fecha correcta si los materiales orgánicos incluidos son contemporáneos al período de uso o una “edad mínima” que indique que el recipiente es al menos tan antiguo como indica la fecha de radiocarbono. Sin embargo, el recipiente puede ser mucho más antiguo si los materiales orgánicos recientes han sido incorporados por ácidos húmicos movilizados.
**3- Datar los agentes extraíbles del temple**
Datar los agentes orgánicos del temple es posible cuando el material orgánico está carbonizado o la temperatura del proceso de calentamiento no fue lo suficientemente alta para consumir dicho material.
El revestimiento del temple no será afectado por temperaturas de cocción menores a 600°C. Si la temperatura excede los 600°C, el carbonato puede disociarse, liberando dióxido de carbono (CO2). Al enfriarse, cualquier CO2 restante reconstituirá el carbonato. Si este CO2 fue el CO2 original, el contenido de carbono del revestimiento no se verá afectado. Sin embargo, si existe CO2 en el barro, el carbonato reconstituido reflejará la edad del barro. Si el barro es anterior al tiempo de cocción, la edad del carbonato también será anterior al tiempo de cocción. Si existe CO2 en el combustible de cocción, la edad del revestimiento reflejará la edad del combustible. En este caso debe considerarse también la homogeneidad del carbonato reconstituido. Diferentes fragmentos pueden reconstituirse a partir de múltiples fuentes de CO2.
Nota: Si usted no está seguro de qué puede datarse en su fragmento de cerámica, por favor póngase en contacto con nosotros antes de enviar su muestra al laboratorio.
Duración: 1 minuto, 52 segundos
Exención de responsabilidad: Este video está alojado en un sitio externo y puede contener publicidad.
## [Efecto de la contaminación en la verdadera edad de la muestra](#collapseSix)
En la [datación radiocarbónica](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/sobre-carbono-datacion.htm "datación por radiocarbono"), el sesgo más importante siempre se inclina hacia las fechas más recientes porque el carbono moderno añade carbono en peso y carbono 14 radioactivo en contenido, mientras que la contaminación más antigua (o arcilla muy antigua) tiene menos impacto, a menos que no haya habido ninguna contaminación secundaria por carbono más reciente. Se necesita una gran cantidad de carbono antiguo para que suponga un factor determinante en la contaminación.
## [Datación radiocarbónica del hollín del exterior de la cerámica](#collapseTwo)
Los fragmentos de cerámica con hollín o residuos carbonizados lo suficientemente gruesos en su superficie pueden ser datados si el hollín puede ser raspado sin la incorporación de la matriz de arcilla subyacente. Dependiendo de la consistencia del hollín, los pretratamientos pueden variar, lo que permite el uso de una solución ácida o ácida y alcalina.
La precisión con respecto al tiempo de uso de las hogueras depende de la fuente del hollín. Si se trata de residuos de alimentos de origen marino, hay que tener en cuenta el “efecto reservorio” asociado. Si el hollín proviene de árboles antiguos (troncos de árboles), la fecha podría ser demasiado antigua.
Una fecha radiocarbónica representa la última vez que el material analizado tuvo interacciones con el CO2 en el aire. En los árboles, esto se refiere sólo a los anillos exteriores, raíces, ramas, ramitas, cortezas, frutos secos, etc. Éstos representan el presente medio de crecimiento, mientras que el anillo central del árbol indica el momento en el que comenzó a crecer. Al regresar al centro del árbol desde la corteza, cada anillo es un año mayor. En el caso de un árbol de 200 años y vivo, la fecha de la corteza representa el presente, mientras que la fecha del anillo central representa las características del comienzo de su vida. Por lo tanto, la precisión de la fecha de radiocarbono depende de la parte del árbol de la que provenga la madera. También depende de la ausencia de contaminantes generados por el ser humano.
*Última actualización de la página: Octubre de 2022*
---
### [Polline - Datazione AMS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-ams-polline.htm)
**Published:** July 22, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Quantità raccomandata (può essere inferiore per AMS – si prega [di contattarci](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/contatti.htm "contact us"))**- 5-15 milligrammi (pH completamente neutro, asciutto e pretrattato per rimuovere i carbonati)
 **Servizio di datazione al carbonio**- AMS Standard – i risultati sono pronti entro 14 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Priority – entro 6 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 giorni lavorativi
 **Analisi gratuite con Datazione C14**- δ13C
 **Contenitore consigliato**- Provette per microcentrifuga
- Si raccomanda di inviare i campioni in scatole rigide quando possibile (invece di utilizzare buste imbottite) per preservarne l’integrità durante la spedizione.
- Il laboratorio accetta solo polline estratto.
---
**Nota** – Le tariffe includono i referti di garanzia di qualità, la calibrazione quando applicabile e l’accesso online 24/7 ai risultati e alle analisi in corso. [Richiedi un preventivo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/costi-datazione-carbonio.htm "Richiedi un preventivo")
**Pretrattamenti** – Non è possibile applicare pretrattamenti in laboratorio. I campioni di polline devono essere inviati “pronti per l’analisi”.
**Polline estratto** – Non effettuiamo estrazioni di polline. Per la datazione di grani di polline, è necessario un campione di circa 5-15 mg, libero da qualsiasi materiale sedimentario. Il documento “Radiocarbon Dating of Pollen by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. Quaternary Research 32: 205-212” di Brown et al. (1989) costituisce un ottimo riferimento per l’estrazione del polline.
**Il campione deve essere neutro (pH 6-8)** – L’estratto non deve essere acido perché la datazione AMS sia possibile. Se la quantità di materiale disponibile è sufficiente, una piccola porzione viene testata per accertarne la neutralità. Se l’estratto è acido, sarà lavato con acqua deionizzata per portarlo a pH neutro. Tuttavia, la massa del campione potrebbe ridursi durante questo procedimento.
**Imballaggio consigliato** – È possibile usare provette per microcentrifuga con tappo a scatto (volume 1,5-3 cc) come contenitori per il polline estratto ed inserire ogni provetta in una bustina con zip etichettata. Si raccomanda inoltre, se possibile, di utilizzare piccole scatole (al posto delle buste imbottite) per l’invio dei campioni, per preservarne l’integrità durante il trasporto. Il metodo di smistamento automatizzato, utilizzato tipicamente dai servizi postali, prevede l’uso di rulli attraverso cui vengono fatte passare le buste.
## Datazione con AMS di polline estratto
Il laboratorio necessita solitamente di 5-15 mg di polline estratto (peso secco approssimativo) per la datazione, a seconda del contenuto di carbonio. È importante assicurarsi che tutti i carbonati (CaCO3) siano stati completamente rimossi, in modo che non si verifichi un’ulteriore riduzione della massa prima della combustione del campione.
Occasionalmente il laboratorio riceve campioni etichettati come “polline” che, esaminati al microscopio, risultano contenere sedimenti, fibre e materiale vegetale. In questi casi, il laboratorio chiederà al cliente di decidere se procedere con l’analisi o cancellarla. Se si decide di procedere, il materiale analizzato sarà citato nel report dei risultati come “materiale organico” e non “polline”.
*Ultimo aggiornamento: marzo 2023*
---
### [Datazione al radiocarbonio di fitoliti](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-radiocarbonio-fitoliti.htm)
**Published:** July 22, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Quantità raccomandata (può essere inferiore per AMS – si prega [di contattarci](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/contatti.htm "contact us"))**- 300 milligrammi
 **Servizio di datazione al carbonio**- AMS Standard – i risultati sono pronti entro 14 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Priority – entro 6 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 giorni lavorativi
 **Analisi gratuite con Datazione C14**- δ13C
 **Contenitore consigliato**- Utilizzare provette con tappo a vite, provette per microcentrifuga o vetrini, da inserire in una bustina con zip etichettata.
- Si raccomanda di inviare i campioni in scatole rigide quando possibile (invece di utilizzare buste imbottite) per preservarne l’integrità durante la spedizione.
- Il laboratorio accetta solo fitoliti estratti.
---
**Nota** – Le tariffe includono i referti di garanzia di qualità, la calibrazione quando applicabile e l’accesso online 24/7 ai risultati e alle analisi in corso. [Richiedi un preventivo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/costi-datazione-carbonio.htm "Richiedi un preventivo")
**Pretrattamento** – Solitamente, in laboratorio non viene applicato alcun pretrattamento e il materiale inviato viene analizzato direttamente. Tuttavia, un sottocampione sarà sottoposto a lavaggio acido per rilevare l’eventuale presenza di carbonati, o, in caso di presenza accertata di carbonati, sarà applicato un lavaggio acido completo.
**Selezione dei campioni** – I fitoliti devono essere inviati già estratti e pronti per l’analisi, poiché il laboratorio non può effettuare l’estrazione. Si prega di non asciugare i campioni in solventi come l’acetone o l’esano. I passaggi finali dovrebbero essere effettuati con un solvente idrofilo come l’acetone e seguiti da diversi risciacqui in acqua (deionizzata, milli-Q, distillata) prima dell’asciugatura.
## Fitoliti – Datazione AMS
Per conoscere la metodologia di datazione al radiocarbonio dei fitoliti è possibile visualizzare la pubblicazione “2003 Piperno, Dolores R. and Karen E. Stothert; Phytolith Evidence for Early Holocene Cucurbita Domestication in Southwest Ecuador. Science 299:1054-1057.”
È normalmente possibile datare campioni di 200-400 milligrammi di fitoliti estratti, isolati e puliti.
La nostra metodologia di analisi produce una data rappresentativa del momento della formazione dei fitoliti, che dipende:
(1) dalla purezza dei fitoliti analizzati o
(2) dell’età degli altri materiali organici presenti nel campione, nel caso in cui non sia possibile datare fitoliti puri.
L’affidabilità dei risultati della datazione con AMS dipende dal grado di fiducia riposto dal ricercatore nell’integrità dei campioni.
## Cosa sono i fitoliti?
Secondo lo Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, i fitoliti sono microscopici depositi di silice che si formano in molte cellule vegetali. Mantengono un eccellente stato di conservazione anche dopo la morte e la decomposizione delle piante. Grazie a questa caratteristica unica, i fitoliti vengono utilizzati da archeologi e paleoecologi per identificare i resti di piante in svariati contesti. La dott.ssa Dolores Piperno, membro della National Academy of Sciences, è riconosciuta come uno dei primi ricercatori ad aver utilizzato i fitoliti in un contesto archeologico. Nella sua ricerca, i fitoliti sono stati utilizzati per documentare l’agricoltura preistorica nelle zone tropicali.
*Immagine di: Benjamin Gadet (licenza CC BY-SA 3.0)*
---
### [Torba - Datazione AMS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-ams-torba.htm)
**Published:** July 22, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Quantità raccomandata (può essere inferiore per AMS – [contattare il laboratorio](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/contatti.htm "contact us"))**- 3-100 milligrammi (AMS)
 **Servizio di datazione al carbonio**- AMS Standard – i risultati sono pronti entro 14 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Priority – entro 6 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 giorni lavorativi
 **Analisi gratuite con Datazione C14**- δ13C
 **Contenitore consigliato**- Bustine con zip (avvolgere prima in un foglio di alluminio i campioni molto piccoli e/o che potrebbero subire danni durante la spedizione)
- Inviare i campioni in scatole rigide (invece di utilizzare buste imbottite) per preservarne l’integrità.
- Consultare il laboratorio prima di inviare campioni di torba.
---
**Nota** – Le tariffe includono i referti di garanzia di qualità, la calibrazione quando applicabile e l’accesso online 24/7 ai risultati e alle analisi in corso. [Richiedi un preventivo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/costi-datazione-carbonio.htm "Richiedi un preventivo")
**Pretrattamento** – Contattare il laboratorio per discutere degli obiettivi dello studio, in modo che la torba venga [pretrattata](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm#Washes) nella maniera più appropriata. Tramite il modulo online, è possibile richiedere di essere contattati dal laboratorio dopo i pretrattamenti per discutere le opzioni per l’analisi.
**Campioni umidi** – La torba può essere inviata sia umida sia essiccata, a seconda delle preferenze del cliente. Il laboratorio preferisce che i campioni siano lasciati umidi perché l’estrazione dei macrofossili è più semplice. La quantità raccomandata è di 50-100 milligrammi (peso secco approssimativo), ma può essere sufficiente una quantità inferiore. Prima di inviare campioni umidi o congelati, rimuovere l’acqua in eccesso, avvolgerli in un foglio di plastica (ad es. pellicola per alimenti) per limitare il contatto con l’aria, inserirli in una bustina con zip e inviarli al laboratorio.
Contattare il laboratorio prima della spedizione, in modo che i nostri esperti possano valutare se le dimensioni del campione sono sufficiente per la **datazione al radiocarbonio.**
## [Suggerimenti per il campionamento della torba](#collapseOne)
La torba è un materiale molto comune per la datazione al radiocarbonio. Solitamente è composta da una grande varietà di materiali, dal (1) limo organico molto fine (torba limosa o sedimento organico) con macrofossili vegetali molto rari o assenti, ai (2) resti vegetali fibrosi (semi, carbone, canne, steli) con pochissimo limo. Spesso include resti vegetali decomposti e non riconoscibili, ovvero un insieme di materiali che si sono depositati e decomposti in loco, o una miscela di torba limosa e materiali fibrosi.
Prima di effettuare il campionamento, è necessario individuare l’obiettivo della ricerca e, a seconda della composizione della torba (prevalentemente limosa, o fibrosa, o una miscela), decidere quale frazione del materiale sarà più adatta alla datazione. È inoltre importante considerare le dimensioni dei campioni da inviare, ovvero l’altezza della porzione di carota, e la zona del prelievo (punti di contatto, cambio di facies, ecc.).
I resti vegetali, decomposti e non, sono il materiale più adatto per la datazione al radiocarbonio, perché possono essere sottoposti a un pretrattamento aggiuntivo con alcali per eliminare gli acidi umici, che, se non rimossi, potrebbero far apparire il campione più recente di quanto sia. I resti vegetali non devono contenere radici intrusive provenienti dagli strati di torba sovrastanti.
In alcuni casi, a seconda della consistenza, la torba limosa può essere trattata con alcali. Dal momento che il limo è composto principalmente da acidi umici e umine, l’estrazione con alcali potrebbe non essere efficace sulla torba limosa quanto sul materiale vegetale.
Quando possibile, è opportuno estrarre resti vegetali che siano sicuramente stati depositati in situ e inviarli per la datazione al radiocarbonio. Se questo non è fattibile, l’alternativa è inviare l’intero campione di sedimento, che verrà setacciato per estrarre le diverse frazioni da pretrattare. Il laboratorio invierà alcune foto dei macrofossili disponibili, che il cliente potrà selezionare per la datazione.
Quando non è chiaro quale parte del campione possa dare i risultati migliori, alcuni ricercatori scelgono di datare separatamente la parte fibrosa (macrofossili vegetali) e il limo per poi confrontare i risultati. Procedere in questo modo può essere utile se è possibile che sia stato depositato del materiale intrusivo, che il sistema sia un’area deposizionale ad alta energia e/o che il limo sia stato più volte depositato e rimosso dal materiale fibroso.
In caso di dubbi sulla quantità di torba da inviare, è possibile fornire al laboratorio diverse fette della stessa carota, richiedendo che la datazione inizi dal campione A; se A non è sufficiente verrà aggiunto il campione B, poi C, D e così via. Questa procedura permette al ricercatore di datare uno strato molto sottile e di ottenere quindi l’età più accurata possibile: aggiungere ulteriori strati potrebbe far sì che la data ottenuta rappresenti una media delle età di deposizione piuttosto che un preciso evento.
## [Pretrattamento dei campioni di torba](#collapseSix)
I campioni di torba vengono trattati in modo simile ai sedimenti organici, con la differenza che gli acidi umici possono costituire un problema maggiore per la torba. Generalmente, la torba viene sottoposta a flottazione e setacciata tra 125 e 180 micron per rimuovere e isolare i macrofossili (piante, conchiglie ecc.). Se i macrofossili sono presenti in quantità sufficiente, vengono sottoposti a un pretrattamento che dipende dal tipo di materiale (solitamente acido/base/acido).
Se non diversamente richiesto, conserveremo la frazione di sedimento/fango e contatteremo il cliente per discutere le opzioni per la datazione al radiocarbonio. Eventuali richieste speciali sulla frazione o le frazioni da analizzare possono essere incluse nel modulo campioni.
Per la torba umificata (“mucky peat”) viene effettuato esclusivamente un lavaggio acido per rimuovere i carbonati. I pretrattamenti alcalini, applicati per eliminare l’acido umico, richiedono solitamente la presenza di materiale vegetale. Molto spesso la torba presenta frazioni fibrose, sedimentarie e umiche. Di norma queste frazioni vengono separate durante il pretrattamento: la frazione fibrosa riceve spesso un pretrattamento alcalino, a differenza della frazione sedimentaria per cui non è necessario.
Se è noto quale frazione sarà più adatta per la [datazione al radiocarbonio](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/archeologia-lab.htm "radiocarbon dating"), o se le due frazioni devono essere combinate, è possibile indicarlo sul modulo campioni.
## [Datazione al radiocarbonio della torba](#collapseTwo)
Nonostante la sua composizione possa variare molto, la torba contiene principalmente materia organica. Esistono due metodi di datazione per la torba, che dipendono dal tipo di campione:
1 – Torba limosa
La datazione della torba limosa priva di macrofossili può essere effettuata sulla frazione organica totale, sottoposta al lavaggio acido per eliminare i carbonati. In alcuni casi è possibile effettuare un’estrazione con alcali per rimuovere gli acidi umici, a seconda delle dimensioni del campione e solo se la torba limosa fine non si dissolve nel bagno alcalino.
2 – Torba fibrosa
Questo tipo è il più comune e solitamente è composto da una miscela di limo fine e resti decomposti di piante (parti di materiale carbonizzato e carici, graminacee, ecc.). In questo caso, il materiale fibroso o i macrofossili vengono estratti e sottoposti a un ciclo completo di trattamenti acidi e alcalini per rimuovere i carbonati e gli acidi umici, prima di procedere alla datazione.
Indipendentemente dal tipo di torba ricevuto, il laboratorio separa le frazioni e le sottopone al pretrattamento appropriato, per poi esporre al cliente le possibili opzioni per la datazione di ogni campione.
*Ultimo aggiornamento: maggio 2020*
---
### [皮革的碳14定年](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-leather.htm)
**Published:** February 19, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **建議樣品量 (若樣品量較少 – 請 [聯繫我們](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-contact.htm "聯繫我們"))**- 50-100 毫克 (AMS)
 **碳定年服務和測試週期**- AMS標準測試 – 14個工作日或更少
- AMS優先測試 – 6個工作日或更少s
- AMS極速測試 – 2-3個工作日
 **碳14定年 附帶免費分析**- δ13C
 **推薦包裝**- 夾鏈袋(若樣品量很小，或於運送途中容易破損，請先以鋁箔紙包裝)
- 請您使用堅固的小纸盒寄送您的樣品，而不要使用信封寄送，這樣能够防止您的樣品在運輸途中被壓碎。
## 碳14定年費用
[若有報價需求，](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)請提供以下資訊 – AMS定年服務類型（標準、快速、優先服務）、樣品數量和帳單收件電子信箱。 SGS Beta實驗室的標準AMS定年服務會在邁阿密總部收到後的次日起14個工作天或之內交付報告。 實驗室也提供更快速的服務。
費用包含質量保證報告、日曆校準（在允許的情況下）以及24小時全年無休的線上系統，可查詢測試結果和待測樣品。
---
**預處理** – 由於 [預處理](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) 將直接影響到定年结果，所以我們歡迎您聯繫我們共同討論預處理方法，或要求我們在預處理之後（開始測試之前）與您聯繫。
**適用樣品** – 長時間重覆使用油及其他的防腐劑的關係，常無法取得AMS定年所需的碳。考古遺址的純正皮革可得到非常合理的定年結果。如盔甲或馬鞍的皮革文物則常得到可疑的結果。
寄出樣品前，請洽詢實驗室，討論樣品是否適合及預處理的方法（酸鹼處理或酸性溶劑萃取）。
*圖片來源：The Portable Antiquities Scheme（經CC BY-SA 2.0許可）*
*最後更新2020年2月*
---
### [革の放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-leather.htm)
**Published:** February 19, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **試料の必要量(推奨量) (より少ない量でも測定可能です – 詳細はご連絡ください [ご連絡先](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-contact.htm "ご連絡先"))**- 50-100 mg
 **炭素年代測定サービスの種類**- AMS Standard（通常の納期） – 米国のラボで試料受領後14営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Priority (特急) – 米国のラボで試料受領後6営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Time Guide (超特急) – 米国のラボで試料受領後3～4営業日で結果をご報告いたします。 (骨または堆積物では対応不可)
 **C14年代測定に含まれて いる分析サービス**- δ13C
 **お薦めする試料の容器**- ジップロックバッグ（試料が小さい場合、あるいは輸送中に破壊されそうな場合はアルミホイルに包んでからバッグに入れて下さい）
- お送りいただく際は輸送時の試料破壊を防ぐため封筒ではなく丈夫な小箱などを用いてください。
## 放射性炭素年代測定の費用
[お見積りのご依頼時には、](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)納期(standard, priority, time guide)、試料数、ご所属、ご住所をお知らせください。ベータ・アナリティックのAMS年代測定の標準納期はマイアミ試験所到着後14営業日です。特急納期のオプションもございます。
料金には、品質管理レポート、適応可能な場合は暦年代較正、既出結果への24/7アクセス、測定保留に係る経費が含まれています。
---
**試料の前処理** – 試料の前処理について理解することは、それが最終的な年代に直接影響を与えるので非常に重要です。 [前処理のページ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) 前処理に関するご相談、ご質問、ご要望などがございましたらいつでもご連絡ください。
**サンプルの選別** – 時代を経ながら繰り返し使われたオイルや他の保存料のため、正確なAMS年代測定のための炭素が回収不可能なことはとてもよくあることです。古代の遺跡からの混じり物のない革は納得できる年代が測定できることが多いです。甲冑や鞍などの革の加工品は疑いの残る結果を出すことが多いです。
サンプル提出前に、 サンプルの適合性や前処理(酸-アルカリ処理あるいは酸による溶媒抽出法)について話し合うためにラボにご連絡下さい。
## 放射性炭素年代測定の費用
[お見積りのご依頼時には、](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)納期(standard, priority, time guide)、試料数、ご所属、ご住所をお知らせください。ベータ・アナリティックのAMS年代測定の標準納期はマイアミ試験所到着後14営業日です。特急納期のオプションもございます。
*画像著作権: The Portable Antiquities Scheme (CC BY-SA 2.0のライセンスに基づき使用許諾されます)*
*最終更新：2020年2月*
---
### [Datazione al carbonio-14 di pelle o cuoio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-pelle.htm)
**Published:** February 19, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Quantità raccomandata (può essere inferiore per AMS – [contattare il laboratorio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/contatti.htm "contattare il laboratorio"))**- 50-100 milligrammi (AMS)
 **Servizi di datazione al carbonio**- AMS Standard – i risultati sono pronti entro 14 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Priority – entro 6 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 giorni lavorativi
 **Analisi gratuite con Datazione C14**- δ13C
 **Contenitore consigliato**- Bustine con zip (avvolgere prima in un foglio di alluminio i campioni molto piccoli e/o che potrebbero subire danni durante la spedizione)
- Inviare i campioni in scatole rigide (invece di utilizzare buste imbottite) per preservarne l’integrità.
## Costi della datazione al carbonio-14
Per [richiedere un preventivo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/costi-datazione-carbonio.htm), fornire le seguenti informazioni: servizio AMS richiesto (Standard, Priority o Time Guide), numero di campioni e indirizzo di fatturazione completo dell’istituto che effettuerà il pagamento. I tempi di consegna del servizio AMS Standard di SGS Beta sono di 14 giorni lavorativi, a partire dal giorno successivo all’arrivo dei campioni a Miami. Sono disponibili servizi più rapidi.
Le tariffe includono i referti di garanzia di qualità, la calibrazione quando applicabile e l’accesso online 24/7 ai risultati e alle analisi in corso.
---
**Pretrattamento** – È importante comprendere i [pretrattamenti](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm#Acid#Acid) che saranno applicati ai campioni, dal momento che influenzano direttamente il risultato delle analisi. È possibile contattarci per discutere i pretrattamenti oppure richiedere di essere contattati dopo la loro applicazione (e prima della datazione).
**Selezione dei campioni** – A causa delle ripetute applicazioni di oli o altri conservanti nel corso del tempo, non è sempre possibile recuperare carbonio sufficiente per una datazione AMS accurata. La pelle non trattata proveniente da siti archeologici permette solitamente di ottenere date ragionevoli, mentre i manufatti in cuoio come le armature o le selle restituiscono spesso risultati sospetti.
Consultare il laboratorio prima di inviare i campioni per valutarne l’idoneità e discutere i pretrattamenti (acido/base oppure acido/estrazione con solvente).
*Immagine di: The Portable Antiquities Scheme (licenza CC BY-SA 2.0)*
*Ultimo aggiornamento: febbraio 2020*
---
### [有孔蟲和介形蟲的AMS定年](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-forams.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **乾淨的有孔蟲樣品建議量**- 需要實驗室提供部分預處理 – 8毫克或更大
- 不需要實驗室進行預處理 – 3-7 毫克
 **碳定年服務和測試週期**- AMS標準測試 – 14個工作日或更少
- AMS優先測試 – 6個工作日或更少
- AMS極速測試 – 2-3個工作日
 **碳14定年 附帶免費分析** - δ13C, δ18O (樣品充足時)
 **推薦包裝**- 請使用帶螺旋蓋的小玻璃瓶、離心管或有孔蟲專用玻片裝好，再放入標記好的夾鏈袋。
- 請使用堅固的小纸盒寄送您的樣品，而不要使用信封寄送，這樣能够防止您的樣品在運輸途中被壓碎。
- 依有孔蟲的不同種類及尺寸，實驗室可能無法對8mg以下的樣品再進行前處理。
---
**請注意** – 費用包含質量保證報告、日曆校準（在允許的情況下）以及24小時全年無休的線上系統，可查詢測試結果和待測樣品。 對於極小的樣品，可能無法單獨報告d13C结果。然而，最终報告會將總分餾校正考慮進去。 [需要報價單](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "需要報價單")
**前處理** – 少於10mg的有孔蟲樣品可能無法進行化學清洗，將視樣品尺寸而異。一般而言，8mg以下的樣品需使用顯微鏡檢查與拍照，而不進行酸洗或超音波清洗。實驗室將會發送電子郵件通知客戶。如果您對樣品的預處理有任何疑問，請與我們聯繫以進一步討論。
**海洋碳庫校正** – 請您提供採樣地點的 DeltaR / DeltaRErr (當地碳庫校正) 以便我們能對您樣品的測試结果進行最合適的年代校正。DeltaR / DeltaRErr值校正是樣品經過全球海洋碳庫校正後，[再針對區域差異進行的校正](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/marine-reservoir-effect.htm "再針對區域差異進行的校正")。根據客户提供的值，我們將在全球碳庫校正年齡的基礎上加或減相應的數值。注意：當DeltaR為負值時則年齡會更古老（通常假設全球海洋平均值經過淡水稀釋會變老）。
**有孔蟲樣品尺寸** – 實驗室建議寄送超過8mg的乾淨有孔蟲碳定年樣品以進行前處理，實驗證明前處理可以有效地提升定年及d13C和d18O測試的準確度。4-8mg的定年有孔蟲量無法進行前處理，但是足夠進行[d13C和d18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dietary-isotopic-analysis.htm "d13C和d18O")測試。2-4mg的有孔蟲量則不足以進行d13C和d18O測試，只能提供碳定年結果。所有無法進行前處裡的樣品都會發送電子郵件通知客戶。
## [如何查詢DeltaR / DeltaRErr值](#collapseOne)
免責聲明：本視頻託管於第三方網站中，可能包含廣告。
## [介形蟲樣品量和包裝要求](#collapseSix)
通常我們建議寄送至少10毫克的介形蟲樣品，但是我們也了解客戶無法總是取得這樣的樣品量。我們能接受的最低量為5毫克，但預處理和d13C測試將會受限。
您可用計數板寄送介形蟲樣品，但請確認玻璃蓋板已用膠帶封牢，不會於運送途中移位。或者，您也可以將介形蟲放入附螺旋蓋的玻璃小瓶或塑膠製的微量離心管。所有容器都需將瓶蓋封牢。將計數板、玻璃小瓶或離心管再裝入夾鏈袋中，將樣品袋用氣泡墊或其他的包裝材料包好，以承受運送途中的顛簸。
## [有孔蟲放射性碳定年](#collapseThree)
可見於所有的海洋環境，有孔蟲是無組織、無器官的單細胞生物。它們的個頭很小，只有幾毫米到幾十微米大。有孔蟲可以是浮游生物，也可以是底棲生物。浮游有孔蟲生活在海洋上部，而底棲有孔蟲則生活在海床或海床底下。
有孔蟲常被用於生物地層研究或古環境重建。底棲有孔蟲是海洋深度的完美指標，所以常用於古海洋研究。浮游有孔蟲常見於外海，常被當做海洋洋流或氣候的指標。研究人員也會利用有孔蟲從事海洋污染研究。
## [什麼是介形類動物?](#collapseFour)
介形類動物 (*介形亞綱*) 屬於小型甲殼類動物，棲息於海水與淡水。根據英國地質調查所記載，介形類動物長0.5-1.5mm，少數 (*如巨海螢屬*) 可長至25mm。與甲殼類動物不同，介形類動物並不分節，它們的頭與身為一體。科學家們利用介形類動物來進行古湖泊學研究。
**對鍶同位素比分析或鈾釷(U-Th)定年有興趣? 請參閱 [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "Strontium ratio analysis, U-Th dating")。**
*圖片來源：U.S. Geological Survey*
*最後更新: 2022年10月*
---
### [有孔虫のAMS年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-forams.htm)
**Published:** March 30, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **純粋な有孔虫の推奨試料量 (抽出/選別済みのもの)**- 試験所で前処理が可能 – 8 mg以上
- 試験所で前処理が不可能 – 3-7 mg
 **炭素年代測定サービスの種類**- AMS Standard（通常の納期） – 米国のラボで試料受領後14営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Priority (特急) – 米国のラボで試料受領後6営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Time Guide (超特急) – 米国のラボで試料受領後3～4営業日で結果をご報告いたします。 (骨または堆積物では対応不可）
 **C14年代測定に含まれて いる分析サービス** - δ13C, δ18O (試料量が十分な場合)
 **お薦めする試料の容器**- スクリュートップバイアル、マイクロ遠心チューブ、カウンティングスライドをラベルしたジップロップバッグに入れてください。
- お送りいただく際は輸送時の試料破壊を防ぐため封筒ではなく丈夫な小箱などを用いてください。
- 8mgより少ない有孔虫の前処理は行えない場合があります。
---
**注記** – 料金には、品質管理レポート、適応可能な場合は暦年代較正、既出結果への24/7アクセス、測定保留に係る経費が含まれています。極微量サンプルの場合、CO2-同位体マスによる d13C測定が行えない場合がありますが、すべての同位体分別はAMS測定により補正されますので正しい年代値(Conventional Radiocarbon Age)が得られます。 [お見積りはこちらから](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "お見積りはこちらから")
**試料の前処理** – 10mgより少ない有孔虫試料の化学処理は行えない場合があります。通常、初期重量8mgより少ない試料は顕微鏡観察、写真撮影を行いますが、化学処理、超音波洗浄は行いません。前処理に関してご不明な点、ご質問などありましたらお問合せください。
**リザーバー効果** – 可能であればローカルリザーバー効果補正のため DeltaR / DeltaRErr (localized reservoir correction) をお知らせください。 [DeltaR / DeltaRErr はグローバルなリザーバー効果の補正に加えて](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/marine-reservoir-effect.htm "DeltaR/DeltaRErr はグローバルなリザーバー効果の補正に加えて")、地域的なリザーバー効果の補正を行うために必要な値です。 DeltaR / DeltaRErrがプラスの場合(ex. ΔR=200+/-50)、年代はより若くなり、マイナスの場合(ex. ΔR=-200+/-50)はより古くなります。（淡水による希釈などのため） DeltaRをお知らせいただくときは併せてその誤差もお知らせください。
[ ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/marine-reservoir-effect.htm)
[**より確かな年代デ** – より確かな年代データを得られるように試験所での前処理が可能であり、また](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/marine-reservoir-effect.htm)[d13Cとd18O](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/isotopic-fractionation.htm "Carbon-13/Carbon-12")測定を行えるように純粋な有孔虫を8mg以上お送りいただくことをお勧めいたします。4-8 mgの試料では試験所での前処理を行えませんが、d13C およびd18Oの測定は可能です。2-4 mgの試料に関しては、試験所での前処理が行えず、d13Cおよびd18Oの測定も行えません。試験所での前処理が行えない場合はご連絡さしあげます。
## [貝虫 試料の必要量と容器](#collapseSix)
少なくとも10 mg の貝中があれば良いのですが、困難な場合は最少5mgから受付可能です。 この場合CO2-同位体マスによるd13Cの測定は行えません。
貝虫試料をカウンティングスライドでお送りいただく場合は、輸送中にカバーがずれないようテープで留めてください。スクリュートップバイアルやマイクロ遠心チューブでお送りいただくことも可能です。 バイアルなどは試料ごとにジップロックバッグに入れ、輸送中破壊されないようにエアークッションなどで丁寧に梱包してください。
## [有孔虫 の放射性炭素年代測定](#collapseThree)
有孔虫は臓器をもたない単細胞生物で主に海域に生息し、 海底に生息する底生有孔虫（Benthic foraminifera）と浅層に生息する浮遊性有孔虫（Planktic foraminifera ）があります。
有孔虫は生物層序の研究や古環境の研究に多く用いられます。 年代と他の同位体を併せて調査することによって、過去の気候の復元や過去の海流の復元に有用な役割を果たします。 また、海洋汚染の指標として用いられることもあります。
## [貝虫(Ostracods)について](#collapseFour)
貝中 (*Ostracods*) は海水および陸水どちらにも生息する微小な甲殻類です。 英国地質調査所(British Geological Survey)によると貝中（Ostracods）は0.5mmから1.5mm程度の大きさのものが一般的ですが、なかには*Gigantocypris* のように25mm程度の大きさのものもあります。他の甲殻類と違い殻と体がくっついています。貝中（Ostracods）は古湖沼学の研究にしばしば用いられます。
**Strontium 同位体比分析や U-Th 年代測定に興味がおありですか？ [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "Strontium ratio analysis, U-Th dating"). をご訪問ください**
*画像著作権: U.S. Geological Survey*
*最終更新：2022年10月*
---
### [유공충과 갑각류의 AMS 연대측정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-forams.htm)
**Published:** February 1, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **깨끗한 (사전 추출/정리된 상태) 유공충의 권장 시료 크기**- 약간의 전처리 제공 – 8 밀리 그램 이상
- 전처리 제공 안됨 – 3-7 밀리 그램
 **서비스 종류**- AMS 일반 – 14 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 특급 – 6 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 타임 가이드 – 2-3 영업일 이내 결과 보고
 **C14 연대측정 시 포함된 분석** - δ13C, δ18O (충분한 시료인 경우)
 **권장 용기**- 뚜껑이 있는 바이알 병이나 튜브, 슬라이드에 넣은 후 지프백에 담는다.
- 시료를 보내주실 때 봉투 대신 작은 박스에 담아 보내야 운송 중 시료들이 부스러지는 것을 방지할 수 있습니다.
- 8 mg 이하의 유공충 시료는 각 개체 크기에 따라 다르지만 전처리 과정은 불가합니다.
---
**참고 사항** – 요금에는 다음 서비스들이 포함됩니다. 품질 확인 보고서 (QA reports). 보정값, 지난 보고서와 현 분석 과정을 보실 수 있는 24/7 웹 사용권한. 미소량 유공충 시료의 경우, 별도의 d13C 결과의 측정과 보고 불가합니다. 하지만 전체 보정된 분별값 (the total corrected fractionation)은 최종 보고서에 반영됩니다. [견적 요청하기](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "견적 요청하기")
**전처리 과정** – 10 mg 이하의 유공충 시료는 개별 개체의 크기에 따라 화학처리하기에 너무 적을 수 있습니다. 일반적으로, 무게가 8 mg 이하의 시료는 시료가 도착하자마자 현미경 관찰과 사진 촬영만 하지, 산 화학 처리 및 초음파 처리는 하지 않습니다. 이런 경우, 고객에게 통지합니다. 전처리 과정에 대해 궁금하신 점 있으시면, 연락주시기 바랍니다.
**리저브어 교정 (Reservoir Correction)** – 시료 채집 지역의 DeltaR / DeltaRErr (지역 리저브어 교정값) 을 알려 주면 측정 결과의 가장 적절한 달력 보정값을 제공할 수 있습니다. DeltaR / DeltaRErr 보정 값은 전지구 [해양 리저브어 교정값에 추가 적용합니다](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/marine-reservoir-effect.htm "해양 리저브어 교정값에 추가 적용합니다"). 고객이 제공해 준 이 지역 리저브어 교정값은 이미 보정된 연대에 더해지거나 빼집니다.
**유공충 시료 크기** – 가장 정확한 탄소 연대측정과 [ d13C and d18O ](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/isotopic-fractionation.htm) 측정을 위해서 오염없는 상태의 유공충 8 mg 이상의 시료가 제일 좋습니다. 4-8 mg의 유공충 시료로는 전처리 할 수 없으며, d13C 과 d18O 측정은 가능합니다. 2-4 mg의 유공충 시료는 전처리 및 d13C 와 d18O 측정 불가합니다. 전처리 안되는 시료들은 고객에게 통보합니다.
## [해양 시료 보정을 위한 델타값](#collapseOne)
면책조항: 이 비디오는 제3자의 사이트에 올렸으며, 광고가 포함되어 있습니다.
## [갑각류 시료 크기와 포장 방법 ](#collapseSix)
최소한 갑각류 10 밀리그램을 보내주실 것을 권장하지만, 현실적으로 쉽지 않다는 것을 압니다. 비록 전처리 과정과 d13C 비율 측정의 어려움이 있지만 최소한 5 밀리그램은 보내 주셔야 합니다.
현미경 슬라이드에 담아서 보내실 때는 슬라이드 상판을 테이프로 묶어서 운송 중 흔들리지 않게 해야 합니다. 또는 작은 유리병이나 튜브에 넣어서 보내실 때는 뚜껑을 잘 닫은 다음 지퍼 백에 담아 보냅니다. 보내실 때 에어백으로 잘 포장해서 운송 중에 깨지지 않게 합니다.
## [유공충의 방사성탄소 연대측정](#collapseThree)
해양 환경의 유공충은 조직이나 기관이 없는 단세포 유기체로, 크기가 매우 작아 수 밀리 미터부터 수십 미크론 정도 합니다. 또한 플랑크톤이거나 수저 생물일지도 모릅니다. 플랑크톤 형태의 유공충은 해양의 표면 부근에 서식하며. 수저생물 형태의 유공충은 해저 부근이나 해저 아래에서 발견됩니다.
유공충은 생물 층서학 연구나 고대 환경 복원 연구에 사용됩니다. 수저생물 형태의 유공충은 해저의 깊이를 잘 보여주기 때문에 고해양학 연구에 사용되기도 합니다. 플랑크톤 형태의 유공충은 해양 표면에서 발견되기 때문에 해양 현황이나 기후 상태를 나타내는 표본으로 사용됩니다. 또한 해양 오염을 연구하기 위해 유공충을 사용하기도 합니다.
## [갑각류](#collapseFour)
갑각류는 (*Ostracoda*)는 민물과 바다 속에서 볼 수 있는 작은 갑각 동물을 말합니다. British Geological Survey에 따르면, 갑각류의 길이는 보통 0.5-1.5mm이며 몇몇 종은 (예*Gigantocypris*) 25mm까지 자란다고 합니다. 대부분의 갑각 동물과 달리 갑각류는 분화되어 있지 않아 머리와 몸이 일체형입니다. 과학자들은 고육수학 (paleolimnological) 연구에 이 갑각류를 이용합니다.
**스트론튬 분석이나 U-Th 연대측정 관심 있나요? [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "Strontium ratio analysis, U-Th dating") 참조하세요.**
*이미지 크레딧: U.S. Geological Survey*
*관련 자료: 2022년 10월*
---
### [Datação por radiocarbono de Foraminíferos e ostracóides](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/datacao-ema-foraminiferos.htm)
**Published:** August 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tamanho recomendado de amostra para foraminíferos limpos**- algum pré-tratamento no laboratório – 8 ou mais miligramas
- sem pré-tratamento no laboratório – 3-7 miligramas
 **Serviços de datação por carbono**- AMS Standard – resultados reportados em 14 dias úteis ou menos
- AMS Priority – 6 dias úteis ou menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 dias úteis
 **Análises inclusas à datação por 14C** - δ13C, δ18O (se amostra for suficiente)
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Use frascos com tampas de rosca, microtubos, ou slides antes de colocá-los em um saco rotulado e com fecho zip.
- Recomendamos que o envio das amostras seja realizado em pequenas caixas sempre que possível (em vez de usar envelopes) para proteger a integridade física das amostras durante o seu transporte.
- Os pré-tratamentos laboratoriais podem não ser possíveis para amostras de foraminíferos com menos de 8 mg, dependendo do tamanho individual das peças.
---
**Obs** – As taxas incluem laudos de controle de qualidade, calibração calendárica (quando aplicável) e acesso 24/7 a resultados anteriores e análises em curso. Para algumas pequenas amostras, pode não ser possível medir e relatar um resultado d13C separado. No entanto, o fracionamento total corrigido será contabilizado no resultado final. [Solicite um orçamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/quanto-custa-datacao-radiocarbono.htm "Solicite um orçamento")
**Pré-tratamento** – Amostras de foraminíferos com menos de 10 mg poderão ser pequenas demais para decapagem química, dependendo do tamanho das peças individuais. Em geral, amostras brutas com menos de 8 mg são examinadas microscopicamente e fotografadas, mas não passam por sonicação ou decapagem química com ácido. Para tais amostras, nossa equipe entrará em contato com o remetente das amostras. Se você tiver maiores dúvidas sobre o pré-tratamento de suas amostras, por favor nos escreva para discutirmos.
**Correção de reservatório** – Favor indicar o DeltaR / DeltaRErr apropriado (correção de reservatório localizado) referente à região onde a amostra foi coletada para que possamos fazer a calibração de calendário mais apropriada ao resultado. Uma correção DeltaR / DeltaRErr é aplicada à amostra, uma vez que a mesma tenha passado pela [correção de reservatório marinho](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/marinho-reservatorio-efeito.htm "correção de reservatório marinho") global. O valor fornecido pelo cliente é subtraído ou acrescentado a esta idade já corrigida. Nota: Um valor negativo DeltaR resultará em uma data mais antiga (tipicamente presumindo a diluição de água doce a partir da média marinha global).
**Tamanho de amostras para foraminíferos** – O laboratório recomenda o envio de mais de 8 mg de foraminíferos limpos para a datação por radiocarbono, o que permite que sejam aplicados pré-tratamentos comprovadamente efetivos para a acuracidade dos resultados em alguns casos, assim como para as medições de [d13C e d18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/isotopos-oxigenio.htm "d13C e d18O"). Os pré-tratamentos não são possíveis para 4-8 mg de foraminíferos, mas as medições de d13C e d18O poderão ser realizadas. Os pré-tratamentos e medições de d13C e d18O não são possíveis para 2-4 mg de foraminíferos. A nossa equipe entrará em contato para avisar de quaisquer amostras que não podem ser pré-tratadas.
## [Quantidade de embalagem de amostras de ostracóides](#collapseSix)
Embora recomendamos o envio de no mínimo 10 mg de ostracóides, sabemos que nem sempre é possível obter esta quantidade. A quantidade mínima que podemos aceitar é 5 mg, apesar disto causar limitações aos pré-tratamentos e à medição da razão d13C.
Você poderá enviar as amostras de ostracóides em lâminas para contagem, mas certifique-se de que a tampa de vidro seja fechada com fita adesiva para que não se movimente durante o transporte. Alternativamente, você poderá colocar os ostracóides em um frasco de vidro com uma tampa de rosca pequena ou em um tubo de microcentrífuga de plástico. A parte superior deverá ficar bem firme. Coloque as lâminas, os tubos ou frascos em uma sacola ou bolsa com fecho. Certifique-se de que as sacolas ou bolsas estejam bem protegidas com plástico bolha ou algum outro material para evitar danos durante o transporte.
## [Datação por Radiocarbono de Foraminíferos](#collapseThree)
Encontrados em todos os ambientes marinhos, os foraminíferos são organismos unicelulares sem tecidos ou órgãos. Eles são pequenos, variando de vários milímetros a algumas dezenas de microns. Os foraminíferos podem ser plantônicos ou bentônicos. Os foraminíferos plantônicos vivem na região superior do oceano, enquanto os foraminíferos bentônicos são encontrados no fundo do oceano ou debaixo dele.
Os foraminíferos são frequentemente usados em estudos bioestratigráficos e reconstruções paleoambientais. Os foraminíferos bentônicos são excelentes indicadores da profundidade do oceano e, por este motivo, eles são frequentemente utilizados em pesquisas paleo-oceanográficas. Os foraminíferos plantônicos são encontrados no oceano aberto e frequentemente são usados como indicadores das correntes oceânicas e climas. Os pesquisadores também usam os foraminíferos para estudar a poluição marinha.
## [O que são Ostracóides?](#collapseFour)
Ostracóides (*Ostracoda*) são pequenos crustáceos encontrados tanto em água doce como em habitats marinhos. De acordo com a organização “British Geological Survey”, os ostracóides costumam ter entre 0,5 e 1,5 mm de comprimento, embora alguns deles, tais como os gigantocypris, cheguem a 25 mm. Diferentemente da maioria dos crustáceos, os ostracóides não são segmentados e suas cabeças e corpos são amalgamados. Os cientistas usam os *ostracóides* em estudos paleolimnológicos de abordagem multi-proxy.
**Quer saber mais sobre análises de estrôncio ou datações por U-Th? Visite [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "Strontium ratio analysis, U-Th dating").**
*Crédito da imagem: U.S. Geological Survey*
*Última atualização: outubro de 2022*
---
### [Datazione AMS di foraminiferi e ostracodi](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-ams-foraminiferi.htm)
**Published:** July 22, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Quantità raccomandata di foraminiferi puliti**- Il laboratorio può effettuare un pretrattamento limitato – Almeno 8 milligrammi
- NESSUN pretrattamento in laboratorio – 3-7 milligrammi
 **Servizio di datazione al carbonio**- AMS Standard – i risultati sono pronti entro 14 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Priority – entro 6 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 giorni lavorativi
 **Analisi gratuite con Datazione C14** - δ13C, δ18O (se le dimensioni lo consentono)
 **Contenitore consigliato**- Utilizzare provette con tappo a vite, provette per microcentrifuga o vetrini, da inserire in una bustina con zip etichettata.
- Inviare i campioni in scatole rigide (invece di utilizzare buste imbottite) per preservarne l’integrità.
- Potrebbe non essere possibile effettuare pretrattamenti in laboratorio su campioni di foraminiferi di peso inferiore a 8 mg, a seconda delle dimensioni delle singole conchiglie.
---
**Nota** – Le tariffe includono i referti di garanzia di qualità, la calibrazione quando applicabile e l’accesso online 24/7 ai risultati e alle analisi in corso. Per alcuni campioni molto piccoli, potrebbe non essere possibile misurare il valore d13C separatamente. Il frazionamento totale corretto verrà comunque rappresentato nel risultato finale. [Richiedi un preventivo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/costi-datazione-carbonio.htm "Richiedi un preventivo")
**Pretrattamento** – I campioni di foraminiferi di peso inferiore a 10 mg potrebbero risultare troppo piccoli per essere sottoposti a trattamenti chimici, a seconda delle dimensioni delle singole conchiglie. I campioni di peso inferiore a 8 mg vengono esaminati al microscopio e fotografati, ma generalmente non vengono sottoposti a lavaggio acido. In questi casi, il laboratorio contatta il cliente per decidere come procedere. Per qualsiasi dubbio o richiesta sul pretrattamento dei campioni, contattare il laboratorio.
**Correzione dell’effetto serbatoio** – È necessario fornire i valori DeltaR / DeltaRErr (correzione dell’effetto serbatoio locale) relativi all’area di raccolta, in modo da consentire la calibrazione agli anni di calendario più appropriata per il risultato. Dopo la correzione per [l’effetto serbatoio globale](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/effetto-di-reservoir-marino.htm "l’effetto serbatoio globale"), al campione viene applicata anche la correzione DeltaR / DeltaRErr. Il valore fornito dal cliente viene sottratto o aggiunto a questa età corretta. Nota: Un valore DeltaR negativo incrementa l’età del campione (si presume una diluizione con acqua dolce rispetto alla media globale dell’acqua marina).
**Quantità raccomandata per i foraminiferi** – Il laboratorio raccomanda di inviare campioni di foraminiferi di almeno 8 mg, che permettono sia l’applicazione di pretrattamenti che si sono dimostrati efficaci nell’incrementare l’accuratezza dell’analisi, sia la misurazione dei rapporti isotopici [d13C and d18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/frazionamento-isotopico.htm "d13C and d18O"). Non è possibile effettuare pretrattamenti su campioni di 4-8 mg, ma i rapporti d13C e d18O possono essere analizzati. Infine, non è possibile effettuare pretrattamenti né misurare d13C e d18O su campioni di foraminiferi di 2-4 mg. Il laboratorio invia sempre una comunicazione nei casi in cui i campioni non possono essere pretrattati.
## [Dimensioni e imballaggio dei campioni di ostracodi ](#collapseSix)
La quantità di ostracodi raccomandata è di 10 mg, ma sappiamo che non è sempre possibile raggiungere questo peso. Possiamo accettare un minimo di 5 mg, ma il pretrattamento e la misurazione del rapporto d13C potrebbero essere limitati.
È possibile inviare gli ostracodi su vetrini, assicurandosi che il vetrino coprioggetto sia fissato con nastro adesivo e che non possa muoversi durante il trasporto. In alternativa è possibile inserire gli ostracodi in una fiala di vetro con tappo a vite o in una provetta da microcentrifuga in plastica, sigillando il tappo. Inserire i vetrini, le fiale o le provette in una busta di plastica con zip e assicurarsi che le bustine siano ben imballate con fogli di plastica a bolle o altro materiale, così che siano protette durante la spedizione.
## [Datazione al radiocarbonio dei foraminiferi ](#collapseThree)
I foraminiferi sono organismi unicellulari senza tessuti o organi, presenti in tutti gli ambienti marini. Sono di piccole dimensioni, da alcuni millimetri a poche decine di micron. I foraminiferi possono essere planctonici o bentonici: i foraminiferi planctonici vivono nella parte più superficiale dell’oceano, mentre quelli bentonici si trovano a livello del o sotto il fondale oceanico.
I foraminiferi vengono spesso utilizzati negli studi biostratigrafici e nelle ricostruzioni paleoambientali. I foraminiferi bentonici sono eccellenti indicatori della profondità degli oceani e, per questo motivo, vengono spesso utilizzati negli studi paleoceanografici. I foraminiferi planctonici si trovano in oceano aperto e sono spesso utilizzati come indicatori delle correnti e dei climi oceanici. I ricercatori utilizzano i foraminiferi anche per studiare l’inquinamento marino.
## [Cosa sono gli ostracodi? ](#collapseFour)
Gli ostracodi (*Ostracoda*) sono piccoli crostacei presenti sia in habitat di acqua dolce sia in habitat marini. Secondo la definizione del British Geological Survey, gli ostracodi hanno una lunghezza compresa tra 0,5 e 1,5 mm, ma alcuni (e.g. *Gigantocypris*) raggiungono i 25 mm. A differenza della maggior parte dei crostacei, gli ostracodi non sono segmentati e testa e corpo sono fusi tra loro. I ricercatori usano gli ostracodi per studi paleolimnologici multi-proxy.
**Ti interessa l’analisi isotopica dello stronzio o la datazione U/Th? Visita [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "Strontium ratio analysis, U-Th dating").**
*Crediti immagine: U.S. Geological Survey*
*Ultimo aggiornamento: ottobre 2022*
---
### [Datation au radiocarbone des Foraminifères et Ostracodes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-ams-foraminiferes.htm)
**Published:** July 1, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Quantité recommandée pour des foraminifères propres**- Le laboratoire fournit un prétraitement – 8 milligrammes ou plus
- Aucun prétraitement n’est prévu – 3-7 milligrammes
 **Services de datation au carbone**- AMS Standard – les résultats sont communiqués sous 14 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Priority – 6 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 jours ouvrés
 **Analyses incluses avec la datation C14** - δ13C, δ18O (si la taille de l’échantillon le permet)
 **Contenants recommandés**- Utilisez des flacons fermés par un bouchon, des tubes de micro-centrifugation ou encore des lames de comptage puis placez-les dans un sac de type Ziplock étiqueté.
- Nous vous recommandons grandement d’envoyer vos échantillons dans de petites boites quand cela est possible (au lieu d’utiliser des enveloppes) pour protéger l’intégrité physique des échantillons pendant le transport.
- Les prétraitements en laboratoire peuvent ne pas être possibles pour les foraminifères inférieurs à 8 mg en fonction de la taille des différents éléments.
---
**Nota** – Les tarifs comprennent les rapports d’assurance qualité, la calibration s’il y a lieu et l’accès Internet 24/7 aux résultats antérieurs et aux analyses en cours. Pour certains très petits échantillons, il peut s’avérer impossible de mesurer et de reporter un résultat d13C à part. Toutefois, le fractionnement corrigé total sera pris en compte pour le résultat final. [Obtenir un devis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/combien-coute-la-datation-carbone.htm "Obtenir un devis")
**Pretraitement** – Les échantillons de foraminifères de moins de 10 mg sont souvent trop petits pour subir un décapage chimique en fonction de la taille des différents éléments. En règle générale, les échantillons pesant moins de 8 mg à l’arrivée au laboratoire sont examinés au microscope et pris en photo mais ne subissent pas de décapage chimique à l’acide ou d’ultrasons. Dans ce cas de figure, nous vous en informons par mail. Si vous avez des questions concernant le prétraitement de votre échantillon, veuillez nous contacter.
**Correction du reservoir** – Merci de nous fournir les valeurs DeltaR / DeltaRErr (correction localisée du réservoir) du site où l’échantillon a été prélevé pour que nous puissions appliquer l’étalonnage le plus adapté à l’âge. Une correction DeltaR / DeltaRErr est appliquée à l’échantillon après la correction globale. La valeur fournie par le client est ajoutée et/ou soustraite de l’âge auquel la [correction globale de réservoir marin](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/effet-reservoir-marin.htm "correction globale de réservoir marin") a été appliquée. Note: Un DeltaR négatif rendra la date plus âgée (présument généralement d’une dilution par de l’eau douce à partir de la moyenne marine globale).
**Quantité recommandée pour les foraminifères** – Nous recommandons d’envoyer plus de 8 mg de foraminifères propres pour la datation au carbone afin que de pouvoir réaliser des prétraitements qui sont efficaces pour améliorer la précision des résultats dans certains cas, ainsi que les mesures [d13C et d18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/fractionnement-isotopique-carbone.htm "d13C et d18O"). Le prétraitement n’est pas réalisable pour une quantité allant de 4 à 8 mg mais les mesures d13C et d18O peuvent être effectuées. Pour une quantité allant de 2 à 4 mg, ni le prétraitement ni les mesures d13C et d18O ne sont possibles. Nous ne manquons pas de vous tenir informés lorsqu’un échantillon ne peut pas être prétraité.
## [Taille et emballage des échantillon d’ostracodes](#collapseSix)
Alors que nous recommandions d’envoyer au moins 10 mg d’échantillon pour les ostracodes, nous réalisons que cette quantité n’est pas toujours possible à obtenir. Au minimum, nous pouvons accepter des échantillons de 5 mg, bien que cela implique certaines limitations aux prétraitements applicables et à la mesure du ratio d13C.
Il est recommandé d’envoyer les échantillons d’ostracodes montés sur des lames de comptage, mais assurez-vous que le couvercle en verre est bien collé et ne peut pas bouger pendant le transport. Vous pouvez également placer les ostracodes dans de petits flacons en verre fermés par un bouchon à vis, ou encore des tubes de micro centrifugation en plastique, le haut devant en être sécurisé.
Placez les lames, tubes ou fioles dans des sacs de type Zyplock. Veillez à ce que les sacs soient bien rembourrés avec du papier bulle ou avec un autre matériau pour les protéger pendant le transport.
## [Datation par radiocarbone de foraminifères](#collapseThree)
Les foraminifères, des organismes à une cellule sans tissus ni organes, se trouvent dans tous les environnements marins. Ils sont de petite taille, allant de quelques millimètres à quelques dizaines de microns. Les foraminifères peuvent être planctoniques ou benthiques. Les foraminifères planctoniques vivent dans les zones supérieures de l’océan, alors que les foraminifères benthiques se trouvent dans ou sous les fonds marins.Les foraminifères sont souvent utilisés dans les études biostratigraphiques et les reconstructions paléoenvironnementales. Les foraminifères benthiques sont d’excellents indicateurs de profondeur de l’océan et c’est pour cette raison qu’ils sont souvent utilisés dans la recherche paléocéanographique. Les foraminifères planctoniques se trouvent en haute mer et servent souvent d’indicateurs des courants et des climats océaniques. Les chercheurs utilisent les foraminifères également pour étudier la pollution maritime
## [Qu’est-ce qu’un ostracode?](#collapseFour)
Les ostracodes (*Ostracoda*) sont de petits crustacés pouvant être trouvés dans des habitats aussi bien d’eau douce que d’eau de mer. Selon le British Geological Survey, les ostracodes mesurent entre 0.5 et 1.5 mm de long, mais certains (e.g. Gigantocypris) atteignent 25 mm. Contrairement à la plupart des crustacés, les ostracodes ne sont pas segmentés, et on ne peut donc pas distinguer la tête du corps. Les scientifiques utilisent les ostracodes dans de nombreuses recherches paléolimnologiques.
**Vous êtes intéressé par l’analyse du rapport de strontium ou la datation U-Th ? N’hésitez pas à visiter [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "Strontium ratio analysis, U-Th dating").**
*Crédit: U.S. Geological Survey*
*Dernière mise à jour de la page: octobre 2022*
---
### [Datación radiocarbónica de foraminífera y ostrácodos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-ema-foraminiferos.htm)
**Published:** June 5, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tamaño de muestra recomendado para muestras de foraminífera limpias**- El laboratorio realiza pretratamiento – 8 miligramos o más
- Beta no proporciona pretratamiento – 3-7 miligramos
 **Servicios de datación por carbono**- AMS Standard – Los resultados se entregan en 14 días laborables o menos
- AMS Priority – 6 días laborables o menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 días laborables
 **Análisis incluidos con la datación por C14** - δ13C, δ18O (si el tamaño de la muestra lo permite)
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Utilizar viales con tapones de rosca, tubos de microcentrifugación, o portaobjetos antes de colocarlas en una bolsa con cierre zip etiquetada.
- Le recomendamos que envíe sus muestras en pequeñas cajas siempre que sea posible (en vez de utilizar sobres) para proteger la integridad física de las muestras durante su envío.
- Es posible que no puedan aplicarse pretratamientos de laboratorio a muestras de foraminífera con un peso menor a 8 mg, dependiendo del tamaño individual de las piezas.
---
**Nota** – Nuestras tarifas incluyen informes con garantía de calidad, calibraciones de calendario (cuando sea aplicable) y acceso perpetuo a resultados anteriores o análisis pendientes a través de nuestra web. Para algunas muestras diminutas puede no ser posible medir y reportar un resultado d13C de manera separada. Sin embargo, el fraccionamiento corregido total es considerado en el resultado final. [Solicite un presupuesto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/cuanto-cuesta-la-datacion-por-carbono.htm "Solicite un presupuesto")
**Pretratamiento** – Las muestras de foraminífera con un peso menor a 10 mg pueden ser demasiado pequeñas para un grabado químico, dependiendo del tamaño de las piezas individuales. Normalmente, las muestras con un peso menor a 8 mg al llegar al laboratorio serán examinadas en el microscopio y fotografiadas, pero no grabadas con ácido o sometidas a ultrasonidos. Nos comunicaremos con usted en estos casos. Si tiene alguna inquietud con respecto al pretratamiento de su muestra, por favor comuníquese con nosotros.
**Corrección por efecto reservorio** – Por favor, indique el valor de DeltaR / DeltaRErr apropiado (corrección por efecto reservorio) y correspondiente a la región donde se tomó la muestra para que poder realizar la calibración de calendario de sus resultados. Una corrección DeltaR / DeltaRErr se aplica a la muestra que ha sido corregida con la corrección de la [reserva marina global](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/marino-reserva-efecto.htm "reserva marina global"). El valor proporcionado por el cliente es sumado o restado a esta edad ya corregida. Nota: Un valor DeltaR negativo resultará en una fecha más antigua (suponiendo normalmente la disolución de agua dulce a partir de la media marina global).
**Tamaño de muestras de foraminífera** – El laboratorio recomienda enviar más de 8 mg de muestras de foraminífera limpias para datación por carbono tanto para la aplicación de pretratamientos que han demostrado ser efectivos para mejorar la exactitud del análisis en algunos casos, como para las mediciones de [d13C y d18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/fraccionamiento-isotopico.htm "d13C y d18O"). No se pueden realizar pretratamientos en muestras de foraminífera de 4-8 mg, pero sí mediciones de d13C y d18O. No es posible realizar pretratamientos ni mediciones de d13C y d18O en muestras de foraminífera de 2-4 mg. Nos comunicaremos con usted si alguna de sus muestras no puede ser pretratada.
## [Tamaño de la muestra y embalaje de ostrácodos](#collapseSix)
Si bien recomendaos el envío de al menos 10 mg de ostrácodos, sabemos que esto no siempre es posible. Como mínimo, podemos aceptar 5 mg aunque esto conllevará limitaciones en el pretratamiento y la medición de la proporción d13C.
Puede enviar sus muestras de ostrácodos en diapositivas, pero asegúrese de que el panel de la cubierta de cristal esté sujeto con cinta adhesiva y no pueda moverse durante el transporte. Asimismo, puede colocar los ostrácodos en un pequeño frasco de vidrio con tapa de rosca o un tubo de centrifugación de plástico con la parte superior asegurada. Coloque los portaobjetos, tubos o frascos en una bolsa de plástico y asegúrese de que las bolsas están bien acolchadas con plástico de burbujas u otro material que los proteja durante el transporte.
## [Datación radiocarbónica de foraminífera](#collapseThree)
Encontrados en todos los ambientes marinos, los foraminíferos son organismos unicelulares sin tejidos u órganos. Son pequeños y varían desde varios milímetros a algunas decenas de micras. Los foraminíferos pueden ser plantónicos o bentónicos. Los foraminíferos plantónicos viven en la parte superior del océano, mientras que los foraminíferos bentónicos se encuentran en el fondo del océano o por debajo de él.
Los foraminíferos son frecuentemente utilizados en estudios bioestratigráficos y reconstrucciones paleoambientales. Los foraminíferos bentónicos son excelentes indicadores de la profundidad del océano y, por esta razón, son frecuentemente utilizados en investigaciones paleooceanográficas. Los foraminíferos plantónicos son encontrados en el océano abierto y frecuentemente utilizados como indicadores de las corrientes oceánicas y climas. Los investigadores también utilizan los foraminíferos para estudiar la contaminación marina.
## [¿Qué son los ostrácodos?](#collapseFour)
Los ostrácodos (*Ostracoda*) son pequeños crustáceos que se encuentran tanto en agua dulce como en hábitats marinos. Según el Servicio Geológico Británico, los ostrácodos miden entre 0,5 y 1,5 mm de largo, pero algunos (e.j. Gigantocypris) pueden llegar a medir 25 mm. A diferencia de la mayoría de los crustáceos, los ostrácodos no están segmentados, y sus cabezas y cuerpos están fusionados. Los científicos usan los ostrácodos en las investigaciones de paleolimnología con indicadores múltiples.
**¿Te interesa el análisis de ratios de Sr o la datación por U-Th? Visita [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "Strontium ratio analysis, U-Th dating").**
*Crédito de la imagen: U.S. Geological Survey*
*Última actualización de la página: Octubre de 2022*
---
### [Radiokarbon Datierung von Foraminiferen und Ostrakoden](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-foraminiferen.htm)
**Published:** September 22, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Empfohlene Probenmenge für saubere Foraminiferen (vorextrahiert/sortiert)**- Das Labor bietet eine gewisse Vorbehandlung – 8 Milligramm oder mehr
- Keine Laborvorbehandlung möglich – 3-7 Milligramm
 **Kohlenstoff-Datierungsdienste**- AMS Standard – Ergebnisse werden innerhalb von 14 Werktagen oder weniger berichtet
- AMS Priority – 6 Werktage oder weniger
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 Werktage
 **Analysen enthalten mit C14 Datierung** - δ13C, δ18O (falls Probenmenge ausreichend)
 **Empfohlenes Behältnis**- Bitte Glasfläschchen mit Schraubverschluss, Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen oder Zählkammern verwenden und diese in separate, wiederverschließbare und beschriftete Plastikbeutel geben.
- Bitte senden Sie Ihre Proben in Paketen und nicht in Umschlägen, um die Proben vor Schäden während des Versands zu bewahren.
- Laborvorbehandlungen für Foraminiferen, die weniger als 8 mg wiegen, sind je nach Größe der einzelnen Stücke nicht möglich.
---
**Hinweis** – Die Gebühren beinhalten Qualitätssicherungsberichte, ggf. Kalenderkalibrierung und rund um die Uhr verfügbaren Webzugriff auf frühere Ergebnisse und ausstehende Analysen. Bei sehr kleinen Proben ist es gegebenenfalls nicht möglich, separat gemessene d13C-Werte zu berichten. Die gesamte, korrigierte Fraktionierung wird jedoch in das Endergebnis einfließen. [Angebot anfordern](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/was-kosten-carbon-datierungen.htm "Angebot anfordern")
**Vorbehandlung** – Foraminiferen-Proben, die weniger als 10 mg wiegen, können je nach Größe der einzelnen Stücke, zu klein sein für das chemische Ätzen. Im Allgemeinen werden Proben unter 8 mg Gewicht bei der Ankunft mikroskopisch untersucht und ein Bild wird aufgenommen, jedoch nicht mit Säure chemisch geätzt oder mit Ultraschall behandelt. Für diese Proben senden wir Ihnen eine Mitteilung. Wenn Sie Bedenken hinsichtlich der Vorbehandlung Ihrer Probe haben, setzen Sie sich bitte mit uns in Verbindung, um dies weiter zu besprechen.
**Reservior Korrektur** – Bitte geben Sie den korrespondierenden DeltaR / DeltaRErr Wert (örtliche eingegrenzte Reservior Korrektur) für das Gebiet der Probengewinnung an, damit wir für das Ergebnis eine angemessene Kalenderkalibrierung vornehmen können. Eine DeltaR / DeltaRErr Korrektur wird auf Proben angewendet, die bereits mithilfe der globalen [marinen Reservoir Korrektur](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/meer-reservoir-effekt.htm "marinen Reservoir Korrektur") korrigiert wurden. Der durch den Klienten bereitgestellte Wert wird von dem bereits korrigierten Alter subtrahiert oder addiert. Hinweis: Ein negativer DeltaR Wert erhöht das Alter der Datierung (üblicherweise ausgehend von einer Süßwasserverdünnung des globalen marinen Durchschnittswerts).
**Probenmengen für Foraminiferen** – Das Labor empfiehlt mehr als 8 mg reine Foraminiferen für eine Kohlenstoffdatierung zu senden, um Vorbehandlungen zu ermöglichen, die sich als wirksam für die Verbesserung der Genauigkeit, sowie für [d13C- und d18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/isotopische-fraktionierung.htm)-Messungen erwiesen haben. Bei 4-8 mg Foraminiferen ist keine Vorbehandlung möglich, es können jedoch d13C- und d18O-Messungen durchgeführt werden. Vorbehandlungen sowie d13C- und d18O-Messungen sind nicht möglich für Foraminiferen mit 2-4 mg Gewicht. Mitteilungen werden zu allen Proben gesendet, die nicht vorbehandelt werden können.
## [Probenmenge und Verpackung für Ostrakoden](#collapseSix)
Wir empfehlen mindestens 10 mg Ostrakoden zu senden, obgleich wir wissen, dass es nicht immer möglich ist, diese Menge an Probenmaterial bereitzustellen. Die Mindestmenge beträgt 5 mg, allerdings gehen mit dieser Menge Einschränkungen während der Vorbehandlung und der d13C Verhältnismessung einher.
Sie können uns die Ostrakoden Proben in einer Zählkammer senden, stellen Sie aber bitte sicher, dass das Deckglas mit Klebeband fixiert ist und somit während des Transports nicht verrutschen kann. Alternativ können Sie Ostrakoden in eine Glasphiole mit Schraubverschluss oder in ein Kunststoff-Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen geben. Der Deckel sollte immer gesichert werden. Verpacken Sie die Zählkammern, Phiolen oder Röhrchen in einen wiederverschließbaren Plastikbeutel. Stellen Sie sicher, dass die Beutel gut mit Luftpolsterfolie o.ä. gepolstert sind, um die Proben während des Transports zu schützen.
## [Radiokohlenstoff Datierung von Foraminiferen](#collapseThree)
Foraminiferen sind in allen Meeresumgebungen zu finden und sind einzellige Organismen, die weder Gewebe noch Organe aufweisen. Sie sind bei einer Größe von wenigen Millimetern bis hin zu wenigen zehntel Mikrometern, sehr klein. Foraminiferen können planktisch oder benthisch sein. Planktische Foraminiferen leben in den oberen Zonen des Meeres und benthische Foraminiferen werden auf oder im Meeresboden gefunden. Foraminiferen werden oft zu biostratigraphischen Untersuchungen und paläoökologischen Rekonstruktionen verwendet. Benthische Foraminiferen sind ausgezeichnete Indikatoren für die Meerestiefe, daher werden sie oft in der paläoozeanographischen Forschung verwendet. Planktische Foraminiferen werden im offenen Meer gefunden und werden oft als Indikatoren für Meeresströmungen und Klimata heran gezogen. Wissenschaftler verwenden Foraminiferen auch zur Untersuchung der Meeresverschmutzung.
## [Was sind Ostrakoden?](#collapseFour)
Ostrakoden (Ostracoda) sind kleine Krebstiere, die sowohl in Süßwasser, als auch in Salzwasser Habitaten vorkommen. Laut des British Geological Survey sind Ostrakoden zwischen 0,5 und 1,5mm lang, einige Arten (z.B. Gigantocypris) werden bis zu 25mm groß. Anders als die meisten Krebstiere, sind Ostrakoden nicht segmentiert. Kopf und Thorax sind miteinander verschmolzen. Wissenschaftler nutzen Ostrakoden für paläolimnologische Untersuchungen.
**Interessiert an Strontium-Verhältnis-Analyse oder U-Th-Datierung? Besuchen Sie: [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "Strontium ratio analysis, U-Th dating").**
*Bildquelle: U.S. Geological Survey*
*Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: Oktober 2022*
---
### [魚耳石的放射性碳定年](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/c14-dating-fish-otoliths.htm)
**Published:** February 13, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **建議樣品量 (若樣品量較少 – 請 [聯繫我們](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 5-20 毫克 (AMS)
 **碳定年服務和測試週期**- AMS標準測試 – 14個工作天或更少
- AMS優先測試 – 6個工作天或更少
- AMS極速測試 – 2-3個工作天
 **碳14定年 附帶免費分析 (樣品充足時)**- δ13C, δ18O
 **推薦包裝**- 請用鋁箔紙包裹魚耳石後放進小袋子裡，再放入黏貼好標籤的夾鏈袋中。
- 為了防止樣品在運送過程中被擠壓，請將樣品放入小紙盒裡，避免使用信封袋包裝。
- 寄出樣品前，請先洽詢實驗室，討論樣品是否適合定年。
## 放射性碳定年費用
如需報價，請提供以下資訊：AMS定年服務類型（標準、快速、優先服務）、樣品數量及帳單收件電子信箱。Beta實驗室的標準AMS定年服務會在邁阿密總部收到後的次日起14個工作天或之內交付報告。 實驗室也提供更快速的服務 – 優先服務（6個工作天）或極速服務（2-3個工作天）。 [需要報價單](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "需要報價單")
費用包含質量保證報告、日曆校準（在允許的情況下）以及24小時全年無休的線上系統，可查詢測試結果和待測樣品。
---
**預處理** – 由於 [預處理](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) 將直接影響到定年结果，所以我們歡迎您聯繫我們共同討論預處理方法，或要求我們在預處理之後（開始測試之前）與您聯繫。
歡迎針對報告或預處理提出具體指示（如光酸蝕或不進行預處理）。如為近代研究，一經要求，即會提報Δ14C值；如為古代研究，會提供海洋水庫效應的放射性碳年齡校正。
## [如何查詢DeltaR / DeltaRErr值](#collapseOne)
免責聲明：本視頻託管於第三方網站中，可能包含廣告。
**相關話題：**
[什麼是魚耳石？](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-fish-otoliths/ "什麼是魚耳石")
*圖片來源：Matthieu Godbout（經CC BY-SA 3.0許可）*
*相關主題: 2021年3月*
---
### [魚類耳石の放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/c14-dating-fish-otoliths.htm)
**Published:** February 4, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **試料の必要量(推奨量) (より少ない量でも測定可能です – 詳細はご連絡ください [ご連絡先](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 5-20 mg (AMS)
 **炭素年代測定サービスの種類**- AMS Standard（通常の納期） – 米国のラボで試料受領後14営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Priority (特急) – 米国のラボで試料受領後6営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Time Guide (超特急) – 米国のラボで試料受領後3～4営業日で結果をご報告いたします。 (骨または堆積物では対応不可)
 **C14年代測定に含まれて いる分析サービス (試料量が十分な場合)**- δ13C, δ18O
 **お薦めする試料の容器**- アルミフォイルで耳石試料を包んでからジップロックバッグに入れてください。
- 輸送中に試料が破損しないように封筒などではなく固い箱に入れてお送りください。
- サンプル提出前に、サンプルの適合性について話し合うためにラボにご相談下さい。
## 放射性炭素年代測定の費用
お見積りのご依頼時には、納期(standard, priority, time guide)、試料数、ご所属、ご住所をお知らせください。ベータ・アナリティックのAMS年代測定の標準納期はマイアミ試験所到着後14営業日です。特急納期のオプションもございます。(Priority 6営業日、Time Guide 3営業日) [お見積りはこちらから](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "お見積りはこちらから")
料金には、品質管理レポート、適応可能な場合は暦年代較正、既出結果への24/7アクセス、測定保留に係る経費が含まれています。
---
**試料の前処理** – 試料の前処理について理解することは、それが最終的な年代に直接影響を与えるので非常に重要です。
前処理に関してご要望があればお知らせください。(例：より弱い酸によるエッチング、前処理を行わないなど)
また、年代値以外のデータが必要な場合も事前にお知らせください。
現代の研究には、ご要望によりΔ14Cの値をお知らせ可能です。
古環境の研究には、海洋リザーバー効果を考慮した暦年代をご報告します。
**関連するトピック:**
[魚類耳石について](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-ams-dating-fish-otoliths/ "魚類耳石について")
*画像著作権: Matthieu Godbout (CC BY-SA 3.0のライセンスに基づき使用許諾されます)*
*最終更新：2021年3月*
---
### [어류 이석의 방사성탄소 연대측정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/c14-dating-fish-otoliths.htm)
**Published:** January 17, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **권장 시료 크기 (소량 크기도 가능 – [문의바람](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-contact.htm "문의바람"))**- 5-20 밀리그램 (AMS)
 **서비스 종류**- AMS 일반 – 14 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 특급 – 6 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 타임 가이드 – 2-3 영업일 이내 결과 보고
 **C14 연대측정 시 포함된 분석 (충분한 시료인 경우)**- δ13C, δ18O
 **권장 용기**- 지퍼 백에 담기 전에 알루미늄 포일에 담아 포장한 다음 담습니다.
- 운송 중 부스러짐 방지를 위해 봉투대신 작은 박스에 시료를 담아 보내주시기 바랍니다.
- 시료의 적합성 여부 논의를 위해 시료 발송 전 미리 연락바랍니다.
## C14 연대측정 비용
비용이나 견적서가 필요한 경우, 다음 정보를 알려주시기 바랍니다 – AMS 서비스 종류 (일반, 특급, 타임 가이드), 시료 개수, 지불 기관의 주소 및 연락처, 결과를 받아 보실 수 있는 기간은 일반 서비스의 경우, 미 실험실 도착 후, 14 영업일 이내이며, 더 빠른 급행 서비스 – 급행 (6 영업일 이내 결과 보고)와 타임 가이드 (2-3 영업일 이내 결과 보고)- 도 가능합니다. [견적 요청하기](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "견적 요청하기")
요금에는 다음 서비스들이 포함됩니다. 품질 확인 보고서 (QA reports). 보정값, 지난 보고서와 현 분석 과정을 보실 수 있는 24/7 웹 사용권한.
---
**전처리 과정** – [전처리](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) 과정은 최종 측정 결과에 직접적인 영향을 미치기 때문에 전처리 과정을 충분히 이해하는 것이 중요합니다.
전처리 과정 (즉 약산으로 부식 혹은 전혀 전처리 과정 하지 말라는 등) 이나 보고서 작성에 특별한 요청이나 지시 사항이 있으면 알려주시기 바랍니다. 최근 연구를 위해 Δ14C을 요청에 따라 보고해 드리며, 과거의 연구를 위해 해양 저수 효과 (marine reservoir effect)로 방사성탄소 연대측정 결과가 보정됩니다.
## [해양 시료 보정을 위한 델타값 ](#collapseOne)
면책조항: 이 비디오는 제3자의 사이트에 올렸으며, 광고가 포함되어 있습니다.
**관련 토픽:**
[어류 이석이란 무엇인가?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-fish-otoliths/ "어류 이석이란 무엇인가")
*이미지 크레딧: Matthieu Godbout (면허 보유 CC BY-SA 3.0)*
*관련 자료: 2021년 3월*
---
### [Datação de otólitos de peixe por Carbono-14](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/datacao-c14-otolitos-peixe.htm)
**Published:** January 14, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Tamanho de amostra recomendado (favor consultar sobre amostras menores)**- 5 a 20 miligramas (análise por AMS)
 **Serviços de datação por carbono-14**- AMS Standard – resultados reportados em até 14 dias úteis
- AMS Priority – 6 dias úteis ou menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 dias úteis
 **Análises inclusas à datação por 14C (se amostra for suficiente)**- δ13C, δ18O
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Envolva cada amostra de otólitos de peixe em uma folha de alumínio para contê-la antes de colocá-la dentro de um saco plástico com fecho de zíper, rotulado com o código da amostra.
- Envie as amostras dentro de pequenas caixas, em vez de envelopes, para evitar que o material seja esmagado durante o transporte.
- Por favor, consulte o laboratório antes de enviar amostras para discutir a adequação da amostra.
## Preços da datação por radiocarbono
Ao solicitar um orçamento ou cotação, por favor indique a serviço requerido (Standard, Priority ou Time Guide), a quantidade de amostras e o endereço para faturamento. O prazo de entrega de resultados padrão do laboratório é de 14 dias úteis após o recebimento das amostras em Miami. Oferecemos também serviços mais rápidos – Priority (resultados em 6 dias úteis) e Time Guide (resultados em 2-3 dias úteis). [Solicite um orçamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/quanto-custa-datacao-radiocarbono.htm "Solicite um orçamento")
As taxas incluem laudos de controle de qualidade, calibração calendárica (quando aplicável) e acesso 24/7 a resultados anteriores e análises em curso.
---
**Pré-tratamento** – É importante compreender os [pré-tratamentos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-pretratamento-protocolos.htm#Acid) aplicados às amostras, visto que os mesmos afetam diretamente o resultado final.
Fique à vontade para incluir instruções específicas sobre a reportagem ou os pré-tratamentos (por exemplo, banho ácido leve ou nenhum pré-tratamento). Para estudos modernos – Os valores Δ14C são reportados a pedido. Para estudos antigos – A idade do radiocarbono é corrigida devido ao efeito reservatório marinho.
**Tópico relacionado:**
[O que são otólitos de peixe?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-fish-otoliths/ "O que são otólitos de peixe")
*Crédito da imagem: Matthieu Godbout (sob licença CC BY-SA 3.0)*
*Última atualização: março de 2021*
---
### [Datazione al radiocarbonio degli otoliti di pesce](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-otoliti.htm)
**Published:** January 14, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Quantità raccomandata (può essere inferiore per AMS – [contattare il laboratorio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/contatti.htm "contattare il laboratorio"))**- 5-20 milligrammi (AMS)
 **Servizi di datazione al carbonio**- AMS Standard – i risultati sono pronti entro 14 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Priority – entro 6 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 giorni lavorativi
 **Analisi gratuite con Datazione C14 (se le dimensioni lo consentono)**- δ13C, δ18O
 **Contenitore consigliato**- Avvolgere gli otoliti in un foglio di alluminio prima di inserirli in una bustina con zip etichettata.
- Inviare i campioni in scatole rigide (invece di utilizzare buste imbottite) per evitare che si frantumino.
- Consultare il laboratorio prima di inviare i campioni per valutarne l’idoneità.
## Costi della datazione al radiocarbonio
Per richiedere un preventivo, fornire le seguenti informazioni: servizio AMS richiesto (Standard, Priority o Time Guide), numero di campioni e indirizzo di fatturazione completo dell’istituto che effettuerà il pagamento. I tempi di consegna del servizio AMS Standard di Beta sono di 14 giorni lavorativi, a partire dal giorno successivo all’arrivo dei campioni a Miami. Sono disponibili servizi più rapidi: Priority (risultati pronti in 6 giorni lavorativi) e Time Guide (risultati in 2-3 giorni lavorativi). [Richiedi un preventivo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/costi-datazione-carbonio.htm "Richiedi un preventivo")
Le tariffe includono i referti di garanzia di qualità, la calibrazione quando applicabile e l’accesso online 24/7 ai risultati e alle analisi in corso.
---
**Pretrattamento** – È importante comprendere i [pretrattamenti](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm#Acid) che saranno applicati ai campioni, dal momento che influenzano direttamente il risultato delle analisi.
È possibile includere nel modulo online le istruzioni speciali per il pretrattamento (ad esempio, un lavaggio acido leggero o nessun trattamento) e per la refertazione. Per studi moderni – valori Δ14C forniti su richiesta. Per studi antichi – età radiocarbonica corretta per l’effetto serbatoio marino.
**Argomenti correlati:**
[Cosa sono gli otoliti di pesce?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-fish-otoliths/ "Cosa sono gli otoliti di pesce")
*Immagine di: Matthieu Godbout (licenza CC BY-SA 3.0)*
*Ultimo aggiornamento: marzo 2021*
---
### [Datation au radiocarbone des otolithes de poissons](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-c14-otolithes-poissons.htm)
**Published:** January 13, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Taille recommandée pour les échantillons (de plus petites quantités sont possibles pour l’AMS – merci de [nous contacter](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-contact.htm "nous contacter"))**- 5-20 milligrammes (AMS)
 **Services de datation au carbone**- AMS Standard – les résultats sont communiqués sous 14 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Priority – 6 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 jours ouvrés
 **Analyses incluses avec la datation C14 (si la taille de l’échantillon le permet)**- δ13C, δ18O
 **Contenants recommandés**- Emballez les otolithes de poisson dans du papier aluminium puis dans une pochette avant de les mettre dans un sac Ziplock étiqueté.
- Envoyez vos échantillons dans de petites boîtes plutôt que dans des enveloppes afin d’éviter qu’ils ne soient écrasés pendant le transport.
- Veuillez consulter le laboratoire avant d’envoyer des otolithes de poissons afin de déterminer si vos échantillons sont adaptés à la datation.
## Tarifs de datation au radiocarbone
Veuillez indiquer le service demandé (standard, priority ou time guide), le nombre d’échantillons et l’adresse de facturation lors de vos demandes de devis. Le délai d’exécution standard du laboratoire est de 14 jours ouvrés à compter de la réception à Miami, en Floride. Des services plus rapides sont également disponibles – Priority (résultats en 6 jours ouvrés) et Time Guide (résultats en 2-3 jours ouvrés). [Obtenir un devis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/combien-coute-la-datation-carbone.htm "Obtenir un devis")
Les tarifs comprennent les rapports d’assurance qualité, la calibration s’il y a lieu et l’accès Internet 24/7 aux résultats antérieurs et aux analyses en cours.
---
**Prétraitement** – Il est important de comprendre la nature des [prétraitements](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/pretraitements-protocoles-datation-radiocarbone.htm#Acid) qui seront appliqués à l’échantillon, car ils ont une influence directe sur le résultat final.
N’hésitez pas à préciser toute instruction spécifique relative au rapport d’analyses ou au prétraitement (par exemple un décapage léger à l’acide ou aucun prétraitement). Pour les études modernes – les valeurs Δ14C sont communiquées sur demande. Pour les études anciennes – l’âge radiocarbone est corrigé pour l’effet réservoir marin.
**Egalement :**
[Qu’est-ce qu’un otolithe de poisson?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-fish-otoliths/ "Qu’est-ce qu’un otolithe de poisson")
*Crédit: Matthieu Godbout (licence CC BY-SA 3.0)*
*Dernière mise à jour de la page: mars 2021*
---
### [Datación por radiocarbono de otolitos de peces](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-c14-otolitos-peces.htm)
**Published:** January 13, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Tamaño de muestra recomendado (es posible enviar muestras más pequeñas para datación por AMS – por favor [contáctenos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/contacto.htm "contáctenos"))**- 5-20 miligramos (AMS)
 **Servicios de datación por carbono**- AMS Standard – Los resultados se entregan en 14 días laborables o menos
- AMS Priority – 6 días laborables o menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 días laborables
 **Análisis incluidos con la datación por C14 (si el tamaño de la muestra lo permite)**- δ13C, δ18O
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Envuelva los otolitos de peces en papel aluminio antes de colocarlos en una bolsa con cierre zip etiquetada.
- Envíe las muestras en pequeñas cajas y no en sobres para evitar que las muestras sean aplastadas durante el transporte.
- Por favor consulte con el laboratorio antes de enviar sus muestras para discutir si las mismas son aptas para datación.
## Costos de datación por radiocarbono
Por favor indique la servicio AMS requerido (standard, priority, time guide), número de muestras y dirección de facturación al solicitar una cotización. El tiempo de entrega de resultados para el servicio AMS Standard es de 14 días laborables contados a partir de la recepción de las muestras en Miami, Florida. Contamos con servicios más rápidos: Priority (resultados entregados en 6 días laborables) y Time Guide (resultados en 2-3 días laborables). [Solicite un presupuesto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/cuanto-cuesta-la-datacion-por-carbono.htm "Solicite un presupuesto")
Nuestras tarifas incluyen informes con garantía de calidad, calibraciones de calendario (cuando sea aplicable) y acceso perpetuo a resultados anteriores o análisis pendientes a través de nuestra web.
---
**Pretratamiento** – Es importante entender el [pretratamiento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/pretratamiento-protocolos.htm#Acid) previo aplicado a las muestras ya que afecta directamente al resultado final.
Puede incluir instrucciones específicas sobre pretratamientos (por ejemplo, tratamiento ácido ligero o ningún pretratamiento) o sobre el informe de resultados. Para estudios modernos, los valores Δ14C se reportan bajo solicitud. Para estudios del pasado, la edad de radiocarbono es corregida por el efecto reservorio marino.
**Tema relacionado:**
[¿Qué son los otolitos de peces?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-fish-otoliths/ "Qué son los otolitos de peces")
*Crédito de la imagen: Matthieu Godbout (autorizada bajo la licencia CC BY-SA 3.0)*
*Última actualización de la página: Marzo de 2021*
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### [Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung von Fisch Otolith](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/c14-datierung-fisch-otolith.htm)
**Published:** January 10, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Empfohlene Probenmengen (geringere AMS Mengen sind möglich – bitte [kontaktieren Sie uns](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/beta-kontakt.htm "kontaktieren Sie uns"))**- 5-20 Milligramm (AMS)
 **Kohlenstoff-Datierungsdienste**- AMS Standard – Ergebnisse werden innerhalb von 14 Werktagen oder weniger berichtet
- AMS Priority – 6 Werktage oder weniger
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 Werktage
 **Analysen enthalten mit C14 Datierung (falls Probenmenge ausreichend)**- δ13C, δ18O
 **Empfohlenes Behältnis**- Wickeln Sie die Fischotolithen in aluminiumfolie. Verpacken Sie dann alles in einen wiederverschließbaren Beutel und versehen Sie den Beutel mit einem Etikett.
- Senden Sie die Proben in kleinen Kartons anstatt in Umschlägen, um zu verhindern, dass sie während des Versands gequetscht werden.
- Bitte kontaktieren Sie das Labor, um vor dem Versand die Eignung Ihrer Proben zu diskutieren.
## Radiokohlenstoff Datierungskosten
Bitte geben Sie die gewünschte Dienstleistung (Standard, Priorität oder Time-Guide), die Anzahl der Proben und die Rechnungsadresse an, wenn Sie einen Kostenvoranschlag oder ein Angebot anfordern. Die Standard-Bearbeitungszeit des Labors beträgt 14 Werktage nach Erhalt in Miami, Florida. Es sind auch schnellere Dienste verfügbar – Priorität (Ergebnisse werden in 6 Werktagen berichtet) und Time-Guide (Ergebnisse in 2-3 Werktagen). [Angebot anfordern](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/was-kosten-carbon-datierungen.htm "Angebot anfordern")
Die Gebühren beinhalten Qualitätssicherungsberichte, ggf. Kalenderkalibrierung und rund um die Uhr verfügbaren Webzugriff auf frühere Ergebnisse und ausstehende Analysen.
---
**Vorbehandlung** – Es ist wichtig die [Vorbehandlungen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-vorbehandlungsprotokolle.htm#Acid), die auf eine Probe angewendet werden zu kennen, da diese das Endergebnis direkt beeinflussen können.
Sie können uns gerne spezifische Anweisungen hinsichtlich der Vorbehandlungen (z.B. leichte Säureätzung oder keine Vorbehandlung) oder der Berichterstattung geben. Für moderne Studien – kann auf Anfrage Δ14C berichtet werden. Für Altertums-Studien – Radiokohlenstoffalter, korrigiert gemäß Meerwasser Effekt.
**Verwandtes Thema:**
[Was sind Fischotolithe?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-fish-otoliths/ "Was sind Fischotolithe")
*Bildquelle: Matthieu Godbout (lizenziert nach CC BY-SA 3.0)*
*Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: März 2021*
---
### [Beta Analytic: Por que não aceitar as amostras com carbono 14 como marcador](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/lab-sem-marcadores.htm)
**Published:** August 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Beta Analytic é um laboratório certificado com a ISO / IEC 17025:2017 sendo livre de marcadores. Não aceitamos amostras farmacêuticas que usem o carbono 14 como marcador, ou outros materiais que contenham carbono 14 artificial, para evitar a contaminação cruzada. Esta política faz parte do nosso compromisso para fornecer resultados de alta qualidade aos nossos clientes.
As empresas farmacêuticas avaliam o metabolismo dos medicamentos usando uma versão radioativa da substância que está sendo investigada. Os laboratórios biomédicos da EMA usam o carbono 14 como marcador porque tem a capacidade de substituir facilmente os átomos de carbono 12 na molécula do fármaco e a sua manipulação é relativamente segura. No entanto, como o tamanho do carbono 14 artificial utilizado nestes estudos é extremamente grande em relação aos níveis naturais, e uma vez usado em um laboratório a EMA torna-se ubíqua. A contaminação cruzada dentro da EMA e das linhas químicas é inevitável. Embora isso possa ser aceitável em um laboratório biomédico de EMA, não é aceitável em um laboratório de datação por radiocarbono.
## Aproveite a nossa experiência:
– Beta Analytic foi um dos principais desenvolvedores da [EMA D6866](https://www.betalabservices.com/portugues/carbono-renovavel/astmd6866.html "EMA D6866") e já trabalhou como assessor técnico em todas as principais iniciativas globais para a padronização de bioprodutos, incluindo as normas europeias [CEN 16137](https://www.betalabservices.com/portugues/base-biologica/cen-16137.html "CEN 16137") e [EN 16640](https://www.betalabservices.com/portugues/carbono-renovavel/en15440.html "EN 16640").
– Desde 1979, a Beta Analytic, certificada com a ISO / IEC 17025: 2017, é líder mundial em medições de carbono-14.
– Beta Analytic tem experiência inigualável na análise de amostras complexas de produtos biológicos.
## Serviço rápido, sem subcontratados
Não subcontratamos outros laboratórios. Nossa política é baseada no contato direto com os nossos clientes, manter a cadeia de custódia no controle de qualidade, usar nossas próprias máquinas da EMA. Ter um conhecimento profissional completo de cada análise, a fim de proporcionar as melhores respostas uma vez que os resultados estão disponíveis.
Nós podemos oferecer um serviço tão rápido porque todas as análises são realizadas em nossas instalações; e temos vários aceleradores e uma dedicada equipe de técnicos e cientistas que trabalham o tempo necessário para cumprir com os prazos de entrega e resultados prometidos.
Caso tenha alguma dúvida, por favor escreva para ou ligue para + (1) 305-662-7760.
---
### [Beta Analytic – Warum wir keine Proben mit C-14 Tracern annehmen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/tracer-freies-labor.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Beta Analytic ist ein ISO/IEC 17025:2017 akkreditiertes und Tracer freies Labor. Um das Risiko von Kreuzkontamination zu verhindern, akzeptieren wir keine pharmazeutischen Proben, die Kohlenstoff-14 als Markierungssubstanz (Tracer) oder andere künstliche C-14 Materialien enthalten. Dieser Grundsatz ist Teil unserer Selbstverpflichtung allen Kunden gegenüber nur Ergebnisse von höchstmöglicher Qualität zu liefern.
Pharmazeutische Unternehmen beurteilen den Arzneimittelstoffwechsel mittels radioaktiv markierter Versionen des untersuchten Mittels. Biomedizinische AMS-Labore setzen Kohlenstoff-14 als Tracer ein, da es Kohlenstoff-12 Atome leicht in Arzneimoleküle substituieren kann und relativ sicher zu handhaben ist. Da jedoch die Menge des künstlichen Kohlenstoff-14 in diesen Studien extrem hoch im Vergleich zu den natürlichen Mengen und den Mengen bei der Untersuchung in einem AMS-Labor ist, könnten Kreuzkontaminationen innerhalb des AMS und der “Chemistry-Line”, d. h. im Laufe der Aufbereitungen, nicht verhindert werden. Das mag in biomedizinischen AMS-Anlagen tragbar sein, ist jedoch in einem Labor für Radiokohlenstoffdatierungen nicht akzeptabel.
## Machen Sie sich unsere Expertise zu nutzen:
– Beta Analytic war einer der wichtigsten Mitentwickler der [ASTM D6866](https://www.betalabservices.com/deutsch/erneuerbarer-kohlenstoff/astmd6866.html "ASTM D6866") Methode und fungierte als technischer Berater bei allen bedeutenden biobasierten Standardisierungsinitiativen weltweit, wie z. B. den europäischen Verfahren [CEN 16137](https://www.betalabservices.com/biobased/cen-16137.html "CEN 16137") und [EN 16640](https://www.betalabservices.com/renewable-carbon/cen15440.html "EN 16640").
– Das ISO/IEC 17025:2017 akkreditierte Beta Analytic Labor ist seit 1979 weltweit marktführend im Bereich der Radiokarbondatierung.
– Beat Analytic verfügt über einmalige Kompetenz im Umgang mit komplexen biobasierten Proben.
## Schneller Service ohne Unterauftragnehmer
Wir schließen keine Unterverträge mit anderen Laboratorien ab. Gemäß unserem Grundsatz halten wir direkten Kontakt zu unseren Kunden, betreuen die komplette Überwachungskette der Qualitätskontrolle, verwenden unsere hauseigenen AMS-Apparate und verfügen über alle funktionellen Kenntnisse jeder einzelnen Analyse, um Fragen bestmöglich zu beantworten, sobald Ergebnisse zur Verfügung stehen.
Wir können Ihnen solch umgehende Serviceleistungen bieten, indem wir alle Analysen betriebsintern durchführen; wir verfügen über mehrere Massenspektrometer und unser engagiertes Vollzeitpersonal besteht aus Technikern und Wissenschaftlern, die falls nötig Überstunden machen, um die zugesagten Lieferzeiten einhalten zu können.
Falls Sie Fragen haben, senden Sie uns bitte eine E-Mail an oder rufen Sie uns an unter +1 305-667-5167.
---
### [Beta Analytic – Pourquoi nous n’acceptons pas les échantillons avec traceur Carbone-14](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/labo-sans-traceur.htm)
**Published:** June 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Le laboratoire Beta Analytic, accrédité ISO/IEC 17025:2017, est un laboratoire exempt de traceur. Nous n’acceptons pas d’échantillons pharmaceutiques avec « traceur Carbone-14 » ou autres matériaux contenant du carbone-14 artificiel afin d’éliminer tout risque de contamination croisée. Cette politique fait partie de notre engagement à fournir des résultats de haute qualité à nos clients.
Les compagnies pharmaceutiques évaluent le métabolisme des médicaments en utilisant des versions radiomarquées des médicaments en cours de test. Les laboratoires d’AMS biomédicaux utilisent le carbone-14 comme traceur car il peut facilement se substituer aux atomes de carbone-12 dans la molécule du médicament, et sa manipulation est relativement sûre. Cependant, comme les quantités de carbone-14 artificiel utilisées dans ces études sont extrêmement élevées (énormes) par rapport aux niveaux naturels, et étant donné qu’une fois que du carbone 14 artificiel est utilisé dans un laboratoire AMS, il devient omniprésent, la contamination croisée dans la machine AMS et les lignes de traitements chimiques ne peut être évitée. Bien que ceci puisse être acceptable pour les laboratoires d’AMS biomédicaux, ce n’est pas acceptable dans les laboratoires de datation au radiocarbone.
## Profitez de notre expertise :
– Beta Analytic a été un des développeurs clé de la méthode [ASTM D6866](https://www.betalabservices.com/francais/carbone-renouvelable/astmd6866.html "ASTM D6866") et a servi de conseiller technique pour toutes les initiatives de normalisation majeures dans le monde entier incluant les méthodes européennes [CEN 16137](https://www.betalabservices.com/biobased/cen-16137.html "CEN 16137") et [EN 16640](https://www.betalabservices.com/renewable-carbon/cen15440.html "EN 16640").
– Depuis 1979, le laboratoire Beta Analytic accrédité ISO/IEC 17025:2017 est le leader mondial en mesures carbone-14.
– Beta Analytic a une expérience inégalée avec les échantillons biosourcés complexes.
## Service rapide sans sous-traitance
Nous ne faisons aucune sous-traitance à d’autres laboratoires. Notre politique est d’avoir un contact direct avec nos clients, de maintenir une chaîne complète de traçabilité dans nos contrôles qualité, d’utiliser nos propres machines AMS, et d’avoir une connaissance complète du travail réalisé pour chaque analyse afin de répondre au mieux aux questions une fois que les résultats sont disponibles.
Nous sommes capables d’offrir un service aussi rapide car toutes les analyses sont faites dans nos murs, nous avons plusieurs accélérateurs et une équipe à temps plein de techniciens et scientifiques qui font des heures supplémentaires si nécessaire, pour nous permettre d’assurer un rendu des résultats dans les temps promis.
Pour toute demande, merci de nous envoyer un email à ou de nous appeler au +(1) 305-667-5167.
---
### [Beta Analytic – Perché non accettiamo campioni con carbonio-14 tracciante](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/lab-tracer-free.htm)
**Published:** July 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Beta Analytic è un laboratorio accreditato ISO/IEC 17025:2017 che non accetta campioni contenenti carbonio tracciante. Non accettiamo campioni farmaceutici contenenti carbonio-14 tracciante né altri materiali contenenti carbonio-14 artificiale per eliminare il rischio di contaminazione incrociata, come parte del nostro impegno a fornire risultati di alta qualità a tutti i nostri clienti.
Le compagnie farmaceutiche analizzano il metabolismo dei farmaci utilizzando una versione radiomarcata del farmaco oggetto di studio. Il carbonio-14 viene usato come tracciante nei laboratori AMS biomedici perché può facilmente sostituire gli atomi di carbonio-12 nelle molecole del farmaco ed è relativamente sicuro. Tuttavia, poiché il carbonio-14 utilizzato in questo tipo di ricerca è a livelli altissimi e una volta introdotto in un laboratorio AMS diventa onnipresente, la contaminazione nello spettrometro e nella linea di grafitizzazione è inevitabile. Se questo può essere accettabile in un laboratorio AMS biomedico, non lo è assolutamente in un laboratorio di datazione al carbonio.
## La nostra esperienza è a tua disposizione:
– Beta Analytic è stata tra i principali sviluppatori del metodo [ASTM D6866](https://www.betalabservices.com/italiano/carbonio-rinnovabile/astmd6866.html "ASTM D6866") ed è stata consulente tecnico per tutte le maggiori iniziative di standardizzazione del mondo, inclusi i metodi europei [CEN 16137](https://www.betalabservices.com/italiano/biobased/cen-16137.html "CEN 16137") e [EN 16640](https://www.betalabservices.com/italiano/carbonio-rinnovabile/en15440.html "EN 16640").
– Dal 1979 Beta Analytic è il leader mondiale nel campo delle misurazioni al carbonio-14 ed ha ottenuto la certificazione ISO 17025.
– Beta Analytic ha un’esperienza senza pari nell’analisi di campioni biobased complessi.
## Servizio rapido senza appaltatori
In nessun caso subappaltiamo il lavoro a laboratori esterni. La nostra politica aziendale prevede che restiamo in contatto diretto con i clienti, manteniamo il controllo completo della qualità, usiamo i nostri spettrometri ed effettuiamo ogni analisi per essere in grado di rispondere al meglio ad eventuali domande dopo aver consegnato i risultati.
Siamo in grado di offrire un servizio così rapido perché tutte le analisi vengono effettuate all’interno del nostro laboratorio; abbiamo diversi spettrometri AMS e uno staff di tecnici e scienziati dedicati a tempo pieno alla datazione al carbonio, disponibili, se necessario, a fare gli straordinari per consegnare i risultati con puntualità.
Per ulteriori informazioni, inviare un’email a o chiamare il numero +(1) 305-667-5167.
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### [Beta Analytic – C14 추적자 샘플의 서비스 거절 이유](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/tracer-free-lab.htm)
**Published:** January 27, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
ISO/IEC 17025:2017 인증업체인 Beta 연구소는 추적자 불취급 연구소입니다. 상호 오염의 위험성 제거를 위해 C14 추적자 바이오 의학 샘플이나 인공 C14 샘플들을 취급하지 않습니다. 이런 본 연구소의 정책은 모든 고객에게 최고의 결과를 제공하기 위한 노력의 일환입니다.
바이오 의학이나 제약 회사들은 연구하고자 하는 약에 방사성 라벨을 부착해 약의 대사작용을 관찰합니다. 따라서 바이오 의학 AMS 연구소는 약의 분자 중 하나인 C12를 쉽게 대체할 수 있고 상대적으로 다루기 쉬운 C14을 추적자로 많이 사용합니다. 이런 인공 C14는 자연 상태의 수준보다 훨씬 높아, AMS 기기 내에서 그리고 화학 처리 시설의 상호 오염의 위험성을 증대시킬 가능성이 매우 높습니다. 바이오 의학 전용 AMS 설비에서는 상관없지만, 방사성탄소 연대측정 연구소에서는 이것을 허용할 수 없습니다.
## 최고의 기술력:
– Beta 연구소는 [ASTM D6866](https://www.betalabservices.com/espanol/carbono-renovable/astmd6866.html "ASTM D6866") 실험 방법 개발자의 일환으로 참여했으며, 유럽 방식인 CEN 16137 와 [EN 16640](https://www.betalabservices.com/korean/renewable-carbon/astmd6866.html "EN 16640") 을 포함한 모든 주요 바이오 매스 표준 지침에 대한 기술적 자문 역할을 해 오고 있습니다.
– Since 1979, ISO/IEC 17025:2017승인 업체인 Beta 연구소는 1979년 이래로 방사성탄소 측정 분야에서 세계 1위 연구소입니다.
– Beta 연구소는 복잡한 바이오 매스 샘플에 대한 뛰어난 기술력을 가지고 있습니다.
## 하청업체 사용 없는 빠른 서비스
본 연구소는 외부 연구소에 하청을 주지 않습니다. 우리의 정책은 고객과의 직접 대면, 품질 관리를 위한 전 실험 과정 참여, 자체 AMS 기기 사용, 각 분석에 대한 질문에 최적의 해답을 드릴 수 있는 완벽한 실험 정보 지식 보유를 목표로 하고 있습니다.
모든 분석은 자체 실험실에서 이루어지므로 최대한 빠른 실험 결과를 보고해 드릴 수 있습니다. 다수의 자체 AMS 설비를 가지고 있으며, 정규직 기술자와 과학자들이 약속한 실험 결과 보고 날짜를 준수하기 위해 필요하다면 추가 근무도 하고 있습니다.
궁금한 내용이 있으시면 로 이메일 주시거나 +(1) 305-667-5167로 전화 주시기 바랍니다.
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### [註冊](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/newsletter-subscription.htm)
**Published:** January 26, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
我們每年發送3-4次電子報，提供客戶新服務項目、實驗室革新、取樣建議、產業新聞與科學新發現等訊息。
電子報範例: [放射性碳定年](https://www.slideshare.net/BetaAnalyticInc1/beta-analytic-sampling-guide-for-radiocarbon-dating-traditional-chinese) | [穩定同位素分析](https://www.slideshare.net/BetaAnalyticInc1/beta-analytic-how-to-pack-water-samples-for-stable-isotope-analysis-traditional-chinese)
我同意接收以下主題的新消息，並隨時可選擇取消訂閱：
---
**您的個人資料是安全的。**
我們致力於保護您的隱私。我們不會把您的個人資料賣給第三方。更詳細的內容，請參閱我們的 [隱私政策](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/BetaAnalyticPrivacyPolicy5-21-18.pdf).
**如何取消訂閱?**
點選電子報最下方的連結即可取消訂閱。您也可以發送郵件至l 通知我們，郵件主旨請寫UNSUBSCRIBE。我們將會立即從發送清單中移除您的email資訊。
---
### [放射性碳定年測試申請指南](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/sending-carbon-dating-samples.htm)
**Published:** April 4, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
送樣前需要[正式報價單](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "正式報價單")。
[付款資訊](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-sample-payment.htm "付款資訊") – 我們接受以歐元、日幣、韓圜、美金與新台幣付款。
---
**準備樣品**
一次只處理一個樣品。包裝完一個樣品後，再開始進行另一個樣品的包裝，這樣做可避免包裝途中造成交叉污染。
[樣品大小以及推薦容器](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/required-carbon-dating-sample-sizes.htm)
[寄出樣品前，請詳閱寄樣須知](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/details.htm)
[](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/beta-analytic-samples-packing-tradchinese.png)
---
**填寫測試申請表**
[測試申請表](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/) – 寄送樣品時，請隨附email確認函
---
**推薦的寄送容器**
請用小盒子寄送樣品（請勿使用信封），這樣可確保樣品在運輸途中不會被壓碎或壓成粉末。
如為地下水樣品，請將瓶子放入塑膠袋中，並用束帶或膠帶密封。如果任一瓶子在運送途中漏水了，水也不會浸蝕紙箱。
請使用可追蹤的郵件服務系統或快遞公司，並將貨件編號email至 .
對於無替代品的樣品，請將SGS Beta實驗室的地址貼在夾鏈袋的外面。
---
**報關須知**
如果直接寄到美國，請在清關文件中註明 – “GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES FOR SCIENTIFIC STUDY – NO COMMERCIAL VALUE – WILL BE DESTROYED IN THE ANALYSIS（科研用地質樣品，不具商業價值，將於分析時銷毀）.”
物品價值 – 1 USD
海關稅則號碼（HS code）– 280300
為避免清關延誤，請在文件上填寫”Coprolite”(糞化石)，勿使用鳥糞、糞便或屎等字眼。
---
## 問與答:
## [多久可以收到放射性碳定年報告?](#collapseFive0)
這要看所選擇的服務類型。如果您選擇”AMS標準”服務，報告會在14個工作天以內提供，AMS優先- 6個工作天以內，或者AMS極速 – 2-3個工作天。極速服務不適用於[骨頭](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-bones.htm "carbon dating bones")樣品。
## [SGS Beta會告訴客戶什麼時候發佈報告嗎?](#collapseFive)
實驗室代表將與您聯繫，以確認您的樣品安全送達，並為您提供報告的交付日期。所有預計的測試時間均自邁阿密實驗室收到樣品之次日開始計算，不包含週末及例假日。
美東時間下午3點以後抵達實驗室的樣品將於次日登錄進系統裡。
## [SGS Beta實驗室會收取消費用嗎?](#collapseFive1)
樣品含碳量不足導致無法定年的樣品將不收取取消費用。
如欲取消可進行C14測試的樣品，則取消費用將視取消當時的處理作業收費。請了解，實驗室在收到樣品的數小時內，即會開始進行分析，所以幾乎是立即開始計費。如果不確定您的樣品是否合適，歡迎您在開始計費前，要求我們聯絡您。
## [SGS Beta實驗室不接受哪些種類的定年樣品?](#collapseFive3)
- 私人、古董商、拍賣行或個人收藏的手稿、藝術品、文物或古物。
- 添加“碳-14示蹤劑”或任何其他人工同位素的樣品
- 用於個人研究的材料（例如祖屋的木頭、金屬/硬幣、隨機挖掘的骨頭等）。
- 龍涎香（“鯨魚嘔吐物”）
## [SGS Beta實驗室可以返還剩餘樣品嗎? ](#collapseSix)
如果希望實驗室返還剩餘樣品，請提供寄回的運送資訊。更多資訊請見 [剩餘樣品返還政策](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/sample-return-policy.htm "剩餘樣品返還政策").
## [SGS Beta實驗室保存樣本的期限是多久？](#collapseSeven)
SGS Beta實驗室對於存在未決溝通的樣品，六 (6) 個月內都未收到客戶相關回覆的話，就會處理掉樣品。
## [SGS Beta實驗室接受藝術品或古董嗎？](#collapseEight)
不接受具商業價值的樣品 – SGS Beta實驗室不為手稿、藝術品或其他有價值的物品定年，除非送樣單位和付款方為政府機構、主要博物館或其他為學術科研而測量樣品的官方组織。實驗室不分析古董、書籍、手稿、具宗教性質的物件，或者是經常於古董市場買賣的物件。
為了符合聯合國教科文組織《關於禁止和防止非法進出口文化財產和非法轉讓其所有權的方法的公約》的要求，而且不願助長被掠奪的文化財產交易，SGS Beta實驗室不接受私人、古董商、拍賣行或私人收藏的藝術品、文物或古物等等的定年請求。
## [SGS Beta實驗室是否接受來自私人的樣本？](#collapseTen)
不接受。SGS Beta實驗室的專業考古政策——不接受具有商業價值的材料，包括房屋部件。SGS Beta實驗室只接受研究單位和學術機構或專業考古學家提交的樣品。
### 相關主題
- [SGS Beta 檢測能力與極限](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-radiocarbon-lab.htm "SGS Beta 檢測能力與極限")
- [SGS Beta實驗室品質管理及認證](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-radiocarbon-lab2.htm "SGS Beta實驗室品質管理及認證")
- [SGS Beta實驗室標準預處理協議](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm "SGS Beta實驗室標準預處理協議")
*最後更新2024年9月*
---
### [Suscríbete para recibir actualizaciones](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/newsletter-subscription.htm)
**Published:** February 3, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
Enviamos de 3 a 4 actualizaciones al año sobre nuevos análisis o avances del laboratorio, recomendaciones de muestreo, noticias de la industria, e investigaciones científicas de nuestros clientes.
Ejemplos: [Datación por radiocarbono](https://www.slideshare.net/BetaAnalyticInc1/beta-analytic-sampling-guide-for-radiocarbon-dating-spanish) | [Análisis de Isótopos Estables](https://www.slideshare.net/BetaAnalyticInc1/beta-analytic-how-to-pack-water-samples-for-stable-isotope-analysis-spanish)
Acepto recibir actualizaciones con la opción de cancelar la suscripción en cualquier momento.
---
**Tu información está protegida con nosotros.**
Nos comprometemos a respetar tu privacidad. Nunca venderemos datos personales a terceros. Para más información, revisa nuestra [Política de Privacidad](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/BetaAnalyticPrivacyPolicy5-21-18.pdf).
**Cancele su suscripción**
Haga clic en el enlace que se encuentra en la parte inferior de la newsletter para cancelar la suscripción. También puede enviarnos un correo a con el asunto: CANCELAR SUSCRIPCIÓN. Inmediatamente removeremos tu correo electrónico de nuestra lista.
---
### [SGS Beta–自1979年起提供放射性碳定年](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-analytic.htm)
**Published:** July 13, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta的放射性碳定年實驗室讓考古學和晚第四季地質學領域起了革命性的變化。SGS Beta最初成立名為「Beta Analytic」。在公司於1979年成立之前,放射性碳定年很稀少,僅透過小型大學實驗室提供。SGS Beta致力於滿足科學界對快速而準確的碳定年分析需求,導致立即取得成功。
## **Beta已成為SGS實驗室**
[Beta實驗室於2024年11月加入SGS北美產業與環境部門](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-analytic-an-sgs-lab/)。透過整合Beta實驗室的專業服務,SGS可提供更具創新性和目標化的解決方案,協助客戶滿足跨行業的目標和需求。
SGS是全球領先的測試、檢驗和認證公司,被認可為全球品質和完整性的基準。SGS Beta持續致力於為全球客戶提供準確可靠的放射性碳定年服務和穩定同位素分析,並及時交付報告結果。
## **為什麼研究人員選擇SGS Beta**
### **全球最快的AMS服務:3-14個工作日內交付結果**
SGS Beta能夠提供快速的服務,因為所有分析都是在實驗室內部進行的。實驗室擁有多台加速器質譜儀,備品充足,確保滿足時限內交付結果。實驗室擁有專門的全職技術人員和科學家,在必要時加班,以滿足承諾的交付時間。
### **免費、無限制的技術支援**
SGS Beta的研究合作夥伴和技術經理歡迎在分析之前、期間和之後進行討論。2.1 客戶無需支付技術支援費用。
### **安全的網上存取結果、樣本照片和品質保證報告**
客戶可以從任何裝置連線存取結果,並可透過實驗室網站上的客戶服務入口網站,全天候下載校正和品質保證報告。
### **24小時內快速回應查詢,9種語言的客戶服務**
我們擁有專門的客戶服務團隊,透過電子郵件、電話或網站即時通訊為全球客戶提供運輸協助、以及在整個申請和分析過程中提供技術支援。SGS Beta的客戶經理,以中文、英文、法文、德文、意大利文、日文、韓文、西班牙文和葡萄牙文等提供協助和建議。
### **研究成果刊登於著名的學術期刊**
我們的定年結果數以千計地發表於世界各地高影響力出版期刊,例如 [自然](https://www.nature.com/), [科學](https://www.science.org/) 和 [國家科學院(PNAS)的研究](https://www.pnas.org/)。
### **SGS Beta的獨特功能**
**所有主要貨幣均可報價**
根據您的地區,實驗室可以提供EUR,GBP,JPY,KRW,RMB,TWD和USD的價格。
**方便運送的多個轉運設施**
實驗室在歐洲(德國、挪威、西班牙、英國)和亞洲(中國、日本、韓國、台灣)均設有轉運辦公室。所有寄送到這些辦公室的包裹都會透過快遞服務轉送至佛羅里達州邁阿密,由SGS Beta支付國際快遞費用。
**無示蹤劑實驗室–我們不接受生物醫學樣本**
為了消除 [交叉污染](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-tracer-free-lab/) 的風險,實驗室不接受含有“示蹤碳-14”或任何其他含有人工放射性碳(14C)材料的藥物樣本。
## **第一個經ISO/IEC 17025:2017認證的碳-14定年實驗室**
SGS Beta是全球第一間符合ISO 9001:2008管理系統要求的 [ISO/IEC 17025:2017](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/iso-certified.htm)認證放射性碳定年實驗室。
自2008年以來,實驗室通過Perry Johnson Laboratory Accreditation (PJLA)進行的第三方稽核後,每年都獲得ISO 17025認證,證明SGS Beta的技術能力、管理、設施和業務營運一直保持在最高標準。
SGS Beta配備多台加速器質譜儀(AMS),以及同位素比質譜儀(IRMS)和光腔衰盪光譜(CRDS)系統,用於測量δ13C、δ15N、δ18O、δ170和δD等穩定同位素。
#### **請聯絡我們**
如果您有任何疑問或詢問,請Email至或致電(+886)2-7742-6266。
#### **常見問題**
- [碳定年費用是多少?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
- [我們應該寄送多少樣品?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/required-carbon-dating-sample-sizes.htm)
- [放射性碳定年實驗室的測試時程有哪幾種? ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/fast-results/)
---
最後更新:2025年3月
---
### [SGS Beta: datación por radiocarbono desde 1979](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/beta-analytic.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Desde 1979, el laboratorio de datación por radiocarbono de SGS Beta ha transformado los campos de la arqueología y la geología del Cuaternario tardío. Fundado originalmente como Beta Analytic, el laboratorio surgió para cubrir una necesidad: hasta entonces, las dataciones por radiocarbono eran escasas y solo estaban disponibles a través de pequeños laboratorios universitarios. El compromiso de SGS Beta con brindar análisis de carbono-14 rápidos y precisos permitió consolidarse como un referente inmediato para la comunidad científica internacional.
## **Beta ahora forma parte de SGS**
[En noviembre de 2024, Beta Analytic se incorporó a la división de Industrias y Medio Ambiente de SGS Norte América](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-analytic-an-sgs-lab/). La integración de los servicios especializados de Beta permite a SGS ofrecer soluciones más innovadoras y específicas, ayudando a sus clientes a alcanzar sus objetivos de investigación y cumplir con los requisitos de distintas industrias.
SGS es la empresa líder mundial en inspección, verificación, análisis y certificación, reconocida globalmente como referencia en calidad e integridad. Hoy, SGS Beta mantiene su compromiso de proporcionar a investigadores de todo el mundo resultados confiables y puntuales en datación por radiocarbono y análisis de isótopos estables.
## **¿Por qué los investigadores eligen SGS Beta?**
### **El servicio AMS más rápido del mundo: resultados en 3 a 14 días hábiles**
Todos los análisis se realizan en nuestras instalaciones de Miami. Contamos con múltiples aceleradores y repuestos de alta disponibilidad para asegurar tiempos de entrega consistentes. Nuestro equipo de técnicos y científicos trabaja a tiempo completo —incluso horas extra si es necesario— para cumplir los plazos prometidos.
### **Soporte técnico gratuito e ilimitado**
Nuestros asesores de investigación y gerentes técnicos ofrecen acompañamiento antes, durante y después de los análisis sin costo adicional.
### **Acceso en línea seguro a resultados y reportes de calidad**
Los clientes pueden acceder a resultados, fotografías de muestras y reportes de control de calidad desde cualquier dispositivo, con descargas disponibles las 24 horas, los 7 días de la semana, a través de nuestro portal en línea.
### **Atención al cliente en 9 idiomas, respuesta en menos de 24 horas**
Nuestro equipo brinda soporte técnico y logístico a clientes en todo el mundo, ya sea por correo electrónico, teléfono o chat en la web. Atendemos en español, inglés, chino, francés, alemán, italiano, japonés, coreano y portugués.
### **Resultados publicados en revistas científicas de gran prestigio**
Los análisis de SGS Beta han sido citados en miles de publicaciones académicas en revistas de prestigio como [Nature](https://www.nature.com/), [Science](https://www.science.org/) y [Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS](https://www.pnas.org/)), por mencionar algunas.
### **Características exclusivas de SGS Beta**
**Precios disponibles en las principales divisas**
SGS Beta facilita a sus clientes precios competitivos en diferentes monedas según su región: EUR, GBP, JPY, KRW, RMB, TWD y USD.
**Envío conveniente a múltiples oficinas de envío en todo el mundo**
Para simplificar la logística de envío de muestras, SGS Beta dispone de oficinas de recepción en Europa (Alemania, Noruega, España y Reino Unido) y Asia (China, Japón, Corea del Sur y Taiwán). Todo el material recibido en estas sedes se reexpide de forma segura y rápida a nuestro laboratorio en Miami, Florida, mediante mensajería exprés cubierta por SGS Beta.
**Laboratorio sin trazadores: no aceptamos muestras biomédicas**
Para eliminar el riesgo de [contaminación cruzada](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-tracer-free-lab/), no aceptamos muestras farmacéuticas con “marcadores de carbono-14” o cualquier otro material que contenga carbono-14 artificial.
## **Primer laboratorio de datación por C14 acreditado ISO/IEC 17025:2017**
SGS Beta fue el primer laboratorio de datación por radiocarbono (C14) en el mundo en obtener la [acreditación ISO/IEC 17025:2017](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/certificacion-iso-17025.htm), trabajando en conformidad con los estándares internacionales de gestión de calidad de la norma ISO 9001:2008.
Desde el año 2008, nuestro laboratorio renueva de forma continua esta acreditación tras superar exhaustivas auditorías externas realizadas por Perry Johnson Laboratory Accreditation (PJLA). Este reconocimiento confirma que las capacidades técnicas, la gestión, las instalaciones y las operaciones de SGS Beta mantienen de manera constante los más altos niveles de calidad y confiabilidad a nivel internacional.
SGS Beta cuenta con una infraestructura avanzada que incluye espectrometría de masas con acelerador (AMS), espectrometría de masas de relación isotópica (IRMS) y un sistema de espectroscopía de cavidad de anillo (CRDS). Estas tecnologías permiten realizar mediciones precisas de isótopos estables como δ13C, δ15N, δ18O, δ17O y δD, fundamentales para investigaciones en arqueología, geología, ciencias ambientales y otros campos científicos.
#### **Contáctenos**
Si tiene alguna duda o pregunta, envíenos un correo electrónico a o llámenos al (+1) 305-667-5167.
#### **Preguntas frecuentes**
- [¿Cuánto cuesta la datación por carbono?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/cuanto-cuesta-la-datacion-por-carbono.htm)
- [¿Qué cantidad de muestra debo enviar?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/arqueologia-requisitos-muestras.htm)
- [¿Qué impacto tiene el tiempo de entrega de un laboratorio de C14 en mi investigación?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/resultados-rapidos/)
---
Última actualización de la página: marzo de 2025
---
### [SGS Beta 연구소의여분시료반환규정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/sample-return-policy.htm)
**Published:** January 27, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- 여분의 시료는 실험실의 품질 보증 측정 목적으로 몇 달 간 보관됩니다.
- 이 보관 기간이 지나면 모든 시료는 소각 처리됩니다.
- 콜라겐 추출물, 토양, 물 시료는 반환이 안됩니다.
## 시료 보관 기간
원래의 시료 와/혹은 전처리된 시료가 남으면 보고서를 발행한 이후 몇 달 간 보관합니다. 이유는 백업 분석 혹은 필요 시 추가 조사를 하기 위한 내부 용 품질 보증 측정을 위해서 입니다.
이 기간이 지나면, 모든 시료는 (원 상태 그리고 전처리된 상태) 소각해 처분합니다.
연락 및 시료 폐기 처분 – SGS Beta 연구소는 연락을 취했지만 고객으로부터 아무런 반응이 없다면 6개월 후에는 폐기 처분합니다.
## 시료 반환 요청
미 사용 상태의 시료 또는 전처리된 초과 시료의 반환이 필요하시면 다음 중 하나의 방법으로 반드시 서면으로 요청하셔야 합니다. (늦은 요청에 대해서는 응해드리지 못할 수도 있습니다.)
1\. 시료 제출 시점
초과 시료의 반환을 원하시면[ 온라인 신청서](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/)에 표기합니다. 다른 방법으로는[ 실험실에 이메일](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-contact.htm)을 보낼 수 있습니다.
2\. 시료 도착 확인 메일을 받으신 후
3\. 보고서를 받은 직후
받으실 주소와 **FedEX** 리턴 라벨 보내주시기 바랍니다**.** 제공이 어려우면 다음 옵션을 선택합니다**. (**수수료 적용**)**
- 일반 US parcel post – 추적 서비스 제공 안됨. 참고 사항: USPS를 통해서 큰 화물은 보내지 않습니다.
- FedEx – 추적 서비스 가능.
운임료 지불을 위한 신용카드 정보가 필요합니다.
선적 이외 일에 대해서는 책임이 없습니다. 일단 선적 후에는, 지연, 세관 서류, 분실 클레임 등의 일에 대해서는 고객이 책임을 가집니다. SGS Beta 연구소는 배달원이 가져간 후에는 어떤 도움도 제공하지 않습니다.
## 토양으로 분류된 샘플은 반환해 드릴 수 없습니다
미국 농무성 US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Circular “Q-330.300-1, Soil (01/2010) Revised” 규정에 따라 토양이라 분류된 샘플은 어디서 왔건 반환해 드릴 수 없습니다. 토양에는 퇴적물, 고대 토양, 해니, 토탄, 재, 표토, 진흙, 시추 코어 등이 포함됩니다. 이렇게 토양으로 분류된 샘플들은 미 농무성의 토양 처리 지침에 따라 화학 처리 와/혹은 소각됩니다.
미국의 다른 주와 외국에서 온 토양 샘플은 미국 농무성의 동식물 건강 검사 서비스(Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)) 의 지침에 따라야 하며, 이러한 지침에 따르면 외부에서 온 토양 샘플들은 수령 시 화학처리 혹은 열처리하며, 최종적으로는 소각 폐기해야 합니다. 따라서 저희 연구소에서 받은 토양 샘플은 이 방법으로 폐기되기 때문에 반환해드릴 수 없습니다.
저희는 분석에 필요한 만큼의 침전물만 보낼 것을 권장합니다. 얼마만큼의 양이 필요할지 알려드릴 수 있지만, 어떤 경우에도 200그램을 넘지는 않습니다. [AMS 연대 측정을 위해 보내는 침전물 샘플](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-sediments.htm) 중 유기 침전물 샘플은 대부분 탄소 함량에 따라 2-4그램 정도 이하면 됩니다.
샘플 보관 기간이나 샘플 반환에 대한 질문이 있으시면 연락 주시기 바랍니다 .
*이미지 크레딧: Pixabay, Pexels
관련 자료: 2023년 2월*
---
### [SGS Beta – 放射性炭素年代測定 1979年設立](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-analytic.htm)
**Published:** March 30, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta の放射性炭素年代測定試験所は考古学と第四紀後期の地質学の分野に革命をもたらしました。SGS Beta は「Beta Analytic」として設立されました。1979 年の設立以前は、放射性炭素年代測定の供給は不足しており、小規模な大学の研究室を通じてのみ可能でした。SGS Betaは、正確かつ迅速な炭素年代測定を求める科学界の要請に応えることで、成功を収ました。
## **Betaは現在SGSの試験所です**
[Beta Analytic は 2024 年 11 月に SGS North America の産業および環境部門に加わりました](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-analytic-an-sgs-lab/)。SGSは、Betaの専門的なサービスを取り入れることで、より革新的でターゲットを絞ったソリューションを提供し、さまざまな業界における顧客の目標達成とニーズの実現を支援しています。
SGSは、試験・検査・認証の分野における世界有数の企業であり、品質と誠実さの面で国際的なベンチマークとされています。
SGS Beta は、世界中のお客様に正確で信頼性の高い放射性炭素年代測定と安定同位体分析を提供し、結果をタイムリーに報告するという取り組みを継続しています。
## **研究者がSGSベータを選ぶ理由**
### **最速のAMSサービスを世界中で：3～14営業日の納期**
SGS Beta では、すべての分析を自社内で行っているため、迅速なサービスを提供することができます。当試験所では複数の加速器が稼働しており、スペアパーツの在庫も十分に備えているため、納期遅延の心配がありません。試験所には、納期を確実に守るためにフルタイムで従事する専任の技術者および科学者が在籍しています。
### **無料、無制限のテクニカルサポート**
SGS Beta の研究員と技術マネージャーは、分析前・分析中・分析後を問わず、どの段階でもご相談・ディスカッションを歓迎しております。テクニカル サポートに対して料金は請求されません。
### **結果、試料の写真、品質保証レポートへの安全なオンラインアクセス**
当社のモバイル対応ポータルでは、各種デバイスからオンラインで結果を確認でき、較正レポートおよびQAレポートを24時間いつでもダウンロード可能です。
### **お問い合わせには24時間以内に迅速に対応、9言語でのカスタマーサポート**
当社には、世界中のユーザーに向けて、試料の送付支援から分析工程全体にわたる技術サポートまでを、Eメール・電話・Webチャットを通じて提供する専任のカスタマーサポートチームがいます。SGS Beta には、中国語、英語、フランス語、ドイツ語、イタリア語、日本語、韓国語、スペイン語、ポルトガル語でサポートとアドバイスを提供可能な担当者がいます。
### **結果は評価の高い学術雑誌に掲載されています**
当社の年代測定結果は世界中の数千件におよぶ論文で使用されており、その中には、 [Nature](https://www.nature.com/), [Science](https://www.science.org/) und [Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)](https://www.pnas.org/)といった高インパクトファクター誌も含まれます。
### **SGSベータのユニークな特徴**
**主要な通貨での価格設定**
地域に応じて、当社は EUR、GBP、JPY、KRW、RMB、TWD、USD で価格を提供できます。
**複数の試料転送オフィスが利用可能**
ヨーロッパ（ドイツ、ノルウェー、スペイン、イギリス）とアジア（中国、日本、韓国、台湾）に試料転送オフィスがあります。これらのオフィスに発送されたすべての荷物は、SGS Beta の費用負担で国際宅配便によりフロリダ州マイアミに輸送されます。
**トレーサーフリーの試験所 – 生体医学・薬物動態サンプルは受け付けておりません**
[クロスコンタミネーション](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-tracer-free-lab/) のリスクを排除するため、当試験所では、”トレーサー用炭素14”など人為起源の放射性炭素（14C）を含む医療・医薬サンプルは受け入れておりません。
## **ISO/IEC 17025:2017認定を受けた最初の炭素14年代測定試験所**
SGS Beta は、ISO 9001:2008 管理システム要件に準拠して運営され、世界初の [ISO/IEC 17025:2017 認定を](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/iso-certified.htm) 受けた放射性炭素年代測定試験所です。
2008 年以来、当研究所は Perry Johnson Laboratory Accreditation (PJLA)による第三者監査を経て、毎年 ISO 17025 認定を取得しており、SGS ベータの技術力、管理、施設、事業運営が一貫して最高水準に維持されていることが証明されています。
SGS Beta には、複数の加速器質量分析計 (AMS) のほか、δ13C、δ15N、δ18O、δ170、δD などの安定同位体測定用質量分析計 (IRMS) およびキャビティリングダウン分光法 (CRDS) システムが設置されています。
#### **お問合せ先**
ご質問やご不明な点がございましたら、 までメールをお送りいただくか、+1-305-667-5167 までお電話ください。
#### **FAQ**
- [炭素年代測定の費用は? ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
- [必要なサンプルの量は? ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/required-carbon-dating-sample-sizes.htm)
- [放射性炭素年代測定の納期の違いによって何が変わりますか? ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/fast-results/)
---
最終更新日:2025年3月
---
### [SGS Beta – Radiocarbon Dating Since 1979](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-analytic.htm)
**Published:** February 6, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta’s radiocarbon dating lab revolutionized the fields of archaeology and late quaternary geology. SGS Beta was founded as “Beta Analytic”. Prior to the company’s inception in 1979, radiocarbon dates were scarce and available only through small university laboratories. SGS Beta’s commitment to meet the scientific community’s demand for fast yet accurate carbon dating analysis led to immediate success.
## Beta is now an SGS Laboratory
[Beta Analytic joined the Industries & Environment division of SGS North America in November 2024](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-analytic-an-sgs-lab/). By integrating Beta’s specialized services, SGS can offer more innovative and targeted solutions to help its clients meet their goals and requirements across multiple industries.
SGS is the world’s leading testing, inspection and certification company, recognized as the global benchmark for quality and integrity. SGS Beta continues its commitment to provide clients worldwide with accurate and reliable radiocarbon dating services and stable isotope analysis with results reported in a timely manner.
## Why Researchers Choose SGS Beta
### Fastest AMS service worldwide: results in 3-14 business days
SGS Beta is able to offer rapid service because all analyses are done in-house. The lab has multiple accelerators with very high redundancy in spare parts ensuring that delivery times are met consistently. The lab has a dedicated full-time staff of technicians and scientists working overtime, if necessary, to meet its promised delivery times.
### Free, unlimited technical support
SGS Beta’s research associates and technical managers welcome discussion before, during, and after the analyses. Clients are not charged for technical support.
### Secure online access to results, sample photos, and quality assurance reports
Clients have online access to results from any device and can download calibration and QA reports 24/7 via the mobile-responsive results portal on the lab’s website.
### Prompt response to inquiries within 24 hours, customer support in 9 languages
We have a dedicated customer support team providing shipping assistance to a global clientele and offering technical support throughout the submittal and analytical procedure by email, phone, or website chat. SGS Beta has representatives offering assistance and advice in Chinese, English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Spanish and Portuguese.
### Results are published in highly regarded academic journals
Our dates are part of thousands of publications in high impact factor journals worldwide such as Nature, [Science](https://www.science.org/), and the [Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)](https://www.pnas.org/), to name a few.
### SGS Beta’s Unique Features
**Prices in all major currencies**
**Depending on your region, the lab can provide prices in EUR, GBP, JPY, KRW, RMB, TWD and USD.**
**Convenient shipping to multiple forwarding facilities**
The lab has forwarding offices in Europe (Germany, Norway, Spain, UK) and Asia (China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan). All packages shipped to these offices are forwarded to Miami, Florida, via overnight courier service at SGS Beta’s expense.
**Tracer-free laboratory – we do not accept biomedical samples**
To eliminate the risk of [cross-contamination](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-tracer-free-lab/), the lab does not accept pharmaceutical samples with “tracer Carbon-14” or any other material containing artificial radiocarbon (14C).
## First ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accredited Carbon-14 dating lab
SGS Beta was the first radiocarbon dating laboratory to be [accredited ISO/IEC 17025:2017](https://www.radiocarbon.com/iso-certified.htm) worldwide operating in conformance with ISO 9001:2008 management system requirements.
Since 2008, the lab has been annually awarded the ISO 17025 accreditation after undergoing third-party audits conducted by Perry Johnson Laboratory Accreditation (PJLA), showing that SGS Beta’s technical abilities, management, facilities, and business operations have been consistently maintained to the highest possible standards.
SGS Beta is equipped with multiple accelerator mass spectrometers (AMS) as well as isotope ratio mass spectrometers (IRMS) and cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) system for measuring stable isotopes such as δ13C, δ15N, δ18O, δ170, and δD.
#### Contact Us
If you have any questions or clarifications, please email us at or call (+1) 305-667-5167.
#### Frequently Asked Questions
- [How much does carbon dating cost?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
- [How much samples should we send?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/required-carbon-dating-sample-sizes.htm)
- [What difference does a radiocarbon dating lab’s turnaround time make?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/fast-results/)
---
Page last updated: March 2025
---
### [SGS Beta – Datazioni al radiocarbonio dal 1979](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/beta-analytic.htm)
**Published:** July 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Il laboratorio di datazione al radiocarbonio di SGS Beta ha offerto un contributo rivoluzionario ai campi dell’archeologia e della geologia del tardo Quaternario. SGS Beta è stata fondata con il nome di “Beta Analytic”. Prima della sua apertura, nel 1979, le datazioni al radiocarbonio erano rare e disponibili solo presso piccoli laboratori universitari. L’impegno di SGS Beta nel soddisfare la domanda di datazioni al C14 rapide, ma accurate, ha portato a un successo immediato.
## **Beta è ora un laboratorio SGS**
[Beta Analytic è entrata a far parte della divisione Industries & Environment di SGS North America nel novembre 2024](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-analytic-an-sgs-lab/). Grazie all’integrazione dei servizi specializzati di Beta, SGS può oggi offrire soluzioni ancora più mirate e innovative per supportare i propri clienti nel raggiungimento dei loro obiettivi.
SGS è leader mondiale nei servizi di ispezione, verifica, analisi e certificazione ed è riconosciuta come riferimento globale per qualità e integrità. SGS Beta continua a offrire datazioni al radiocarbonio e analisi degli isotopi stabili affidabili a clienti di tutto il mondo, con risultati puntuali e accurati.
## **Perché i ricercatori scelgono SGS Beta**
### **Il servizio AMS più veloce al mondo: risultati in 3-14 giorni lavorativi**
Tutte le analisi vengono eseguite internamente, permettendo al laboratorio di offrire tempi di consegna molto rapidi. Il laboratorio dispone di più acceleratori con un’elevata ridondanza di parti di ricambio per garantire continuità operativa. Il personale tecnico e scientifico lavora a tempo pieno, anche con turni straordinari se necessario, per rispettare le tempistiche promesse.
### **Supporto tecnico gratuito e illimitato**
I nostri tecnici e ricercatori sono disponibili a offrire supporto tecnico esperto prima, durante e dopo l’analisi, senza costi aggiuntivi.
### **Accesso online sicuro ai risultati, alle foto dei campioni e ai report di garanzia di qualità**
I clienti possono consultare i risultati da qualsiasi dispositivo e scaricare i report di calibrazione e controllo qualità in qualsiasi momento tramite un portale web.
### **Risposta rapida alle richieste entro 24 ore e assistenza clienti in 9 lingue**
Il nostro team assiste clienti in tutto il mondo, offrendo supporto tecnico e logistico via email, telefono o chat. L’assistenza è disponibile in cinese, inglese, francese, tedesco, italiano, giapponese, coreano, spagnolo e portoghese.
### **Risultati accettati da riviste accademiche di alto livello**
Le datazioni effettuate da SGS Beta sono state utilizzate per migliaia di articoli pubblicati su riviste scientifiche prestigiose come [Nature](https://www.nature.com/), [Science](https://www.science.org/) e [Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS](https://www.pnas.org/)).
### **I punti di forza di SGS Beta**
**Prezzi in tutte le principali valute**
A seconda della regione, i preventivi possono essere emessi in EUR, GBP, JPY, KRW, RMB, TWD e USD.
**Spedizioni agevolate grazie agli uffici spedizione locali**
Il laboratorio ha uffici spedizione in Europa (Germania, Norvegia, Spagna, Regno Unito) e in Asia (Cina, Giappone, Corea del Sud, Taiwan). Tutti i pacchi spediti a questi uffici vengono inoltrati a Miami, Florida, tramite un corriere espresso a spese di SGS Beta.
**Laboratorio libero da traccianti: non accettiamo campioni biomedici**
Per eliminare il rischio di [contaminazione incrociata](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-tracer-free-lab/), il laboratorio non accetta campioni biomedici radiomarcati con carbonio-14 tracciante, né altri materiali arricchiti con carbonio-14 artificiale.
## **Primo laboratorio di datazione al carbonio-14 accreditato ISO/IEC 17025:2017**
SGS Beta è stato il primo laboratorio al mondo a ottenere [l’accreditamento ISO/IEC 17025:2017](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/beta-analytic-iso-17025.htm) per le datazioni al carbonio-14, operando anche in conformità ai requisiti del sistema di gestione ISO 9001:2008.
Dal 2008, il laboratorio riceve annualmente l’accreditamento ISO 17025 a seguito di audit indipendenti condotti da Perry Johnson Laboratory Accreditation (PJLA), a conferma del mantenimento costante degli standard più elevati in termini di competenze tecniche, gestione, strutture e operazioni.
Il laboratorio è dotato di più spettrometri di massa con acceleratore (AMS), spettrometri di massa isotopica (IRMS) e spettroscopi Cavity Ring-Down (CRDS) per l’analisi dei rapporti tra isotopi stabili come δ13C, δ15N, δ18O, δ17O e δD.
#### **Contatta il nostro team**
Per qualsiasi domanda o chiarimento, scrivi a o chiama il numero (+1) 305-667-5167.
#### **Domande frequenti**
- [Quanto costa la datazione al carbonio?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/costi-datazione-carbonio.htm)
- [Quanto materiale devo inviare?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-radiocarbonio-campioni-dimensioni.htm)
- [Perché i tempi di consegna dei risultati sono importanti?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/fast-results/)
---
Ultimo aggiornamento: marzo 2025
---
### [SGS Beta - Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung seit 1979](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/beta-analytic.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Das Radiokohlenstoff-Datierungslabor von SGS Beta hat die Bereiche Archäologie und Geologie des späten Quartärs revolutioniert. SGS Beta wurde als “Beta Analytic” gegründet. Vor der Gründung des Unternehmens im Jahr 1979 waren Radiokohlenstoff-Datierungen nur selten und nur in kleinen Universitätslabors erhältlich. Das Engagement von SGS Beta, die Nachfrage der wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft nach schnellen und dennoch präzisen Kohlenstoff-Datierungsanalysen zu befriedigen, führte zu einem sofortigen Erfolg.
## **Beta ist jetzt ein SGS-Labor**
[Beta Analytic gehört seit November 2024 zum Geschäftsbereich Industries & Environment von SGS North America](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-analytic-an-sgs-lab/). Durch die Integration der spezialisierten Dienstleistungen von Beta kann SGS innovativere und gezieltere Lösungen anbieten, um seine Kunden bei der Erfüllung ihrer Ziele und Anforderungen in verschiedenen Branchen zu unterstützen.
SGS ist das weltweit führende Prüf-, Inspektions- und Zertifizierungs-Unternehmen, das als globaler Maßstab für Qualität und Integrität gilt. SGS Beta setzt sein Engagement fort, Kunden weltweit mit genauen und zuverlässigen Radiokohlenstoff-Datierungen und Analysen stabiler Isotope zu versorgen und die Ergebnisse zeitnah zu berichten.
## **Warum Wissenschaftler SGS Beta wählen**
### **Schnellster AMS-Service weltweit: Ergebnisse in 3-14 Werktagen**
SGS Beta ist in der Lage, einen schnellen Service anzubieten, da alle Analysen in-house durchgeführt werden. Unser Labor verfügt über mehrere Beschleuniger mit einer sehr hohen Redundanz bei den Ersatzteilen, sodass die Lieferzeiten durchgängig eingehalten werden können. Unser Labor verfügt über ein engagiertes Vollzeitteam von Technikern und Wissenschaftlern, die bei Bedarf Überstunden machen, um die versprochenen Lieferzeiten einzuhalten.
### **Kostenloser und unbegrenzter technischer Support**
Unsere Mitarbeiter und technischen Leiter von SGS Beta freuen sich auf Diskussionen vor, während und nach den Analysen. Kunden wird der technische Support nicht in Rechnung gestellt.
### **Sicherer Online-Zugriff auf Ergebnisse, Probenfotos und Qualitätssicherungsberichte**
Die Kunden haben von jedem Gerät aus Online-Zugriff auf die Ergebnisse und können Kalibrierungs- und QS-Berichte rund um die Uhr über das mobilfunkfähige Ergebnisportal auf der Webseite des Labors herunterladen.
### **Schnelle Beantwortung von Anfragen innerhalb von 24 Stunden, Kundensupport in 9 Sprachen**
Wir verfügen über ein engagiertes Serviceteam, das einem weltweiten Kundenkreis beim Versand behilflich ist und technische Unterstützung während des gesamten Einreichungs- und Analyseverfahrens per E-Mail, Telefon oder Website-Chat bietet. SGS Beta hat Vertreter, die Unterstützung und Beratung in Chinesisch, Englisch, Französisch, Deutsch, Italienisch, Japanisch, Koreanisch, Spanisch und Portugiesisch anbieten.
### **Die Ergebnisse werden in angesehenen akademischen Fachzeitschriften veröffentlicht.**
Unsere Daten sind Teil von Tausenden von Veröffentlichungen in Fachzeitschriften mit hohem Impact-Faktor, wie Nature, [Science](https://www.science.org/) und [Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS](https://www.pnas.org/)), um nur einige zu nennen.
### **Einzigartige Merkmale von SGS Beta**
**Preise in allen wichtigen Währungen**
Je nach Region kann das Labor Preise in EUR, GBP, JPY, KRW, RMB, TWD und USD angeben.
**Bequemer Versand an mehrere Versandstellen**
Unser Labor verfügt über Speditionsbüros in Europa (Deutschland, Norwegen, Spanien, Großbritannien) und Asien (China, Japan, Südkorea, Taiwan). Alle an diese Büros gesendeten Pakete werden auf Kosten von SGS Beta über Nacht per Kurierdienst nach Miami, Florida, weitergeleitet.
**Tracer-freies Labor – wir akzeptieren keine biomedizinischen Proben**
Um das Risiko einer [Kreuzkontamination](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-tracer-free-lab/) auszuschließen, akzeptiert unser Labor keine pharmazeutischen Proben mit “Tracer Carbon-14” oder anderem Material, das künstlichen Radiokohlenstoff (14C) enthält.
## **Erstes ISO/IEC 17025:2017 akkreditiertes Labor für Kohlenstoff-14-Datierung**
SGS Beta war das erste Radiokohlenstoff-Datierungslabor, das weltweit [gemäß ISO/IEC 17025:2017 akkreditiert](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/iso-17025-radiokohlenstoff-labor.htm) wurde und in Übereinstimmung mit den Anforderungen des Managementsystems ISO 9001:2008 arbeitet.
Seit 2008 erhält unser Labor jährlich die Akkreditierung nach ISO 17025, nachdem es sich den von Perry Johnson Laboratory Accreditation (PJLA) durchgeführten Prüfungen durch Dritte unterzogen hat. Dies zeigt, dass die technischen Fähigkeiten, das Management, die Einrichtungen und die Geschäftsabläufe von SGS Beta stets den höchstmöglichen Standards entsprechen.
SGS Beta ist mit mehreren Beschleuniger-Massenspektrometern (AMS) sowie Isotopenverhältnis-Massenspektrometern (IRMS) und einem Cavity-Ring-Down-Spektroskopie-System (CRDS) zur Messung stabiler Isotope wie δ13C, δ15N, δ18O, δ170 und δD ausgestattet.
#### **Kontaktieren Sie Uns**
Wenn Sie Fragen oder Unklarheiten haben, senden Sie uns bitte eine E-Mail an oder rufen Sie uns an unter (+1) 305-667-5167.
#### **Häufig gestellte Fragen**
- [Wie viel kostet eine Kohlenstoffdatierung?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/was-kosten-carbon-datierungen.htm)
- [Wie viele Proben sollten wir schicken?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/probenanforderung-kohlenstoff-14.htm)
- [Welchen Unterschied macht die Durchlaufzeit eines Radiokohlenstoff-Datierungslabors aus?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/fast-results/)
---
Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: März 2025
---
### [SGS Beta - Datation au radiocarbone depuis 1979](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-analytic.htm)
**Published:** June 25, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Le laboratoire de datation au radiocarbone SGS Beta a révolutionné les domaines de l’archéologie et de la géologie du quaternaire. SGS Beta a été fondé sous le nom de “Beta Analytic”. Avant la création de la société en 1979, les datations au radiocarbone étaient rares et n’étaient disponibles que dans de petits laboratoires universitaires. L’engagement de SGS Beta à répondre à la demande de la communauté scientifique pour une datation au carbone rapide et précise a conduit à un succès immédiat.
## **Beta est désormais un laboratoire SGS**
[Beta Analytic a rejoint la division Industries & Environnement de SGS North America en novembre 2024](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-analytic-an-sgs-lab/). En intégrant les services spécialisés de Beta, SGS peut offrir des solutions plus innovantes et plus ciblées pour aider ses clients à atteindre leurs objectifs et à satisfaire leurs exigences dans de multiples secteurs.
SGS est le leader mondial du test, de l’inspection et de la certification, reconnu comme la référence mondiale en matière de qualité et d’intégrité. SGS Beta poursuit son engagement à fournir à ses clients du monde entier des services de datation au radiocarbone et d’analyse des isotopes stables précis et fiables, dont les résultats sont communiqués dans les meilleurs délais.
## **Pourquoi les chercheurs choisissent SGS Beta**
### **Service AMS le plus rapide au monde : résultats en 3 à 14 jours ouvrés**
SGS Beta est en mesure d’offrir un service rapide car toutes les analyses sont effectuées en interne. Le laboratoire dispose de plusieurs accélérateurs avec des pièces de rechange, ce qui garantit le respect constant des délais de livraison. Le laboratoire dispose d’une équipe de techniciens et de scientifiques à temps plein qui font des heures supplémentaires si nécessaire pour respecter les délais de livraison promis.
### **Assistance technique gratuite et illimitée**
Les conseillers et les responsables techniques de SGS Beta répondent volontiers à vos questions avant, pendant et après les analyses. Nos clients ne sont pas facturés pour l’assistance technique.
### **Accès en ligne sécurisé aux résultats, aux photos des échantillons et aux rapports d’assurance qualité**
Nos clients ont un accès en ligne aux résultats depuis n’importe quel appareil et peuvent télécharger les rapports d’étalonnage et d’assurance qualité 24 heures sur 24 et 7 jours sur 7 via le portail de résultats (adapté aux mobiles) sur le site internet du laboratoire.
### **Réponse rapide aux demandes dans les 24 heures, assistance en 9 langues**
Nous disposons d’une équipe de conseillers dédiée qui fournit des conseils sur l’envoi à une clientèle internationale et offre une assistance technique tout au long de la procédure de soumission et d’analyse par e-mail, téléphone ou chat sur le site web. SGS Beta a des représentants qui offrent une assistance et des conseils en allemand, anglais, chinois, coréen, espagnol, français, italien, japonais et portugais.
### **Les résultats sont publiés dans des journaux réputées**
Nos dates sont publiées dans des milliers d’articles dans des journaux à fort facteur d’impact dans le monde entier, tels que hohem Impact-Faktor, wie [Nature](https://www.nature.com/), [Science](https://www.science.org/) et [Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS](https://www.pnas.org/)).
### **Les caractéristiques uniques de SGS Beta**
**Prix dans les principales devises**
En fonction de votre région, le laboratoire peut fournir des prix en EUR, GBP, JPY, KRW, RMB, TWD et USD.
**Expédition pratique vers de multiples bureaux d’expédition**
Le laboratoire dispose de bureaux d’expédition en Europe (Allemagne, Espagne, Norvège, Royaume-Uni) et en Asie (Chine, Corée du Sud, Japon, Taïwan). Tous les colis expédiés à ces bureaux sont acheminés au laboratoire à Miami par un service de messagerie rapide, aux frais de SGS Beta.
**Laboratoire sans traceur – nous n’acceptons pas d’échantillons biomédicaux**
Pour éliminer le risque de [contamination croisée](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-tracer-free-lab/), le laboratoire n’accepte pas d’échantillon pharmaceutique contenant du “carbone 14 traceur” ou tout autre matériau contenant du radiocarbone (14C) artificiel.
## **Premier laboratoire de datation au carbone 14 accrédité ISO/IEC 17025:2017**
SGS Beta a été le premier laboratoire mondial de datation au radiocarbone à être [accrédité ISO/IEC 17025:2017](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/iso-certifie-radiocarbone-lab.htm) en conformité avec les exigences du système de gestion ISO 9001:2008.
Depuis 2008, le laboratoire reçoit chaque année l’accréditation ISO 17025 après avoir été soumis à des audits menés par Perry Johnson Laboratory Accreditation (PJLA), ce qui prouve que les capacités techniques, la gestion, les installations et les opérations commerciales de SGS Beta ont toujours été maintenues au niveau le plus élevé possible.
SGS Beta est équipé de plusieurs spectromètres de masse à accélérateur (AMS) ainsi que de spectromètres de masse à rapport isotopique (IRMS) et de spectromètres à cavité optique (CRDS) pour mesurer les isotopes stables tels que le δ13C, le δ15N, le δ18O, le δ170 et le δD.
#### **Contactez-nous**
Si vous avez des questions ou besoin de précisions, veuillez nous envoyer un e-mail à ou appeler le (+1) 305-667-5167.
#### **Questions fréquentes**
- [Quel est le coût de la datation au carbone ?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/combien-coute-la-datation-carbone.htm)
- [Quelle taille d’échantillon devons-nous envoyer?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/taille-des-echantillons-radiocarbone.htm)
- [Quelle est l’importance d’avoir un délai d’exécution rapide?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/fast-results/)
---
Dernière mise à jour : Mars 2025
---
### [SGS Beta - Datações radiocarbônicas desde 1979](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-beta-analytic.htm)
**Published:** August 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
O laboratório de datação radiocarbônica do SGS Beta revolucionou os campos da arqueologia e da geologia do quaternário tardio. O SGS Beta foi fundado como “Beta Analytic”. Antes da criação da empresa em 1979, datações por radiocarbono eram escassas e disponibilizadas apenas por pequenos laboratórios universitários. O compromisso do SGS Beta em atender à demanda da comunidade científica por datações de carbono rápidas e precisas foi um sucesso imediato.
## **O Beta agora é um laboratório da SGS**
[O Beta Analytic passou a integrar a divisão de Indústrias e Meio Ambiente da SGS América do Norte em novembro de 2024](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-analytic-an-sgs-lab/). Ao incorporar os serviços especializados do Beta, a SGS agora oferece soluções mais inovadoras e direcionadas para ajudar seus clientes a atingir seus objetivos e requisitos em vários setores.
A SGS é líder mundial em análises, inspeção e certificação, e é reconhecida como referência global em qualidade e integridade. O SGS Beta segue com o compromisso de oferecer aos clientes de todo o mundo serviços precisos e confiáveis de datação radiocarbônica e análise de isótopos estáveis, com resultados reportados em tempo hábil.
## **Por que os pesquisadores escolhem o SGS Beta**
### **O serviço de AMS mais rápido do mundo: resultados em 3 a 14 dias úteis**
O SGS Beta é capaz de oferecer um serviço rápido porque realiza internamente todas as análises. O laboratório possui vários aceleradores e alta redundância de peças de reposição, o que garante, de forma consistente, o cumprimento dos prazos de entrega. Sua equipe de técnicos e cientistas é dedicada em tempo integral e faz hora extra, se necessário, para cumprir os prazos prometidos.
### **Suporte técnico gratuito e ilimitado**
Os associados de pesquisa e gerentes técnicos do SGS Beta ficam à disposição para discutir os aspectos do serviço antes, durante e depois das análises. Os clientes não são cobrados pelo suporte técnico.
### **Acesso online seguro a resultados, fotos de amostras e laudos de garantia de qualidade**
Os clientes têm acesso online aos resultados de qualquer dispositivo, e os laudos de calibração e controle de qualidade podem ser baixados a qualquer momento por meio do portal de resultados no site do laboratório.
### **Pronta resposta a consultas em 24 horas, suporte ao cliente em 9 idiomas**
Temos uma equipe dedicada de suporte ao cliente que presta assistência logística a uma clientela global, além de suporte técnico durante todo o processo de envio e análise por email, telefone ou bate-papo. Os representantes do SGS Beta oferecem assistência e consultoria em chinês, inglês, francês, alemão, italiano, japonês, coreano, espanhol e português.
### **Resultados publicados em revistas acadêmicas altamente conceituadas**
Nossos dados são parte de milhares de publicações em periódicos de alto impacto em todo o mundo, como [Nature](https://www.nature.com/), [Science](https://www.science.org/) e [Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS](https://www.pnas.org/)), para citar alguns.
### **Recursos exclusivos do SGS Beta**
**Preços nas principais moedas**
Dependendo de sua região, o laboratório pode fornecer preços em EUR, GBP, JPY, KRW, RMB, TWD ou USD.
**Convenientes escritórios globais de expedição**
O laboratório tem escritórios de encaminhamento de amostras na Europa (Alemanha, Noruega, Espanha, Reino Unido) e na Ásia (China, Japão, Coreia do Sul, Taiwan). Todos os pacotes recebidos nos escritórios são despachados para o laboratório em Miami, Estados Unidos, por courier expresso, às custas do SGS Beta.
**Laboratório livre de marcadores – não aceitamos amostras biomédicas**
Para eliminar o risco de [contaminação cruzada](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-tracer-free-lab/), o laboratório não aceita amostras farmacêuticas com traçadores de carbono-14 ou qualquer outro material que contenha radiocarbono (14C) artificial.
## **Primeiro laboratório de datação por carbono-14 com certificação ISO/IEC 17025:2017**
O SGS Beta foi o primeiro laboratório de datação radiocarbônica a receber [a certificação ISO/IEC 17025:2017](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/certificacao-iso-17025.htm) em todo o mundo, operando em conformidade com os requisitos do sistema de gestão ISO 9001:2008.
Desde 2008, o laboratório recebe anualmente a acreditação ISO 17025 após passar por auditorias de terceiros conduzidas pela Perry Johnson Laboratory Accreditation (PJLA), mostrando que as habilidades técnicas, a gestão, as instalações e as operações comerciais do SGS Beta são mantidas consistentemente nos mais altos padrões possíveis.
O SGS Beta é equipado com vários espectrômetros de massas com aceleradores (AMS), bem como espectrômetros de massas de razões isotópicas (IRMS) e sistema de espectroscopia por cavidade ressonante tipo ring-down (CRDS) para medir isótopos estáveis de δ13C, δ15N, δ18O, δ170 e δD.
#### **Fale conosco**
Para o esclarecimento de dúvidas, envie um email para ou ligue para (+1) 305-667-5167.
#### **Perguntas frequentes**
- [Quanto custa a datação por carbono?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/quanto-custa-datacao-radiocarbono.htm)
- [Qual a quantidade de amostras que devo enviar?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-requisitos-amostras.htm)
- [Que diferença faz o tempo de resposta de um laboratório de datação por radiocarbono?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/fast-results/)
---
Última atualização da página: março de 2025
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### [Richtlinien von SGS Beta zur Rückgabe überschüssiger Proben](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/proben-ruckgabe-verfahren.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Überschüssige Proben werden im Rahmen der Qualitätssicherung unseres Labors für einige Monate archiviert.
- Alle Proben werden nach Ablauf der Aufbewahrungsfrist verbrannt.
- Entnommene Kollagen-, Boden- und Wasserproben können wir nicht zurückgeben.
## **Aufbewahrungszeitraum für archivierte Proben**
Wenn eine eingereichte Probe ausreichend ist, um eine kleine Menge überschüssiger Original- und / oder vorbehandelter Probe zu archivieren, archiviert unser Labor die Probe einige Monate nach dem Zeitpunkt der Berichterstattung / Freigabe der Ergebnisse. Dies geschieht als interne **Qualitätssicherung**, damit bei Bedarf zusätzliche Untersuchungen durchgeführt werden können.
Nach dieser Aufbewahrungszeit werden alle Probenbeutel und überschüssigen Probenmaterialien (original und vorbehandelt) mittels Verbrennung entsorgt.
**Kommunikation und Probenentsorgung** – SGS Beta wird nach 6 Monaten die Proben entsorgen, wenn es eine offene Kommunikation gibt, aber vom Kunden keine Antwort erhalten wurde.
## **Anfragen zur Rücksendung von Proben**
Wenn Sie die Rückgabe von nicht verwendeten ursprünglichen oder vorbehandelten überschüssigen Probenmaterialien benötigen, muss Ihre Anfrage auf eine der folgenden Arten schriftlich gestellt werden (wir können möglicherweise keine späteren Anfragen erfüllen):
1\. Zum Zeitpunkt der Einreichung
Bitte notieren Sie auf dem[ Online -Formular](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/), das Sie überschüssiges Probenmaterial zurückerhalten möchten. Alternativ können Sie eine[ E-Mail an unser Labor senden](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/beta-kontakt.htm).
2\. Nach der Eingangsbestätigung der Proben
3\. Zum Zeitpunkt der Berichterstattung
**Bitte geben Sie die Versandadresse und ein Rückgabe -FedEx -Etikett an. Wenn Sie keines angeben können, wählen Sie bitte aus den folgenden Optionen (Gebühren fallen für jede Option an):**
- Standard US -Paketpost – Paket ist nicht rückverfolgbar. Hinweis: Wir senden sperrige Container nicht über USPS zurück.
- FedEx – Paket ist rückverfolgbar.
Für die Bezahlung der Versandkosten sind Kreditkarteninformationen erforderlich.
Wir übernehmen keine Verantwortung außerhalb der Rücksendung. Nach dem Versand ist der Kunde dafür verantwortlich, den Kurier bei etwaigen Verzögerungen, Zolldokumenten oder Paketverlustansprüchen zu kontaktieren. SGS Beta kann keine Hilfe leisten, sobald das Paket vom Kurier abgeholt wurde.
## Leider können wir keine Proben zurückgeben, die als Bodenproben klassifiziert werden.
Es ist uns leider nicht möglich Proben zurückzugeben, die unabhängig ihres Ursprungs als “Bodenproben” gemäß des US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Circular “Q-330,300-1, Soil (01/2010) Revised” klassifiziert werden. Der Begriff “Boden” kann, ist aber nicht beschränkt auf: Sedimente, Paläoböden, Gyttja, Torf, Asche, Oberboden, Schlamm, Bohrkerne, usw. Materialien, die als “Boden” klassifiziert sind, werden chemisch behandelt und / oder durch eine zugelassene USDA Soil Treatment Facility verbrannt.
Bitte beachten Sie, dass Bodenproben aus dem Ausland sowie vieler US-Staaten in Übereinstimmung mit den Richtlinien des US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) behandelt werden müssen. Diese Richtlinien verlangen, dass importierte Bodenproben bei Erhalt entweder chemisch oder durch Wärme behandelt werden und schließlich durch Verbrennung entsorgt werden müssen. Folglich werden Bodenproben, die unser Labor erhält auf diese Weise entsorgt und können leider nicht mehr zurückgegeben werden.
Wir empfehlen nur so viel Probenmaterial einzusenden, wie für eine Analyse notwendig ist. Wir beraten Sie gerne bei der Frage, wie viel Material Sie einsenden sollten. In jedem Fall darf die eingesendete Menge 200 Gramm nicht überschreiten. Bitte beachten Sie, dass wir für die meisten [Bodenproben zur AMS Datierung](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-sedimente.htm), je nach Kohlenstoffanteil der Probe, nur etwa 2-4 Gramm oder weniger benötigen.
Wenn Sie Fragen zur Aufbewahrungsfrist oder der Probenrückgabe haben, kontaktieren Sie uns bitte unter: .
*Bildquelle: Pixabay, Pexels
Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: Februar 2023*
---
### [Receba notícias](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/newsletter-subscription.htm)
**Published:** January 26, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
Enviamos três ou quatro boletins por ano sobre novas análises e avanços do laboratório, dicas de amostragem, notícias da indústria e descobertas científicas relevantes dos nossos clientes.
Ver exemplos: [Datações por radiocarbono](https://www.slideshare.net/BetaAnalyticInc1/beta-analytic-sampling-guide-for-radiocarbon-dating-portuguese) | [Análises de isótopos estáveis](https://www.slideshare.net/BetaAnalyticInc1/beta-analytic-how-to-pack-water-samples-for-stable-isotope-analysis-portuguese)
Eu aceito receber notícias, com a opção de cancelar a assinatura a qualquer momento.
---
**Seus dados estão seguros.**
Temos compromisso com a sua privacidade. Nunca venderemos informações pessoais a terceiros. Para mais detalhes, por favor consulte a nossa [Política de Privacidade](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/BetaAnalyticPrivacyPolicy5-21-18.pdf).
**Como cancelar a assinatura**
Para cancelar a assinatura, clique o link no rodapé do boletim, ou envie um email para com o assunto UNSUBSCRIBE. Retiraremos seu endereço de email da lista de assinantes imediatamente.
---
### [신청하기](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/newsletter-subscription.htm)
**Published:** January 26, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
Beta 연구소는 매년 3-4 차례 새로운 분석 서비스, 실험실 발표, 시료 조언, 산업계 소식, 재미난 과학적 발견 등 소식지를 보내드립니다.
보기 예: [방사성탄소 연대측정](https://www.slideshare.net/BetaAnalyticInc1/beta-analytic-sampling-guide-for-radiocarbon-dating-korean) | [안정 동위원소 분석](https://www.slideshare.net/BetaAnalyticInc1/beta-analytic-how-to-pack-water-samples-for-stable-isotope-analysis-korean)
언제든 탈퇴하는 옵션으로 소식지 받기에 동의합니다.
---
**당신의 개인정보는 안전합니다.**
당신의 개인정보 보호에 최선을 다합니다. 제3자에게 개인 정보를 제공하지 않습니다. 자세한 내용은 [Privacy Policy](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/BetaAnalyticPrivacyPolicy5-21-18.pdf)을 읽기 바랍니다.
**탈퇴 방법**
소식지 하단에 있는 링크를 클릭합니다. “UNSUBSCRIBE” 란 제목으로 이메일을 보냅니다. 발송 리스트에서 당신의 이메일 주소를 바로 제거합니다.
---
### [방사성탄소 연대측정 샘플 제출 가이드](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/sending-carbon-dating-samples.htm)
**Published:** December 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
시료 제출 전, [가격 요청하기](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "가격 요청하기")
[지불 방법](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-sample-payment.htm "지불 방법") – 한화를 비롯해 미달러, 유로, 파운드, 엔, 위안, 타이완달러로 가격 가능합니다.
---
**시료 준비**
포장 시 서로 섞이지 않게 하나의 시료를 처음부터 끝까지 포장을 한 다음에 다음 시료 포장한다.
[필요한 시료 량](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/required-carbon-dating-sample-sizes.htm)
[시료 준비 전 시료 취급 및 적정 용기 설명을 읽기 바랍니다.](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/details.htm)
[](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/beta-analytic-samples-packing-korean.png)---
**제출 양식 작성**
[시료 제출 신청 양식](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/) – 시료와 확인 메일 포함.
---
**시료 포장**
봉투 사용의 경우 운송 도중 눌리거나 가루가 될 수 있으므로 작은 상자에 포장. 지하수 시료의 경우, 혹시 운송 중 병이 깨지더라도 포장 박스가 젖지 않게 플라스틱 백에 병을 담은 다음 잘 묶거나 봉해서 물이 새지 않게 주의한다.
배송 서비스를 제공하는 업체를 이용하고 배송 번호를 . 로 통보한다.
대체불가한 시료인 경우, SGS Beta 연구소 주소를 지퍼백 외부에 적거나 부착하시기 바랍니다.
---
**쉬운 통관 절차를 위한 세관 신고 요령**
세관 신고서의 상품 설명 난에 다음과 같이 기재한다. “GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES FOR SCIENTIFIC STUDY – NO COMMERCIAL VALUE – WILL BE DESTROYED IN THE ANALYSIS.”
Customs and carriage value – 1 USD
Harmonized Tariff Number (HS code) – 280300
시료 종류가 동물의 배설물, 침전물인 경우, 미국 세관 통관 지연을 피하기 위해 통관 서류에 “Coprolite”라 기재합니다.
---
## FAQ:
## [방사성탄소 연대측정 결과 받아보는데 얼마나 걸리나?](#collapseFive0)
서비스 종류에 따라 다릅니다. “AMS standard” 서비스를 원하시면 14 영업일 이내에 결과를 받아 보실 수 있으며, AMS Priority – 6 영업일 이내, AMS Time Guide – 2-3 영업일. Time Guide 서비스는 [뼈](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-bones.htm "carbon dating bones")시료에는 적용되지 않습니다.
## [결과 보고서가 언제 나오는지 알려주나요?](#collapseFive1)
시료가 미국 본사 실험실에 도착하면, 도착 확인 및 보고서 발행 날짜를 알려드립니다. 예상 날짜는 주말 제외하고 실험실에 도착한 다음 날부터 계산합니다.
미국 동부 시간 3 PM 이후 실험실에 도착한 시료들은 그 다음날 체크인 됩니다
## [취소 수수료가 있나?](#collapseFive)
연대측정 불가 시료의 경우, 취소 수수료가 없습니다.
연대측정 가능 시료지만, 변심에 의해 취소할 경우, 작업 정도에 따라 수수료가 부과됩니다. 시료가 본사 실험실에 도착하자마자 분석을 시작합니다. 따라서 비용이 발생합니다. 시료의 연대측정 적합성 여부에 의문이 있으시면, 비용 발생 전 연락 바란다는 작업 지시를 주시기 바랍니다.
## [어떤 물질들이 SGS Beta 연구소가 탄소 연대측정하지 않는지?](#collapseFive3)
- 개인 소장가, 고물건 판매상, 옥션 하우스 등이 소유한 서책, 예술품, 고물건 등등
- “Carbon-14 추적자” 혹은 다른 종류의 인공 동위원소들을 첨가한 시료들
- 개인 연구 물질들 (예, 조상 전래의 목제품, 금속 제품/동전, 무작위 발굴에서 나온 뼈들, 등등.)
- 용연향 (“향유 고래에서 얻은 향료”)
## [여분의 시료를 반환 받을 수 있나?](#collapseSix)
만약 여분 시료 반환을 원할 경우, 반송 주소와 반송 방법을 제공한다. 더 자세한 내용은 [Sample Retention and Return of Excess Materials](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/sample-return-policy.htm "Sample Retention and Return of Excess Materials") 페이지 참조.
## [시료 보관 기간은 얼마나 되나?](#collapseSeven)
SGS Beta 연구소는 연락을 취했지만 고객으로부터 아무런 반응이 없다면 6개월 후에는 폐기 처분합니다.
## [예술품이나 골동품의 경우도 연대측정 가능한가?](#collapseEight)
상업적 가격 산정을 위한 시료의 경우 서비스 제공 거절 – 본 연구소는 필사본, 예술 작품, 이외 고가 아이템의 연대측정 서비스는 제공하지 않는다. 단 유명 정부 기관, 정식 박물관, 학문 과정의 일환으로 조사하는 일부 전문 기관의 시료 제출과 경비 지불의 경우는 제외. 본 연구소는 골동품 시장에서 매매되는 개인 소장의 고가구, 고서적, 골동품 등의 연대측정 서비스는 제공하지 않습니다.
문화유산의 불법 수출입, 거래 예방 및 금지, 도난 문화재의 불법 거래 방지에 관한 유네스코 (UNESCO) 협약 준수를 위해, SGS Beta 연구소는 개인간 거래, 고가구 판매상, 옥션 판매상이 의뢰하는 예술품, 고가구 등에 대해 연대측정 서비스를 제공하지 않습니다.
## [일반 개인이 의뢰할 수 있나?](#collapseTen)
안됩니다. SGS Beta’s 전문 고고학 규정 – 집을 포함한 상업적 가치를 가진 물건은 의뢰 받지 않습니다. SGS Beta 연구소는 연구 및 학문 기관 혹은 전문 고고학자가 의뢰한 시료만 취급합니다.
### 기타
- [SGS Beta 범위 및 측정 한계](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-radiocarbon-lab.htm "SGS Beta 범위 및 측정 한계")
- [SGS Beta 연구소의 품질 관리 및 보증](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-radiocarbon-lab2.htm "SGS Beta 연구소의 품질 관리 및 보증")
- [SGS Beta 표준 사전처리 절차](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm "SGS Beta 표준 사전처리 절차")
*2024년 9월 업데이트*
---
### [購読のためサインアップ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/newsletter-subscription.htm)
**Published:** January 26, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
年に3-4回、新しいサービスの情報、試験所の最新情報、サンプリングに関するアドバイス、興味深い科学のトピックなどをお送りしています。
ニュースレターの例: [放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.slideshare.net/BetaAnalyticInc1/beta-analytic-sampling-guide-for-radiocarbon-dating-japanese) | [同位体分析](https://www.slideshare.net/BetaAnalyticInc1/beta-analytic-how-to-pack-water-samples-for-stable-isotope-analysis-japanese-261097382)
サインアップしてニュースレターを受け取ることに同意します。購読はいつでも解除可能です。
---
**あなたの情報は保護されています。**
個人情報は保護に努めています。サード・パーティーに個人情報を提供しません。詳細は [プライバシーポリシー](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/BetaAnalyticPrivacyPolicy5-21-18.pdf) をお読みください。
**購読解除方法**
ニュースレター最後の部分にある購読解除ボタンを押していただければ購読解除できます。 もしくはタイトルをUNSUBSCRIBE としていただき、 にメールをお送りください。ただちに手続きをするようにいたします。
---
### [Politique de SGS Beta sur le retour des échantillons excédentaires](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/politique-retour-echantillons.htm)
**Published:** June 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Les échantillons excédentaires sont archivés pendant quelques mois dans le cadre de l’assurance qualité du laboratoire.
- Tous les échantillons sont incinérés lorsque la période de conservation est écoulée.
- Nous ne pouvons pas retourner les échantillons de collagène extrait, de sol et d’eau.
## **Période de conservation des échantillons archivés**
Lorsque la taille d’un échantillon est suffisamment importante pour qu’elle permette la conservation d’une certaine quantité de matériau original et/ou prétraité, le laboratoire gardera ce matériau dans les archives pendant quelques mois suivant la sortie des résultats. Cette mesure interne d’**Assurance Qualité** permet la réalisation d’analyses supplémentaires, si nécessaire.
A la fin de cette période de conservation, tous les emballages et les échantillons (prétraités ou non) seront éliminés par incinération.
**Communication et élimination des échantillons** – SGS Beta éliminera les échantillons après 6 mois d’attente de communication si aucune réponse n’a été reçue du client sur la façon de procéder.
## **Demandes de retours d’échantillons**
Si vous souhaitez le retour des matériaux en excès, prétraités ou non, votre demande DOIT être faite par écrit de l’une des manières suivantes (nous ne serons peut-être pas en mesure d’honorer les demandes tardives) :
1\. Au moment de l’envoi
Veuillez signaler sur le [formulaire en ligne](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/) que vous souhaitez recevoir les restes des échantillons. Vous pouvez également envoyer un[ e-mail au laboratoire](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-contact.htm).
2\. En réponse au courriel confirmant la réception des échantillons
3\. Lors de la réception des résultats
**Veuillez fournir l’adresse de livraison et une étiquette de retour FedEx. Si vous ne pouvez pas en fournir une, veuillez choisir parmi les options suivantes (des frais s’appliquent pour les deux) :**
- Colis par service postal standard des Etats-Unis – option sans suivi. Note : Nous ne renvoyons pas de colis volumineux par USPS.
- FedEx – le colis a un numéro de suivi.
Les informations de carte de crédit sont nécessaires pour couvrir les frais d’envoi.
Notre responsabilité se limite à l’envoi du colis. Une fois expédié, le client est responsable du suivi auprès du transporteur pour tout retard, documentation douanière ou réclamation pour perte de colis. SGS Beta ne sera pas en mesure de fournir une assistance une fois le colis récupéré par le transporteur.
## Nous ne pouvons pas renvoyer des matériaux classifiés « Sol »
Nous ne sommes pas en mesure de retourner des échantillons classifiés « sol » par la circulaire “Q-330.300-1, Soil (01/2010) Revised” émise par le Département de l’Agriculture des Etats Unis (USDA), quelqu’en soit l’origine. Le terme « Sol » englobe sans limitation, sédiments, paleosols, gyttja, tourbe, cendres, terre végétale, boue, carottes de sédiment, etc. Les matières classifiées « Sols » seront traitées chimiquement et/ou incinérées par un centre de traitement des sols approuvé par l’USDA.
Les échantillons de sédiments en provenance d’un pays autre que les États-Unis, ainsi que de nombreux autres Etats, doivent être pris en charge en accord avec les directives établies par le Service d’Inspection de la Santé Animale et Végétale (APHIS) du ministère de l’Agriculture américain. Celles-ci requièrent que les échantillons de sédiments importés soient traités chimiquement ou par chaleur lors de la réception et qu’ils soient par la suite éliminés par incinération. Par conséquent, les échantillons de sédiments que nous recevons dans notre laboratoire sont éliminés et nous ne pouvons malheureusement pas les renvoyer.
Nous vous recommandons de n’envoyer que la quantité de sédiments nécessaire pour la datation. Nous sommes à votre disposition pour tout renseignement sur la quantité à envoyer. Sachez toutefois que celle-ci ne dépasse jamais 200 grammes. La plupart des échantillons de [sédiments organiques envoyés pour datation par AMS](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-sma-sediments.htm) n’excèdent pas les 2 à 4 grammes, en fonction de leur teneur en carbone.
Pour toute question relative à la période de conservation des échantillons archivés ou le retour des échantillons, veuillez nous contacter à l’adresse suivante : .
*Crédit: Pixabay, Pexels
Dernière mise à jour de la page: février 2023*
---
### [Politica di SGS Beta sulla restituzione dei campioni in eccesso](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/politica-restituzione-campioni.htm)
**Published:** July 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Il materiale in eccesso viene conservato per alcuni mesi, come previsto dalla procedura di assicurazione qualità del laboratorio.
- Una volta terminato questo periodo, tutti i campioni vengono inceneriti.
- Non possiamo restituire campioni di collagene estratto, terreno o acqua.
## Periodo di conservazione dei campioni in archivio
Quando un campione è grande abbastanza da permettere l’archiviazione di una piccola quantità di materiale originale e/o pretrattato, il laboratorio lo conserva per un breve periodo di tempo successivo al rilascio dei risultati, come misura interna di **assicurazione qualità** per permettere, se necessario, analisi di controllo o ulteriori indagini.
In seguito a questo periodo di archiviazione, tutti i contenitori e i campioni in eccesso (originali e pretrattati) vengono smaltiti tramite incenerimento.
**Comunicazioni e smaltimento dei campioni**: nel caso in cui il laboratorio contatti il cliente e non riceva una risposta, SGS Beta smaltirà i campioni dopo 6 mesi dalla data di invio dell’email al cliente.
## Richiesta di restituzione dei campioni
Se è necessaria la restituzione del materiale in eccesso, originale o pretrattato, la richiesta DEVE essere fatta per iscritto in uno dei seguenti modi (potremmo non essere in grado di soddisfare richieste pervenute successivamente):
1\. Al momento dell’invio
Indicare sul[ modulo online](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/) che il materiale in eccesso deve essere restituito. In alternativa, è possibile[ contattare il laboratorio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/contatti.htm) via email.
2\. In seguito alla conferma della ricezione dei campioni
3\. Al momento della ricezione del report
**Avremo bisogno di ricevere l’indirizzo di spedizione e un’etichetta di spedizione. Se il cliente non può fornirci un’etichetta, dovrà scegliere una delle seguenti opzioni:**
- Posta (US parcel post): il pacco non è tracciabile. Attenzione: non restituiamo pacchi voluminosi con questo metodo di spedizione.
- FedEx: spedizione tracciabile.
È necessario fornire i dati di una carta di credito su cui addebitare il costo del corriere.
SGS Beta non si assume alcuna responsabilità successiva alla spedizione. Il cliente è responsabile di contattare il corriere per risolvere eventuali ritardi, fornire la documentazione doganale (se richiesta) o fare reclamo per la perdita del pacco. SGS Beta non può fornire assistenza una volta che il pacco è stato ritirato dal corriere.
## Non ci è possible restituire campioni di terreno
Non siamo in grado di restituire i campioni classificati come “terreno” (“soil”), a prescindere dalla loro origine, in base alla circolare “Q-330.300-1, Soil (01/2010) Revised” del Dipartimento dell’Agricoltura statunitense (USDA). Il termine “terreno” include, ma non è limitato a, sedimenti, paleosuoli, gyttja, torba, cenere, terra superficiale, fango, materiale da carotaggi, ecc. I campioni classificati come “terreno” verranno trattai chimicamente e/o inceneriti da un impianto per il trattamento del suolo approvato dall’USDA.
Tenere presente che i campioni di sedimenti ricevuti dall’estero e da molti Stati USA devono essere manipolati nel rispetto delle linee guida stabilite dallo US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Queste linee guida richiedono che i campioni di sedimenti importati vengano trattati con processi chimici o termici al momento della ricezione e che vengano successivamente smaltiti con incenerimento. I campioni di sedimenti ricevuti dal nostro laboratorio saranno quindi smaltiti con questa procedura e non ci è purtroppo possibile restituirli.
Si raccomanda per questo motivo di inviare esclusivamente la quantità di sedimenti necessaria all’analisi. Possiamo suggerire la quantità di campione necessaria, ma in ogni caso questa non deve superare i 200 grammi. Per la maggior parte dei [campioni di sedimenti organici inviati al laboratorio per la datazione AMS](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-i-sedimenti-con-l-ams.htm) sono necessari solo 2-4 grammi di materiale o meno, a seconda del contenuto di carbonio.
Per ulteriori informazioni riguardo al periodo di archiviazione o alla restituzione dei campioni, contattarci all’indirizzo .
*Immagine di: Pixabay, Pexels
Ultimo aggiornamento: febbraio 2023*
---
### [Política de SGS Beta sobre la devolución de muestras sobrantes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/muestra-devolucion-politica.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Las muestras sobrantes se conservan como parte de las medidas de garantía de calidad del laboratorio.
- Todas las muestras son incineradas cuando el periodo de conservación termina.
- No podemos devolver muestras de colágeno extraído, suelo y agua.
## Periodo de conservación de muestras
Cuando una muestra enviada tiene el tamaño suficiente como para que el material sobrante de la muestra original o pretratada sea conservado, el laboratorio conservará este material por unos meses después de que se publiquen los resultados. Esto se hace como una medida interna de **Garantía de Calidad** y permite que se realicen análisis de respaldo o investigaciones adicionales, si es necesario.
Después de dicho periodo de conservación, todas las bolsas y material sobrante (original o pretratado) serán eliminados mediante incineración.
**Comunicación y desecho de muestras** – SGS Beta desechará las muestras después de 6 meses que haya comunicación pendiente y no se haya recibido respuesta del cliente sobre cómo proceder.
## Solicitud de devolución de muestras
Si requiere la devolución de material sobrante de sus muestras originales o pretratadas, DEBE realizar su solicitud por escrito en cualquiera de las siguientes ocasiones (es posible que no podamos satisfacer solicitudes tardías):
1\. En el momento del envío.
Por favor indique en el[ formulario en línea](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/) que desea la devolución del material sobrante de sus muestras. También puede[ enviar un correo al laboratorio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/contacto.htm).
2\. Cuando reciba la confirmación de la recepción de sus muestras.
3\. En el momento que se publiquen los resultados.
**Por favor proporcione la dirección de envío y una etiqueta de devolución de FedEx. Si no puede proporcionar una, elija alguna de las siguientes opciones (aplican tarifas para cualquiera de las opciones):**
- Servicio postal ordinario de EE.UU. – El paquete no es rastreable. Nota: No devolvemos paquetes voluminosos a través de USPS.
- FedEx – El paquete es rastreable.
Se requiere información de la tarjeta de crédito para cubrir los costos de envío.
No tenemos ninguna responsabilidad fuera de devolverlo. Una vez enviado, el cliente es responsable de hacer el seguimiento con el servicio de mensajería por cualquier retraso, documentación aduanera o reclamaciones por pérdida de paquetes. SGS Beta no podrá brindar asistencia una vez que el servicio de mensajería recoja el paquete.
## No podemos devolver materiales clasificados como suelo
No podemos devolver materiales clasificados como “Suelo” por el Departamento de Agricultura de EEUU (USDA) Circular “Q-330.300-1, Soil (01/2010) Revised” independientemente de su origen. El término “Suelo” incluye, entre otros materiales: sedimentos, paleo suelos, gyttja, turba, ceniza, tierra vegetal, barro, núcleos de perforación, etc. Los materiales clasificados como “Suelo” serán tratados químicamente y/o incinerados por una Instalación de Tratamiento de Suelo aprobada por el USDA.
Tenga en cuenta que las muestras de suelo recibidas de países extranjeros, así como de varios estados de EEUU, tienen que ser tratadas de acuerdo con las directrices establecidas por el Servicio de Inspección de Salud de Animales y Plantas (APHIS) del USDA. Estas directrices requieren que materiales de suelo importados sean tratados, ya sea químicamente o por calor, en el momento de la recepción y que sean desechados finalmente por incineración. Así, las muestras de suelo recibidas en nuestro laboratorio serán dispuestas de esta manera y no podremos devolverlas.
Recomendamos que envíe solamente el sedimento necesario para el análisis. También podemos asesorar en cuanto a la cantidad que es necesaria, pero en todos los casos la cantidad enviada no debe exceder 200 gramos. Tenga en cuenta que la mayoría de las [muestras de sedimentos enviadas para datación por AMS](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/ams-datacion-sedimentos.htm) orgánicas, requieren solamente 2-4 gramos o menos dependiendo del contenido de carbono.
Si tiene cualquier pregunta sobre el periodo de conservación de muestras sobrantes o sobre la devolución de las mismas, por favor contáctenos en .
*Crédito de la imagen: Pixabay, Pexels
Última actualización de la página: Febrero de 2023*
---
### [Iscrizione agli aggiornamenti](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/iscrizione-newsletter.htm)
**Published:** January 26, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
Inviamo 3-4 newsletter all’anno con aggiornamenti sui nuovi servizi e i potenziamenti del laboratorio, consigli sul campionamento, scoperte scientifiche dei nostri clienti e altre novità del settore.
Vedi esempi: [Datazione al radiocarbonio](https://www.slideshare.net/BetaAnalyticInc1/beta-analytic-sampling-guide-for-radiocarbon-dating-italian) | [Analisi degli isotopi stabili](https://www.slideshare.net/BetaAnalyticInc1/beta-analytic-how-to-pack-water-samples-for-stable-isotope-analysis-italian)
Accetto di ricevere aggiornamenti, con la possibilità di cancellare l’iscrizione in qualsiasi momento.
---
**I tuoi dati sono al sicuro.**
Per noi la tua privacy è molto importante. Non venderemo mai i tuoi dati personali a terzi. Per i dettagli, consulta la nostra [informativa sulla privacy](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/BetaAnalyticPrivacyPolicy5-21-18.pdf).
**Come cancellare l’iscrizione**
Per cancellare la tua iscrizione, fai clic sul link in fondo all’email che hai ricevuto. In alternativa, invia un’email a con UNSUBSCRIBE come oggetto dell’email. Rimuoveremo il tuo indirizzo dalla nostra mailing list immediatamente.
---
### [Inscrivez-vous pour recevoir nos newsletters](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/newsletter-souscription.htm)
**Published:** January 26, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
Nous envoyons 3 à 4 newsletters par an pour communiquer sur les nouvelles analyses ou avancées du laboratoire, ainsi que pour partager des conseils d’échantillonnage, les actualités de l’industrie et les découvertes scientifiques de nos clients.
Voir un exemple: [Datation radiocarbone](https://www.slideshare.net/BetaAnalyticInc1/beta-analytic-sampling-guide-for-radiocarbon-dating-french) | [Analyse des isotopes stables](https://www.slideshare.net/BetaAnalyticInc1/beta-analytic-how-to-pack-water-samples-for-stable-isotope-analysis-french)
J’accepte de recevoir la newsletter avec la possibilité de me désinscrire à tout moment.
---
**Vos informations sont sécurisées.**
Nous nous engageons à protéger vos données. Nous ne vendons jamais de données personnelles à un tiers. Pour plus de renseignements, veuillez lire notre [Politique de confidentialité](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/BetaAnalyticPrivacyPolicy5-21-18.pdf).
**Comment se désinscrire**
Veuillez cliquer sur le lien situé en bas de la newsletter pour vous désinscrire instantanément. Vous pouvez également nous contacter à l’adresse en indiquant UNSUBSCRIBE en objet. Nous supprimerons immédiatement votre adresse de la liste de diffusion.
---
### [Guida all'invio dei campioni per la datazione al radiocarbonio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-radiocarbonio-campioni.htm)
**Published:** July 10, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
[Richiedere un preventivo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/costi-datazione-carbonio.htm "Richiedere un preventivo") prima di inviare i campioni.[Metodi di pagamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-radiocarbonio-pagamento.htm "Metodi di pagamento") – I prezzi sono disponibili in EUR, GBP, JPY, KRW, RMB, TWD e USD.
---
**Preparare i campioni**
È consigliabile preparare un solo campione per volta. Per evitare errori, iniziare e completare il processo di imballaggio di ogni campione prima di procedere con il successivo.
[Quantità di materiale raccomandata](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-radiocarbonio-campioni-dimensioni.htm)
[Leggere le istruzioni per la preparazione dei campioni e i contenitori prima di iniziare](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/details.htm)
[](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/beta-analytic-samples-packing-italian.png)
---
**Compilare il modulo di presentazione**
[Modulo di invio campioni](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/) – stampare l’email di conferma e allegarla ai campioni
---
**Imballare i campioni**
Rispetto alle buste imbottite, le scatole di cartone offrono una maggiore protezione ed evitano che i campioni si frantumino o polverizzino durante il trasporto.
Per inviare campioni di acqua, inserire le bottiglie in una busta di plastica e sigillare la busta con una zip o con del nastro isolante. In questo modo, nel caso in cui dovesse esserci una perdita, l’acqua non indebolirà il contenitore in cartone.
Raccomandiamo di utilizzare un servizio di spedizione tracciabile e di inviare il numero di tracking a .
Se i campioni sono insostituibili, suggeriamo di riportare l’indirizzo del laboratorio sull’etichetta delle bustine con zip.
---
**Dichiarazione doganale per i campioni spediti direttamente al laboratorio di Miami, Florida**
Descrizione della merce da riportare sul modulo della dichiarazione doganale – “GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES FOR SCIENTIFIC STUDY – NO COMMERCIAL VALUE – WILL BE DESTROYED IN THE ANALYSIS”.
Valore: 1 USD
Harmonized Tariff Number (HS code) – 280300
Se il pacco contiene campioni di guano, letame o feci, riportare la parola “coprolite” sui documenti di spedizione, per evitare ritardi alla dogana.
---
## Domande frequenti:
## [Quali sono i tempi di consegna dei risultati della datazione al radiocarbonio?](#collapseFive0)
Dipende dal servizio selezionato. Con il servizio AMS Standard, i risultati sono pronti entro 14 giorni lavorativi; con AMS Priority, entro 6 giorni lavorativi; con AMS Time Guide, in 2-3 giorni lavorativi. Il servizio Time Guide non è disponibile per le [ossa](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-le-ossa.htm "carbon dating bones").
## [SGS Beta indica ai clienti la data prevista per la consegna dei risultati?](#collapseFive1)
Un rappresentante di SGS Beta confermerà l’arrivo dei campioni A MIAMI e comunicherà la data prevista per la consegna dei risultati. I tempi di consegna sono calcolati a partire dal giorno successivo all’arrivo dei campioni al laboratorio di Miami, esclusi i fine settimana e i giorni festivi.
I campioni consegnati al laboratorio dopo le 15:00 EST vengono registrati il giorno successivo.
## [Sono previsti dei costi per la cancellazione dei campioni?](#collapseFive)
Non addebitiamo alcun costo per i campioni che non possono essere datati.
**Per le richieste di annullamento di campioni che possono essere datati al C14, verrà addebitata una tariffa** a seconda della quantità di lavoro già effettuato al momento della cancellazione. Le procedure di analisi iniziano entro poche ore dalla ricezione dei campioni, perciò i costi iniziano ad accumularsi quasi immediatamente. In caso di dubbi sull’idoneità dei campioni, è possibile richiedere di essere contattati dal laboratorio prima che vengano avviati i pretrattamenti e applicati i relativi costi.
## [Quali sono i materiali che SGS Beta NON ACCETTA per la datazione al carbonio?](#collapseFive3)
- Manoscritti, opere d’arte, artefatti o antichità inviati da privati, antiquari, case d’asta o collezionisti privati
- Campioni marcati con o potenzialmente contaminati da carbonio-14 tracciante o altri isotopi artificiali
- Materiali per ricerca personale (ad esempio legno da case private, metalli/monete, ossa rinvenute casualmente, ecc.)
- Ambra grigia
## [SGS Beta può restituire il materiale in eccesso?](#collapseSix)
Per richiedere la restituzione dei campioni in eccesso, è necessario fornire al laboratorio le istruzioni per la spedizione del materiale. Nota: non possiamo restituire collagene estratto, suolo/sedimenti o acqua. Per ulteriori informazioni, consultare la pagina [Politica di SGS Beta sulla restituzione dei campioni in eccesso](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/politica-restituzione-campioni.htm "Politica di SGS Beta sulla restituzione dei campioni in eccesso").
## [Per quanto tempo vengono conservati i campioni?](#collapseSeven)
Nel caso in cui il laboratorio contatti il cliente e non riceva una risposta, SGS Beta smaltirà i campioni dopo 6 mesi dalla data di invio dell’email al cliente.
## [SGS Beta accetta opere d’arte o antichità?](#collapseEight)
La nostra politica aziendale prevede che non accettiamo materiali con valore commerciale, inclusi i materiali utilizzati per la datazione di edifici privati. SGS Beta accetta campioni solo da università, istituti di ricerca e archeologi professionisti. Non datiamo manoscritti, opere d’arte o altri oggetti preziosi o di valore inestimabile, a meno che non siano inviati e pagati da un ente governativo riconosciuto, da un grande museo o da un altro ente ufficiale che stia studiando i materiali nell’ambito di un progetto di ricerca. Non accettiamo antichità, libri, manoscritti o altri materiali di natura religiosa, né oggetti che possono essere venduti nei mercatini dell’antiquariato.
Per soddisfare i requisiti della Convenzione UNESCO concernente le misure da adottare per interdire e impedire l’illecita importazione, esportazione e trasferimento di proprietà dei beni culturali e contrastare il commercio illecito di beni culturali, SGS Beta non effettua la datazione di opere d’arte, manufatti o antichità per conto di privati, antiquari, case d’aste o collezioni private.
## [SGS Beta accetta campioni da privati?](#collapseTen)
No. La nostra politica aziendale prevede che non accettiamo materiali con valore commerciale, inclusi i materiali utilizzati per la datazione di edifici privati. SGS Beta accetta campioni solo da università, istituti di ricerca e archeologi professionisti.
### **Altri argomenti:**
- [Il laboratorio di SGS Beta](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-radiocarbon-lab.htm)
- [Controllo qualità](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-radiocarbon-lab2.htm)
- [Protocolli standard di pretrattamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm)
*Ultimo aggiornamento: Settembre 2024*
---
### [Guia para envio de amostras para datação por radiocarbono](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-enviar-amostras.htm)
**Published:** July 27, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
[Solicite um orçamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/quanto-custa-datacao-radiocarbono.htm "Solicite um orçamento") antes de enviar amostras.[Formas de pagamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-termos-pagamento.htm "Formas de pagamento") – Preços nas moedas EUR, GBP, JPY, KRW, RMB, TWD e USD.
---
**Prepare as amostras**
Comece e termine o processo de embalagem de cada peça antes de iniciar o seguinte para evitar a mistura.
[Tamanhos de amostra recomendados](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-requisitos-amostras.htm)
[Por favor leia as recomendações de manuseio de amostras e recipientes antes de preparar suas amostras.](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-details.htm)
[](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/beta-analytic-samples-packing-portuguese.png)
---
**Preencher o formulário de dados para envio de amostras**
[Ficha de dados de amostras](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/): incluir o e-mail de confirmação junto com suas amostras
---
**Prepare as amostras para o envio**
Use pequenas caixas em vez de envelopes para que as amostras não sejam trituradas ou pulverizadas durante o transporte.
Para amostras de água subterrânea, por favor, coloque as garrafas em uma sacola de plástico com fecho zip ou fechada com fita de embalagem. Se as garrafas vazarem durante o transporte, a água não vai enfraquecer a caixa onde as mesmas estão sendo transportadas.
Por favor, use um serviço de encomendas que forneça monitoramento da amostra, e envie o seu número de rastreamento para .
Se tem uma amostra insubstituível, cole uma etiqueta com o endereço do SGS Beta no saco plástico com fecho zip.
---
**Declaração aduaneira para envios direitos ao laboratório em Miami, Florida**
Descrição de bens para o formulário da declaração aduaneira: “GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES FOR SCIENTIFIC STUDY – NO COMMERCIAL VALUE – WILL BE DESTROYED IN THE ANALYSIS.”
Valor: 1 USD
Código de tarifas armonizadas (HS code): 280300
Para evitar atrasos alfandegários, por favor utilize a palavra “coprolite” nos documentos de envio, em lugar de guano, esterco ou fezes (“dung” ou “feces”), para descrever os materiais a serem despachados.
---
## Perguntas frequentes:
## [Quanto tempo demora para receber os resultados da datação por radiocarbono?](#collapseFive0)
Depende do serviço escolhido. Se você seleciona o serviço “AMS Standard”, os resultados ficam prontos em até 14 dias úteis; o serviço AMS priority apresenta resultados em até 6 dias úteis, e o AMS Time Guide, em 2 a 3 dias úteis. O serviço Time Guide não se aplica a [ossos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-ossos.htm "carbon dating bones").
## [O SGS Beta informa os clientes da data prevista dos resultados?](#collapseFive1)
Um representante do SGS Beta entrará em contato para confirmar a chegada da amostra ao laboratório e informar a data estimada para a entrega dos resultados. O nosso prazo de entrega cotado começa a contar a partir do dia útil seguinte ao recebimento da amostra no laboratório em Miami.
Amostras recebidas no laboratório após as 15h (EST) serão registradas no sistema no dia seguinte.
## [O SGS Beta cobra taxas de cancelamento?](#collapseFive)
Não há taxas de cancelamento para amostras que não possam ser datadas.
Pedidos para cancelar análises de amostras que são passíveis de medição de C14 serão cobradas de acordo com a quantidade de trabalhos feitos no momento do cancelamento. Por favor, atente para o fato que começamos a análise horas depois do recebimento das amostras; assim sendo, o serviço começa a ser cobrado instantaneamente. Se tiver dúvidas sobre a possibilidade de análise de suas amostras, você pode enviar instruções para contato, afim de discutir o processo antes de iniciarmos a cobrança.
## [Quais materiais não são aceitos pelo SGS Beta para datação radiocarbônica?](#collapseFive3)
- Manuscritos, obras de arte, artefatos ou antiguidades de pessoas privadas, comerciantes de antiguidades, casas de leilão ou coleções privadas
- Amostras com carbono-14 marcado ou outros isótopos artificiais
- Materiais para pesquisas pessoais (como madeira de casas ancestrais, metais e moedas, ossos de escavações informais, etc.)
- Âmbar cinza (“vômito de baleia”)
## [O SGS Beta retorna amostras não utilizadas?](#collapseSix)
Se deseja receber material sobrante de amostras, por favor, indique as suas preferências de devolução. Mais informações na página sobre [Devolução de amostras excedentes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/amostra-devolucao-poliza.htm "Devolução de amostras excedentes").
## [Qual é o prazo de retenção de material do SGS Beta?](#collapseSeven)
O SGS Beta descarta amostras após seis (6) meses de comunicações pendentes sem resposta do cliente sobre como proceder.
## [O SGS Beta aceita obras de arte ou antiguidades?](#collapseEight)
BNós não aceitamos materiais com valor comercial: o laboratório não realiza datações de manuscritos, obras de arte, objetos de valor ou de valor inestimável, se não forem enviados e pagos por agências governamentais reconhecidas, grandes museus ou agências oficiais que investiguem materiais como parte de um processo acadêmico multidisciplinar. O laboratório não analisa antiguidades, livros, manuscritos, materiais de natureza religiosa ou itens comumente vendidos em mercados de antiguidades.
Para atender às exigências da UNESCO na Convenção Relativa às Medidas a Serem Adotadas para Proibir e Impedir a Importação, Exportação e Transferência de Propriedades Ilícitas dos Bens Culturais, e para desincentivar o comércio de propriedade cultural saqueada, o SGS Beta não realiza datações em obras de arte, artefatos ou antiguidades de particulares, comerciantes de antiguidades, leiloeiros ou coleções privadas.
## [O SGS Beta aceita amostras de indivíduos privados?](#collapseTen)
Não. Segundo a Política de Arqueologia Profissional do SGS Beta, materiais com valor comercial não são aceitos, inclusive casas. O SGS Beta somente aceita amostras enviadas por instituições acadêmicas e de pesquisa, ou de arqueólogos profissionais.
### Outros assuntos:
- [Capacidade e limites de detecção do SGS Beta](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/radiocarbono-laboratorio.htm "Capacidade e limites de detecção do SGS Beta")
- [Controle e garantia de qualidade](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/radiocarbono-laboratorio2.htm "Controle e garantia de qualidade")
- [Protocolos Convencionais de Pré-tratamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-pretratamento-protocolos.htm "Protocolos Convencionais de Pré-tratamento")
*Última atualização: Setembro de 2024*
---
### [Guía para enviar muestras para datación por radiocarbono](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/arqueologia-enviar-muestras.htm)
**Published:** May 21, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
[Solicite un presupuesto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/cuanto-cuesta-la-datacion-por-carbono.htm "Solicite un presupuesto") antes de enviar las muestras.[Métodos de pago](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/arqueologia-pago-terminos.htm "Métodos de pago") – Nuestros precios están disponibles en EUR, GBP, JPY, KRW, RMB, TWD y USD.
---
**Prepare las muestras**
Empiece y termine el proceso de embalado de cada muestra antes de comenzar con la siguiente para evitar que se mezclen.
[Pesos recomendados para muestras](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/arqueologia-requisitos-muestras.htm)
[Por favor, lea nuestras recomendaciones sobre recipientes y manipulación antes de preparar sus muestras](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/details.htm)
[](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/beta-analytic-samples-packing-espanol.png)
---
**Completar formulario en línea**
[Formularios de envío](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/): incluya el email de confirmación con sus muestras
---
**Prepare las muestras para el envío**
Utilice cajas pequeñas en vez de sobres para que las muestras no sean aplastadas o pulverizadas durante el envío.
Para muestras de agua subterránea, por favor, coloque las botellas dentro de una bolsa de plástico con cierre zip o con cinta de embalar. Así, si alguna de las botellas dejase escapar líquido durante el envío, la caja de cartón en la que son transportadas no será dañada.
Por favor, utilice un servicio de correo o mensajería que ofrezca el seguimiento de la muestra, y envíe su número de seguimiento a .
Si las muestras son irremplazables, sugerimos incluir la dirección del laboratorio en la etiqueta de las bolsas con cierre zip.
---
**Declaración de aduanas para los envíos directos al laboratorio en Miami, Florida**
Descripción de bienes para el formulario de declaración de aduanas: “GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES FOR SCIENTIFIC STUDY – NO COMMERCIAL VALUE – WILL BE DESTROYED IN THE ANALYSIS.”
Valor: 1 USD
Código de tarifas armonizadas (HS code): 280300
Para evitar retrasos en aduanas, use la palabra “coprolito” (“coprolite” en inglés) en los documentos de envío en lugar de guano, estiércol o heces para describir el material enviado.
---
## Preguntas frecuentes
## [¿En cuánto tiempo estarán listos los resultados del análisis?](#collapseFive0)
El tiempo de entrega dependerá del servicio seleccionado: AMS Standard – Los resultados se entregan en 14 días laborables o menos, AMS Priority – 6 días laborables o menos, o AMS Time Guide – 2-3 días laborables. El servicio AMS Time Guide no está disponible para muestras de [huesos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-huesos.htm "carbon dating bones").
## [¿SGS Beta informa a sus clientes el tiempo de entrega de los resultados?](#collapseFive1)
Un representante de SGS Beta se pondrá en contacto con usted para confirmar la llegada segura de sus muestras y proporcionarle una fecha de entrega de los resultados. El tiempo de entrega indicado empieza a contar al día siguiente de la recepción de las muestras en el laboratorio de Miami, excluyendo los fines de semana.
Las muestras recibidas en el laboratorio después de las 3:00 pm EST, serán registradas en el sistema al día siguiente.
## [¿SGS Beta cobra tarifas de cancelación?](#collapseFive)
No aplicamos tarifas de cancelación a muestras que no pueden ser datadas.
La cancelación de muestras que sean adecuadas para la datación tendrá un precio acorde al trabajo ya realizado en el momento de la cancelación. Por favor, tenga en cuenta que comenzamos los análisis pocas horas después de la recepción de las muestras, por lo que nuestras tarifas de cancelación se aplican casi inmediatamente. Si tiene alguna duda sobre la idoneidad de sus muestras, por favor contacte con nosotros para poder asesorarle al respecto antes de comenzar el análisis.
## [¿Qué materiales no son aceptados para la datación por radiocarbono en SGS Beta ](#collapseFive3)
- manuscritos, obras de arte, artefactos o antigüedades de particulares, empresas, casas de subastas o coleccionistas privados.
- muestras que contengan C14 artificial ni ningún otro marcador isotópico artificial.
- materiales para la investigación personal (por ejemplo madera de una casa antigua, metal/monedas, huesos de una excavación no científica, etc.)
- Ámbar gris o vómito de ballena
## [¿SGS Beta devolverá el material sobrante?](#collapseSix)
Si requiere la devolución del material sobrante de sus muestras, por favor, indíquenos sus preferencias para el envío. Más información nuestra página de [Conservación de muestras y devolución del material sobrante](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/muestra-devolucion-politica.htm "Conservación de muestras y devolución del material sobrante").
## [¿Cuánto tiempo conservan las muestras en el laboratorio?](#collapseSeven)
SGS Beta desechará las muestras después de 6 meses que haya comunicación pendiente y no se haya recibido respuesta del cliente sobre cómo proceder.
## [¿SGS Beta acepta obras de arte o antigüedades?](#collapseEight)
El laboratorio no realiza dataciones de manuscritos, obras de arte, objetos de valor o de valor incalculable, a no ser que sean enviados y pagados por agencias gubernamentales reconocidas, museos principales o agencias oficiales que estén investigando los materiales en el marco de un proceso académico multidisciplinar. El laboratorio no analiza antigüedades, libros, manuscritos o materiales de naturaleza religiosa, o cualquier otro objeto que sea normalmente vendido en tiendas de antigüedades.
En cumplimiento de los requisitos establecidos por la Convención sobre las medidas que deben adoptarse para prohibir e impedir la importación, la exportación y la transferencia de propiedad ilícitas de bienes culturales de la UNESCO, SGS Beta no realiza dataciones de obras de arte, artefactos o antigüedades que provengan de particulares, anticuarios, casas de subastas o colecciones privadas.
## [¿SGS Beta acepta muestras enviadas por particulares?](#collapseTen)
No. Política de arqueología profesional de SGS Beta – No se aceptan materiales con valor comercial, incluyendo muestras de casas. SGS Beta sólo acepta muestras enviadas por instituciones académicas y de investigación o de arqueólogos profesionales.
### Temas relacionados:
- [SGS Beta Capacidad y Límites de Detección](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/beta-radiocarbono-lab.htm "SGS Beta Capacidad y Límites de Detección")
- [Control y garantía de calidad de SGS Beta](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/beta-radiocarbono-lab2.htm "Control y garantía de calidad de SGS Beta")
- [Protocolos convencionales de pretratamiento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/pretratamiento-protocolos.htm "Protocolos convencionales de pretratamiento")
*Última actualización de la página: Septiembre de *2024**
---
### [Für Updates anmelden](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/newsletter-abo.htm)
**Published:** January 25, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
Wir versenden 3-4 Updates pro Jahr bezüglich neue Analysen oder Laborfortschritte, Beratung zur Probenahme, Branchennachrichten und interessante wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse unserer Kunden.
Beispiele anzeigen: [Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung](https://www.slideshare.net/BetaAnalyticInc1/beta-analytic-sampling-guide-for-radiocarbon-dating-german) | [Stabile Isotopenanalyse](https://www.slideshare.net/BetaAnalyticInc1/beta-analytic-how-to-pack-water-samples-for-stable-isotope-analysis-german)
Ich bin damit einverstanden Updates zu erhalten, mit der Möglichkeit sich jederzeit abzumelden.
---
**Ihre Informationen sind sicher.**
Wir verpflichten uns, Ihre Privatsphäre zu schützen. Wir werden niemals personenbezogene Daten an Dritte verkaufen. Für Details lesen Sie bitte unsere [Datenschutzerklärung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/BetaAnalyticPrivacyPolicy5-21-18.pdf).
**Wie Sie sich abmelden**
Klicken Sie auf den Link am Ende des Newsletters, um sich sofort abzumelden. Sie können uns auch unter per E-Mail mit dem Betreff UNSUBSCRIBE kontaktieren. Wir werden Ihre E-Mail-Adresse umgehend aus unserem Verteiler entfernen.
---
### [Beta Analytic: Por qué no aceptamos muestras con carbono 14 como marcador](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/lab-sin-marcadores.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Beta Analytic es un laboratorio certificado con la ISO/IEC 17025:2017 y libre de marcadores. No aceptamos muestras farmacéuticas que utilicen el carbono 14 como marcador o que contengan otros materiales con carbono 14 artificial con el fin de evitar la contaminación cruzada. Esta política es parte de nuestro compromiso de proporcionar resultados de alta calidad a todos nuestros clientes.
Las empresas farmacéuticas evalúan el metabolismo de medicamentos utilizando una versión radioactiva del medicamento que está siendo investigado. Los laboratorios biomédicos de AMS utilizan el carbono 14 como marcador porque tiene la capacidad de sustituir fácilmente a los átomos de carbono 12 en la molécula del medicamento y su manipulación es relativamente segura. No obstante, como el tamaño del carbono 14 artificial utilizado en estos estudios es extraordinariamente grande en comparación con los niveles naturales y una vez que se utiliza en un laboratorio de AMS se vuelve omnipresente, la contaminación cruzada dentro del AMS y de las líneas químicas es inevitable. Aunque esto pueda ser aceptable en un laboratorio de AMS biomédico, no lo es en un laboratorio de datación por radiocarbono.
## Aprovéchese de nuestra experiencia:
– Beta Analytic fue uno de los desarrolladores clave del método [ASTM D6866](https://www.betalabservices.com/espanol/carbono-renovable/astmd6866.html "ASTM D6866") y ha colaborado como asesor técnico en todas las principales iniciativas mundiales para la estandarización de bioproductos, incluyendo las normas europeas [CEN 16137](https://www.betalabservices.com/biobased/cen-16137.html "CEN 16137") y [EN 16640](https://www.betalabservices.com/renewable-carbon/cen15440.html "EN 16640").
– Desde 1979, Beta Analytic, certificada con la norma ISO/IEC 17025:2017, es líder mundial en las mediciones de carbono 14.
– Beta Analytic tiene una experiencia sin igual en el análisis de muestras de bioproductos complejas.
## Servicio rápido sin subcontratistas
No subcontratamos otros laboratorios. Nuestra política se basa en el contacto directo con nuestros clientes, mantener la cadena de custodia en el control de calidad, utilizar nuestras propias máquinas AMS, y tener un conocimiento profesional completo sobre cada análisis para poder ofrecer las mejores respuestas una vez los resultados estén disponibles.
Podemos ofrecer un servicio tan rápido porque todos los análisis se realizan en nuestras instalaciones; y contamos con varios aceleradores y un equipo dedicado de técnicos y científicos que trabajan las horas necesarias para cumplir con los plazos de entrega prometidos.
Si tiene alguna pregunta, por favor, diríjala a o llame al (+1) 305-662-7760.
---
### [AMS Dating Wood](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-wood.htm)
**Published:** April 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Sample size recommended (smaller AMS sizes possible – please [contact us](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 3-100 milligrams (AMS), 50-100 milligrams with cellulose extraction
 **Carbon Dating Services**- AMS Standard – results are reported in 14 business days or less
- AMS Priority – 6 business days or less
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 business days
 **Analyses included with Carbon-14 Dating**- δ13C
 **Recommended container**- Ziplock Bags (place in aluminum foil if sample is small or can be crushed during shipment)
- Please send your samples in small boxes instead of envelopes to protect the samples.
- Please consult the laboratory before sending wood samples that have been conserved.
## Radiocarbon Dating Prices
Costs for radiocarbon dating wood vary depending on the AMS service/turnaround time selected (Standard, Priority or Time Guide) and whether the samples need cellulose extraction, solvent extraction, or both. When [requesting for a quote](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "requesting for a quote"), please include the number of samples for analysis and the billing information of the paying institution.
Fees are inclusive of quality assurance reports, calendar calibration when applicable, and 24/7 web access to past results and pending analyses.
---
**Pretreatment** – It is important to understand the [pretreatment](https://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) applied to samples since they directly affect the final result. You are welcome to contact us to discuss the pretreatment or request that we contact you after the pretreatment (and prior to dating). Charges for solvent extraction and cellulose extraction pretreatments are incurred even if **radiocarbon** analyses are cancelled due to the high cost to the laboratory in time and resources.
**Waterlogged Samples** – You may send waterlogged wood samples for radiocarbon dating. Please take note that the water weight may be as much as 50%-75% depending on the degree of saturation. As such, to be on the safe side, we recommend that you send double or triple the amount we recommend for dry samples (e.g. instead of sending 50 mg dry wood, please send 100-150 mg of waterlogged wood for **AMS dating**). Please consult the lab if you have insufficient amount of sample.
When sending waterlogged samples, please place the wood into a Ziplock bag (no additional water should be sent). Roll or squeeze the bag to remove as much excess air as possible, then seal and ship the bag to our lab for analysis.
## [Carbon Dating Conserved Wood ](#collapseSix)
Collecting wood samples from materials that have been conserved can be complex. An example of such a material is timber from ships. It is best to collect samples in areas that DO NOT show checking or cracking as the additives used for the original shipbuilding like creosote (used to inhibit barnacle or wood worms) could cause the timber’s age to be too old.
Sample Collection Tips and Recommendations:
1 – Select an area that does not show signs of rot or insect activity. Also make sure that the area does not show signs of being treated with shellac, oil, glue, and other preservatives or additives.
2 – Ideally the wood should be collected from the outermost section of the piece to ensure that the outermost growth rings are dated and results will provide the approximate time of death of the tree as close as physically possible (the inferred age of manufacture).
3 – Obtain two (2) new wood twist-drill bits. Recommended approximate sizes are 5/32″ for the first drilling and 1/8″ for the second drilling. Clean these drill bits before using. Use acetone to remove any machine oils and then air dry. Alternatively, you can clean the drill bits by flaming in a propane/air torch until red hot then allowing to cool in air.
4 – Drill a ~ 5/32″ inch hole approximately 1/4″ to 3/8″ deep and discard the drill shaving. It may be necessary to drill deeper if the wood is rotted or altered. Try to get to the wood that has been isolated from any sort of surface contamination.
5 – Lay the object on its side and place a piece of aluminum foil under the area to be drilled. Using a store-bought 4″ x 4″ aluminum foil is fine and requires no pre-cleaning.
6 – Drill the second hole with the ~ 1/8″ drill bit into the center of the ~ 5/32″ pilot hole and allow the shavings to collect onto the aluminum foil. It is usually best to use a lower speed drill for the second drilling operation so as not to powder the wood. It is best to have shavings rather than sawdust.
Collect about 100-200 milligrams of wood shavings. Depending on the density of the wood, this is roughly the amount of wood shavings that would fill the eraser on the end of a #2 pencil or an amount roughly equal to one-fourth of a toothpick.
7 – Once the shavings are collected onto the aluminum foil, fold the foil such that you make a small pouch. Label the pouch using an indelible ink marker (Sharpie) with an identifying name or sample code number that you would like to appear on the results report. Place this aluminum foil pouch into a Ziplock bag before sending to the lab. Label the bag with the same name or code number.
8 – When submitting samples to the lab, we recommend a courier service such as FedEx, UPS, DHL, TNT (etc.) that allows shipment tracking. However, feel free to use the shipping option most convenient for you.
Please email the courier service and tracking number to if you want us to monitor the delivery of your samples to our lab or to any of our shipping facilities ([addresses found here](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm)).
## [\[VIDEO\] Radiocarbon Dating & the Old Wood Effect](#collapseOne)
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
**Reference:**
Sheridan Bowman, Radiocarbon Dating: Interpreting the Past (1990), University of California Press
## More Information on Carbon Dating Wood
[The Old Wood Effect](https://www.radiocarbon.com/old-wood-effect.htm)
[Wood Sample Contamination](https://www.radiocarbon.com/charcoal-wood.htm#Contamination)
[Effect of Contamination on Carbon Dating Results](https://www.radiocarbon.com/charcoal-wood.htm#Effect)
[Physical Pretreatment Applied to Wood](https://www.radiocarbon.com/charcoal-wood.htm#Physical)
[Chemical Pretreatment Applied to Wood](https://www.radiocarbon.com/charcoal-wood.htm#Chemical)
*Page last updated: March 2026*
---
### [AMS Radiokarbon Datierung von Holz](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-holz.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Empfohlene Probenmengen (geringere AMS Mengen sind möglich – bitte [kontaktieren Sie uns](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/beta-kontakt.htm "kontaktieren Sie uns"))**- 3-100 Milligramm (AMS), 50-100 Milligramm mit Zelluloseextraktion
 **Kohlenstoff-Datierungsdienste**- AMS Standard – Ergebnisse werden innerhalb von 14 Werktagen oder weniger berichtet
- AMS Priority – 6 Werktage oder weniger
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 Werktage
 **Analysen enthalten mit C14 Datierung**- δ13C
 **Empfohlenes Behältnis**- Wiederverschließbare Plastikbeutel (bitte kleine und/oder zerbrechliche Proben zusätzliche in aluminiumfolie verpacken)
- Bitte senden Sie Ihre Proben in Paketen und nicht in Umschlägen, um die Proben vor Schäden während des Versands zu bewahren.
- Kontaktieren Sie bitte unser Labor, wenn Sie konservierte Holzproben datieren möchten.
---
**Hinweis** – Die Gebühren beinhalten Qualitätssicherungsberichte, ggf. Kalenderkalibrierung und rund um die Uhr verfügbaren Webzugriff auf frühere Ergebnisse und ausstehende Analysen. [Angebot anfordern](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/was-kosten-carbon-datierungen.htm "Angebot anfordern")
**Vorbehandlung** – Es ist wichtig die [Vorbehandlungen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-vorbehandlungsprotokolle.htm#Acid), die auf eine Probe angewendet werden zu kennen, da diese das Endergebnis direkt beeinträchtigen können. Sie können sich gerne mit uns in Verbindung setzen, um mit uns über die Vorbehandlung zu diskutieren oder uns bitten, dass wir uns mit Ihnen nach der Vorbehandlung (und vor der Datierung) in Verbindung setzen. Gebühren für eine Lösemittel- und Zelluloseextraktion fallen während der Vorbehandlung auch an, wenn Radiokarbonanalysen abgebrochen werden, da ein hoher Zeitaufwand und eine Ressourcenbelastung für das Labor entstehen.
**Durchnässte Probe** – Sie können für die Radiokohlenstoff Datierung durchnässtes Holz einsenden. Bitte beachten Sie, dass das Wassergewicht je nach Sättigung 50% bis 75% ausmachen kann. Um daher auf der sicheren Seite zu sein, empfehlen wir, dass Sie die doppelte oder dreifache der von uns für trockene Proben empfohlene Menge einsenden (z.B. senden Sie anstatt 50mg trockenes Holz für die AMS Datierung 100mg bis 150mg für durchnässte Proben). Falls Ihre Probenmenge nicht den Anforderungen entspricht, sollten Sie sich von unserem Labor beraten lassen.
Verwenden Sie bitte wiederverschließbare Plastikbeutel, wenn Sie durchnässte Proben einsenden möchten (es darf kein zusätzliches Wasser eingeschickt werden. Rollen oder pressen Sie den Beutel, um so viel überflüssige Luft wie möglich zu entfernen. Versiegeln und senden Sie den Beutel zur Analyse an unser Labor).
## [AMS Datierung von Holz aus konservierten Materialien ](#collapseSix)
Die Probennahme von Holzproben konservierten Materialien kann sehr komplex sein. Ein Beispiel hierfür ist das Holz von alten Schiffen. Am Besten entnehmen Sie die Proben aus Bereichen, die KEINE Risse oder Spalten aufweisen, da Additive wie Teeröl (um Seepocken oder Holzwürmer zu hemmen), die früher im Schiffbau verwendet wurden, das Alter des Holzes künstlich altern lassen.
Empfehlungen und Tipps zum Entnehmen von Proben:
1 – Wählen Sie einen Bereich der Probe aus, der keine Anzeichen von Schimmel oder Insektenaktivität aufweist. Stellen Sie außerdem sicher, dass der Bereich nicht mit Schellack, Öl, Klebstoff oder anderen Konservierungsmitteln oder Additiven behandelt wurde.
2 – Idealerweise sollte die Probe aus dem äußersten Bereich des Holzstücks entnommen werden, um sicherzustellen, dass die äußersten Jahresringe datiert werden und die Befunde den ungefähren Zeitpunkt des Absterbens des Baumes so genau wie physikalisch möglich (das vermutete Alter der Herstellung) wiedergeben.
3 – Besorgen Sie sich zwei (2) neue Holz-Spiralbohrer. Die empfohlenen Größen betragen ungefähr 4mm (5/32 Zoll) für die erste Bohrung und 3mm (1/8 Zoll) für die zweite Bohrung. Reinigen Sie die Holzbohrer vor der Benutzung. Benutzen Sie Aceton, um jegliches Maschinenöl zu entfernen und lassen Sie die Bohrköpfe dann an der Luft trocknen. Alternativ können Sie die Bohraufsätze auch reinigen, indem Sie die Bohrer mit einem Propanbrenner erhitzen, bis die Bohrer glühend rot sind. Danach an der Luft abkühlen lassen.
4 – Bohren Sie ein ca. 4mm (5/32 Zoll) großes Loch, ca. 6,4mm (1/4 Zoll) bis 9,5mm (3/8 Zoll) tief und entfernen Sie die Späne. Wenn das Holz verrottet oder modifiziert ist, kann es erforderlich sein tiefer zu bohren. Versuchen Sie Holz zu erreichen, das von jeglicher Oberflächenkontamination isoliert ist.
5 – Legen Sie das Objekt auf die Seite und legen Sie ein Stück aluminiumfolie unter den zu bohrenden Bereich. Handelsübliche 10 x 10cm (4 x 4 Zoll) aluminiumfolie ist dafür vollkommen ausreichend und erfordert keine Säuberung.
6 – Bohren Sie das zweite Loch mit dem 4mm (1/8 Zoll) Bohrer in die Mitte des 3mm (5/32 Zoll) Lochs und lassen Sie dabei die Späne auf die aluminiumfolie fallen. Es ist normalerweise am Besten für die zweite Bohrung einen Bohrer mit niedriger Drehzahl zu verwenden, damit das Holz nicht pulverisiert wird. Es ist besser Holzspäne als Sägemehl einzusenden.
Sammeln Sie ca. 100-200mg Holzspäne. Abhängig von der Dichte des Holzes, ist das in etwa die Menge von Holzspänen, die einem Radiergummi am Ende eines Nr.2 Bleistifts entspricht oder ungefähr Menge von einem Viertel Zahnstocher.
7 – Sobald sich die Späne auf der aluminiumfolie gesammelt haben, falten Sie die Folie zu einem kleinen Beutel. Etikettieren Sie diesen Beutel mit einem wasserfesten Tintenstift (Permanent Marker, Sharpie). Schreiben Sie einen Identifizierungs-Namen oder eine Code-Nummer, der/die später im Ergebnisbericht auftauchen soll, auf den Beutel. Bevor Sie die Probe an das Labor senden, packen Sie diesen Aluminiumbeutel in einen verschließbaren Plastikbeutel. Markieren Sie den Plastikbeutel mit dem gleichen Namen/der gleichen Nummer.
8 – Zur Versendung von Proben an unser Labor, empfehlen wir Ihnen einen Kurierdienst wie FedEx, UPS, DHL, TNT (etc.), der eine Sendungsverfolgung anbietet. Verwenden Sie jedoch bitte die Versandart, die für Sie am bequemsten ist.
HINWEIS: Bitte e-mailen Sie uns den Namen des Kurierdienstes und die Paketnummer an , wenn Sie möchten, dass wir die Lieferung Ihrer Proben an unser Labor oder an eine unserer Versandeinrichtungen ([Anschriften finden Sie hier](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/beta-kontakt.htm)).
## Weitere Informationen zur AMS Datierung von Holz
[Den Altholzeffekt verstehen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/altholzeffekt-verstehen.htm)
[Probenverunreinigung von Holzproben](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kontamination-holz.htm#Contamination)
[Auswirkung von Verunreinigungen auf Kohlenstoff Datierungsergebnisse](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kontamination-holz.htm#Effect)
[Physikalische Vorbehandlung von Holz](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kontamination-holz.htm#Physical)
[Chemische Vorbehandlung von Holz](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kontamination-holz.htm#Chemical)
*Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: Oktober 2022*
---
### [Carbon Dating Organic Samples Recovered from Lime Mortar](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-lime-mortar.htm)
**Published:** June 15, 2026
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
- Note: We do not recommend dating the mortar directly.
- We recommend dating organic macros recovered from it. However, if requested we will analyze the bulk organic carbon and/or bulk inorganic carbon (carbonate) fractions from the lime mortar.
- If you would like both fractions analyzed, please make sure the instructions are clearly written on your online form. If the bulk organic material is pretreated for removal of carbonate, we can no longer analyze the carbonate fraction.
- Please consult the laboratory regarding the sample size requirements for the organic materials found in the mortar.
-
 **Carbon Dating Services**- AMS Standard – results are reported in 14 business days or less
- AMS Priority – 6 business days or less
 **Recommended container**- Ziplock Bags (place in aluminum foil if sample is small or can be crushed during shipment)
- Please send your samples in small boxes instead of envelopes to protect the samples.
## Cost of Carbon Dating
When [requesting for a formal estimate](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "requesting for a formal estimate or quotation") or quote, please let us know the number of samples for analyses, AMS service selected (Standard or Priority), and billing information (name and address of the paying institution).
Fees are inclusive of quality assurance reports, calendar calibration when applicable, and 24/7 web access to past results and pending analyses.
---
**Pretreatment** – It is important to understand the [pretreatment](https://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm) applied to samples since they directly affect the final result. You are welcome to contact us to discuss the pretreatment or request that we contact you after the pretreatment (and prior to dating).
## Two Ways to Date Lime Mortar
The following are listed in order of SGS Beta’s recommendations:
**1 – Date the organic macros extracted from lime mortar**
[Radiocarbon dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm) of this type is possible provided there is sufficient amounts of wood, charcoal or other plant remains that can be found. The accuracy will depend on what organic materials are extracted, and if they were contemporary to the time of the construction. If wood or charcoal found in the mortar was from “old” trees, then there will be “X” years bias in the result based on how old was the carbon in the trees.
**2 – Date the lime mortar directly (bulk organic or bulk carbonate)**
It is also possible to date lime mortar directly by dating the bulk organic carbon or the bulk inorganic carbon (carbonate) in the mortar. Please note that an analysis on the bulk organic carbon or bulk inorganic carbon (carbonate) fractions may not represent the time of manufacture. The analysis will be an unknown average of the multiple organic carbon or multiple inorganic carbon (carbonate) in the material. Dating of lime mortar or plaster is very problematic and yields highly variable results. For these reasons, we would recommend dating organic macros recovered from it.
---
**NOTE:** Samples that date more recently than about 1650 AD produce multiple calibration ranges. This is due to their statistical overlap with the onset of the industrial revolution (and the release of large-scale fossil fuels) and above ground nuclear weapons testing of the mid 1950-1960 period.
---
## Sample Sizes Required
**AMS dating** will be required for any samples sent due to the small amount of carbon that will be available. The lab needs between 1-4 mg of charcoal or 2- 5 mg of uncharred wood or plant post-cleaning and pretreatment and complete removal of the lime mortar by acid digestion. It’s hard to know how much mortar is needed to be sent; it will depend on the amount of charred or plant material present in any one chunk of mortar.
*Image credit: Berrucomons (licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0)*
*Page last updated: May 2026*
---
### [SGS Beta's Policy on Returning Excess Samples](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sample-return-policy.htm)
**Published:** April 10, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Excess samples are archived for a few months as part of the lab’s Quality Assurance measure.
- All samples are incinerated when the retention period lapses.
- We cannot return extracted collagen, soil and water samples.
## Archival Sample Retention Period
When a sample submitted is sufficient in size to allow a small amount of excess original and/or pretreated sample to be archived, the laboratory will archive the sample for 30 calendar days following the time of reporting / release of results. This is done as an internal **Quality Assurance** measure to allow for back-up analyses or additional investigations to be performed, if needed.
Following this retention period, all sample bags and excess sample materials (original and pretreated) will be disposed by incineration.
**Communication and Sample Disposal** – SGS Beta will dispose of samples after 6 months that there is pending communication and no response has been received from the client on how to proceed.
## Requests for Sample Returns
If you require the return of any unused original or pretreated excess sample materials, your request MUST be made in writing in one of the following ways (we may not be able to honor later requests):
1\. At the time of submission
Please note on the [online form](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/) that you want your extra samples returned. Alternatively, you can [email the lab](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm).
2\. Following acknowledgement of sample receipt
3\. At the time of reporting
**Please provide the shipping address and a Return FedEx label. If you can’t provide one, please choose from the following options (fees apply for either option):**
- Regular US parcel post – Package is not traceable. Note: We do not send back bulky containers via USPS.
- FedEx – Package is traceable.
Credit card information is required to pay for the shipping costs.
We have no responsibility outside of shipping it back. Once shipped, the client is responsible to follow up with the courier for any delays, customs documentation or package loss claims. SGS Beta will not be able to provide assistance once the package is picked up by the courier.
## We Cannot Return Materials Classified as Soil
We are unable to return any samples that are classified as “Soil” per the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Circular “Q-330.300-1, Soil (01/2010) Revised” regardless of origin. The term “Soil” may include, but is not limited to, sediments, paleosols, gyttja, peat, ash, topsoil, mud, drilling cores, etc. Materials classified as “Soils” will be chemically treated and/or incinerated by an approved USDA Soil Treatment Facility.
Please note that soil samples received from foreign countries as well as many US States must be handled in accordance with the guidelines established by the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). These guidelines require that imported soil materials are treated either chemically or by heat on receipt and that they are eventually disposed by incineration. As such, the soil samples received at our laboratory will be disposed in this manner, and we unfortunately cannot return them.
We recommend that you send only as much sediment as needed for the analysis. We can help advise as to how much may be required, but in all cases the amount sent should never exceed 200 grams. Please note that most organic [sediment samples sent for AMS dating](http://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-sediments.htm) require only 2-4 grams or less depending on the carbon content.
If you have any questions regarding archival sample retention time or sample returns, please contact the lab.
### More About SGS Beta
- [Cost of Radiocarbon Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
- [Payment Terms](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-sample-payment.htm)
- [Sample Handling and Container Recommendations](https://www.radiocarbon.com/details.htm)
*Image credits: Pixabay, Pexels
Page last updated: March 2026*
---
### [SGS Beta Standard Pretreatment Protocols](https://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm)
**Published:** April 10, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Unless otherwise requested by a submitter or discussed in a final report, the following procedures apply to [pretreatment of samples](http://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm "pretreatment carbon dating") submitted for radiocarbon dating. This glossary defines the pretreatment methods applied to each sample listed on the report (e.g. you will see the designation “acid/alkali/acid” listed along with the result for a charcoal sample receiving such pretreatment).
Pretreatment of submitted materials is required to eliminate secondary carbon components. These components, if not eliminated, could result in a **radiocarbon date that is too young or too old.** Pretreatment does not ensure that the radiocarbon date will represent the time event of interest. This is determined by the sample integrity.
Effects such as the [old wood effect](http://www.radiocarbon.com/old-wood-effect.htm "old wood effect"), burned intrusive roots, bioturbation, secondary deposition, secondary biogenic activity incorporating recent carbon (bacteria), and the analysis of multiple components of differing age are just some examples of potential problems in carbon 14 measurement. Pretreatment is done to reduce the sample to a single component, where possible, and to minimize the added subjectivity associated with these types of problems. If you suspect your sample requires special pretreatment considerations, be sure to tell the laboratory prior to radiocarbon analysis.
## [\[VIDEO\] In what instances would SGS Beta advise a client that the sample is unlikely to yield a reliable date?](#collapseOne)
In what instances would SGS Beta advise a client that the sample is unlikely to yield a reliable date?
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
**Important Note on Pretreatment** – It is important to understand the pretreatments which are going to be applied to your samples since they directly affect the final result. You are welcome to contact us to discuss the pretreatment or request that we contact you after the pretreatment (and prior to dating) to discuss.
## [Acid/alkali/acid](http://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm#Methods "Acid, alkali, acid")
Before **radiocarbon dating**, the sample is first gently crushed then dispersed in deionized water. It is then washed with hot HCl acid to eliminate carbonates followed by an alkali wash (NaOH) to remove secondary organic acids. The alkali wash is followed by a final acid rinse to neutralize the solution before drying.
Chemical concentrations, temperatures, exposure times, and number of repetitions depend on the sample submitted. Each chemical solution is neutralized prior to application of the next. During these serial rinses, mechanical contaminants such as associated sediments and rootlets are eliminated.
This type of pretreatment is considered a “full pretreatment.” On occasion, the report will list the pretreatment as “acid/alkali/acid – insolubles” to specify which fraction of the sample was analyzed for radiocarbon content.
Typically applied to – [charcoal](http://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm), [wood](http://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-wood.htm), some [peat](http://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-peat.htm), [textiles](http://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-textiles.htm)
## Acid/alkali/acid – solubles
On occasion, the alkali soluble fraction will be analyzed for radiocarbon content. This is a special case where soil conditions imply that the soluble fraction will provide a more accurate date. It is also done to verify the presence/absence or degree of contamination due to secondary organic acids.
The sample is first pretreated with acid to remove any carbonates and to weaken organic bonds. After the alkali washes are used (see acid/alkali/acid above), the solution containing the alkali soluble fraction is isolated/filtered and combined with acid. The soluble fraction, which precipitates, is rinsed and dried prior to combustion.
## [Acid/alkali/acid – cellulose extraction](http://www.radiocarbon.com/charcoal-wood.htm#Chemical "cellulose extraction")
After a full acid/alkali/acid pretreatment, the sample for radiocarbon dating is bathed in sodium chlorite (NaClO2) under controlled conditions (pH 3 and temperature at 70°C). This procedure eliminates all components except wood cellulose.
## [Acid washes](http://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm#Methods "acid washes")
Surface area of samples for carbon dating is increased as much a possible. Solid chunks are crushed, fibrous materials are shredded, and sediments are dispersed. Acid (HCl) is applied repeatedly to ensure the absence of carbonates.
The uniqueness of the sample and the degree of contamination dictate the chemical concentrations, temperatures, exposure times, and number of washings. Alkali washes are not done to ensure isolation of the primary carbon which is soluble in the alkali.
Carbon 14 dating results reflect the total organic content of the analyzed material, and the accuracy depends on the researcher’s ability to subjectively eliminate potential contaminants based on contextual facts.
Typically applied to – [organic sediments](http://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-sediments.htm "carbon dating charcoal"), some peats, small wood or charcoal, and special cases
## [Collagen extraction, with or without alkali](http://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-bones.htm#Components "collagen extraction")
The material for **carbon dating** is first tested for friability (“softness”). Very soft bone material is an indication of the potential absence of the collagen fraction (basal bone protein acting as a “reinforcing agent” within the crystalline apatite structure).
The bone samples for radiocarbon analysis is washed with deionized water, the surface scraped free of the outermost layers, and then gently crushed. Dilute, cold HCl acid is repeatedly applied and replenished until the mineral fraction (bone apatite) is eliminated. The collagen is then dissected and inspected for rootlets. Any rootlets present are also removed when replenishing the acid solutions.
“With alkali” refers to additional pretreatment with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to ensure the absence of secondary organic acids. “Without alkali” refers to the NaOH step being skipped due to poor preservation conditions, which could result in removal of all available organics if performed.
Typically applied to – [bones ](http://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bones.htm "carbon dating bones")
## [Acid etch](http://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm#Methods "pretreatment carbon dating")
The calcareous material is first washed with deionized water, removing associated organic sediments and debris, where present. The material for radiocarbon dating is then crushed/dispersed and repeatedly subjected to HCl etches to eliminate secondary carbonate components.
In the case of thick shells, the surfaces are physically abraded prior to etching until the hard, primary core remains. In the case of porous carbonate nodules and caliche, very long exposure times are applied to allow infiltration of the acid. Acid exposure times, concentrations, and number of repetitions are applied according to the uniqueness of the sample.
Typically applied to – [shells](http://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-shells.htm "carbon dating shells "), caliche, calcareous nodules
## Neutralized
Carbonates precipitated from groundwater are usually submitted in an alkaline condition (ammonium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide solution) prior to radiocarbon dating. Typically this solution is neutralized in the original sample container using deionized water. If larger volume dilution is required, the precipitate and solution are transferred to a sealed, separatory flask and rinsed until neutral. Exposure to atmosphere is minimal.
Typically applied to – strontium carbonate, barium carbonate (i.e. precipitated groundwater samples)
## Solvent extraction
The sample for **radiocarbon analysis** is subjected to a series of solvent baths typically consisting of toluene, hexane, and acetone. This is usually performed prior to acid/alkali/acid pretreatments.
Applied to – [textiles](http://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-textiles.htm "textiles"), prevalent or suspected cases of pitch/tar contamination, conserved materials
## None
No laboratory pretreatments were applied before radiocarbon dating. Special requests and pre-laboratory pretreatment usually account for this.
### Frequently Asked Questions:
[How much does carbon dating cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
[How much samples to send](https://www.radiocarbon.com/required-carbon-dating-sample-sizes.htm)
[How to send samples to SGS Beta](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sending-carbon-dating-samples.htm)
## [\[VIDEO\] Why does quality assurance matter in radiocarbon dating?](#collapseTwo)
Why does quality assurance matter in radiocarbon dating?
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
*Page last updated: August 2022*
---
### [SGS Beta's Liability Limitation](https://www.radiocarbon.com/liability-limitation.htm)
**Published:** April 10, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
It is agreed that in the event of breach of any warranty or breach of contract or negligence of **SGS Beta** as well as its agents or representatives, the company’s liability shall be limited to the repayment to the purchaser (submitter) of the individual analysis price paid by him/her to SGS Beta. The company shall not be liable for any damages, either direct or consequential.
Services are provided under the terms and conditions stated in SGS Beta’s published Price and Services brochure. Other terms and conditions are only recognized by the company when accompanied by an authorized signature of a SGS Beta owner or officer. Such signatory is only authorized when preceded by direct and acknowledged correspondence between the two parties. SGS Beta does not recognize nor accept terms designated under such wording as “by accepting this work you agree to the following terms” unless accompanied by said authorized signature.
## Related Topics
[SGS Beta’s Confidentiality Policy](http://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-analytic-confidentiality-policy.htm "SGS Beta's Confidentiality Policy")
[Privacy and Terms of Use](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/BetaAnalyticPrivacyPolicy5-21-18.pdf "Privacy and Terms of Use")
---
### [How Much Does Carbon Dating Cost?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
**Published:** June 7, 2018
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta’s radiocarbon dating cost varies by material type and service requested.
Please indicate the following information in the form below so we can provide the appropriate prices.
**1. Carbon Dating Services**
- AMS Standard – results are reported in 14 business days or less
- AMS Priority – 6 business days or less
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 business days (not applicable to [bones](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bones.htm) and [sediments](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-sediments.htm))
**2. Material Type** (e.g. non-heated bones, charcoal, sediment)
**3.** If you need an estimate or quotation, please also indicate the **number of samples per material** and the **billing address of the paying institution**.
To analyze Boron, Strontium, Lead, and U-Th Dating, please visi [www.isobarscience.com](https://isobarscience.com/).
---
We aim to reply to inquiries within 24 hours.
#### SGS Beta DOES NOT accept
- manuscripts, art works, artifacts or antiquities;
- any samples with “tracer Carbon-14” or any other artificial isotopes
- materials for personal research (e.g. wood from an ancestral house, metals/coins, bones from a random dig, etc.)
- Ambergris
Details are found below the contact form.
\* First Name:
\* Last Name:
\* Email:
\* University/Company:
Phone: (Optional)
\* University/Company Address (Country/Region):
—Please choose an option—United StatesUnited KingdomAfghanistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAmerican SamoaAndorraAngolaAnguillaAntarcticaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaArmeniaArubaAustraliaAustriaAzerbaijanBahamasBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelgiumBelizeBeninBermudaBhutanBoliviaBosnia and HerzegovinaBotswanaBouvet IslandBrazilBritish Indian Ocean TerritoryBrunei DarussalamBulgariaBurkina FasoBurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaCape VerdeCayman IslandsCentral African RepublicChadChileChinaChristmas IslandCocos IslandsColombiaComorosCongoCongoCook IslandsCosta RicaCote d'IvoireCroatiaCubaCyprusCzech RepublicDenmarkDjiboutiDominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEquatorial GuineaEritreaEstoniaEthiopiaFalkland IslandsFaroe IslandsFijiFinlandFranceFrench GuianaFrench PolynesiaGabonGambiaGeorgiaGermanyGhanaGibraltarGreeceGreenlandGrenadaGuadeloupeGuamGuatemalaGuineaGuinea-BissauGuyanaHaitiHeard Island and McDonald IslandsHondurasHong KongHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaIranIraqIrelandIsraelItalyJamaicaJapanJordanKazakhstanKenyaKiribatiKuwaitKyrgyzstanLaosLatviaLebanonLesothoLiberiaLibyaLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMacaoMacedoniaMadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaliMaltaMarshall IslandsMartiniqueMauritaniaMauritiusMayotteMexicoMicronesiaMoldovaMonacoMongoliaMontserratMoroccoMozambiqueMyanmarNamibiaNauruNepalNetherlandsNetherlands AntillesNew CaledoniaNew ZealandNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNorfolk IslandNorth KoreaNorwayOmanPakistanPalauPalestinian TerritoryPanamaPapua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPitcairnPolandPortugalPuerto RicoQatarRomaniaRussian FederationRwandaSaint HelenaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Pierre and MiquelonSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSamoaSan MarinoSao Tome and PrincipeSaudi ArabiaSenegalSerbia and MontenegroSeychellesSierra LeoneSingaporeSlovakiaSloveniaSolomon IslandsSomaliaSouth AfricaSouth GeorgiaSouth KoreaSpainSri LankaSudanSurinameSvalbard and Jan MayenSwazilandSwedenSwitzerlandSyrian Arab RepublicTaiwanTajikistanTanzaniaThailandTimor-LesteTogoTokelauTongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyTurkmenistanTuvaluUgandaUkraineUnited Arab EmiratesUnited States Minor Outlying IslandsUruguayUzbekistanVanuatuVatican CityVenezuelaVietnamVirgin Islands, BritishVirgin Islands, U.S.Wallis and FutunaWestern SaharaYemenZambiaZimbabwe
\* Material Type (e.g. wood):
\* State
—Please choose an option—AlabamaAlaskaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDelawareFloridaGeorgiaHawaiiIdahoIllinoisIndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaOhioOklahomaOregonPennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeTexasUtahVermontVirginiaWashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWyomingDistrict of ColumbiaPuerto RicoGuamAmerican SamoaU.S. Virgin IslandsNorthern Mariana Islands
\* Message:
\* Analysis Requested
14C AMS datingd13C, d15Nd13C, dDIsobar services (Sr, B, U-Th, Pb)Hydrocarbon gases, e.g. methane (C14 or d13C)Water
How many samples do you need analyzed? (Optional)
You need to receive the results by (Optional)
How did you hear about SGS Beta? (Optional)
—Please choose an option—Recommendation from a colleagueWebsite / search engineOnline advertisementPrinted advertisementConference / congress exhibitionReceived a call from SGS BetaReceived an email / newsletterMagazine articleWebinarOther
I agree to receive newsletters from SGS Beta and its subsidiaries on industry updates.
---
#### **Materials Not Accepted for AMS Dating**
The laboratory **does not** undertake radiocarbon dating of:
- manuscripts, objects of art or other valuable or priceless items unless they are submitted and paid for by a recognized governmental agency, major museum, or other official agency investigating the materials as part of a multidisciplinary scholarly process.
- Samples with “tracer Carbon-14” or any materials that have been artificially enhanced with Carbon-12, Carbon-13, Carbon-14 or any other isotope
To meet the requirements of the UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property and not abet trade of looted cultural property, SGS Beta does not date art works, artifacts or antiquities from private persons, antiquities dealers, auction houses or private collections.
---
## Stable Isotope Analysis
SGS Beta also provides stable isotope analysis of various samples including:
[Bones](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dietary-isotopic-analysis.htm) (Cremated), Organics and Water DIC– δ13C[Bones (Non-cremated)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bones.htm)– δ13C + δ15N
– δ13C + δ15N + %C + %N + C:N[Carbonates](https://www.radiocarbon.com/oxygen-isotopes.htm)– δ13C + δ18O[Water](https://www.radiocarbon.com/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm)– δD
– [δ17O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/water-isotope-d17oxygen.htm)
– δ18O
– δD + δ18O
– δD + δ18O plus δ13C on water DIC
**Other Topics:** [SGS Beta’s Payment Terms](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-sample-payment.htm)
[SGS Beta Webinars](https://www.radiocarbon.com/category/beta-analytic-updates/beta-analytic-webinars/)
[Demand a Tracer-Free Laboratory for Radiocarbon Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-tracer-free-lab/)
*Page last updated: March 202*6
---
### [Radiocarbon Dating Groundwater (DIC)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm)
**Published:** April 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Sample size recommended (smaller AMS sizes possible – please [contact us](http://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 250 milliliters to 1 liter
 **Carbon Dating Services**- AMS Standard – results are reported in 14 business days or less
- AMS Priority – 6 business days or less
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 business days
 **Analyses included with Carbon-14 Dating (if sample size permits)**- δ13C, δ18O, δ2H
 **Recommended container**- NEW single-use, wide-mouthed Nalgene bottles (MUST NOT BE REUSED FROM OTHER APPLICATIONS). Bottles should be manufactured from HDPE, LDPE, or PP. A small-necked bottle will generally seal better than a large-necked bottle but either is acceptable.
- NOT ACCEPTED – (1) Glass bottles, (2) recycled drinking water bottles, or (3) other lightweight / low-density plastic bottles, as they may allow isotopic effects to take place and bias the measurements, causing inaccuracies in the reported results.
- We accept no responsibility for the accuracy of testing results for samples submitted in collection bottles other than those specified.
- Please let us know if your samples contain salt.
- Free webinars available on demand (English only), see previews here: [Dissolved Carbon](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "Dissolved Carbon"), [Isotopes in Hydrology](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isotopes in Hydrology")
## Carbon Dating Cost
To [request a quote](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "request a quote") or formal estimate, please send these details—number of water samples for analyses, service requested/turnaround time (AMS Standard, Priority or Time Guide) and the paying institution’s billing address.
SGS Beta is offering [Oxygen-18 and Deuterium stable isotope measurements](http://www.radiocarbon.com/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm) for water samples at no additional cost for samples submitted for radiocarbon dating. These analyses can also be ordered on a standalone basis without radiocarbon dating. Techniques used to measure d18O and d2H ratios are **Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry** (IRMS) and **Cavity Ring-down Spectroscopy** (CRDS).
## **Sampling Limitations**
SGS Beta is a NATURAL Level 14C dating laboratory and we cannot accept water samples that have been collected from any area that is near to a nuclear power plant, commercial or medical reactors, industrial/medical waste disposal sites or from within their drainage areas. The samples must not be stored or handled in any laboratory or area that uses OR has ever used biomedical or artificially labeled 14C at any time.
**Should you suspect that the water may in any way have elevated 14C activities above peak Bomb Carbon levels (~200 pMC / 2.0 F14C), DO NOT send the samples for testing.** Water samples that produce activities above 200 pMC will incur extensive costs related to any cleanup necessary, equipment replacement and duplicate analyses required for other samples. These costs could easily run into the tens of thousands of dollars, which will be CHARGED to you as the SUBMITTER.
We cannot accept water samples that have been treated with mercuric chloride (HgCl2) or sodium azide (NaN3) because we do not have the disposal capabilities for these toxic substances.
We no longer accept samples that have NaOH or other alkali chemicals added to the sample. This was a necessary step for the SrCO3 / BaCO3 precipitation method, but it is not compatible with the gas strip method used by our laboratory.
## [\[VIDEO\] Water Sampling Recommendations](#collapseTwo)
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
This video excerpt is part of SGS Beta’s webinar: [Isotopes in Hydrology](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isotopes in Hydrology")
## How to Collect Groundwater Samples
1\. Collect water at the wellhead.
2\. Before beginning the collection from the wellhead/spigot, allow the water to run for sufficient time so that the water being collected has come directly from the aquifer. Depending on the depth of the well, this may be several minutes or longer.
3\. Allow the well water to flush out the inside of the bottle thoroughly and then dump the contents prior to refilling.
4\. Fill the bottle with as little head space as possible but leave the neck of the bottle empty to allow for any expansion during shipment.
5\. Place a tape seal around the cap/bottle joint to prevent exchange or loss of CO2 from the water.
## Other Recommendations and Reminders
– Please mark the bottle with the appropriate sample identification number in indelible ink or on a non-removable tamper-proof label.
– Measure the pH upon collection and send the info to us (not required).
– There is no need to refrigerate stored water samples.
– For turbid water samples, you must filter out any debris prior to submitting the sample using 0.7-micron glass fiber filter paper.
– Do not add any chemicals to the water upon collection.
Since studies have shown that storing groundwater for long periods of time in Polypropylene (PP) bottles can induce isotopic effects1 , we recommended that water (DIC) samples be sent to the laboratory for testing within 30 days of collection. If water samples need to be stored for longer periods of time, they should be collected and stored in glass or Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) plastic bottles.
## [Packaging Suggestions](#collapseOne)
Before placing the bottles in a sturdy cardboard box, please put the bottles inside a plastic bag and seal the bag with a zip-tie or duct tape. If any of the bottles leak during shipment, the water will not weaken the box. Please use a box with sufficient packing to prevent breakage during shipment.
We recommend commercial courier or registered first-class mail when sending the samples to the lab. Please email the courier and tracking number so we can monitor your package.
## [Practical Application of Groundwater Dating](#collapseSix)
Radiocarbon analysis of groundwater can be a monitoring tool to prevent the over-pumping of the aquifer before it becomes contaminated or overexploited. Contrary to theoretical models and after-the-fact contamination data from chemical analysis, natural level radiocarbon analysis “offers empirical data that can be used” to make decisions on the future of water districts before damage is done.
Groundwater radiocarbon dating is used in combination with the primary measurements of classical hydrological and chemical analyses. Groundwater dating will produce the best results when it involves multiple measurements or sequential sampling. The most useful data come from these comparisons and not from absolute ages.
For multiple measurements, the apparent ages of the groundwater taken from pumps that are at varying distances from the aquifer outcrop could be a means of verifying flow rate and also indicate situations of over-pumping.
For sequential sampling of an individual well every six or twelve months, any changes in the apparent age of the water are plotted versus time. If the age of the water is getting younger as monitoring progresses, it would usually be due to a drawing-down of the more shallow water layers. Radiocarbon dating has the potential of giving advance notice of impending contamination by surface layer waters.
Read more about [Groundwater Radiocarbon Dating](http://www.radiocarbon.com/groundwater-carbon-dating.htm)
Reference:
1\. Secular change of stable carbon isotopic ratio in groundwater samples during their storage in laboratory, Takahashi H., Handa, H., Minami, M., Aramaki T., Nakamura, T., Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2015.
**Interested in Boron, Lead or Strontium isotopes analysis? Visit [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "Boron, Lead or Strontium isotopes analysis").**
#### Related Information:
- [δ18O and δD Stable Isotope Analyses for Saline and Hypersaline Waters](http://www.radiocarbon.com/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm#Reference)
- [SGS Beta Webinar #1 – Isotopes 101: An Introduction to Isotopic Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/)
*Page last updated: March 2026*
---
### [Stable Isotope Analysis - Measuring Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes (δ13C and δ15N)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dietary-isotopic-analysis.htm)
**Published:** April 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Sample size requirements vary per material (see below)**
 **Turnaround time** - 14 business days
 **Recommended container**- Ziplock Bags (place in aluminum foil if sample is small or can be crushed during shipment)
- Please send your samples in small boxes instead of envelopes to protect the samples.
---
**Pretreatment** – Excluding bones, all samples submitted for stable isotope analysis must be ready for measurement (pH neutral, clean and dry). Bone samples submitted only for stable isotope analysis include collagen extraction (for non-cremated bones) or carbonate extraction (for cremated bones).
## Stable Isotope Analysis Cost
When [requesting for a formal quotation/estimate](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "requesting for a formal quotation/estimate"), please indicate the number of samples per material type and the billing details of the paying institution.
**Submittal** – Please use this [online form](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/ "d13c d15n data sheet").
---
## Recommended Sample Size for d13C Analysis Only
The following are minimum size recommendations for d13C measurements and may not be sufficient in every instance. Please contact us if you are in doubt about the suitability or weight of your sample.
**Material****Minimum sample size required
(for pretreated d13C samples) \***Bone / Teeth / Antler / Charred Bone0.5 mgCharcoal0.5 mgDung1 mgHair2 mgInsect (Chitin)2 mgLeather2 mgOrganic Sediment / Gyttja10 mgPlants / Seeds2 mgPollen4 mgTextile2 mgWood2 mg*\* Pretreated samples must be pH neutral, clean and dry*
## Materials for d13C + d15N Analysis
SGS Beta provides **d13C + d15N testing for non-cremated bones** using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS).
Required sample size: 2 mg after pretreatment
Results: d13C (± 0.3 ‰ relative to VPDB), d15N (± 0.5 ‰ relative to air-N2), %C, %N and C:N values
**The lab also accepts these samples on a case-by-case basis:**
- Hair material, fish bone (including otoliths), algae, soft tissue, invertebrates, aquatic insects, planktons, fish feed, and fish feces
- Required sample size: 2.5 mg (ready for measurement)
**Materials not accepted at this time:**
- Plants, seeds, organic sediment and wood
- We may not be able to provide d15N measurements for charred or burned bones depending on the sample quality.
Please contact us prior to submission to confirm that the lab will accept your sample for d13C + d15N testing.
**You may also be interested in our other services:**
- [Carbon-14 Dating with free stable isotope analysis (if sample size permits)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/required-carbon-dating-sample-sizes.htm)
- [d13C and d18O analysis for Carbonates](https://www.radiocarbon.com/oxygen-isotopes.htm)
- [d13C analysis of Water DIC](https://www.radiocarbon.com/water-analysis.htm)
*Page last updated: February 2023*
---
### [Radiocarbon Dating Shell, Coral, and CaCO3](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-shells.htm)
**Published:** April 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Sample size recommended (smaller AMS sizes possible – please [contact us](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 7-100 milligrams – Lab provides pretreatment
3-6.5 milligrams – No lab pretreatment provided
 **Carbon Dating Services**- AMS Standard – results are reported in 14 business days or less
- AMS Priority – 6 business days or less
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 business days
 **Analyses included with Carbon-14 Dating** - δ13C, δ18O (if sample size permits)
 **Recommended container**- Ziplock Bags (place in aluminum foil if sample is small or can be crushed during shipment)
- Please send your samples in small boxes instead of envelopes to protect the samples.
- Please list the appropriate [DeltaR / DeltaRErr (localized reservoir correction)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/m) for the area of collection so that we can provide the most appropriate calendar calibration for the result.
## Radiocarbon Dating Costs
Costs for radiocarbon dating shells and other carbonates vary depending on the AMS service selected (Standard, Priority or Time Guide). To obtain a [formal quotation](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "formal quotation"), please let us know the number of samples you plan to analyze and the paying institution’s billing name and address.
Fees are inclusive of d13C and d18O measurements done in an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS), quality assurance reports, calendar calibration when applicable, and 24/7 web access to past results and pending analyses.
---
**Pretreatment** – It is important to understand the [pretreatment](https://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Etch) applied to samples since they directly affect the final result. You are welcome to contact us to discuss the pretreatment or request that we contact you after the pretreatment (and prior to dating).
**Pretreatment for Corals** – AMS dating requires as little as 3 milligrams of [coral](https://www.radiocarbon.com/radiocarbon-dating-coral/) after the pretreatment. However, we recommend 50-100 milligrams be sent to allow for an aggressive cleaning prior to the dating (and repeat analyses if necessary for confirming results based on quality control measures, at no additional cost to the client). Most shells, corals, and other carbonate materials are cleaned by physical abrasion to remove the outer surfaces and any adhering carbonate material and are then acid etched to remove approximately 10-30% or greater of the total weight so that only the good primary carbonate is dated.
**Powdered Carbonates** – Please take note that exposure to atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) may affect the **radiocarbon dating** results. It has been shown that powdered carbonates will absorb atmospheric CO2 due to the very large surface area. If the material is quite old (>20 ky), it is possible that long-term exposure to the atmosphere can bias the result in the more recent direction by some unknown degree.
When it is necessary to extract carbonates by drilling or powdering specific areas of the material (especially those suspected to be very old – greater than 20 ky), we recommend that the drilling be done under an inert gas (like N2, Ar, etc.) and that the material be stored in very small vials and sent to us without delay. If the materials are not very old (< 20 ky), extraction under an inert gas is not necessary. However, the powdered carbonates should still be stored in small vials so as to limit exposure to the atmosphere. Powdered carbonates should not be stored for extended periods of time.
**Reporting** – Results available as Conventional Radiocarbon Age, percent modern carbon (pMC), fraction modern (fM), Delta-14C (D14C) or Δ14C upon request.
## [\[VIDEO\] How to Determine the DeltaR / DeltaRErr Value](#collapseFive)
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
## [Radiocarbon Dating Shells](#collapseOne)
Shells are often sent to accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) labs for [radiocarbon dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm "radiocarbon dating"). A great proportion of shell materials sent to AMS labs for carbon 14 dating are mollusk shells.
Shells are not easy to radiocarbon date; there are many factors that contribute uncertainties to the results. American physical chemist Willard Libby, a pioneer of the radiocarbon dating technology, predicted shells to be the least effective materials to radiocarbon date.
Shells can be categorized as marine, estuarine, or riverine. Analysts in **AMS labs** need to know the type of shell they are dealing with in order to establish the potential contaminants and determine the methods to remove them.
## [Components of a Shell](#collapseSix)
Shellfish obtain carbon from the biosphere for shell building. According to scientific studies, shellfish obtain organic carbon from marine or terrestrial plants and inorganic carbon from ocean water bicarbonate, atmospheric carbon dioxide, or freshwater bicarbonate.
Shells are formed by the deposition of calcium carbonate crystals to an organic matrix, which is a protein called conchiolin. This protein makes up only a few percent of the shell, hence the sample needed in the radiocarbon dating process is the inorganic portion.
Although inorganic, the carbonate is still datable since its formation involves incorporation of carbon 14 from the biosphere. The carbonate present in shells is usually in the form of the mineral aragonite although some shells are mixtures of aragonite and calcite while others, like oyster shell, is mostly calcite.
The use of the shell’s carbonate component presents problems because the substance is soluble and may isotopically or chemically exchange with its environment. When a shell exchanges carbon with soil acids around it, the shell’s carbon 14 ratio, and thus radiocarbon age, is altered. This carbon exchange usually affects the shell’s exterior.
Recrystallization, on the other hand, can affect even the inner layers of a shell. This phenomenon, accompanied by the conversion of aragonite to calcite, also alters the carbon 14 ratio. Recrystallization usually occurs when the shell exchanges carbon with modern calcite.
## [Reservoir Effect on Shells](#collapseTwo)
---
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
There are two source or reservoir effects relevant to the radiocarbon dating of shells—the [marine effect](https://www.radiocarbon.com/marine-reservoir-effect.htm "marine effect") and the hard water effect. Age offset evaluation must be done on radiocarbon dating results on shells because of these effects.
The marine effect is a consequence of the slow mixing between surface waters and deep waters in the oceans. The rapid exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and the biosphere via the carbon dioxide pathway is not exactly the same between the atmosphere and the oceans.
Carbon dioxide equilibrium between the atmosphere and surface waters is achieved relatively quickly. Surface waters, however, exchange carbon dioxide with deeper waters in a rate that is so slow, the carbon 14 content of the incoming carbon dioxide from the surface water and the outgoing carbon dioxide from the deep waters may already be in different stages of radiocarbon decay. Studies show that the residence time of carbon 14 in the atmosphere ranges between 6 years and 10 years while the residence time of carbon 14 in oceans could take thousands of years.
Upwelling is another phenomenon that dilutes radiocarbon content of surface waters. In certain parts of the globe, the equatorial region in particular, deep waters move up. This phenomenon is latitude dependent and occurs as a consequence of trade winds. Coastline shape, local climate and wind, and ocean bottom topography also contribute to upwelling. The slow mixing and the upwelling of deep waters mean that the surface water of oceans already have apparent radiocarbon age relative to the atmosphere.
Freshwater shells may not be affected by the marine reservoir effect, but they are susceptible to the hard water effect—the presence of calcium ions resulting from the dissolution of infinite-age calcium carbonate. The presence of calcium ions coincides with carbon-14 depletion although the magnitude of the hard water effect is not directly correlated with the amount of calcium ions. This effect causes the ages of samples to appear older than they actually are due to the incorporation of older CaCO3 that has been dissolved into the freshwater source from substances like limestone or marl that the lake or streams move through. This is sometimes tested by dating living shells in the same area to see if they yield modern results or older results. This bias can be on the order of a few decades to several hundred years depending on different factors.
Hard water effect can also affect marine shells deposited in areas where there is an influx of carbonate-rich freshwater like in river mouths. Terrestrial shells, like snail shell, are also affected by the hard water effect in cases when the organism has been feeding on carbonate-rich areas like a chalkland.
AMS lab analysts must know the reservoir effects that could affect any given shell sample so they will know the age offsets needed. AMS labs quantify the marine and hard water reservoir effects by assuming there has been no change in radiocarbon content and by dating known-age shells of the same species from the same locality that have been collected before the nuclear weapons testing of the 1950s and 1960s.
## [Localized Reservoir Correction (DeltaR / DeltaRErr)](#collapseThree)
The DeltaR / DeltaRErr value is only used for marine carbonates.
Depending on the age of the marine carbonate, a 200- to 500-year correction (i.e. global marine reservoir correction) is applied automatically for all marine carbonates. This automatic correction means the radiocarbon date gets more recent in time due to the fact that it takes 200-500 years for present-day carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to be incorporated and distributed (equilibrated) through the ocean water column.
A DeltaR / DeltaRErr correction is applied to the sample that has already been corrected with the global marine reservoir correction. The value that is provided by the client is subtracted or added to this already corrected age. Note: A negative DeltaR will make the date older (typically presuming freshwater dilution from the global marine average).
## [Contamination in Shells](#collapseFour)
The local environment of an organism assimilating the carbon is one of the factors to be considered before subjecting the sample to accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating. [AMS lab](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-lab.htm "AMS lab") analysts must know the types of contaminants the shell samples could have been exposed to.
Any carbon-containing substance that can change the carbon 14 content of a shell sample upon contact is a contaminant. This means that calcium carbonate, soil humic materials, and soil carbon dioxide are potential contaminants. The most common contaminants of shell samples for radiocarbon dating are those that are caused by isotopic exchange and recrystallization.
AMS labs perform pretreatment before carbon 14 dating to remove all possible contaminants that would lead to inaccurate results.
## [Pretreatment of Shells in AMS Labs](#collapseSix2)
Either an acid [etch](https://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Etch), sonication in alkali or no pretreatment.
Given enough material, the lab typically etches off the outer half of the shell to eliminate any potential secondary carbonate. Please consider this when selecting your samples. Generally, the more material provided the better chance of yielding good results.
Physical [pretreatment](https://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm "pretreatment") of shells before carbon dating involves removal of all visible contaminants from the shells without using any chemicals as well as reduction of the sample size.
The outer layer of the shell is removed with a drill and carborundum paper to isolate aragonite—the analyte for AMS radiocarbon dating. Calcite that has recrystallized, and therefore a contaminant, is white and chalky and easily removed by drilling.
AMS lab analysts crush the shell samples in a mortar and pestle to increase the surface area before further pretreatment is done.
Chemical pretreatment employed by AMS labs involve washing the shells with dilute acid, usually hydrochloric acid (HCl), to remove a portion of the shell’s exterior and calcite components.
In the case of very small or tiny samples, we may be limited to a very minor etch or no etch at all. In cases of adhering material and/or the presence of cavities, sonication may be performed.
Reference:
Sheridan Bowman, Radiocarbon Dating: Interpreting the Past (1990), University of California Press
**Interested in U-Th dating, Boron isotopes or Sr ratio analysis? Visit [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "U-Th dating, Boron isotopes, Sr ratio analysis").**
*Page last updated: March 2026*
---
### [Radiocarbon Dating Prices & Payment Terms](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-sample-payment.htm)
**Published:** April 10, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
**Radiocarbon Dating Cost** — If you need a quote or information about our prices, please contact us using this [form.](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
---
NOTE: Materials with commercial value are not accepted.
SGS Beta does not undertake the dating of manuscripts, objects of art or other valuable or priceless items unless they are submitted and paid for by a recognized governmental agency, major museum, or other official agency that is investigating the materials as part of multidisciplinary scholarly process.
The lab does not analyze antiques, books, manuscripts or materials of a religious nature or items which are commonly sold in the antiquities markets, or materials for personal research (e.g. wood from an ancestral house, metals/coins, bones from a random dig, etc.).
---
## Payment Methods & Terms
**ACCEPTED PAYMENT METHODS** — Wire transfer and credit card
**INVOICES ARE SENT BY EMAIL** — The invoice will be generated after we have confirmation that your sample will yield results. This timing will vary depending on the material type and if pretreatments are required.
After pretreatment has been completed, invoices are emailed to the address indicated under Payment Options on the online submission form unless we receive other instructions in writing. The email will include a PDF attachment with banking information.
**ONLINE PAYMENTS** — Click the “View/Pay Invoice” blue button in the invoice. This is a secure link. Once opened, simply click on the “Pay Invoice” green button, select the payment method from the dropdown menu and fill out the required information. The system will generate an email receipt to the address listed once payment has been successfully completed.
**Questions on Invoices and Online Payments?**
Please email us at or call (+1) 305-396-6144 during our office hours from 8 AM thru 5 PM EST.
**PURCHASE ORDERS (PO)** — A PO is a document provided by your accounting department indicating that the order has been accepted and registered for payment. Having a PO may speed up the process of reporting the results. Contact our [Accounting Department](mailto:billing@betalabservices.com) to confirm your payment terms with us (Net 15, Net 30, etc.). Terms must be agreed by both parties.
SGS Beta will only accept Purchase Orders that comply with the following minimum requirements:
- Legible and printed on the official institution, governmental or company letterhead or equivalent stationery in PDF file format;
- Include the Payment Terms agreed by both parties;
- Must have a PO number and date of approval by your Accounting Department or authority;
- Must indicate your mailing address and email as well as the primary contact information of your Accounts Payable or Accounting department (contact name and phone number);
- Include the physical address and email to which to send the invoice AND any special instructions needed for submitting invoices for prompt payment;
- Should be signed and/or stamped by an authorized approver;
- Our laboratory’s name and address should appear as follows:
Beta Analytic LLC
4985 SW 74th Court
Miami, Florida 33155
United States
Tel: (+1) 305-396-6144
Email:
**The PO should also include the:**
- Specific tests to be performed with the delivery times;
- Number of samples to be tested;
- Price per sample and total amount due to SGS Beta with the currency of the invoice.
If you received an estimate from an SGS Beta account manager, please include the Estimate Number on the PO.
**PREPAYMENTS** — If you require an Advanced Invoice or Proforma, [email our Accounting Department](mailto:billing@betalabservices.com) with the Estimate Number provided by your Account Manager or any notes or information that needs to be included on the invoice.
Note: Refunds are NOT permitted once the funds are deposited and that deposits can only be used for future analyses at the latest published prices.
## Important
All changes requested AFTER an online order has been placed MUST be communicated to us BEFORE testing commences.
### Limitation of Liability
Client acknowledges and agrees that SGS Beta’s role in furnishing Services is merely to analyze Material Sample(s) and issue a Report detailing SGS Beta’s findings. Please read our full Terms & Conditions here:
**More about SGS Beta:**
- [Stable Isotope Analysis cost inquiry form](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm)
- [Recommended sample sizes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/required-carbon-dating-sample-sizes.htm)
- [Sample handling and container recommendations](https://www.radiocarbon.com/details.htm)
---
Page last updated: May 2025
---
### [Standard Deviation](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-results.htm)
**Published:** April 18, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta does not report standard deviations of less than +/- 30 BP for single measurements since this can lead to a misinterpretation of the accuracy of the results. The only time standard deviations of less than +/-30 years BP are reported is when the lab runs a unique sample fraction (e.g. a single twig, seed, bone, shell) 2 or 3 times on portions that have been pretreated, graphitized, and AMS counted independently of each other. In this step, we aim to reduce any sample, laboratory or counting bias in the accuracy and quoted sigma. Once 2 or 3 measurements have been made, the lab then performs a weighted average age and error calculation and reports those values.
## Detection Efficiency
The detection efficiency in particle accelerators is very high, as such extremely low sigmas are possible simply by measuring more reference standards and/or counting the unknown sample for longer periods of time. While this may produce a very small numerical sigma value, that value is strictly limited to the “determinate errors” associated with counting the 14C modern standard (oxalic acid), unknown sample, and chemical blank (background).
Quoted sigmas on **radiocarbon** dates, unfortunately, cannot take into account “indeterminate errors” such as sample homogeneity, chemistry, and to a lesser extent, detector stability. As good as AMS machines are, simultaneous measurements of the 14C modern standard, sample, and blank cannot be done so small shifts up or down in the detection efficiency of the AMS over the course of the run will affect the accuracy of the result, which at times are outside of the smaller quoted sigma values possible. This is why SGS Beta only quotes smaller errors by going through the additional effort and cost of running samples multiple times.
**About SGS Beta:**
[Capacity & Detection Limits](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-radiocarbon-lab.htm)
[ISO/IEC 17025:2017 Accreditation](https://www.radiocarbon.com/iso-certified.htm)
[Quality Control](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-radiocarbon-lab2.htm)
**Other Interesting Topics:**
[The Suess Effect: Why is it important?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/the-suess-effect-why-is-it-important/)
[Radiocarbon “Bomb Pulse” Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-forensics.htm)
[What is the Bomb Effect?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bomb-carbon.htm)
## [\[VIDEO\] Radiocarbon Dating Results](#collapseOne)
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
This video excerpt is part of SGS Beta’s webinar: [Isotopes 101: An Introduction to Isotopic Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Isotopes 101: An Introduction to Isotopic Analysis")
*Page last updated: August 2022*
---
### [AMS Dating Bones, Antler and Teeth](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bones.htm)
**Published:** April 9, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Sample size recommended (smaller AMS sizes possible – please [contact us](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- antler – 1-4 grams
- charred bones – 20-100 milligrams
- cremated bones – 200 milligrams–4 grams
- uncharred bones – 500 milligrams–4 grams
- 1-2 teeth (full canine, incisor, or molar with roots attached)
 **Carbon Dating Services**- AMS Standard – results are reported in 14 business days or less
- AMS Priority – 6 business days or less
 **Analyses included with Carbon-14 Dating (if sample size permits)**- antlers, teeth – δ13C, δ15N (and %C, %N, and C:N ratio for uncharred antlers and teeth)
- charred bones – δ13C
- cremated bones – δ13C, δ18O
- heated bones – δ13C
- non-heated bones – δ13C, δ15N, %C, %N, and C:N ratio
 **Recommended container**- Ziplock Bags for bones, antler, teeth
- For extracted collagen, use aluminum foil or plastic/glass vial with a screw top before placing in a Ziplock bag
- Please send your samples in small boxes instead of envelopes to protect the samples from being crushed during shipment.
- We offer ultrafiltration subsequent to conventional collagen extraction methods.
- Free webinar on bones available on demand (English only), see preview [here](https://www.radiocarbon.com/optimal-bone-samples-radiocarbon-dating/ "Free webinar on bones").
## Radiocarbon Dating Cost
Please use this [contact form](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm) to inquire on radiocarbon dating prices. When requesting for an estimate/quotation, please provide the number of samples, service requested/turnaround time (AMS standard or priority), type (non-heated, fully charred or cremated bones) and the billing address.
Fees are inclusive of quality assurance reports, calendar calibration when applicable, and 24/7 web access to past results and pending analyses. Additional fee is charged for collagen or bone carbonate extraction.
---
The d13C and d15N ratios are measured using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). We may not be able to provide d15N measurements for charred or heated bones depending on the sample quality. Please contact us before submitting heated bones.
SGS Beta also provides %C, %N, and C:N values at no additional cost for non-cremated bones submitted for **AMS dating**.
**Pretreatment** – It is important to understand the [pretreatment](https://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Collagen) applied to samples since they directly affect the final result. For bones, we provide conventional collagen extraction techniques and subsequent [ultrafiltration methods](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-bones-ultrafiltration/ "ultrafiltration methods") if requested. If you require ultrafiltration, please contact us before sending your samples.
## [Sample Selection – Bones, Teeth, Antlers](#collapseOne)
**Bones** – Good cortical bone is best from the larger bones of the body (femur, tibia, upper arm bone, jaw, skull plate and sometimes the ribs). Spongy bones like ball and sockets, vertebra, and the like do not tend to preserve well in harsh conditions and may not yield sufficient collagen for AMS dating. For bird and fish bones, please consult the lab for sufficient sample size.
Given the low density of bird bone, the quantity of collagen per unit gram is much lower than in the bones of other animals. Also, often the amount of bird bone available is very small. Attempts to radiocarbon date bird bone samples of as little as 300 milligrams have been successful in cases where preservation is good. Further consideration needs to be given to food source and the possibility of reservoir effects.
**Teeth** – For human teeth, preferred samples are single complete incisor or canine. If sending a molar, all 4 roots must be attached. For animal teeth, the sample size depends on the animal. For large mammals, 1 tooth is sufficient. For small animals, please consult the lab regarding the appropriate quantity.
**Antlers** – Chunks, chips, and shavings are best for radiocarbon dating. If your samples are already powderized, please contact us for discussion.
## [Extracted Collagen](#collapseSix)
We accept extracted bone collagen for [radiocarbon dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm). However, the material will be listed as “organics” in the final report instead of “bone collagen.” This is due to the requirement by our ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accreditation that if we did not perform the chemical pretreatments and/or extractions, we cannot specifically testify as to the material that was dated because certain steps affecting the sample quality have been outside of our control and scope of our accreditation.
Do not place extracted collagen directly into Ziplock bags. We recommend wrapping the sample in aluminum foil or using a plastic or glass vial with a screw top before placing in a Ziplock bag.
## [Tooth Enamel](#collapseTwo)
The organic content of enamel is too low for Carbon-14 analysis. We analyze the carbonate fraction when dating enamel. One tooth is sufficient for AMS dating.
**Disclaimer**: It is known that in certain environmental settings, the carbonated tooth enamel when dated by 14C, can yield inaccurate ages due to contamination from secondary carbonates found in soil, water or other sources. If this has occurred with your sample, current pretreatment methodologies may not adequately address this. When interpreting Tooth Enamel Carbonate dates, we recommend that you be aware of this. Several publications discuss the possible issues. In most cases the results are more recent than the actual time of death, and this bias may be significant.
## [Bones Submerged in Water](#collapseThree)
Bones submerged in water or wet [sediments](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-sediments.htm) – Please consult the lab before sending these bone samples. Water is very effective in leaching the collagen proteins out of the bone, leaving only bone carbonate. Thus, it’s possible that the bones have very limited collagen.
## [Do not Send Powdered Bones](#collapseFour)
Bones that have been drilled or powdered prior to submission to the laboratory may not lend themselves to a robust pretreatment that can ensure the accuracy of the results. We DO NOT recommend that bones be drilled or powdered prior to sending to our laboratory. Bones that have been drilled or powdered prior to submission must be cleaned of any adhering or invasive contamination prior to the drilling or powdering. This many times requires both physical abrasion of the surface and chemical treatments.
## [Pretreatment and Collagen Extraction for Non-Cremated Bones](#collapseFour1)
The pretreatment of non-cremated bone samples starts with the extraction of collagen, which is the material that is dated. Assessment of quality is supported by visual observation of the collagen and its extraction.
The bone sample is first tested for friability (“softness”). Very soft bone material is an indication of the potential absence of the collagen fraction (basal bone protein acting as a “reinforcing agent” within the crystalline apatite structure).
To assess the quality of the preserved collagen, the sample is demineralized in dilute/cold acid to eliminate all apatite and carbonate after physically or chemically removing the outer exposed surfaces. The collagen is then dissected and inspected for rootlets. Any rootlets present will be removed when replenishing the acid solutions.
At this stage, the lab will perform a thorough visual inspection of the collagen quality. If the collagen is in poor preservation condition, the lab will contact you for discussion before proceeding further. If the collagen passes visual inspection, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is applied to remove humic and exogenous organic contaminants. This step is usually highly destructive to the collagen but provides a clean sample for radiocarbon dating. After a final acid wash, the collagen is dried and measured for d13C. If the d13C result is reasonable, we proceed with the AMS dating. If it is not, we contact you before proceeding further.
Collagen extraction can be done with or without alkali. “With alkali” refers to additional pretreatment with NaOH to ensure the absence of secondary organic acids. “Without alkali” refers to the NaOH step being skipped due to poor preservation conditions, which could result in removal of all available organics if performed.
## [Ultrafiltration (available upon request) ](#collapseFour5)
Ultrafiltration consists of filtering the collagen through ultra fine filters at high revolutions per minute as an additional measure to remove humic acids. Additional fees apply if ultrafiltration is selected; contact us for details.
**Note** – Ultrafiltration will not always improve the accuracy of a radiocarbon date. This additional pretreatment “fractionates” the carbon in the sample. The theory is that the humic acids will pass through the filter, leaving the collagen behind. Depending upon the state of preservation of the collagen, this theory does not always apply. Samples that have undergone ultrafiltration have been shown to produce dates that can be both older and younger than those following collagen extraction with alkali. The unique burial, preservation and contamination conditions of a bone will determine the usefulness of this additional pretreatment.
## AMS Dating Different Types of Bones
If you are unsure which category your bone samples belong to, please send them to our **radiocarbon dating** lab. We will examine them and advise if they are datable and by what technique.
## [Bones (heated)](#collapseSix2)
Bones that have undergone low-temperature heating (lower than 600°C) usually show black, blue or gray patches on the exterior surfaces or in the interior, indicating that all the fats and proteins have not been burned away and thus the osteocalcin has not been completely converted to structural carbonate.
The degree of heating and burial conditions will ultimately determine whether a heated bone can be dated by AMS. It is not possible to predict what will be recovered from a heated bone. On occasion collagen suitable for dating may still be available. On other occasions, organics may be recovered but not identifiable as collagen. Analysis on these “residual bone organics” can yield reasonable AMS dates, but caution should be taken with their interpretation.
Pretreatment – [Collagen extraction, acid/alkali/acid wash](https://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Collagen)
No cancellation charges are applied if a heated bone is deemed unsuitable for dating after pretreatments.
## [Bones (fully charred)](#collapseOne1)
High-temperature heating can be a useful event in the history of a bone sample. If it was hot enough to char the collagen, the carbon in the bone will be very stable, resistant to contamination, and readily removed by full treatments with acid and alkali, as would be applied to a charcoal sample.
Bones that are completely charred inside and out look like a chunk of charcoal. These are usually charred in very low oxygen, less than 600°C environments over a long period of time. The osteocalcin has been burned away leaving only the charred fats and proteins (collagen) behind. These types of burned bone can usually be dated but the pretreatments may be limited to acid leaches to remove carbonates. Many times they are too fragile to allow for alkali extractions to remove humic acids that may be present in abundance in the area of collection.
Whether or not a charred bone will yield a radiocarbon date depends on the degree of charring. Bones that have been heated in low temperatures present special considerations. Bones with charred protein can be very good samples for AMS dating. In this case, the carbon is resilient to decay and can be fully pretreated in the laboratory. If the protein is partially charred, it is probably damaged and highly susceptible to decay. It usually cannot be fully pretreated (or identified as protein) in the laboratory.
Generally, if the bone is bleached white throughout, charred collagen is not available. If the bone is black or blue, there is some chance it can be dated using a charred collagen remnant. The only way to know is to do some pretreatment.
No cancellation charges are applied if a charred bone is deemed unsuitable for dating after pretreatment.
Pretreatment – [Strong acid/alkali/acid wash](https://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm)
## [Bones (non-heated) ](#collapseTwo3)
A bone that has not been heated is pretreated by extraction of the collagen proteins. This is the most reliable material that can be dated for non-cremated bones.
Preservation and quality of the preserved collagen is very important. This can be assessed during pretreatment. If collagen quality is good, pretreatment continues (acid/alkali/acid washes). If collagen quality is poor, the lab consults with the client for cancellation of the analysis.
After the initial evaluation of the collagen, it is dried for Carbon-13/Carbon-12 ratio analysis. If the result of this analysis is reasonable, the lab proceeds with AMS dating. If the d13C result is poor, AMS dating can be cancelled at the request of the client. No cancellation charges are applied if a bone is deemed unsuitable for dating after pretreatments.
[Collagen extraction followed by acid/alkali/acid wash](https://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm) (ultrafiltration upon request)
## [Bones (cremated) ](#collapseTwo5)
These are bones that have been heated in excess of 600°C for sufficient time to burn away all of the collagen, fats, and proteins. These bones are typically white in color; and if broken into two, they are completely white on the inside as well.
When bones are heated above 600°C, the osteocalcin (apatite) in the bone is converted to structural carbonate. This is the bone carbonate that is dated. The structural carbonate is very resistant to change and not easily contaminated once cremation has occurred, therefore it has been shown to be a good substance for reliable AMS dating.
In the absence of any charred collagen, a method is available for dating the carbonate fraction in cremated bones. The method was published and accepted in 2000 at the 17th International Radiocarbon conference. Studies indicate good agreement between bone carbonate in highly heated bones with associated charcoal. This method should only be attempted in the absence of collagen or charred collagen.
Recent studies have also shown that carbonate yields from separate sections of bone may be indicative of incomplete cremation. To test this, two portions of the bone are tested for carbonate yield. If they are similar, the lab proceeds with AMS dating. If the carbonate yields are dissimilar, the client can cancel the analysis or continue with AMS dating of both portions to test for similar age (incurring the cost of two analyses).
Dating the carbonate fraction in cremated bones is recommended in the absence of collagen or charred collagen. However, caution is advised since the complete removal of contaminating carbonates cannot truly be assured. If removal of all carbonates was achieved during the heating process, the remaining calcium oxide may have reacted with carbon dioxide from the fuel. In this case, the possibility of the old wood effect from the fuel should be taken into consideration.
**Interested in U-Th dating, Pb isotopes or Sr ratio analysis? Visit [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "U-Th dating, Pb isotopes, Sr ratio analysis").**
## More Information on Carbon Dating Human Bones
[Radiocarbon Dating Bones with PVA](https://www.radiocarbon.com/radiocarbon-dating-pva-contaminated-bones/)
[Components of a Bone](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-bones.htm#Components)
[Time-width of Bone Samples](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-bones.htm#Time)
[Bone Sample Contamination](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-bones.htm#Sample)
[Effect of Contaminants on AMS Carbon Dating Results](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-bones.htm#Effect)
[Physical Pretreatment of Bones in AMS Labs](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-bones.htm#Physical)
[Chemical Pretreatment of Bones in AMS Labs](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-bones.htm#Chemical)
*Page last updated: February 2025*
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### [Radiocarbon Dating Seeds, Grains, and Plants](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-seeds.htm)
**Published:** April 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Sample size recommended (smaller AMS sizes possible – please [contact us](http://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 3-100 milligrams (AMS dating)
 **Carbon Dating Services**- AMS Standard – results are reported in 14 business days or less
- AMS Priority – 6 business days or less
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 business days
 **Analyses included with Carbon-14 Dating**- δ13C
 **Recommended container**- Wrap seeds and grains in aluminum foil to contain them in a pouch before putting them inside a labeled Ziplock bag.
- Please send your samples in small boxes instead of envelopes to protect the samples from being crushed during shipment.
## Radiocarbon Dating Cost
To obtain an estimate or formal quotation, please send the paying institution’s billing address, the number of samples you plan to analyze, and the AMS service you’ve selected (Standard, Priority or Time Guide). Please also indicate in this [form](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "contact form") if the samples require cellulose extraction, solvent extraction, or both.
Fees are inclusive of quality assurance reports, calendar calibration when applicable, and 24/7 web access to past results and pending analyses.
---
**Pretreatment** – It is important to understand the [pretreatment](http://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) applied to samples since they directly affect the final result. When it comes to small samples like seeds and grains, our major consideration is always our ability to fully pretreat for secondary carbon contamination.
It’s difficult to know exactly how much material the lab will need from any given sample. Even “dry weight” is usually relative. It’s not uncommon for the lab to see a 15% reduction in weight just by putting a dry sample in an oven overnight at 110ºC. Usually after pretreatment, the sample size is reduced by 30-70% depending on many factors relating to the species type, preservation, moisture content, etc.
**Sample Selection** – When selecting samples to send to the lab for **radiocarbon dating**, please take note that charring is a major significance. Ten milligrams (10 mg) of charred grain is a very different sample from 10 mg of non-charred grain. Charring acts as a great vehicle for preservation and resistance to chemical attack by the alkali used in the pretreatment.
For [AMS dating](http://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm), we usually recommend 20 mg of sample as many times the material sent includes a lot of adhering sediment or other materials that need to be removed from the sample prior to dating.
## [Shipping Container](#collapseSix)
You can place the seeds, grains, or plants in aluminum foil or plastic tubes before placing them in a Ziplock bag. Please put each sample in separate Ziplock bags to prevent mixing during shipment in case of breakage.
## [Radiocarbon Dating Small Samples](#collapseTwo)
There are several ways to approach very small samples:
1 – Full Pretreatment (acid/alkali/acid washes)
The entire sample will be destroyed in the process. If there’s insufficient sample left after pretreatment, the analysis is put on hold pending the client’s submission of supplement samples. If the client cannot send more seeds or grains, the analysis will be cancelled.
2 – Careful Pretreatment
We will very carefully apply limiting acid and alkali pretreatment to keep the sample large enough to measure.
3 – Skip Alkali Step
We can skip the alkali wash. This is effective in scenarios where secondary humic acids/decaying debris are not a factor.
4 – No Pretreatment
Not pretreating at all is generally not recommended except in extreme cases.
If the seeds or grains are well preserved, dry and do not have any adhering sediment on them, 4 mg should be sufficient for **AMS dating**.
After pretreatment, if the lab has 1.8 mg of the sample then it will be a standard AMS date. If smaller than 1.8 mg but more than 1.3 mg, the lab may not be able to report a separate δ13C ratio from the CO2 generated at the time of combustion.
The lab does not analyze extremely small samples (i.e. when the available carbon after pretreatment is less than 200 micrograms carbon) because there can be effects within the AMS machine itself that add indeterminate errors to the result.
*Image credit: Rasbak (licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0)*
*Page last updated: March 2026*
---
### [Radiocarbon Dating of Sediment or Soil](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-sediments.htm)
**Published:** April 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Sample size recommended (smaller AMS sizes possible – please [contact us](http://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 1-10 grams of sediment, gyttja, or silty peat (approximate dry weight)
 **Carbon Dating Services**- AMS Standard – results are reported in 14 business days or less
- AMS Priority – 6 business days (organic sediment samples may take extra days due to the delicate and lengthy pretreatment requirements)
 **Analyses included with Carbon-14 Dating**- δ13C
 **Recommended container**- Ziplock Bags (place in aluminum foil if sample is small or can be crushed during shipment)
- Please send your samples in small boxes instead of envelopes to protect the samples.
- It is best to consult the SGS Beta lab before submitting sediment samples.
- Free webinar on sediments available on demand (English only), see preview [here](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sediments-webinar-c14-dating/ "Free webinar on sediments").
## Radiocarbon Dating Cost
Let us know the number of sediment samples you plan to analyze and the AMS service selected (Standard, Priority) so we can provide you with an estimate. For formal quotations, please include the billing information of the paying institution in this [form](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "contact form").
Fees are inclusive of quality assurance reports, calendar calibration when applicable, and 24/7 web access to past results and pending analyses.
---
**Pretreatment** – Sediments are complex systems containing carbon of multiple forms, sizes ranges and sources. Please contact us to discuss the nature of your research objective to ensure the most appropriate [pretreatment](https://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Washes) of your sediment sample. You are welcome to contact us to discuss the pretreatment or request that we contact you after the pretreatment to discuss options for radiocarbon dating.
**Wet Samples** – There is no need to dry the sample. However, knowing the dry weight will better allow you to estimate the amount of material to send. If you want to dry your samples, heating at 90°C to 100°C for 4-24 hours is recommended.
Sending wet or frozen samples for **radiocarbon dating** is fine. The lab starts the analyses immediately upon arrival of the sample so moisture will not induce contamination. Please remove excess water, wrap the samples with plastic (e.g. Saran Wrap) to limit air contact, place them in a Ziplock bag, and ship to us.
## [\[VIDEO\] Sediment Sample Collection Best Practices](#collapseThree)
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
[Recommendations for Preparing & Collecting Sediment for Analysis (PNG)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/SGS-Beta-Sediment-Sampling-Guide-English.png "Recommendations for Preparing & Collecting Sediment for Analysis")
**Macrofossils** – Due to complex soil geochemistry, it may be better to date extracted macrofossils in some circumstances. In the absence of macrofossils, radiocarbon dating can be done on sediment bulk organic fraction, humic fraction, or humin fraction.
**Reporting** – If the macrofossils are chosen for the analysis, the reported results will be based on the type of macrofossil (e.g. plant, wood, charcoal, etc). If the sediment is chosen for the analysis, the reported results will be as “organic sediment”.
**Macrofossil Identification** – SGS Beta does not offer identification services at this time.
## [AMS Dating of Sediment ](#collapseOne)
The dating of sediment samples can be performed in three different ways:
**Dating the “Bulk Organic Sediment Fraction”** – The sample dated is the organic sediment fraction that remains after sieving the soil to < 180 microns to remove any roots or macrofossils and then acid washed to remove carbonates.
**Dating the “Alkali-Soluble Fraction” or Humic Acid Fraction** – The sediment is sieved to < 180 microns to remove any roots or macrofossils. It is acid washed to remove carbonates then treated with alkali to solubilize the humic acids which are then precipitated for AMS dating.
**Dating the “Alkali-Insoluble Fraction” or the Humin Fraction** – The sediment is sieved to < 180 microns to remove any roots or macrofossils. It is acid washed to remove carbonates then treated with alkali to solubilize the humic acids which are removed and kept for the “Alkali-Soluble Fraction”. The remaining alkali-insoluble fraction is dated.
## [AMS Dating of Macrofossils in Sediment](#collapseSix)
For sediment samples, the lab performs flotation in water then progressive sieving through 225-micron, 180-micron, and then 125-micron sieves to see if there are any macrofossils that can be extracted. Examples of these macrofossils include charcoal, wood, plant, bone, shell, and seeds. **Note**: Our lab does not identify the exact type of macrofossil found in the sediment. Identification of macrofossils requires highly trained scientists, e.g. paleobotanist for plants, forensic archaeologist for bones, or paleontologists for shells.
Generally, it is better to date the macrofossils present than the sediment due to the possible contaminants in the latter. Most macrofossils can be treated with (1) acid to remove carbonates, and (2) alkali to remove humic acids that might be in the sediment. Humic acids come from the decay of plants. Sediment and rain water or ground water can move these humic acids up or down through the sedimentary profile bringing carbon that is either younger or older into a sediment layer.
In most cases, humic acids travel downward and make the underlying sediment appear to be younger (sometimes by a small amount, sometimes by a large amount of bias). This is mostly true for sediments that are organic rich (dark black or brown in coloration) as well as for sediments that are not well drained and where water ponds (like swamps, peat bogs, etc). In areas where there is not much rain fall or the sediment is well drained or is low in carbon (light tan or gray sediments), humic acids may not be much of a problem. For such sediment samples, when you date both the sediment and some plant material that is found in the sediment, the dates are usually very similar thus sometimes there is really no humic acid problem to worry about.
When sediments yield older ages than the plant (macrofossil), it is usually due to two possible reasons:
(1) the plant remains were somehow intrusive (grew into the older sediment, perhaps due to erosion or long periods of low or no soil development), or
(2) the sediment was getting some or all of its carbon during its formation from an older source (reworking or redeposition of already deposited sediment from upslope due to flooding, mass movements or other physical processes).
In general the plant dates are usually more reliable as they typically represent a more unique event in time. The plants were relatively short-lived as compared to the time it may have taken for the sediment to form.
Dating the CaCO3 fraction of sediments is often done, but it can be problematic if the origin of the carbonate in the sediment is not well understood. Carbonate in sediments can come from the natural development of carbonate nodules in the sediment (called pedogenic carbonates) or from the movement of carbonates that are dissolved out of geologic formations (like limestone, marl and other carbonate bearing minerals) which are then redeposited into the sediment.
Sediment geochemistry is very complex and can change from area to area even over small distances. Usually it is recommended to date the macrofossils that are found whenever possible, provided the researcher thinks that the macrofossils are “in-situ” and did not grow from the overlying layers (like roots).
If macrofossils are found, the lab will inform the researchers and they can decide if they want to date the macrofossils or sediment. In some cases, it is wise to date both separately to see if the macrofossils or sediment is yielding the best (most reliable) date. This can be useful information if a large core or sequence of cores are being dated.
## [Potential Problems for Alkali-treated Sediment](#collapseTwo)
Sediments that are treated with alkali to extract humic acids (and then dated on the humic acid or humin fraction) can sometimes yield problematic results depending on the localized soil geochemistry. Alkali extractions on sediments will remove any unbound carbon that is alkali-soluble. The source of this carbon can be from more recent humic and fulvic acids or ancient labile carbon that is alkali-soluble.
Many times, depending on the clay concentration and if the younger or older humic/fulvic acids are bound to clay particles, the alkali extractions may preferentially remove the original or older labile carbon and leave behind the younger clay-bound humic and fulvic acids, or vice versa.
Researchers sometimes assume that by performing an alkali extraction, the age of the sediment should always become older and therefore more accurate. However, many times what happens is the opposite; the alkali-extracted sediment yields a younger date due to the factors above.
SGS Beta’s Recommendation:
When alkali extractions and dating on either the humic or humin fractions of sediments are requested, the lab recommends that the researcher considers getting three dates for at least one sample prior to dating a larger number of samples, provided all of the samples submitted are from the same unique depositional area and geochemistry.
Suggested three dates – 1 date on the acid washed and sieved Bulk Organic Sediment Fraction, 1 date on the Alkali-Soluble or Humic Acid Fraction, and 1 date on the Alkali-Insoluble or Humin Fraction. By having all 3 dates, a researcher can compare the results and see if one fraction or the other makes more sense and then use that as a guide to dating the other sediment samples in that area.
If this is not financially possible or if the researcher has previously dated sediments in the area of collection on either the humic or humin fractions, these 3 dates may not be necessary. It is up to the researchers to determine what is best for their research.
The SGS Beta lab has analyzed thousands of sediment dates per year, and almost all of them are on the acid-washed and sieved bulk organic sediment fractions. Only a very small percentage (1-2% at most) are dated by request on the alkali-insoluble/soluble fractions. Typically the acid-washed and sieved bulk organic sediment fraction will yield the most accurate date or a date somewhat more recent if there are more recent mobilized humic acids present. The error (if any) is always in one direction and usually not yielding an age that is too old one time and too recent in the next analysis.
**Sediment Samples Disposal** – Sediment samples received from foreign countries as well as many US States must be handled in accordance with the guidelines established by the US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). These guidelines require that sediment samples imported are treated either chemically or by heat on receipt and that they are eventually disposed by incineration. As such, the sediment samples received at our laboratory will be disposed in this manner, and we unfortunately cannot return them.
We recommend that only as much sediment as needed for the analysis be sent. We can help advise as to how much may be required, but in all cases the amount sent should never exceed 200 grams. Please note that most organic sediment samples sent for **AMS dating** require only 2-4 grams or less depending on the carbon content.
**Interested in Pb isotopes or Sr-Nd-Hf ratio analysis of marine and lacustrine sediments? Visit [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "Pb isotopes, Sr-Nd-Hf ratio analysis of marine and lacustrine sediments").**
## Related Topics:
[AMS Dating Charcoal](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm "AMS Dating Charcoal")
[Marine Reservoir Effect](https://www.radiocarbon.com/marine-reservoir-effect.htm "Marine Reservoir Effect")
[Radiocarbon Dating Shells](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-shells.htm "Radiocarbon Dating Shells")
[Prevent Contamination of Core Samples](https://www.radiocarbon.com/prevent-core-samples-contamination/ "Prevent Contamination of Core Samples")
*Page last updated: March 2026*
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### [Sample Handling and Container Recommendations](https://www.radiocarbon.com/details.htm)
**Published:** April 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
## Sample Handling
**Carbonates** – Direct handling of carbonate samples will not affect the results. Since the CaCO3 portion is used for the radiocarbon analysis, contamination from hand oils and other organic matter is not relevant. Only the presence of other carbonates will affect the carbon dating results.
**Organic Material** – Organic samples for radiocarbon dating should not be handled with bare hands because your body oils will contaminate the sample. Plastic glove contact is fine. Washing the sample in potable water is also fine (distilled water is recommended). Avoid contact with paper.
**Extraneous Matrix** – Prices presume samples submitted are in a concentrated form. There is no need to remove minimal attached sediments and adhering organics. However, loose sediments in large quantities will incur supplemental fees so it is recommended you remove the bulk of extraneous matrix. One-time use of the type of screening material available at the hardware store for porches is fine. The screen should be rinsed first to remove dust. When using laboratory screens, ensure they are completely clean prior to use with another sample.
**Wet vs. Dry Samples** – There is no need to dry the sample. However, knowing the dry weight will better allow you to estimate the amount of material to send. Sending wet samples for carbon dating is fine. The lab starts the radiocarbon analyses immediately upon arrival of the sample, so moisture will not induce contamination. If you want to dry your samples, heating at 90°C to 100°C for 4-24 hours is recommended.
---
## Recommended Sample Containers and Packaging
Note: Put only one sample per Ziplock bag to avoid mix-ups during transport.
**Large Samples** – Place directly into Ziplock bags
Examples: [Antlers, Bones](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bones.htm), [Charcoal](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm), [Coral](https://www.radiocarbon.com/radiocarbon-dating-coral/), [Dung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-dung.htm), Gyttja, [Leather](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-leather.htm), [Peat](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-peat.htm), [Plants](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-seeds.htm), [Pottery](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-pottery.htm), [Sediment](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-sediments.htm), [Shells](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-shells.htm), [Teeth](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bones.htm), [Textiles](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-textiles.htm), [Wood](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-wood.htm)
**Small/Fine Samples** – Wrap these samples in aluminum foil to contain them in a pouch before putting them inside a labeled Ziplock bag.
Examples: Extracted Collagen, [Fish Otoliths](https://www.radiocarbon.com/c14-dating-fish-otoliths.htm), Hair, Insect (chitin), [Seeds, Grains](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-seeds.htm)
**Very Small Samples** – Use vials with screw tops, microcentrifuge tubes, or counting slides before putting them inside a labeled Ziplock bag.
Examples: [Forams, Ostracods](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-forams.htm), [Phytoliths](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-phytoliths.htm), [Pollen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-pollen.htm)
**Liquids** – Use plastic bottle (HDPE, LDPE, PP) wherever possible. If glass is your only option, please ship them with enough packing so they will not break. We strongly recommend plastic bottles over glass bottles.
## Use Boxes instead of Envelopes
**For Solids** – We highly recommend sending your samples in small boxes whenever possible (instead of using envelopes) to protect the physical integrity of the samples during shipment. The equipment used by postal services typically run envelopes through rollers during the automated sorting process, which may crush small fragments and powder them.
**For Liquids** – Please put the bottles inside a plastic bag and seal the bag with a zip-tie or duct tape. If any of the bottles leak during shipment, the water will not weaken the cardboard box.
*Page last updated: February 2020*
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### [Datación radiocarbónica de sedimentos o suelo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/ams-datacion-sedimentos.htm)
**Published:** June 5, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tamaño de muestra recomendado (es posible enviar muestras más pequeñas para datación por AMS – por favor [contáctenos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/contacto.htm "contáctenos"))**- 1-10 gramos de sedimento, gyttja o turba sedimentaria (peso seco aproximado)
 **Servicios de datación por carbono**- AMS Standard – Los resultados se entregan en 14 días laborables o menos
- AMS Priority – 6 días laborables o menos (las muestras de sedimentos orgánicos pueden requerir días adicionales debido a procesos de pretratamiento más delicados y prolongados)
 **Análisis incluidos con la datación por C14**- δ13C
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Bolsas con cierre zip (envuelva la muestra en papel de aluminio si es pequeña o si puede ser aplastada durante el envío)
- Le recomendamos que envíe sus muestras en pequeñas cajas siempre que sea posible (en vez de utilizar sobres) para proteger la integridad física de las muestras.
- Por favor, consulte al laboratorio antes de enviar sus muestras de sedimentos.
- Webinario gratuito sobre sedimentos disponible a petición (inglés), vista previa [aquí](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sediments-webinar-c14-dating/ "Webinario gratuito sobre sedimentos").
---
**Nota** – Nuestras tarifas incluyen informes con garantía de calidad, calibraciones de calendario (cuando sea aplicable) y acceso perpetuo a resultados anteriores o análisis pendientes a través de nuestra web. [Solicite un presupuesto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/cuanto-cuesta-la-datacion-por-carbono.htm "Solicite un presupuesto")
**Pretratamiento** – Los sedimentos son sistemas complejos que contienen carbono en múltiples formas, tamaños y de distintas fuentes. Por favor comuníquese con nosotros para discutir la naturaleza de su investigación y asegurar que sus muestras de sedimento reciban el [pretratamiento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/pretratamiento-protocolos.htm#Washes) más apropiado. Puede contactarnos para discutir el pretratamiento o solicitar que nos pongamos en contacto con usted después del pretratamiento para discutir las opciones de datación por radiocarbono.
**Muestras húmedas** – No es necesario secar las muestras. Sin embargo, conocer su peso en seco le permitirá estimar mejor la cantidad de material que debe enviar. Si quiere secar las muestras, le recomendamos que lo haga a una temperatura de 90°C a 100°C durante 4-24 horas.
También puede enviar sus muestras húmedas o congeladas. El laboratorio comienza los análisis de las muestras inmediatamente después de su llegada, por lo que la humedad no provocará su contaminación. Para enviar las muestras, por favor, elimine el exceso de agua, envuelva las muestras en film transparente para limitar el contacto con el aire, métalas en una bolsa de plástico, y envíelas al laboratorio. 
**Macrofósiles** – Debido a la compleja geoquímica de los suelos, en algunas circunstancias puede ser mejor datar macrofósiles extraídos. En ausencia de macrofósiles, la datación por radiocarbono puede realizarse en la fracción orgánica bruta, la fracción húmica o la fracción de humina.
**Informe de resultados** – Si se eligen los macrofósiles para ser analizados, el informe indicará el tipo de macrofósil analizado (por ejemplo planta, madera, carbón vegetal, etc.). Si se elige el sedimento para análisis, el material será identificado como “sedimento orgánico” en el informe de resultados.
**Identificación de macrofósiles** – En estos momentos SGS Beta no ofrece servicios de identificación.
## [Datación de sedimentos por AMS](#collapseOne)
La datación de muestras de sedimentos puede ser realizada de tres formas diferentes:
**Datación de la “fracción de sedimento orgánico bruto”**: La muestra datada es la fracción de sedimento orgánico que permanece después de tamizar el sedimento a < 180 micras para remover cualquier raíz o macrofósil, y que después es lavada con ácido para remover carbonatos.
**Datación de la “fracción soluble en álcali” o de la fracción de ácido húmico**: En este caso, se tamiza el sedimento con un tamiz de menos de 180 micras para eliminar raíces o macrofósiles. Posteriormente se lava el sedimento con ácido para eliminar los carbonatos y se trata con álcali para disolver los ácidos húmicos y precipitarlos luego para su datación por AMS.
**Datación de la “fracción insoluble en álcali” o la fracción de huminas**: En este proceso se tamiza el sedimento con un tamiz de menos de 180 micras para eliminar raíces o macrofósiles. Se lava con ácido para remover los carbonatos y después es sometida a un tratamiento con álcali para solubilizar los ácidos húmicos, los cuales son removidos y preservados para la “fracción soluble en álcali”. Finalmente se realiza la datación de la fracción insoluble en álcali.
## [Datación de macrofósiles en sedimentos por AMS](#collapseSix)
Para datar muestras de sedimento, el laboratorio aplica la flotación en agua y el tamizado progresivo (utilizando tamices de 225 micras, 180 micras y 125 micras) para comprobar si hay macrofósiles que pueden ser extraídos, como por ejemplo: carbón vegetal, madera, plantas, huesos, conchas y semillas.
**Nota**: Nuestro laboratorio no identifica el tipo exacto de macrofósil encontrado en el sedimento. La identificación de macrofósiles requiere el apoyo de científicos de gran experiencia como paleobotánicos para plantas, arqueólogos forenses para los huesos o paleontólogos para las conchas.
Generalmente, es mejor datar los macrofósiles presentes, en lugar del sedimento propiamente dicho, ya que pueden contener posibles contaminantes. Se puede tratar la mayoría de los macrofósiles con (1) ácido para eliminar los carbonatos, y (2) álcali para eliminar los ácidos húmicos que pueden estar en el sedimento. El ácido húmico proviene de la descomposición de plantas. El agua contenida en el sedimento, así como el agua de lluvia o de la superficie, puede mover estos ácidos húmicos hacia arriba o hacia abajo a través del perfil del sedimento, colocando carbono más reciente o antiguo entre en las capas del sedimento.
En la mayoría de los casos, los ácidos húmicos se mueven hacia abajo y causan que el sedimento subyacente parezca más reciente (a veces con poca o mucha parcialidad). Este suele ser el caso en la mayoría de los sedimentos con alto contenido orgánico (de color negro o marrón oscuro) y también en los sedimentos que no fueron bien drenados y que son provenientes de lagunas (incluyendo pantanos, turberas, etc.). En las regiones donde no llueve mucho o en los casos donde el sedimento ha sido bien drenado o contiene poco carbono (sedimentos de color marrón claro o gris), tal vez los ácidos húmicos no representen un problema significativo. En tales casos, cuando datamos el sedimento y parte de su contenido vegetal, las fechas son generalmente muy similares. Esto indica que a veces no es necesario preocuparnos con los ácidos húmicos.
Cuando los sedimentos ofrecen edades más avanzadas que la planta (macrofósil), por lo general hay dos posibles razones:
1\. Los restos de la planta han sido intrusivos de alguna manera (entraron en el sedimento más antiguo, tal vez debido a la erosión o largos periodos de poco o ningún desarrollo del suelo), o
2\. El sedimento estaba obteniendo parte o todo su carbono durante su formación de una fuente más antigua (reformulación o redeposición de sedimentos ya depositados de vertientes ascendientes debido a inundaciones, movimientos de masas u otros procesos físicos).
Generalmente, las fechas proporcionadas por los análisis de plantas son más confiables, ya que por lo general representan un evento más singular. Las plantas tienen una vida relativamente corta en comparación con el tiempo que podría haber llevado para el sedimento formarse.
La datación de la fracción de CaCO3 en los sedimentos es bastante frecuente, pero puede ser problemática si no se entiende bien el origen del carbonato presente. El carbonato presente en los sedimentos puede provenir del desarrollo natural de los nódulos de carbonato en el sedimento (denominados carbonatos edáficos) o del movimiento de los carbonatos que se disuelven a partir de formaciones geológicas (tales como la piedra caliza, marga y otros minerales que contienen carbonato) y que luego vuelven a depositarse en el sedimento.
La geoquímica sedimentaria es muy compleja y puede variar de una región a otra, incluso en distancias cortas. En general, se recomienda datar los macrofósiles encontrados siempre y cuando los investigadores crean que los macrofósiles estaban “in-situ” y no crecieron a partir de capas superiores, como las raíces.
Si el laboratorio encuentra macrofósiles, informará al cliente de ello para que pueda decidir si desea datar los macrofósiles o los sedimentos. En algunos casos, es aconsejable datar los dos por separado para verificar cuál de ellos genera el resultado, más fiable. Esta información puede útil cuando se datan núcleos grandes o una secuencia de núcleos.
## [Posibles problemas con sedimentos tratados con álcali](#collapseTwo)
Los sedimentos tratados con álcali para extraer los ácidos húmicos (y cuyas fracciones huminas y de ácido húmico pasan a ser datadas) a veces generan resultados problemáticos, dependiendo de la geoquímica de suelo localizada. Las extracciones alcalinas en sedimentos eliminan cualquier carbono que no esté conectado y sea soluble en álcali. Este carbono puede derivarse de ácidos húmicos o fúlvicos más recientes o de carbono lábil más antiguo soluble en álcali.
Muchas veces, dependiendo de la concentración de arcilla y si ácidos húmicos o fúlvicos más recientes o antiguos están unidos a partículas de arcilla, las extracciones alcalinas preferentemente pueden quitar el carbono original o lábil más antiguo y dejar atrás los ácidos húmicos y fúlvicos más recientes y unidos a la arcilla, o viceversa.
A veces, los investigadores asumen que cuando se realiza una extracción alcalina, la edad del sedimento siempre debe ser más avanzada, y por tanto más precisa. Sin embargo, muchas veces lo que ocurre es lo contrario; el sedimento extraído con álcali produce una fecha más reciente debido a los factores mencionados anteriormente.
Recomendación de SGS Beta:
Cuando se solicitan extracciones alcalinas y dataciones en sedimentos o fracciones húmicas o de huminas, el laboratorio recomienda que el investigador considere la posibilidad de obtener tres fechas para al menos una muestra antes de seguir datando una gran cantidad de muestras, siempre y cuando todas las muestras enviadas para análisis sean de la misma área de deposición y tengan la misma geoquímica.
Tres fechas sugeridas: 1 fecha de la fracción de sedimento orgánico bruto lavado con ácido y tamizado; una fecha de la fracción de ácido húmico o de la fracción soluble en álcali; y una fecha de la fracción de huminas o fracción insoluble en álcali. Al tener las tres fechas, el investigador puede comparar los resultados e identificar la mejor fracción para posteriores dataciones de muestras de la misma zona.
Si esto no es económicamente posible o si el investigador ha datado sedimentos de la misma zona de recogida anteriormente, basándose en las fracciones húmicas o huminas, tal vez no sea necesario obtener estas tres fechas. Corresponde al investigador determinar lo que es mejor para su estudio.
El laboratorio SGS Beta ha datado miles de muestras de sedimento al año, y en casi todos los casos se ha datado la fracción de sedimento orgánico bruto lavado con ácido y tamizado. Sólo un pequeño porcentaje (no más de 1 o 2%) se data en base a las fracciones solubles o insolubles en álcali cuando así lo solicita un cliente. Usualmente, la fracción de sedimento orgánico bruto lavada con ácido y tamizada arrojará la edad más precisa, o una edad más o menos reciente si existen ácidos húmicos movilizados más recientes. El error, si lo hay, tiende a ir en una dirección y, en general, el análisis produce generalmente una fecha demasiadamente avanzada o reciente en el análisis siguiente.
**Eliminación de muestras de sedimentos** – Por favor, tenga en cuenta que las muestras de sedimentos recibidas de otros países y varias partes de los Estados Unidos serán tratadas de acuerdo con las directrices establecidas por el Servicio de Inspección Sanitaria de Animales y Plantas (APHIS, en Inglés) del Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos. Estas normas exigen que las muestras de sedimentos importados sean tratadas químicamente o por calor cuando son recibidas y que eventualmente sean eliminadas por incineración. Por lo tanto, las muestras de sedimento recibidas en nuestro laboratorio serán eliminadas de esta manera y, desafortunadamente, no podemos devolverlas.
Le recomendamos que envíe sólo la cantidad de sedimento necesaria para el análisis. Podemos orientarle sobre la cantidad requerida, pero en todos los casos, no debe superar los 200 gramos. Tenga en cuenta que en la mayoría de las muestras de sedimentos orgánicos enviados para la datación por EMA sólo necesitamos de 2 a 4 gramos o menos, dependiendo del contenido de carbono.
**¿Te interesan los isótopos de Pb o el análisis de ratio de Sr-Nd-Hf de sedimentos marinos y lacustres? Visita [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "Pb isotopes, Sr-Nd-Hf ratio analysis of marine and lacustrine sediments").**
## Temas relacionados:
[Datación de Carbón Vegetal por EMA](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-carbon.htm "AMS Dating Charcoal")
[Efecto Reservorio Marino](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/marino-reserva-efecto.htm "Marine Reservoir Effect")
[Datación de Conchas por Radiocarbono](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-conchas.htm "Radiocarbon Dating Shells")
Evitando la Contaminación de Núcleos de Muestras
*Última actualización de la página: Marzo de 2026*
---
### [水樣提供氧同位素(δ18O)以及氘同位素(δ2H or δD)測試](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm)
**Published:** June 24, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **建議樣品量**- 5 mL – 請使用全新的Nalgene窄口瓶，水樣須完全填滿樣本瓶，不留空隙。 樣品請勿添加酸或其他化合物。
 **測試時間**- 14個工作日
 **包裝建議**- 請在包裝箱內裝入填充物，以避免運送途中水瓶破碎。
- 如果您的水樣品含鹽，或者是取自含有碳14標記物（人工碳14）附近的位置，請您告知實驗室。
- 提供免費的網絡研討會（英文版），包含[水體的溶解態碳](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "水體的溶解態碳")及[同位素分析](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "同位素分析"), 如需觀看請直接點擊。
---
**請注意 – 實驗室不接受需要前處理的樣品。對於混濁的水樣，在寄送樣本之前必須使用0.7 um玻璃纖維濾紙過濾掉所有雜質。**
也可單獨測量氧18和氘同位素。水樣品的δ18O和δD較適合使用同位素比質譜儀（IRMS）或腔衰盪光譜儀（CRDS）進行。
申請人可將氧18和氘同位素的測量值，適用於水文研究。
**送交樣品** – 請使用此[線上表格](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/ "線上表格")。
更多有關於如何採集和送交水樣品的細節，請見[地下水放射性碳定年](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm)。
如您對樣品有任何疑問時，歡迎隨時聯絡我們。
[需要報價單](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "需要報價單")
## [水樣採集建議](#collapseOne)
免責聲明：本視頻託管於第三方網站中，可能包含廣告。
本段影片節錄自SGS BETA實驗室網路研討會: [穩定同位素水文學](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "穩定同位素水文學")
## 鹹水與高鹽度水樣品的穩定同位素 δ18O與 δD分析
SGS Beta實驗室採用同位素平衡法測定液體水樣品的 δ18O和 δD。此方法對淡水而言是十分理想的。對於海水樣品(鹽度35 g L-1)，延長平衡時間即可準確測量。至於某些高鹽度(鹽度高於 100g L-1)的天然水樣品，例如某些鹽沼、高鹽度湖泊、潟湖或熱液鹽水，在使用上則會受到限制。這些限制是由於CO2和H2O之間的鹽度相關分餾係數，並將導致0.5+ o/oo δ18O和5.0 + o/oo δD量級的精度損失。為達到最高精確度，測量後需再以同位素活度係數及樣品原始鹽度進行校正。
**參考資料:**
Kendall C., Caldwell, E., Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology (1998) Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. Pp 51-86.
Christophe Lécuyer, Véronique Gardien, Thomas Rigaudier, François Fourel, François Martineau, Alexandre Cros, “Oxygen isotope fractionation and equilibration kinetics between CO2 and H2O as a function of salinity of aqueous solutions”, *Chemical Geology*, Volume 264, Issues 1–4, 30 June 2009, Pages 122-126.
François Martineau, François Fourel, Anne-Marie Bodergat, Christophe Lécuyer, “D/H equilibrium fractionation between H2O and H2 as a function of the salinity of aqueous solutions”, *Chemical Geology*, Volume 291, 6 January 2012, Pages 236-240.
**SGS Beta實驗室網路研討會**
[同位素101: 穩定同位素分析導論](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/)
[網路研討會 #2: 穩定同位素水文學](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/)
*最後更新2025年11月*
[返回水分析介紹頁面](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/water-analysis.htm "返回水分析介紹頁面")
---
### [물 시료의 산소(δ18O) 와 듀테륨 (δ2H or δD) 안정동위원소 측정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm)
**Published:** February 2, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **필요한 시료 량**- 5 mL – 이전에 사용한 적 없는 좁은 목의 Nalgene 병을 사용하고하되, 빈 공간없이 가득 채웁니다. 시료에 어떤 산이나 화학 물질을 첨가하지 않습니다.
 **결과 보고일**- 14 영업일 이내
 **포장시 주의 사항**- 충분한 포장재를 이용해 선적 중 박스나 병이 깨지지 않게 주의한다
- 물에 소금이 들어 있거나 인공 방사성탄소 사용 근접 장소에서 채집한 것이라면 미리 연락주시기 바랍니다.
- 무료 웨비나 주문 (영어), 여기서 예고편 보기: [수리학에서의 용존 탄소](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "수리학에서의 용존 탄소"), [동위원소](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "동위원소")
---
**중요 공지 사항 – 연구소는 전처리가 필요한 물 시료는 받지 않습니다. 탁한 물 시료의 경우 시료 제출 전에 0.7미크론 유리 섬유 여과지를 사용하여 이물질을 걸러내야만 합니다.**
연대측정 서비스와는 별도로 안정 oxygen-18 와 디튜륨 안정 동위 측정 서비스만 도 가능합니다. 물 시료의 δ18O 와 δD 분석은 Isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) 또는 cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS) 입니다.
δ18O and δD 값의 해석은 수리학적 지식이 필요한 만큼 고객이 직접해야 합니다.
**시료 제출** – 이 [온라인 양식](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/)을 사용합니다.
물 시료의 채집과 제출에 관한 더 자세한 내용은 [Radiocarbon Dating Groundwater](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm)페이지를 참조합니다.
시료에 대한 질의 내용이 있으시면 언제든지 로 연락주시기 바랍니다.
[견적 요청하기](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "견적 요청하기")
## [물 시료 주의사항](#collapseOne)
면책조항: 이 비디오는 제3자의 사이트에 올렸으며, 광고가 포함되어 있습니다.
이 비디오 인용은 SGS Beta 연구소 웨비나의 일부입니다: [수문학의 동위원소 분석](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "수문학의 동위원소 분석")
## 염도가 높은 물 시료의 δ18O 와 δD 안정 동위원소 분석
SGS Beta 연구소는 액체인 물 시료의 δ18O 와 δD 측정을 위해 동위원소 평형법 (isotope equilibrium method)을 사용한다. 이 방법은 민물 시료에 적합하다. 해수 (염도 35 g L-1) 은 평형 시간을 오래함으로써 성공적으로 분석 가능하다. 염도가 높은 습지, 고염도의 호수, 온천의 소금물과 같은 고염도의 물 시료 ((e.g. S > 100g L-1)에는 어느정도 한계가 있다. 이런 한계는 CO2와 H2O사이의 염도에 따른 분별 요소들 때문이며, δ18O의 경우 0.5+ o/oo, δD의 경우 5.0+ o/oo정도 정확성이 일정하게 떨어진다. 결과의 정확성을 최고로 높이자면 동위원소의 종류와 시료의 염도의 활동도 계수 (activity coefficient) 여하에 따라 적용해야할 필요도 있다.
**참고:**
Kendall C., Caldwell, E., Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology (1998) Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. Pp 51-86.
Christophe Lécuyer, Véronique Gardien, Thomas Rigaudier, François Fourel, François Martineau, Alexandre Cros, “Oxygen isotope fractionation and equilibration kinetics between CO2 and H2O as a function of salinity of aqueous solutions”, *Chemical Geology*, Volume 264, Issues 1–4, 30 June 2009, Pages 122-126.
François Martineau, François Fourel, Anne-Marie Bodergat, Christophe Lécuyer, “D/H equilibrium fractionation between H2O and H2 as a function of the salinity of aqueous solutions”, *Chemical Geology*, Volume 291, 6 January 2012, Pages 236-240.
**SGS Beta 연구소의 웨비나 (Webinars):**
[동위원소 기초: 동위원소 분석 소개](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/)
[웨비나 #2: 수문학의 동위원소 분석](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/)
*2025년 11월 업데이트*
[물 분석 페이지로 돌아가기](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/water-analysis.htm "물 분석 페이지로 돌아가기")
---
### [水の酸素安定同位体 (δ18O)と水素安定同位体(δ2H or δD)を測定する](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm)
**Published:** March 30, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **サンプルの推奨量**- 5 mL – 未使用の細口ナルゲンボトルに満量採水。未使用のものに限ります。水は満水に採取してください。 試料には酸やその他の化学物質を添加しないでください。
 **納期**- 14営業日
 **試料送付時のご提案**- 送付中に試料破壊を防ぐため、箱を使用し十分に梱包して下さい。
- 水に塩分が含まれていたり、人工起源14C（labeled 14C）が使われた場所から採取された水の場合は事前にお知らせ下さい。
- 無料のウェビナー(英語)がご覧いただけます。こちらで[水文学における](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "水文学における"), [溶存炭素の同位体](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "溶存炭素の同位体")に関する動画がプレビューできます。
---
**重要** – SGS **Beta は前処理の必要な水試料は受け入れ不可です。濁った水のサンプルの場合、サンプルを提出する前に、0.7ミクロンのガラス繊維ろ紙でろ過し、すべてのデブリを除去する必要があります。**
水文学に必要なδ18OとδDの値の解釈は、ご提出者に委ねられています。水のδ18O および δDの分析は安定同位体質量分析（IRMS）およびキャビティリングダウン分光法(CRDS)によって行われます。
**ご提出** – 水のサンプルの採取やご提出に関しての詳細は、 [地下水の放射性炭素年代測定](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm) のページをご覧下さい。
サンプルについてご質問がある際は までお問合せ下さい。
[お見積りはこちらから](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "お見積りはこちらから")
## 塩性水と過塩性水のδ18O およびδD安定同位体分析
SGS Beta は水（液体）試料のδ18OおよびδDの測定に同位体平衡法を用いています。 この方法は、淡水の試料に適しています。 海水（塩分濃度 約35 g/1 L）も平衡時間をより長くとることにより正確な分析が可能です。 塩性湿地、過塩性の湖や潟湖、海の熱水などの塩分濃度の非常に高い水 （e.g. 塩分濃度が100g/ Lを超えるもの）などは平衡法による分析には適していません。 塩分に依存するCO2とH2O間の同位体分別効果によって、通常δ18O では0.5 o/oo以上 の、δD では5.0 o/oo以上のオーダーで誤差が発生します。 こういった試料で正確な結果を得るためには、分析後、同位体種と試料の塩分濃度に応じた補正を行うことが必要です。
**参考文献：**
Kendall C., Caldwell, E., Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology (1998) Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. Pp 51-86.
Christophe Lécuyer, Véronique Gardien, Thomas Rigaudier, François Fourel, François Martineau, Alexandre Cros, “Oxygen isotope fractionation and equilibration kinetics between CO2 and H2O as a function of salinity of aqueous solutions”, Chemical Geology, Volume 264, Issues 1–4, 30 June 2009, Pages 122-126.
François Martineau, François Fourel, Anne-Marie Bodergat, Christophe Lécuyer, “D/H equilibrium fractionation between H2O and H2 as a function of the salinity of aqueous solutions”, *Chemical Geology*, Volume 291, 6 January 2012, Pages 236-240.
**SGS Beta ウェビナー(Webセミナー)**
[同位体の初歩：同位体分析に関する基礎知識](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/)
[ウェビナー #2: 水文学における同位体](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/)
*最終更新：2025年11月*
[水の分析ページに戻る](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/water-analysis.htm "水の分析ページに戻る")
---
### [Análises de isótopos estáveis - Medições de δ17O em água por CRDS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/isotopo-agua-d17oxigenio.htm)
**Published:** October 7, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Tamanho recomendado de amostra**- 5 mL – Por favor, não adicione ácidos ou outros químicos à amostra.
 **Prazo para a entrega dos resultados**- 14 dias úteis
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Use uma garrafa Nalgene com boca estreita, sem uso prévio, e encha até o topo, sem espaço de ar. Use uma caixa acolchoada, de forma a evitar rompimentos durante o transporte.
- Avise-nos se as suas amostras forem salgadas, ou se estiveram nas proximidades de locais que usam 14C rotulado ou artificial.
- Webinars gratuitos para assistir sob demanda (em inglês), veja as prévias aqui: [carbono dissolvido](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "carbono dissolvido"), [isótopos em hidrologia](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "isótopos em hidrologia")
---
**O laboratório apenas aceita amostras que estejam prontas para a medição de δ17O (filtradas, sem a adição de químicos, e que não exijam pré-tratamentos).**
O SGS Beta oferece análises avulsas de δ17O em água, ou em conjunto com [análises de δ18O e δD](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/isotopos-deuterio-oxigenio.htm) por uma taxa extra, com espectroscopia por cavidade ressonante tipo ring-down (CRDS).
[Solicite um orçamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "Solicite um orçamento")
**Envio** – Por favor use este [formulário eletrônico](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/ "formulário eletrônico"). Para informações sobre como coletar e enviar amostras, por favor consulte a página [Datação por radiocarbono de água subterrânea](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/aguas-subterraneas-carbono-datacao-amostragem.htm).
Para esclarecer qualquer questão sobre a amostra, por favor contate o laboratório.
## Por que medir δ17O em água?
A variabilidade isotópica tripla pode revelar mais informações sobre as condições ambientais do que ferramentas isotópicas duplas. Por exemplo, no caso de excesso de deutério na água, já foi empregada a interpretação da variabilidade de isótopos de prótio para deutério em relação a δ18O de água meteórica para aprimorar a compreensão da umidade e seus efeitos no fracionamento de isótopos de água. Como muitos materiais geológicos (minerais evaporíticos) não incorporam H em seus componentes estruturais, o uso do excesso de deutério tem seus limites como indicador ambiental, poucos materiais são capazes de produzir resultados significantes (Li et al., 2015).
O oxigênio tem o potencial de tripla ferramenta isotópica, que pode revelar informações adicionais sobre as sistemáticas de evaporação e condensação de oxigênio, entre muitos materiais que contêm oxigênio. Apenas recentemente, o potencial de Δ17O, ou a variabilidade de< 17O e 18O para 16O foram reconhecidos como indicador adicional, com a evolução da precisão da análise isotópica. Pesquisas atuais estão focadas em compreender a variabilidade de Δ17O em águas meteóricas modernas como investigações de linha de base para relacionar os resultados de Δ17O a outros materiais.
## A capacidade do SGS Beta
O atual CRDS do laboratório é capaz de determinar os valores δ17O ((17O/16OUNKN/17O/16OSTD-1)\*1000) de vapor de água com a precisão de +/- 0.8 ‰ ou melhor, assim como pode determinar o valor de excesso de 17O (também conhecido como Δ17O).
O valor do excesso de 17O é definido como desvio de uma relação esperada em razões de 17O/16O e 18O/16O (Li et al., 2015). O CRDS mede tanto o δ17O quanto o δ18O, e o software calcula o excesso de 17O.
Os dados são empregados para sugerir informações a respeito das condições em que a mudança de fase ocorreu. A água evaporou-se em um clima que era árido ou úmido, ou em alta ou baixa elevação? Os dados de Δ17O podem refinar ainda mais as condições com a adição dos efeitos de condensação e evaporação no fracionamento.
Foi observado que a evaporação variou valores de δ18O e Δ17O, enquanto a condensação apenas mudou significativamente os valores δ18O. Isso sugere que os valores δ17O e δ18O covariam a diferentes taxas com a evaporação e a condensação.
#### **Referência**:
Li, S., Levin, N. E., & Chesson, L. A. (2015). Continental scale variation in 17O-excess of meteoric waters in the United States. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 164, 110-126.
*Última atualização: novembro de 2025*
[Voltar para a página de análises de água](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/analises-agua.htm "Voltar para a página de análises de água")
---
### [穩定同位素分析 - 以CRDS測量水樣品的δ17O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/water-isotope-d17oxygen.htm)
**Published:** October 7, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **推薦的樣品量**- 5 mL – 樣品請勿添加酸或其他化合物。
 **測試時間**- 14 個工作天
 **推薦包裝**- 請使用全新的Nalgene窄口瓶，水樣須完全填滿樣本瓶，不留空隙。 請使用紙箱包裝並填滿包材，以防止在運輸過程中破損。
- 若您的樣品含有鹽份或採樣的鄰近區域曾添加標記用的碳14(人工碳14)，請通知我們。
- 提供免費的網絡研討會（英文版），包含[水體的溶解態碳](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "水體的溶解態碳")及[同位素分析](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "同位素分析"), 如需觀看請直接點擊。
---
**本實驗室只接受已準備好進行δ17O測量的樣品（已過濾，未添加化學藥劑，不需要預處理）。**
SGS Beta實驗室可以單獨提供水的δ17O分析，也可以與[δ18O和δD測量](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm)一起進行，使用光腔衰盪光譜儀 (CRDS) 進行收費。
[需要報價單](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "需要報價單")
**寄送注意事項** – 請使用此[線上表格](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/)。
關於取樣與寄送水樣品的詳細說明，請參閱 [地下水樣品的放射性碳定年](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm) 網頁。
若您對於您的樣品有任何測試上的問題，請聯繫實驗室。
## 為什麼要測試水的 δ17O?
與只使用雙重同位素相比，三重同位素的變異性可揭示更多關於環境條件的訊息。例如，水體盈餘氘 – 說明天水來源的氫與氘同位素變異性相對於 δ18O 的關聯，用以加強解釋濕度及其對水同位素分餾的影響。由於許多地質物質（蒸發礦物）沒有將氫納入其結構成分，因此盈餘氘作為環境指標有其局限性，幾乎沒有物質可以產生有意義的結果 (Li et al., 2015)。
氧則有潛力成為一種三重同位素工具，可以揭示許多含氧物質中有關蒸發和凝結系統的附加訊息。直到最近，由於同位素分析的精度提高了， Δ17O 或者說 17O 和 18O 對 16O 的變異得以鑑別，使得此項數據有潛力成為其中一種指標。當前的研究集中於如何以現代天水的 Δ17O 變異作為基線的調查，並將 Δ17O 的結果與其他物質聯結起來。
## SGS Beta實驗室測試能力
實驗室目前的CRDS能夠以+/- 0.8‰或更高的精度分析水蒸氣的δ17O（（17O / 16OUNKN / 17O / 16OSTD-1）\* 1000）值，並測定17O-盈餘值（ 也稱為Δ17O）。
17O-盈餘值定義為與17O / 16O和18O / 16O比值的預期關係偏差 (Li et al., 2015)。CRDS可以測量δ17O及δ18O，並由軟體計算17O-盈餘
這些數據使用於推測發生相變條件的訊息。水是在乾旱、潮濕、高海拔或低海拔的氣候中蒸發？Δ17O數據可以更精細的劃分凝結和蒸發對分餾作用的影響。
目前已發現蒸發作用會同時改變δ18O和Δ17O值，而凝結作用只會使δ18O值顯著變化。推測δ17O和δ18O值隨蒸發和冷凝而以不同的速率變化。
#### Reference:
Li, S., Levin, N. E., & Chesson, L. A. (2015). Continental scale variation in 17O-excess of meteoric waters in the United States. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 164, 110-126.
*最後更新：2025年11月*
[返回水分析介紹頁面](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/water-analysis.htm "返回水分析介紹頁面")
---
### [安定同位体分析 – CRDSによる水のδ17O 測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/water-isotope-d17oxygen.htm)
**Published:** October 7, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **サンプルの推奨量**- 5 mL – 試料には酸やその他の化学物質を添加しないでください。
 **納期**- 14 営業日(マイアミ試験所到着翌営業日から)
 **お薦めする試料の容器**- 未使用の細口ナルゲンボトルに満量採水。未使用のものに限ります。水は満水に採取してください。 サンプルが輸送中に破損しないようにしっかりと梱包してください。
- 試料は破損を防ぐために封筒などではなくしっかりとした箱に入れてください。
- 無料のウェビナー(英語)がご覧いただけます。こちらで[水文学における](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "水文学における"), [溶存炭素の同位体](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "溶存炭素の同位体")に関する動画がプレビューできます。
---
**δ17O用分析試料は、測定の準備が整っているものだけお引き受けできます。(濾過済み、化学物質の添加がされていない、前処理が必要でないもの)**
SGS Beta は水のδ17O 分析を単独または、[δ18O and δD 分析](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm "δ18O and δD measurements") と併せて行います。分析はcavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS)によります。
[お見積りはこちらから](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "お見積りはこちらから")
**試料の送付方法** – 水試料の採取と送付方法の詳細につきましては [Radiocarbon Dating Groundwater](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm "Radiocarbon Dating Groundwater") をご参照ください。
この[オンラインフォーム](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/?language=ja&ec=302&startURL=%2Fs%2F)をお使いください。 ご不明な点はいつでもお問合せください。
## なぜ水の δ17O を測定するのでしょうか?
3種類の同位体の変動は、2種類の同位体を適用した場合と比較して、環境条件についてより多くの情報をもたらします。 2種類の安定同位体（1H, D）をもつ水素については、天水における軽水素(1H)から重水素(D)への変動によって生じる水の過剰重水素(d-excess)が、相変化時における湿度や同位体分別の評価に用いられてきました。 しかしながら、多くの地殻物質(蒸発岩)には水素（H）が含まれていないため、環境指標としてd-excessを適用できる対象が限られているのが現状です(Li et al., 2015)。
一方、酸素は3種類の安定同位体（16O, 17O, 18O）が存在し、多くの物質に含まれているため、酸素循環における蒸発・凝縮過程についてより多くの情報を引き出せる可能性をもっています。同位体分析の精度向上にともなって、三酸素同位体異常（Δ17O）や酸素同位体比（18O/16O, 17O/16O）の変動が特に重要な指標であることが分かってきました。最近の研究は、天水起源の水のΔ17Oの変動を解明することが主な目標となっており、将来的には他の物質におけるΔ17Oの挙動について研究がすすむと期待されます。
## SGS Beta の能力
試験所の現在のCRDSは、水蒸気のδ17O ((17O/16OUNKN/17O/16OSTD-1)\*1000)を誤差+/- 0.8 ‰もしくはそれ以下で求めることができます。また三酸素同位体異常 (Δ17O) の決定も可能です。
Δ17Oは17O/16O および18O/16O の質量依存同位体分別線からの偏差として定義されます。(Li et al., 2015) CRDSでδ17O および δ18Oを測定し、ソフトウェアによる計算でΔ17Oを求めます。
Δ17Oは、水の相変化が起こった時の条件(湿度、高度など) についての情報を提供します。 凝縮・蒸発時の同位体分別を考慮することによって、Δ17Oによる条件設定はより精密化します。
蒸発時にはδ18OとΔ17Oの両方が変化しますが、凝縮時にはδ18Oのみが大きく変動する特徴があります。 このことはδ17Oとδ18Oの値は、蒸発と凝縮では異なる割合で変動することを示唆しています。
#### Reference:
Li, S., Levin, N. E., & Chesson, L. A. (2015). Continental scale variation in 17O-excess of meteoric waters in the United States. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 164, 110-126.
*最終更新：2025年11月*
[水の分析ページに戻る](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/water-analysis.htm "水の分析ページに戻る")
---
### [안정 동위원소 분석 - CRDS에 의한 물 시료의 δ17O 측정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/water-isotope-d17oxygen.htm)
**Published:** October 7, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **적정 시료 량**- 5 mL – 시료에 어떤 산이나 화학 물질을 첨가하지 않습니다.
 **분석 결과 보고**- 14 영업일
 **권장 용기**- 이전에 사용한 적 없는 좁은 목의 Nalgene 병을 사용하고하되, 빈 공간없이 가득 채웁니다. 운송 중 파손되지 않는 튼튼한 상자로 포장한다.
- 물 시료에 염기가 있거나 표식 14C (인공 14C) 사용 장소 근처에 있었다면 반드시 사전에 통보 바람.
- 무료 웨비나 주문 (영어), 여기서 예고편 보기: [수리학에서의 용존 탄소](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "수리학에서의 용존 탄소"), [동위원소](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "동위원소")
---
**δ17O 분석은 분석 준비된 시료만 가능합니다. (필터되고, 어떤 화학 물질도 첨가되지 않은, 전처리가 완료된).**
SGS Beta 연구소는 단독으로 또는 [δ18O 와 δD 분석](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm "δ18O and δD measurements") 서비스와 함께 cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS)을 사용한 δ17O 물 분석 서비스를 제공합니다.
[견적 요청하기](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "견적 요청하기")
**시료 제출** – 이 [온라인 양식](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/)을 사용합니다.
물 시료의 채집 및 시료 제출에 관해서는 [지하수의 방사성탄소 연대측정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm) 페이지 참조한다.
시료에 관한 질문 사항이 있으면, 실험실로 연락한다.
## 물 시료의 δ17O 측정 이유는?
2가지 동위원소 측정 보다는 3가지 동위원소 측정이 환경 조건에 대해 더 많은 정보를 제공해준다. 예로, 물에서 중수소 과잉은 – 천수의 δ18O과 연관된 중수소(deuterium) 동위원소로 경수소(protium)의 변동성이라 해석되는- 물 동위원소의 분별 작용에서 습기 및 그 효과의 다양한 해석을 가능하게 한다. 많은 지질학적 물질들 (증발암 광물)은 기본 구성물에 H를 가지고 있지 않기 때문에 중수소 과잉을 사용하는데 환경적 프록시로서 한계를 가지고 있으며, 단지 몇 가지 물질만이 유의미한 결과를 만들 수 있다. (Li et al., 2015).
산소는 3가지 동위원소를 도구로 사용하여 함유 물질의 증발 및 응축 관련 산소 조직 체계에 관한 추가 정보를 얻을 수 있다. 동위원소 분석의 정밀성이 높아지면서 Δ17O 혹은 17O 에 대한 18O 와 16O 의 변동성이 추가적인 프록시로서 가능성을 가진다고 최근에 알려졌다. 최근 연구에 따르면 다른 물질들에 대한 Δ17O 결과와 관련한 기초 조사로서 최근 순환수에서의 Δ17O 변동성을 이해하는데 초점이 맞춰져 오고 있다.
## SGS Beta 연구소의 분석 범위
현재 보유하고 있는 CRDS은 +/- 0.8 ‰ 의 정밀성을 가지고 물 수증기의 δ17O ((17O/16OUNKN/17O/16OSTD-1)\*1000) 값 이상 뿐만 아니라 17O-excess 값 (역시 Δ17O에대한 참고 자료로)의 측정 능력을 보유하고 있다.
17O-excess 값은 17O/16O 와 18O/16O 비에게 기대되는 관계의 편차로 정의된다 (Li et al., 2015). CRDS 값은 δ17O 와 δ18O 둘 모두 측정 가능하며, 소프트웨어가 17O-excess 값을 계산한다.
이들 데이터들은 현상의 변화가 일어난 조건들과 관련된 정보를 제시해준다. 어떤 기후에서 물 증발이 건조한 상태서 일어났나, 혹은 습기 찬 상태에서 일어났나, 또한 저도 에서 일어났나 혹은 고도에서 일어났나? Δ17O 데이터는 분별 작용에서 응축과 증발의 추가로 인해 추가적인 조건들을 결정할 수 있다.
증발은 δ18O 와 Δ17O 값 모두에서 다양하게 발견되지만, 응축은 단지 δ18O 값에서만 커다랗게 변하는 것이 보여진다. δ17O 와 δ18O 값은 응축과 증발이 다른 속도로 서로 변한다는 것을 제시한다.
#### 참고:
Li, S., Levin, N. E., & Chesson, L. A. (2015). 미국 천수(meteoric water)의 17O-excess 에서 대륙 규모의 변화. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 164, 110-126.
*최근 업데이트: 2025년 11월*
[물 분석 페이지로 돌아가기](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/water-analysis.htm "물 분석 페이지로 돌아가기")
---
### [Medição de isótopos de oxigênio (δ18O) e deutério (δ2H ou δD) em amostras de água](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/isotopos-deuterio-oxigenio.htm)
**Published:** October 6, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tamanho da amostra recomendada**- 5 mL – Use uma garrafa Nalgene com boca estreita, sem uso prévio, e encha até o topo, sem espaço de ar. Por favor, não adicione ácidos ou outros químicos à amostra.
 **Tempo de entrega de resultados**- 14 dias úteis
 **Sugestão para embalagem**- Utilize uma caixa com enchimento suficiente para evitar a quebra dos frascos durante o transporte.
- Por favor, avise-nos se suas amostras de água contêm sal ou se estiveram na proximidade de qualquer local com a presença de C14 marcado (C14 artificial).
- Webinars gratuitos para assistir sob demanda (em inglês), veja as prévias aqui: [carbono dissolvido](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "carbono dissolvido"), [isótopos em hidrologia](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "isótopos em hidrologia")
---
**IMPORTANTE – O laboratório não aceita amostras de água que precisem de pré-tratamento. Amostras de água turva devem ser filtradas de detritos antes do envio, com papel de filtro de fibra de vidro de 0,7 mícron.**
As medições δ18O e δD são realizadas em amostras de água em um espectrômetro de massa de razão isotópica (IRMS) ou espectroscópio por cavidade ressonante tipo ring-down (CRDS).
A interpretação dos valores δ18O e δD, conforme exigido em estudos hidrológicos, é de responsabilidade do remetente das amostras.
**Envio** – Por favor use este [formulário eletrônico](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/ "formulário eletrônico").
Para mais detalhes sobre como coletar e enviar amostras de água, por favor consulte a nossa página de [Datação de Águas Subterrâneas por Radiocarbono](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/aguas-subterraneas-carbono-datacao-amostragem.htm).
Sinta-se à vontade para entrar em contato através se tiver dúvidas sobre sua amostra.
[Solicite um orçamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "Solicite um orçamento")
## Análises de isótopos estáveis δ18O e δD para águas salinas e hipersalinas
O SGS Beta utiliza o método de equilíbrio isotópico para determinar δ18O e δD em amostras de água líquida. Esse método é ideal para amostras de água doce. É possível analisar água marinha (com salinidade (S) de 35 g L-1) com um maior tempo de equilíbrio. Existem algumas limitações para águas naturais altamente salinas (por exemplo, S > 100g L-1), como as encontradas em pântanos de sal, lagos e lagoas hipersalinos, ou salmouras hidrotermais. Essas limitações se devem a fatores de fracionamento dependentes da salinidade entre CO2 e H2O, e irão normalmente acarretar na perda de exatidão na ordem de 0.5+ o/oo para δ18O e 5.0+ o/oo para δD.
Para uma maior exatidão nos resultados, a aplicação de fatores de correção pós-análise poderá ser necessária, subordinada ao coeficiente de atividade da espécie do isótopo e à salinidade da amostra original.
**Referências:**
Kendall C., Caldwell, E., Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology (1998) Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. Pp 51-86.
Christophe Lécuyer, Véronique Gardien, Thomas Rigaudier, François Fourel, François Martineau, Alexandre Cros, “Oxygen isotope fractionation and equilibration kinetics between CO2 and H2O as a function of salinity of aqueous solutions”, *Chemical Geology*, Volume 264, Issues 1–4, 30 June 2009, Pages 122-126.
François Martineau, François Fourel, Anne-Marie Bodergat, Christophe Lécuyer, “D/H equilibrium fractionation between H2O and H2 as a function of the salinity of aqueous solutions”, *Chemical Geology*, Volume 291, 6 January 2012, Pages 236-240.
**Webinars SGS Beta:**
[Uma introdução a análises isotópicas](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/)
[Webinar 2: Isotópos em hidrologia](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/)
*Última atualização: Novembro de 2025*
[Voltar para a página de análises de água](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/analises-agua.htm "Voltar para a página de análises de água")
---
### [Analisi degli isotopi stabili - Misurazione del δ17O in acqua tramite CRDS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/d17ossigeno-acqua.htm)
**Published:** October 7, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Quantità raccomandata**- 5 mL – Non aggiungere acidi o altre sostanze chimiche al campione.
 **Tempi di consegna**- 14 giorni lavorativi
 **Contenitore consigliato**- Utilizzare una bottiglia Nalgene a collo stretto, nuova e mai utilizzata, e riempirla fino all’orlo, senza lasciare spazio libero. Utilizzare una scatola con imballaggio sufficiente a evitare la rottura delle bottiglie durante il trasporto.
- Informare il laboratorio se i campioni contengono sale o se sono stati in prossimità di strutture in cui viene utilizzato 14C tracciante (14C artificiale).
- Webinar gratuiti disponibili su richiesta (solo in inglese), vedi anteprima qui: [Carbonio disciolto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "Carbonio disciolto"), [Isotopi in idrologia](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isotopi in idrologia")
---
**Per l’analisi del δ17O, SGS Beta accetta solo campioni già pronti per la misurazione, ovvero che siano stati filtrati, non contengano sostanze chimiche aggiunte e non necessitino di pretrattamento.**
SGS Beta offre analisi del δ17O su acqua, con o senza la [misurazione di δ18O e δD](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/isotopi-ossigeno-deuterio.htm), con il metodo della Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy (CRDS).
[Richiedi un preventivo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "Richiedi un preventivo")
**Invio dei campioni** – Usare questo [modulo online](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/).
Per ulteriori informazioni sulla raccolta e l’invio di campioni d’acqua, consultare la pagina relativa alla [datazione dell’acqua di falda](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/campionamento-falde-acquifere.htm).
Contattare il laboratorio per qualsiasi domanda riguardante i campioni.
## Perché misurare il δ17O in acqua?
La variabilità isotopica tripla offre più informazioni sulle condizioni ambientali rispetto agli strumenti che prevedono l’analisi di due soli isotopi. Un esempio è l’eccesso di deuterio in acqua: la valutazione della variabilità del prozio rispetto al deuterio in rapporto al δ18O delle acque meteoriche contribuisce all’interpretazione degli effetti dell’umidità sul frazionamento degli isotopi in acqua. Poiché molti materiali geologici (evaporiti) non incorporano idrogeno nelle loro strutture, l’uso dell’eccesso di deuterio ha dei limiti come proxy ambientale e pochi materiali sono in grado di fornire risultati significativi (Li et al., 2015).
L’ossigeno può essere uno strumento isotopico triplo utile a ottenere informazioni sulle condizioni in cui è avvenuta l’evaporazione o la condensazione di svariati materiali che contengono ossigeno. *Il potenziale come proxy aggiuntivo del* Δ17O o della variabilità del 17O e del 18O rispetto al 16O è stata riconosciuta solo recentemente, in seguito al miglioramento della precisione dell’analisi isotopica. Gli studi più recenti si sono concentrati sull’indagine della variabilità del Δ17O nelle acque meteoriche moderne, che costituisce la base per la correlazione dei valori Δ17O ad altri materiali.
## L’offerta di SGS Beta
Il CRDS di cui è dotato il nostro laboratorio è in grado di misurare il valore δ17O ((17O/16OUNKN/17O/16OSTD-1)\*1000) del vapore acqueo con una precisione del +/- 0.8 ‰ o superiore, oltre a determinare l’eccesso di 17O (chiamato anche Δ17O).
L’eccesso di 17O corrisponde alla deviazione da una relazione prevista tra i rapporti 17O/16O e 18O/16O (Li et al., 2015). Il CDRS misura sia il δ17O sia il δ18O e l’eccesso di 17O viene calcolato da un software.
I dati vengono utilizzati per ottenere informazioni sulle condizioni in cui è avvenuto il cambio di fase. L’acqua è evaporata in un clima arido o umido? A un’altitudine elevata o bassa? Il Δ17O permette di restringere ulteriormente lo spettro di condizioni considerate includendo gli effetti che l’evaporazione e la condensazione hanno sul frazionamento.
Gli studi effettuati indicano che l’evaporazione ha un impatto sia sul δ18O sia sul Δ17O, mentre la condensazione modifica significativamente solo i valori δ18O. Questo sembra suggerire che i valori δ17O e δ18O varino contemporaneamente, a velocità diverse, insieme all’evaporazione e la condensazione.
#### **Fonte**:
Li, S., Levin, N. E., & Chesson, L. A. (2015). Continental scale variation in 17O-excess of meteoric waters in the United States. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 164, 110-126.
*Ultimo aggiornamento: Novembre 2025*
[Torna alla pagina Analisi dell’acqua](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/analisi-acqua.htm "Torna alla pagina Analisi dell'acqua")
---
### [Analisi degli isotopi stabili in acqua (δ18O e δD)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/isotopi-ossigeno-deuterio.htm)
**Published:** October 6, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Quantità raccomandata**- 5 mL – Utilizzare una bottiglia Nalgene a collo stretto, nuova e mai utilizzata, e riempirla fino all’orlo, senza lasciare spazio libero. Non aggiungere acidi o altre sostanze chimiche al campione.
 **Tempi di consegna**- 14 giorni lavorativi
 **Imballaggio raccomandato**- Utilizzare una scatola con imballaggio sufficiente a evitare la rottura delle bottiglie durante il trasporto.
- Informare il laboratorio se i campioni contengono sale o se sono stati in prossimità di strutture in cui viene utilizzato 14C tracciante (14C artificiale).
- Webinar gratuiti disponibili su richiesta (solo in inglese), vedi anteprima qui: [Carbonio disciolto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "Carbonio disciolto"), [Isotopi in idrologia](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isotopi in idrologia")
---
**IMPORTANTE – Il laboratorio non accetta campioni di acqua che necessitano di pretrattamento. I campioni di acqua torbida devono essere filtrati prima dell’invio al laboratorio con carta da filtro in fibra di vetro da 0,7 micron.**
La misurazione di δ18O e δD viene effettuata sui campioni d’acqua con uno spettrometro di massa isotopica (IRMS) o un cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS).
L’interpretazione dei valori δ18O e δD, necessaria per gli studi idrologici, deve essere effettuata dal cliente.
**Invio dei campioni** – Usare questo [modulo online](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/ "Beta Analytic modulo online").
Per ulteriori informazioni sulla raccolta e l’invio di campioni d’acqua, consultare la pagina relativa alla [datazione dell’acqua di falda](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/campionamento-falde-acquifere.htm).
Contattare il laboratorio per qualsiasi domanda riguardante i campioni.
[Richiedi un preventivo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "Richiedi un preventivo")
## Analisi degli isotopi stabili su acque saline e ipersaline
SGS Beta impiega il metodo dell’equilibrio isotopico per determinare δ18O e δD di campioni d’acqua liquidi. Questo metodo è ideale per i campioni d’acqua dolce. Le acque marine (con salinità (S) di 35 g L-1) possono essere analizzate con successo, applicando tempi di equilibrazione più lunghi. Ci sono alcune limitazioni per le acque naturali altamente saline (ad esempio S > 100 g L-1), come quelle presenti in alcuni laghi o lagune ipersalini, paludi salmastre, o acque idrotermali. Queste limitazioni sono dovute ai fattori di frazionamento tra CO2 e H2O dipendenti dalla salinità e risultano solitamente in una perdita in accuratezza nell’ordine dello 0,5+ o/oo per il δ18O e del 5,0+ o/oo per il δD.
Per ottenere risultati più accurati, potrebbe essere necessaria l’applicazione di fattori di correzione dopo l’analisi, a seconda del coefficiente di attività delle specie isotopiche e della salinità del campione originale.
**Riferimenti:**
Kendall C., Caldwell, E., Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology (1998) Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. Pp 51-86.
Christophe Lécuyer, Véronique Gardien, Thomas Rigaudier, François Fourel, François Martineau, Alexandre Cros, “Oxygen isotope fractionation and equilibration kinetics between CO2 and H2O as a function of salinity of aqueous solutions”, *Chemical Geology*, Volume 264, Issues 1–4, 30 June 2009, Pages 122-126.
François Martineau, François Fourel, Anne-Marie Bodergat, Christophe Lécuyer, “D/H equilibrium fractionation between H2O and H2 as a function of the salinity of aqueous solutions”, *Chemical Geology*, Volume 291, 6 January 2012, Pages 236-240.
**SGS Beta Webinar:**
[Introduzione agli isotopi: Nozioni di base sull’analisi isotopica](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/)
[Webinar #2: Isotopi in idrologia](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/)
*Ultimo aggiornamento: Novembre 2025*
[Torna alla pagina Analisi dell’acqua](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/analisi-acqua.htm "Torna alla pagina Analisi dell'acqua")
---
### [Mesure des isotopes d’Oxygène (δ18O) et Deutérium (δ2H ou δD) pour les échantillons d’eau](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/isotopes-oxygene-deuterium.htm)
**Published:** October 6, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Taille d’échantillon recommandée**- 5 mL – Utilisez une bouteille Nalgene avec un goulot étroit, qui n’a jamais été utilisée, et remplissez-là au maximum, sans laisser d’espace. Veuillez ne pas ajouter d’acides ou de produits chimiques à l’échantillon.
 **Temps de délivrance des résultats**- 14 jours ouvrés
 **Emballage recommandé**- Veillez à utiliser une boîte suffisamment solide pour éviter toute casse pendant le transport.
- Merci de nous indiquer si vos échantillons contiennent du sel ou ont été à proximité d’un endroit utilisant du C14 marqué (C14 artificiel).
- Webinaires gratuits disponibles sur demande (en anglais uniquement), voir les aperçus ici : [Carbone dissous](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "Carbone dissous"), [Isotopes en hydrologie](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isotopes en hydrologie")
---
**IMPORTANT – Le laboratoire n’accepte pas les échantillons d’eau qui doivent être prétraités. Pour les échantillons d’eau turbide, vous devez filtrer tous les débris avant de soumettre l’échantillon à l’aide d’un papier filtre en fibre de verre de 0,7 micron.**
Les mesures δ18O et δD sont réalisées sur les échantillons d’eau dans un spectromètre de masse à rapport isotopique (IRMS) ou un spectroscope à cavité optique (CRDS).
Comme l’exigent les études hydrologiques, l’interprétation des valeurs δ18O et δD incombe au client.
**Envoi** – Veuillez utiliser ce [formulaire en ligne](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/ "formulaire en ligne").
Pour plus d’informations sur le prélèvement et l’envoi d’échantillons d’eau, merci de consulter notre page relative à la [Datation radiocarbone des eaux souterraines](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/echantillons-datation-carbone-eaux-souterraines.htm).
N’hésitez pas à nous contacter si vous avez des questions concernant vos échantillons.
[Obtenir un devis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "Obtenir un devis")
## Analyse d’isotopes stables δ18O et δD pour les eaux salines et hypersalines
SGS Beta utilise la méthode d’équilibre isotopique pour déterminer le δ18O et δD des échantillons d’eau liquide. Cette méthode est idéale pour les échantillons d’eau de source. Les eaux marines (avec une salinité (S) de 35 g L-1) peuvent être analysées avec succès étant grâce à la période d’équilibration prolongée. Quelques limites existent pour les eaux naturellement très salines (par exemple S > 100g L-1) comme celles présentes dans certains marécages, lacs et lagons hypersalins et les saumures hydrothermales. Ces limitations sont dues à des facteurs de fractionnement dépendants de la salinité entre le CO2 et le H2O et causent généralement des pertes de précision de l’ordre de 0.5 + o/oo pour le δ18O et 5.0 + o/oo pour le δD. Pour une meilleure précision des résultats, des facteurs de correction appliqués après analyse peuvent être nécessaires en fonction du coefficient d’activité de l’espèce isotopique et de la salinité de l’échantillon original.
Références:
Kendall C., Caldwell, E., Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology (1998) Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. Pp 51-86.
Christophe Lécuyer, Véronique Gardien, Thomas Rigaudier, François Fourel, François Martineau, Alexandre Cros, “Oxygen isotope fractionation and equilibration kinetics between CO2 and H2O as a function of salinity of aqueous solutions”, *Chemical Geology*, Volume 264, Issues 1–4, 30 June 2009, Pages 122-126.
François Martineau, François Fourel, Anne-Marie Bodergat, Christophe Lécuyer, “D/H equilibrium fractionation between H2O and H2 as a function of the salinity of aqueous solutions”, *Chemical Geology*, Volume 291, 6 January 2012, Pages 236-240.
**Webinar SGS Beta:**
[Introduction à l’analyse isotopique](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/)
[Webinaire #2: Isotopes en hydrologie](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/)
*Dernière mise à jour de la page: *Novembre 2025**
[Retour à la page Analyse de l’eau](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/analyse-eau.htm "Retour à la page Analyse de l'eau")
---
### [Analyse des isotopes stables – Mesure du δ17O dans l’eau par CRDS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/eau-isotope-d17oxygene.htm)
**Published:** October 7, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Taille d’échantillon recommandée**- 5 mL – Veuillez ne pas ajouter d’acides ou de produits chimiques à l’échantillon.
 **Délai**- 14 jours ouvrés
 **Contenants recommandés**- Utilisez une bouteille Nalgene avec un goulot étroit, qui n’a jamais été utilisée, et remplissez-là au maximum, sans laisser d’espace. Veuillez utiliser une boîte avec une protection suffisante pour éviter tout dommage pendant le transport.
- Veuillez nous indiquer si vos échantillons d’eau contiennent du sel ou ont été à proximité de tout emplacement utilisant du C14 artificiel.
- Webinaires gratuits disponibles sur demande (en anglais uniquement), voir les aperçus ici : [Carbone dissous](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "Carbone dissous"), [Isotopes en hydrologie](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isotopes en hydrologie")
---
**Le laboratoire n’accepte que les échantillons qui sont prêts pour la mesure du δ17O(filtrés, sans produits chimiques ajoutés, ne nécessitant pas de prétraitement).**
SGS Beta fournit l’analyse de l’eau δ17O seule ou avec les [mesures δ18O et δD](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/isotopes-oxygene-deuterium.htm) moyennant des frais à l’aide d’un spectromètre à cavité annulaire (CRDS).
[Obtenir un devis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "Obtenir un devis")
**Envoi** – Veuillez utiliser ce [formulaire en ligne](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/).
Pour plus de renseignements sur le prélèvement et l’envoi des échantillons d’eau, veuillez consulter notre page [Datation radiocarbone des eaux souterraines](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/echantillons-datation-carbone-eaux-souterraines.htm).
Pour toute question au sujet de votre échantillon, veuillez contacter le laboratoire.
## Pourquoi mesurer le δ17O de l’eau ?
La triple variabilité isotopique fournit plus d’informations sur les conditions environnementales que les outils isotopiques combinés seuls. Par exemple, l’excès de deutérium dans l’eau – en interprétant la variabilité des isotopes du protium vis-à-vis du deutérium par rapport au δ18O des eaux météoriques – a été utilisé pour améliorer l’interprétation de l’humidité et de ses effets sur le fractionnement des isotopes de l’eau. Étant donné que de nombreux matériaux géologiques (minéraux évaporites) n’incorporent pas l’hydrogène dans leurs composants structurels, l’utilisation d’un excès de deutérium a ses limites en tant qu’indicateur environnemental. Peu de matériaux peuvent produire des résultats significatifs (Li et al., 2015).
L’oxygène a l’avantage d’être un outil isotopique triple qui peut donner des informations complémentaires sur la systématique de la condensation et de l’évaporation de l’oxygène de nombreux matériaux oxygénés. Il n’a été reconnu que récemment que le Δ17O, ou la variabilité de 17O et 18O par rapport à 16O, a le potentiel d’un indicateur supplémentaire, la précision de l’analyse isotopique ayant augmenté. Les recherches actuelles se sont concentrées sur la compréhension de la variabilité du Δ17O dans les eaux météoriques modernes comme référence pour corréler les résultats du Δ17O à d’autres matériaux.
## Capacités de SGS Beta
Le CRDS actuel du laboratoire est capable de déterminer les valeurs δ17O ((17O/16OUNKN/17O/16OSTD-1) \* 1000) de la vapeur d’eau avec une précision de +/- 0,8 ‰ ou plus ainsi que de déterminer une valeur en excès de 17O (également appelé Δ17O).
La valeur 17O en excès est définie comme l’écart par rapport à une relation attendue dans les rapports 17O/16O et 18O/16O (Li et al., 2015). Le CRDS mesure à la fois le δ17O et le δ18O et le logiciel calcule l’excès de 17O.
Les données sont utilisées pour fournir des informations concernant les conditions dans lesquelles le changement de phase s’est produit. L’eau s’est-elle évaporée dans un climat aride ou humide ou à haute ou basse altitude ? Les données de Δ17O peuvent affiner davantage les conditions en ajoutant des effets de condensation et d’évaporation au fractionnement.
Il a été établi que l’évaporation faisait varier à la fois les valeurs de δ18O et Δ17O alors que la condensation s’est avérée modifier uniquement les valeurs de δ18O de façon significative. Ce qui suggère que les valeurs de δ17O et δ18O corrèlent à des vitesses différentes avec évaporation et condensation.
**Référence :**
Li, S., Levin, N. E., & Chesson, L. A. (2015). Variation à l’échelle continentale de l’excès de 17O des eaux météoriques aux États-Unis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 164, 110-126.
*Dernière mise à jour de la page : Novembre 2025*
[Retour à la page Analyse de l’eau](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/analyse-eau.htm "Retour à la page Analyse de l'eau")
---
### [Medición de isótopos de oxígeno (δ18O) y deuterio (δ2H or δD) para muestras de agua](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/isotopos-oxigeno-deuterio.htm)
**Published:** October 6, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Volumen de muestra recomendado**- 5 mL – Use una botella Nalgene con cuello estrecho, sin uso previo, y llene la botella hasta el tope sin dejar espacio de aire. Por favor, no añada ningún ácido o producto químico a la muestra.
 **Entrega de resultados**- 14 días laborables
 **Sugerencias de embalaje**- Por favor, utilice una caja con suficiente relleno como para evitar la rotura de las botellas durante el transporte.
- Infórmenos de si sus muestras de agua contienen sal o han estado en las proximidades de alguna ubicación donde haya sido utilizado 14C artificial.
- Webinarios gratuitos disponibles a petición (inglés), vista previa aquí: [Carbono disuelto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "Carbono disuelto"), [Isótopos en Hidrología](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isótopos en Hidrología")
---
**IMPORTANTE – El laboratorio no acepta muestras de agua que necesiten pretratamiento. Para las muestras de agua turbia, debe filtrar cualquier desecho antes de enviar la muestra utilizando papel de fibra de vidrio de 0,7 micras.**
La medición de las relaciones δ18O and δD se realiza en las muestras de agua utilizando un espectrómetro de masas de relaciones isotópicas (IRMS) o un espectrómetro de cavidad en anillo desplegable (CRDS).
La interpretación de los valores de δ18O y δD, como lo requieren los estudios hidrológicos, recae en el remitente.
**Envío** – Por favor utilice este [formulario en línea](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/ "formulario en línea").
Para más detalles respecto a la toma de muestras de agua y formas de envío, por favor consulte nuestra página [Recolección de muestras de agua subterránea para dataciones por radiocarbono](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/aguas-subterraneas-carbono-datacion-muestreo.htm).
Puede contactarnos si tiene preguntas sobre sus muestras.
[Solicite un presupuesto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "Solicite un presupuesto")
## Análisis de isótopos estábles δ18O y δD en aguas salinas e hipersalinas
SGS Beta emplea el método de equilibrio isotópico para determinar los valores δ18O y δD de muestras de agua líquidas. Este método es ideal para muestras de agua dulce. Las muestras marinas (con salinidad (S) de 35 g L-1) pueden analizarse exitosamente en un tiempo de equilibrio extendido.Existen algunas limitantes para aguas naturales altamente salinas (por ejemplo, S > 100G l-1) como las que se ubican en ciertos pantanos salados, lagos y lagunas hipersalinos, o salmueras hidrotermales. Estas limitantes se deben sobre todo a factores de fraccionamiento entre CO2 y H20 que dependen de la salinidad, y usualmente resultarán en una pérdida de precisión de alrededor de 0.5+ o/oo para δ18O y de aproximadamente 5.0+ o/oo para δD.
Para una mejor precisión en los resultados, posiblemente sea necesaria la aplicación de factores de corrección posteriores al análisis en función del coeficiente de actividad de la especie del isótopo y de la salinidad de la muestra original.
**Referencias:**
Kendall C., Caldwell, E., Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology (1998) Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. Pp 51-86.
Christophe Lécuyer, Véronique Gardien, Thomas Rigaudier, François Fourel, François Martineau, Alexandre Cros, “Oxygen isotope fractionation and equilibration kinetics between CO2 and H2O as a function of salinity of aqueous solutions”, *Chemical Geology*, Volume 264, Issues 1–4, 30 June 2009, Pages 122-126.
François Martineau, François Fourel, Anne-Marie Bodergat, Christophe Lécuyer, “D/H equilibrium fractionation between H2O and H2 as a function of the salinity of aqueous solutions”, *Chemical Geology*, Volume 291, 6 January 2012, Pages 236-240.
**Webinarios de SGS Beta:**
[Isótopos: Una introducción al análisis de isótopos estables](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/)
[Webinario #2: Isótopos en hidrología](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/)
*Última actualización de la página: Noviembre de 2025*
[Volver a la página de análisis de agua](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/analisis-de-agua.htm "Volver a la página de análisis de agua")
---
### [Análisis de isótopos estables - Medición de δ17O en agua por medio de CRDS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/agua-isotopo-oxigenod17.htm)
**Published:** October 6, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Volumen de muestra recomendado**- 5 mL – Por favor, no añada ningún ácido o producto químico a la muestra.
 **Tiempos de entrega**- 14 días laborables
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Use una botella Nalgene con cuello estrecho, sin uso previo, y llene la botella hasta el tope sin dejar espacio de aire. Por favor, utilice una caja con embalaje suficiente para evitar rupturas durante el transporte.
- Por favor, infórmenos si sus muestras de agua contienen sal o si han estado cerca de algún lugar donde se utilice 14C etiquetado (14C artificial).
- Webinarios gratuitos disponibles a petición (inglés), vista previa aquí: [Carbono disuelto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "Carbono disuelto"), [Isótopos en Hidrología](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isótopos en Hidrología")
---
**El laboratorio solo acepta muestras que están listas para la medición de δ17O (filtradas, sin productos químicos agregados, no requieran pretratamiento).**
SGS Beta proporciona análisis de δ17O en muestras de agua, tanto de forma independiente como en conjunción con [análisis de δ18O y δD](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/isotopos-oxigeno-deuterio.htm) con un coste adicional utilizando un espectrómetro de anillo de cavidad (CRDS por sus siglas en inglés).
[Solicite un presupuesto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "Solicite un presupuesto")
**Envío** – Por favor utilice este [formulario en línea](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/).
Para información sobre recolección y envío de muestras de agua, por favor consulte nuestra página sobre [Datación por radiocarbono de agua subterránea](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/aguas-subterraneas-carbono-datacion-muestreo.htm).
Si tiene preguntas sobre su muestra, por favor comuníquese con el laboratorio.
## ¿Para qué sirve medir la relación δ17O en el agua?
La variabilidad isotópica triple revela más información sobre las condiciones ambientales que los instrumentos isotópicos duales. Un ejemplo es el exceso de deuterio en el agua: interpretar la variabilidad de los isótopos de protio y deuterio con relación al valor δ18O de las aguas meteóricas se ha utilizado para mejorar el entendimiento de la humedad y sus efectos sobre el fraccionamiento de los isótopos de agua. Dado que muchos materiales geológicos (minerales evaporíticos) no incorporan H en sus componentes estructurales, el uso de exceso de deuterio tiene sus límites como indicador ambiental, por lo que solo algunos materiales pueden generar resultados útiles (Li et al., 2015).
El oxígeno tiene el potencial de utilizarse como instrumento isotópico triple para revelar información adicional sobre la sistemática de evaporación y condensación del oxígeno entre muchos materiales portadores de oxígeno. Solo recientemente se ha reconocido que el valor Δ17O o la variabilidad de 17O y 18O con respecto a 16O tiene el potencial de servir como un indicador adicional en la medida en que la precisión de los análisis isotópicos ha mejorado. Las investigaciones actuales se han centrado en entender la variabilidad de la relación17O en aguas meteóricas modernas para generar estudios de referencia que permitan relacionar los resultados de Δ17O a otros materiales.
## Capacidades de SGS Beta
El equipo CRDS del laboratorio es capaz de medir los valores δ17O ((17O/16OUNKN/17O/16OSTD-1)\*1000) del vapor de agua con una precisión de +/- 0.8 ‰ o mayor, así como determinar un valor de exceso de 17O (también conocido como Δ17O).
El valor de exceso de 17O es la desviación sobre una relación esperada en los ratios isotópicos 17O/16O y 18O/16O (Li et al., 2015). El equipo CRDS mide los valores δ17O y δ18O, mientras que el software calcula el exceso de 17O.
Los datos son usados para obtener información sobre las condiciones en que ocurre el cambio de fase. ¿El agua se evaporó en un clima árido o húmedo, o a una elevación alta o baja? Los valores Δ17O pueden precisar aún más las condiciones con la inclusión de los efectos de condensación y evaporación sobre el fraccionamiento.
La evaporación puede generar variaciones en los valores δ18O y Δ17O, mientras que la condensación solo puede alterar significativamente los valores δ18O. Esto sugiere que los valores δ17O y δ18O covarían a un ritmo diferente con la evaporación y la condensación.
#### **Referencia:**
Li, S., Levin, N. E., & Chesson, L. A. (2015). Continental scale variation in 17O-excess of meteoric waters in the United States. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 164, 110-126.
*Última actualización de la página: Noviembre de 2025*
[Volver a la página de análisis de agua](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/analisis-de-agua.htm "Volver a la página de análisis de agua")
---
### [Messung der Sauerstoff (δ18O) und Deuterium (δ2H oder δD) Isotope an Wasserproben](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/sauerstoff-deuterium-isotope.htm)
**Published:** October 6, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Empfohlene Probenmenge**- 5 mL – Verwenden Sie eine Nalgen-Flasche mit schmalem Hals, die zuvor noch nicht benutzt wurde und füllen Sie sie bis zum Rand, ohne Luftraum zu lassen. Bitte fügen Sie der Probe keine Säuren oder Chemikalien hinzu.
 **Bearbeitungszeit**- 14 Werktage
 **Empfohlene Verpackung**- Bitte verwenden Sie ausreichend Polstermaterial für den Karton, um eventuelle Schäden während des Transports zu verhindern.
- Bitte lassen Sie uns wissen, ob Ihre Wasserproben Salz enthalten oder in Kontakt mit markiertem 14C (künstliches 14C) gekommen sind.
- Kostenlose Webinare auf Abruf verfügbar (nur auf Englisch), siehe Vorschau hier: [Gelöster Kohlenstoff](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "Gelöster Kohlenstoff"), [Isotope in der Hydrologie](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isotope in der Hydrologie")
---
**WICHTIG – Das Labor nimmt keine Wasserproben an, die noch aufbereitet werden müssen. Bei trüben Wasserproben müssen Sie vor dem Einreichen der Probe alle Verunreinigungen mit einem 0,7-Mikrometer-Glasfaserfilterpapier herausfiltern.**
Die δ18O- und δD-Messungen werden an den Wasserproben in einem Isotopenverhältnis-Massenspektrometer (IRMS) oder einem Cavity-Ring-Down-Spektroskopie (CRDS) durchgeführt.
Die Interpretation der δ18O und δD Werte, im Rahmen von hydrologische Studien benötigen, obliegt dem Antragsteller.
**Versand** – Bitte verwenden Sie dieses [Online-Formular](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/ "Online-Formular").
Für weitere Informationen zur Probennahme und zum Versand von Wasserproben, konsultieren Sie bitte unsere [Radiokarbon Datierung Grundwasser](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/grundwasser-dic.htm) Seite.
Zögern Sie bitte nicht uns zu kontaktieren, sollten Sie Fragen zu Ihrer Probe haben.
[Angebot anfordern](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "Angebot anfordern")
## δ18O und δD stabile Isotopenanalyse für salzhaltiges und hypersalzhaltiges Wasser
SGS Beta verwendet für die Bestimmung von δ18O und δD in flüssigen Wasserproben eine Methode, die auf dem Isotopen-Gleichgewicht basiert. Diese Methode ist ideal für Süßwasserproben. Salzwasserproben (Salzgehalt (S) auf 35 g L-1) können mittels verlängerter Equilibrierungszeit erfolgreich bestimmt werden. Es bestehen jedoch einige Einschränkungen für stark salzhaltige natürliche Gewässer (S > 100g L-1), wie z.B. Salzsümpfe, hypersalzhaltige Seen oder Lagunen oder hydrothermale Natursolen. Diese Einschränkungen basieren auf den Salzgehalt-abhängigen Fraktionierungsfaktoren zwischen CO2 und H2O und führen zu einer Abweichung von 0.5+ o/oo für δ18O und 5.0+ o/oo für δD. Für höchste Genauigkeit der Ergebnisse, müssen nach der Analyse Korrekturfaktoren angewendet werden, die abhängig von dem Aktivitätskoeffizienten der Isotopenspezies und dem Salzgehalt der ursprünglichen Probe sind.
Quellenangabe:
Kendall C., Caldwell, E., Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology (1998) Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. Pp 51-86.
Christophe Lécuyer, Véronique Gardien, Thomas Rigaudier, François Fourel, François Martineau, Alexandre Cros, “Oxygen isotope fractionation and equilibration kinetics between CO2 and H2O as a function of salinity of aqueous solutions”, *Chemical Geology*, Volume 264, Issues 1–4, 30 June 2009, Pages 122-126.
François Martineau, François Fourel, Anne-Marie Bodergat, Christophe Lécuyer, “D/H equilibrium fractionation between H2O and H2 as a function of the salinity of aqueous solutions”, *Chemical Geology*, Volume 291, 6 January 2012, Pages 236-240.
**SGS Beta Webinare:**
[Isotope: Eine Einführung in die Isotopenanalyse](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/)
[Webinar #2: Isotope in der Hydrologie](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/)
*Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: November 2025*
[Zurück zur Seite Wasseranalyse](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/wasseranalysen.htm "Zurück zur Seite Wasseranalyse")
---
### [Stabile Isotopenanalyse - Messung von δ17O in Wasser mittels CRDS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/wasser-isotop-d17sauerstoff.htm)
**Published:** October 1, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Empfohlene Probenmenge**- 5 mL – Bitte fügen Sie der Probe keine Säuren oder Chemikalien hinzu.
 **Durchlaufzeit**- 14 Werktage
 **Empfohlene Behältnis**- Verwenden Sie eine Nalgen-Flasche mit schmalem Hals, die zuvor noch nicht benutzt wurde und füllen Sie sie bis zum Rand, ohne Luftraum zu lassen. Bitte verwenden Sie einen Behälter mit ausreichender Verpackung, um einen Bruch während des Versands zu vermeiden.
- Bitte teilen Sie uns mit, ob Ihre Wasserproben Salz enthalten oder sich in der Nähe eines Ortes mit gekennzeichnetem 14C (künstliches 14C) befunden haben.
- Kostenlose Webinare auf Abruf verfügbar (nur auf Englisch), siehe Vorschau hier: [Gelöster Kohlenstoff](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "Gelöster Kohlenstoff"), [Isotope in der Hydrologie](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isotope in der Hydrologie")
---
**Unser Labor akzeptiert nur Proben, die für die δ17O-Messung bereit sind (gefiltert, ohne Zusatz von Chemikalien, keine Vorbehandlung erforderlich).**
SGS Beta bietet δ17O-Wasseranalysen auf Standalone-Basis oder in Verbindung mit [δ18O- und δD-Messungen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/sauerstoff-deuterium-isotope.htm) gegen eine Gebühr mittels cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS) an.
[Angebot anfordern](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "Angebot anfordern")
**Einsendung** – Bitte verwenden Sie dieses [Online-Formular.](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/)
Einzelheiten zum Sammeln und Einreichen von Wasserproben finden Sie auf unserer Seite [Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung von Grundwasser](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/grundwasser-dic.htm).
Wenn Sie Fragen zu Ihrer Probe haben, wenden Sie sich bitte an das Labor.
## Warum δ17O in Wasser messen?
Die dreifache Isotopenvariabilität liefert mehr Informationen über die Umgebungsbedingungen als doppelte Isotopenwerkzeuge allein. Zum Beispiel wurde der Deuterium-Überschuss in Wasser – die Interpretation der Variabilität von Protium zu Deuterium-Isotopen in Bezug auf δ18O
aus meteorischen Gewässern – verwendet, um die Interpretation der Feuchtigkeit und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Fraktionierung von Wasserisotopen zu verbessern. Da viele geologische Materialien (Verdampfungsmineralien) H nicht in ihre Strukturkomponenten einbauen, hat die Verwendung von Deuterium-Überschuss als Umweltproxy seine Grenzen. Nur wenige Materialien können aussagekräftige Ergebnisse liefern (Li et al., 2015).
Sauerstoff hat das Potenzial, ein dreifaches Isotopenwerkzeug zu sein, das zusätzliche Informationen über die Verdampfungs- und Kondensationssauerstoffsystematik vieler sauerstoffhaltiger Materialien liefern kann. Es wurde erst kürzlich erkannt, dass Δ17O oder die Variabilität von 17O und 18O bis 16O das Potenzial als zusätzlicher Proxy haben, da die Genauigkeit der Isotopenanalyse zugenommen hat. Aktuelle Forschung konzentrierte sich auf das Verständnis der Variabilität von Δ17O in modernen meteorischen Gewässern als Basisuntersuchungen, um die Ergebnisse von Δ17O mit anderen Materialien in Beziehung zu setzen.
## SGS Beta Leistungsfähigkeit
Das aktuelle CRDS des Labors ist in der Lage, die δ17O-Werte ((17O / 16OUNKN / 17O / 16OSTD-1) \* 1000) von Wasserdampf mit einer Genauigkeit von +/- 0,8 ‰ oder besser zu bestimmen, sowie einen 17O-Überschusswert (auch als Δ17O bezeichnet).
Der 17O-Überschusswert ist definiert als die Abweichung von einer erwarteten Beziehung in den Verhältnissen 17O/16O und 18O/16O (Li et al., 2015). Das CRDS misst sowohl δ17O, als auch δ18O und die Software berechnet den 17O-Überschuss.
Die Daten werden verwendet, um Informationen über die Bedingungen vorzuschlagen, unter denen der Phasenwechsel aufgetreten ist. Ist Wasser in einem trockenen oder feuchten Klima oder in großer oder niedriger Höhe verdunstet? Δ17O-Daten können die Bedingungen durch Hinzufügen von Kondensations- und Verdampfungseffekten auf die Fraktionierung weiter verfeinern.
Es wurde festgestellt, dass die Verdampfung sowohl die δ18O- als auch die Δ17O-Werte variiert, während die Kondensation die δ18O-Werte nur signifikant verschiebt. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass die Werte für δ17O und δ18O bei Verdunstung und Kondensation unterschiedlich schnell kovariieren.
#### Referenz:
Li, S., Levin, N. E. & Chesson, L. A. (2015). Kontinentale Variation des 17O-Überschusses an meteorischen Gewässern in den Vereinigten Staaten. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 164, 110-126.
*Letzte Aktualisierung der Seite: November 2025*
[Zurück zur Seite Wasseranalyse](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/wasseranalysen.htm "Zurück zur Seite Wasseranalyse")
---
### [Stable Isotope Analysis - Measuring δ17O in Water by CRDS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/water-isotope-d17oxygen.htm)
**Published:** September 16, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Sample size recommended**- 5 mL – Please do not add acids or any chemicals to the sample.
 **Turnaround time**- 14 business days
 **Recommended container**- Use a Nalgene bottle with a narrow neck with no prior use and fill to the top with no headspace. Please use a box with sufficient packing to prevent breakage during shipment.
- Please let us know if your water samples contain salt or have been in the proximity of any location using labeled 14C (artificial 14C).
- Free webinars available on demand (English only), see previews here: [Dissolved Carbon](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "Dissolved Carbon"), [Isotopes in Hydrology](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isotopes in Hydrology")
---
**The lab only accepts samples that are ready for δ17O measurement (filtered, no chemicals added, do not require pretreatment).**
## Stable Isotope Analysis Cost
SGS Beta provides δ17O water analysis on a standalone basis or in conjunction with [δ18O and δD measurements](https://www.radiocarbon.com/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm "δ18O and δD measurements") for a fee using a cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS).
To [request for a formal quotation](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "request for a formal quotation"), please let us know the number of water samples for analysis and the billing information of the paying institution.
**Submittal** – Please use this [online form](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/ "online form"). For details on how to collect and submit water samples, please see our [Radiocarbon Dating Groundwater](https://www.radiocarbon.com/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm "Radiocarbon Dating Groundwater") page.
If you have any questions about your sample, please contact the lab.
## Why Measure δ17O in Water?
Triple isotopic variability reveals more information about environmental conditions than dual isotopic tools alone. For example, deuterium excess in water – interpreting the variability of protium to deuterium isotopes in relation to δ18O from meteoric waters has been used to enhance the interpretation of humidity and its effects on the fractionation of water isotopes. Since many geological materials (evaporite minerals) do not incorporate H into their structural components, the use of deuterium excess has its limits as an environmental proxy, few materials can produce meaningful results (Li et al., 2015).
Oxygen has the potential to be a triple isotopic tool that can reveal additional information about evaporation and condensation oxygen systematics among many oxygen-bearing materials. Δ17O (δ18O v. δ17O) or the variability of 17O and 18O to 16O has only recently been recognized to have the potential as an additional proxy as the precision of isotopic analysis has increased. Current research has been focused on understanding Δ17O variability in modern meteoric waters as baseline investigations to relate results of Δ17O to other materials.
## [\[VIDEO\] Water Sampling Recommendations](#collapseOne)
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
This video excerpt is part of SGS Beta’s webinar: [Isotopes in Hydrology](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isotopes in Hydrology")
## SGS Beta’s Capabilities
The lab’s current CRDS is capable of determining the δ17O ((17O/16OUNKN/17O/16OSTD-1)\*1000) values of water vapor at a precision of +/- 0.8 ‰ or better as well as determine a 17O-excess value (also referred to as Δ17O).
The 17O-excess value is defined as the deviation from an expected relationship in 17O/16O and 18O/16O ratios (Li et al., 2015). The CRDS measures both the δ17O and δ18O and the software calculates the 17O-excess.
The data are used to suggest information regarding the conditions in which the phase change occurred. Did water evaporate in a climate that was arid or humid or at a high elevation or low elevation? Δ17O data can refine conditions further by the addition of condensation and evaporation effects on fractionation.
Evaporation has been found to vary both δ18O and Δ17O values whereas condensation has been found to only significantly shift δ18O values. Suggesting that δ17O and δ18O values covary at different rates with evaporation and condensation.
#### Reference:
Li, S., Levin, N. E., & Chesson, L. A. (2015). Continental scale variation in 17O-excess of meteoric waters in the United States. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 164, 110-126.
#### SGS Beta Webinars:
- [Isotopes 101: An Introduction to Isotopic Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/)
- [Boron & its Occurrence in Water](https://www.radiocarbon.com/boron-isotopes/ "Boron & its Occurrence in Water")
*Page last updated: November 2025*
[Back to Water Analysis page](https://www.radiocarbon.com/water-analysis.htm "Water Analysis page")
---
### [Stable Isotope Analysis of Water (δ18O and δD)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm)
**Published:** September 25, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Sample size recommended**- 5 mL – Use a Nalgene bottle with a narrow neck with no prior use and fill to the top with no headspace. Please do not add acids or any chemicals to the sample.
 **Turnaround time**- 14 business days
 **Recommended Packaging**- Please use a box with sufficient packing to prevent breakage during shipment.
- Please let us know if your water samples contain salt or have been in the proximity of any location using labeled 14C (artificial 14C).
- Free webinars available on demand (English only), see previews here: [Dissolved Carbon](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "Dissolved Carbon"), [Isotopes in Hydrology](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isotopes in Hydrology")
---
**IMPORTANT – The lab does not accept water samples that still need to be pretreated (send filtered samples with no chemicals added). For turbid water samples, you must filter out any debris prior to submitting the sample using 0.7-micron glass fiber filter paper.**
The δ18O and δD measurements are performed on the water samples in an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) or cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS).
The interpretation of δ18O and δD values, as required in hydrological studies, lies with the submitter.
The IRMS can only handle samples up to about 35 PSU (the standard salinity of seawater). The δ18O and δD values are not reported for hypersaline samples (35 PSU or more) and δ13C will only be reported if enough CO2 can be obtained from that sample.
**Submittal** – Please use this [online form](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/ "d13cd15n data sheet").
For more details about how to collect and submit water samples, please see our [Radiocarbon Dating Groundwater](http://www.radiocarbon.com/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm) page.
If you have any questions about your sample, please contact the lab.
## Stable Isotope Analysis Cost
When requesting for a formal estimate/quote, please indicate in [this form](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "contact form") the number of water samples for stable isotope analysis and the billing details of the paying institution.
## [\[VIDEO\] Water Sampling Recommendations](#collapseOne)
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
This video excerpt is part of SGS Beta’s webinar: [Isotopes in Hydrology](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isotopes in Hydrology")
## Stable Isotope Analysis for Saline and Hypersaline Waters
SGS Beta employs the isotope equilibrium method to determine δ18O and δD of liquid water samples. This method is ideal for freshwater samples. Marine waters (with salinity (S) of 35 g L-1) can be successfully analyzed given extended equilibration time. Some limitations exist for highly saline natural waters (e.g. S > 100g L-1) such as those in certain salt marshes, hypersaline lakes and lagoons, or hydrothermal brines. These limitations are due to salinity-dependent fractionation factors between CO2 and H2O and will routinely result in accuracy loss on the order of 0.5+ o/oo for δ18O and 5.0+ o/oo for δD.
For highest accuracy in results, application of post-analysis correction factors may be needed contingent upon the activity coefficient of the isotope species and the salinity of the original sample.
**References:**
Kendall C., Caldwell, E., Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology (1998) Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. Pp 51-86.
Christophe Lécuyer, Véronique Gardien, Thomas Rigaudier, François Fourel, François Martineau, Alexandre Cros, “Oxygen isotope fractionation and equilibration kinetics between CO2 and H2O as a function of salinity of aqueous solutions”, *Chemical Geology*, Volume 264, Issues 1–4, 30 June 2009, Pages 122-126.
François Martineau, François Fourel, Anne-Marie Bodergat, Christophe Lécuyer, “D/H equilibrium fractionation between H2O and H2 as a function of the salinity of aqueous solutions”, *Chemical Geology*, Volume 291, 6 January 2012, Pages 236-240.
**SGS Beta Webinars:
[Isotopes 101: An Introduction to Isotopic Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/)
[How to Identify Sources of Pollution using Sr and B Isotopes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/identify-pollution-sources-using-strontium-boron-isotopes/)
[Boron & its Occurrence in Water](https://www.radiocarbon.com/boron-isotopes/ "Boron & its Occurrence in Water")**
*Page last updated: November 2025*
[Back to Water Analysis page](https://www.radiocarbon.com/water-analysis.htm "Water Analysis page")
---
### [Pretrattamenti standard per AMS - SGS Beta](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm)
**Published:** July 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Le seguenti procedure si applicano al [pretrattamento dei campioni](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/pretrattamenti-nella-datazione-al-carbonio.htm "Pretrattamenti datazione al carbonio") sottoposti alla datazione al radiocarbonio, salvo diversamente richiesto dal titolare dei campioni o discusso in un report sulla data finale. Questo glossario definisce i metodi di pretrattamento applicati a ogni campione elencato nel report (ad es. sarà presente la dicitura “acido/base/acido” accanto al risultato di un campione di carbone sottoposto a tale pretrattamento).
I pretrattamenti applicati ai materiali ricevuti sono necessari per rimuovere i componenti carbonacei secondari. Questi componenti, se non sono eliminati, possono restituire una data radiocarbonica troppo recente o antica. I pretrattamenti non garantiscono che la data radiocarbonica rappresenti l’evento temporale di interesse. Questo dipende dall’integrità del campione.
Fattori come [effetto legno antico](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/effetto-legno-antico.htm "Effetto legno antico"), radici intrusive bruciate, bioturbazione, depositi secondari, attività biogenica secondaria con l’incorporazione di carbonio recente (batteri) e l’analisi di componenti multipli di età differente sono alcuni esempi dei problemi potenziali nell’analisi al carbonio-14. Vengono effettuati dei pretrattamenti per ridurre il campione ad un singolo componente, quando possibile, e per minimizzare la soggettività associata a questi tipi di problemi. Se si sospetta che il campione richieda dei pretrattamenti speciali, assicurarsi di comunicarlo al laboratorio prima dell’analisi al radiocarbonio.
## [In quali casi SGS Beta avvisa che un campione potrebbe produrre una data inaffidabile?](#collapseOne)
In quali casi SGS Beta avvisa che un campione potrebbe produrre una data inaffidabile?
Avvertenza: questo video è ospitato su un sito esterno e potrebbe contenere pubblicità.
**Nota importante sui pretrattamenti** – È importante comprendere i pretrattamenti che saranno applicati ai campioni, dal momento che questi influenzano direttamente il risultato delle analisi. È possibile contattarci per discutere i pretrattamenti oppure richiedere di essere contattati dopo la loro applicazione (e prima della datazione).
## [Acido/base/acido](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/pretrattamenti-nella-datazione-al-carbonio.htm#Methods "Acido/base/acido")
Prima della datazione al radiocarbonio, il campione viene delicatamente frantumato e quindi disperso in acqua deionizzata. Viene quindi lavato con HCl a caldo per eliminare i carbonati, quindi sottoposto a lavaggio basico (NaOH) per rimuovere gli acidi organici secondari. Al lavaggio alcalino segue un lavaggio acido finale necessario a neutralizzare la soluzione prima dell’asciugatura.
Le concentrazioni chimiche, le temperature, i tempi di esposizione e il numero di ripetizioni dipendono dalla natura del campione. Ogni soluzione chimica viene neutralizzata prima dell’applicazione della successiva. Durante queste serie di lavaggi, i contaminanti meccanici come radichette e sedimenti vengono eliminati.
Questo tipo di pretrattamento è considerato un “pretrattamento completo”. In alcuni casi nel report verrà indicato il pretrattamento “acido/base/acido – insolubili” per specificare quale frazione del campione è stata analizzata.
Si applica tipicamente a – [carbone, legno](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-il-carbone-con-il-carbonio.htm "Datazione al carbonio del carbone"), alcuni tipi di torba e tessuti
## Acido/base/acido – solubili
In alcuni casi è la frazione solubile in soluzione basica ad essere analizzata. Si tratta di un caso particolare che si verifica quando le condizioni del suolo rendono la frazione solubile più idonea a fornire una data precisa. Viene inoltre applicato per verificare la presenza/assenza di contaminanti o il grado di contaminazione dovuto ad acidi organici secondari.
Il campione subisce un primo pretrattamento acido per eliminare i carbonati e indebolire i legami organici. Dopo i lavaggi basici (vedere acido/alcali/acido), la soluzione contenente la frazione solubile in soluzione basica viene isolata/filtrata e combinata con acido. La frazione solubile che precipita viene sciacquata ed asciugata prima della combustione.
## [Acido/base/acido – estrazione cellulosa](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-il-carbone-con-il-carbonio.htm#Chemical "estrazione cellulosa")
Dopo un pretrattamento acido/base/acido completo, il campione viene immerso in clorito di sodio (NaClO2) in condizioni controllate (pH 3 e temperatura 70° C). Questa procedura elimina tutti i componenti ad eccezione della cellulosa del [legno](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-il-carbone-con-il-carbonio.htm).
## [Lavaggi acidi](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/pretrattamenti-nella-datazione-al-carbonio.htm#Methods "lavaggi acidi")
L’area superficiale dei campioni da sottoporre alla datazione al carbonio vengono aumentate il più possibile. Le parti solide vengono frantumate, i materiali fibrosi triturati ed i sedimenti dispersi. Vengono effettuate applicazioni ripetute di acido (HCl) per garantire l’assenza di carbonati.
L’unicità del campione e il grado di contaminazione dettano le concentrazioni chimiche, le temperature, i tempi di esposizione e il numero di lavaggi necessari. I lavaggi alcalini non garantiscono l’isolamento del carbonio primario solubile in soluzione basica.
I risultati della datazione al carbonio-14 riflettono il contenuto organico totale del materiale analizzato e la precisione dipende dalla capacità del ricercatore nell’eliminare soggettivamente i potenziali contaminanti sulla base dei dati contestuali.
Applicati tipicamente a – [sedimenti organici](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-i-sedimenti-con-l-ams.htm "datazione al carbonio del carbone"), alcuni tipi di torba, piccoli campioni di legno o carbone e casi speciali
## [Estrazione del collagene, con o senza trattamento basico](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-le-ossa.htm#Components "estrazione del collagene")
Il materiale da datare al carbonio viene inizialmente sottoposto a test della friabilità (“morbidezza”). Ossa molto morbide indicano una potenziale assenza della frazione di collagene (proteina base delle ossa che agisce come “agente rinforzante” all’interno della struttura cristallina dell’apatite).
Il campione viene quindi lavato con acqua deionizzata, la superficie viene raschiata per rimuovere gli strati più esterni e quindi le ossa vengono delicatamente frantumate. Vengono quindi ripetuti trattamenti con HCl diluito a freddo fino a quando la frazione minerale (l’apatite ossea) è completamente eliminata. Il collagene viene quindi dissezionato ed ispezionato per verificare la presenza di radichette. Eventuali radichette presenti saranno rimosse al rinnovo delle soluzioni acide.
“Con base” indica l’applicazione di un pretrattamento aggiuntivo con idrossido di sodio (NaOH) per garantire l’assenza di acidi organici secondari. “Senza base” indica che il passaggio che prevede l’utilizzo di NaOH è stato saltato a causa di condizioni di conservazione inadatte, che avrebbero potuto comportare la rimozione di tutta la materia organica disponibile.
Tipicamente applicato a – [ossa ](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-le-ossa.htm "datazione al carbonio di ossa")
## [Morsura](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/pretrattamenti-nella-datazione-al-carbonio.htm#Methods "pretrattamenti datazione al carbonio")
Il materiale calcareo viene prima lavato con acqua deionizzata rimuovendo detriti e sedimenti organici associati, laddove presenti. Il materiale destinato alla datazione al radiocarbonio viene quindi frantumato/disperso e sottoposto a serie di morsure con HCl per eliminare i carbonati secondari.
Per le conchiglie spesse, le superfici vengono sottoposte ad abrasione fisica prima della morsura, fino a lasciare soltanto il nucleo rigido primario. Per i noduli di carbonato porosi e caliche, vengono utilizzati tempi di esposizione molto lunghi per consentire l’infiltrazione dell’acido. I tempi di esposizione, le concentrazioni e il numero di ripetizioni dipendono dall’unicità del campione.
Applicato tipicamente a – [conchiglie](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-le-conchiglie-al-carbonio.htm "datazione al carbonio di conchiglie "), caliche, noduli calcarei
## Neutralizzazione
I carbonati precipitati nelle falde acquifere inviati al laboratorio sono solitamente in condizione alcalina (soluzione di idrossido di sodio o idrossido di ammonio) prima della datazione al radiocarbonio. In genere questa soluzione viene neutralizzata nel contenitore originale del campione con acqua deionizzata. Se è necessaria una diluizione in volume maggiore, il precipitato e la soluzione vengono trasferiti in un imbuto separatore sigillato e quindi sciacquati fino alla neutralizzazione. L’esposizione all’atmosfera è minima.
Generalmente applicato a – carbonato di stronzio, carbonato di bario (ovvero campioni precipitati di falde acquifere)
## Estrazione con solvente
Il campione per l’analisi al radiocarbonio viene sottoposto ad una serie di bagni in solventi, tipicamente toluene, esano e acetone. Questo avviene solitamente prima dei pretrattamenti acido/base/acido.
Applicato a – [tessuti](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-i-tessuti-con-l-ams.htm "tessuti"), casi con contaminazione prevalente o sospetta di catrame/pece, materiali conservati
## Nessuno
Non viene applicato alcun pretrattamento prima della datazione al radiocarbonio. Si applica a campioni già pretrattati in precedenza e a richieste speciali.
## [Perché la garanzia di qualità è importante nella datazione al radiocarbonio?](#collapseTwo)
Perché la garanzia di qualità è importante nella datazione al radiocarbonio?
Avvertenza: questo video è ospitato su un sito esterno e potrebbe contenere pubblicità.
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### [沉積物或土壤的放射性碳定年](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-sediments.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **建議樣品量（若樣品量較少，請 [聯繫我們](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 1-10克沉積物、泥或粉質泥炭（大約乾重）
 **碳定年服務和測試週期**- AMS標準測試 – 14個工作日或更少
- AMS 優先服務 – 6 個工作天（由於有機沉積物樣本需要精細且耗時的預處理，可能需要額外幾天）
 **碳14定年 附帶免費分析**- δ13C
 **推薦包裝**- 夾鏈袋(若樣品量很小，或於運送途中容易破損，請先以鋁箔紙包裝)
- 請您使用堅固的小纸盒寄送您的樣品，而不要使用信封寄送，這樣能够防止您的樣品在運輸途中被壓碎。
- 您可在寄樣前與實驗室聯繫諮詢。
- 提供沉積物研究相關的免費網絡研討會（英文版），如需預覽請點 [這裡](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sediments-webinar-c14-dating/ "這裡")。
---
**請注意** – 費用包含質量保證報告、日曆校準（在允許的情況下）以及24小時全年無休的線上系統，可查詢測試結果和待測樣品。 [需要報價單](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "需要報價單")
**預處理** – 沉積物是比較複雜的系统，含有多種不同形式、重量以及來源的碳。根據您的研究目標，您可聯繫實驗室共同討論最合適的 [預處理](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Washes) 方法，也可要求我們在完成預處理後與您聯繫，以便討論放射性碳定年選項。
**濕樣** – 您無需對樣品進行乾燥處理。然而，知道乾燥後重量會有助於您對要寄送的樣品量作出更準確的估計。如果您要對樣品進行乾燥處理，我們建議您在90°C至100°C範圍内加熱4-24小時。
您可也寄送潮濕或冰凍的樣品進行定年。實驗室在收到樣品後會立即開始測試，因此水分不會造成污染。包裝時請將多餘水分除去，用塑膠膜包裹好（如保鲜膜）以儘量减少空氣接觸，然後裝入夾鏈袋内寄送给我們。
---
免責聲明：本視頻託管於第三方網站中，可能包含廣告。
[沉積物樣品的準備與取樣建議 (PNG)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/SGS-Beta-Sediment-Sampling-Guide-Traditional-Chinese.png "沉積物樣品的準備與取樣建議 (PNG)")
**有機物化石樣品** – 由於土壤複雜的地化性，在某些情况下萃取有機物化石樣品來測試會更好。若無有機物化石樣品，也可以測試沉積物的有機部分、胡敏素部分或腐植酸部分。
**報告** – 如果選擇大化石進行分析，則結果將標示大化石的類型（例如植物，木材，木炭等）。如果選擇了沉積物進行分析，則結果將標示為”有機沉積物”。
**有機物化石種類辨别** – 目前實驗室暫時不提供辨别服務。
## [沉積物的AMS定年](#collapseOne)
沉積物樣品的測量有三種不同的方法：
**若選擇“塊狀有機沉積物部分”(Bulk Organic Sediment Fraction)定年** – 則是將樣品先通過<180微米的篩網去除根系或大化石，然後再酸洗去除碳酸鹽，只定年殘留的有機沉積物部分。
**測量＂可溶於鹼的成分＂或腐植酸** – 沉積物通過<180微米的篩選，去除任何根或有機物化石。接著經過酸洗，去除碳酸鹽，然後使用鹼處理溶解腐植酸，並於沉澱後進行AMS定年。
**測量＂不可溶於鹼的成分＂或胡敏素** – 沉積物經過<180微米的篩選，去除任何根鬚或有機物化石。酸洗除去碳酸鹽後，再用鹼處理以使腐殖酸溶解，然後將腐殖酸移除並保存為“鹼溶性部分”。最後對剩下的不溶於鹼的成分進行定年。
## [沉積物中有機物化石的AMS定年](#collapseSix)
對於沉積物樣品，SGS Beta實驗室會先進行浮選，然後通過225微米、180微米和125微米篩網逐步篩選，看是否有任何可以提取的有機物化石。這些有機物化石包括木炭、木頭、植物、骨頭、貝殼和種子。
**請注意**: 實驗室並不對沉積物中的有機物化石進行種類鑑別。該鑑別需要專業科學家進行，例如：鑑別植物需古植物學家、骨頭需法醫考古學家、貝殼需古生物學家。
一般來說，測量存在的有機物化石比測量沉積物更好，因為後者可能有污染物。大部分有機物化石都可以用（1）酸處理來去除碳酸鹽，然後用（2）鹼處理來去除沉積物中可能存在的腐植酸。腐植酸來自腐爛的植物。沉積物和雨水（或地下水）可以讓這些腐植酸在沉積剖面上下移動，從而將年輕或年老的碳帶進沉積層。
在大多數情況下，腐植酸會向下移動，使底層的沉積物顯得更年輕（有時移動的腐植酸很少，有時則很多）。有機物豐富（暗黑色或褐色）的沉積物，以及排水不暢和水聚集處（如濕地、泥炭沼澤等）的沉積物大部分都有這種情況。在雨量不多、沉積物的排水良好或碳含量低（淺棕色或灰色沉積物）的地區，腐植酸不是太大的問題。對於這樣的沉積物樣品，當您對沉積物和沈積物中發現的一些植物材料進行測量時，得出的結果通常是非常相似的，因此有時不用擔心腐植酸的問題。
當沉積物的測試年齡比植物（有機物化石）古老時，一般都是由於以下兩種原因：
(1) 植物殘骸是以某種方式侵入沉積物中（在較古老的沉積物中生長，可能是由於侵蝕或長時間的沉積間斷）或
(2) 沉積物形成過程中獲得的碳，有部分甚至全部都是來自更為古老的碳源（因洪水、大量的地質運動或者其他物理過程，導致斜坡上已沉積的沉積物再造和再沉積）。
一般情況下，植物的定年數據會更加可靠，因為它們可以反映某個時間的特殊事件。相對於沉積物的形成時間，植物的存活時間比較短暫。
實驗室也經常測試沉積物中的碳酸鈣（CaCO3）部分，但是若不清楚其中的碳酸鈣來源，那麼測試結果則容易出現問題。沉積物中的碳酸鹽可能來自沉積物中的碳酸鹽結核（稱作自生碳酸鹽），或者是來自地質構造（如石灰石、泥灰岩和其他碳酸鹽礦物質）中溶出的碳酸鹽再沉積形成的沉積物。
沉積物地球化學中的沉積物是非常複雜的，甚至距離很近的各個區域都不盡相同。如果研究人員認為有機物化石源於＂原位＂，而非生長自上部地層（如植物根鬚），我們通常建議盡可能對所發現的有機物化石進行測量。
如果發現了有機物化石，實驗室會告知研究人員，然後讓他們決定是要測量有機物化石還是沉積物。在某些情況下，明智的做法是對兩個部分都進行測量，看是有機物化石還是沉積物的測量結果更好（更可靠）。在檢測大塊岩心樣品或者一系列的岩心樣品時，這尤其有意義。
## [沉積物經鹼處理後存在的問題](#collapseTwo)
沉積物用鹼處理來萃取腐植酸（然後對腐植酸或胡敏素定年），測量結果有時會出現問題，這取決於該地區的土壤地球化學性質。鹼萃取會去除可溶於鹼的自由碳。這種碳可源自年代較近的腐植酸和黃腐酸，或是年代較遠、可溶於鹼的活性碳。
在很多情況下，根據粘土濃度，以及是否有年代較近或年代較遠的腐植酸/黃腐酸附在黏土顆粒上，鹼萃取可用來去除原始的或年代較遠的活性碳，並留下年代較近、附在黏土上的腐植酸和黃腐酸，或反之亦然。
研究人員有時會認為通過鹼萃取，沉積物的年齡應該會變老，因此會更準確。然而，很多次發生的情況確是相反的；由於上述因素，鹼萃取後的沉積物，測出的年齡反而更小。
SGS Beta實驗室的建議：
當客戶要求進行鹼萃取和測量腐植酸、胡敏素或沉積物時，SGS Beta實驗室建議研究人員在測量許多樣品前，考慮至少對一個樣品進行三次測量，前提是送交的所有樣品都來自同一個獨特的沉積區和地球化學條件。
我們建議進行三次測量 – 在酸洗與過篩後定年”塊狀沉積物的部分”，對溶於鹼的成分或腐植酸進行一次測量，以及對不溶於鹼的成分或胡敏素進行一次測量。通過這三次測量，研究人員可以比較這些結果，看哪一部分更有意義，然後以那一部分為指南，來測試那一地區的其他沉積物樣品。
如果經濟上不允許，或如果研究人員先前已測過樣品收集區的沉積物腐植酸或胡敏素，就不需進行上述三次測量。研究人員可以自己決定最適合他們研究的測量方法。
SGS Beta實驗室每年分析數千個沉積物定年標本，絕大部分都是在酸洗與過篩後進行”塊狀沉積物的部分”的定年。只有非常小的比例（最多1-2％）是要求進行不溶於鹼／可溶於鹼的成分測量。一般而言，經過酸洗和過篩的塊狀有機沉積物部分可以定出最準確的年代，如果樣品含有更新的腐殖酸，則定年結果會更年輕。偏差（如果有的話）總是一樣的，通常不會出現這一次分析年齡太老，而下次分析年齡又太年輕的情況。
**沉積物樣品處理** – 請注意，來自國外以及美國許多州的沉積物樣品，必須按照美國農業部動植物衛生檢疫局（APHIS）制定的準則處理。這些準則要求進口的沉積物樣品必須進行化學處理，或在收到時進行加熱，並且最终要對它們進行焚燒處置。因此，SGS Beta實驗室會採用同樣的方式處理收到的沉積物樣品，很遺憾我們不能退回這些樣品。
我們建議您盡量只寄送分析所需要的沉積物樣品量。我們可以向您推薦需要的樣品量，但是在任何情況下，寄送的樣品量都不應超過200克。 請注意，根據樣品當中的碳含量，AMS定年只需要2-4克或更少的有機沉積物樣品量。
**對海洋與湖泊沉積物的鉛同位素，或鍶釹鉿(Sr-Nd-Hf)同位素分析有興趣? 請參閱 [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "Pb isotopes, Sr-Nd-Hf ratio analysis of marine and lacustrine sediments")。**
## 相關主題：
[木炭的AMS定年](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm "AMS Dating Charcoal")
[海洋碳庫效應](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/marine-reservoir-effect.htm "Marine Reservoir Effect")
[貝殼樣品的放射性碳定年](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-shells.htm "Radiocarbon Dating Shells")
[預防主要樣品的污染](https://www.radiocarbon.com/prevent-core-samples-contamination/ "Prevent Contamination of Core Samples")
*最後更新2026年3月*
---
### [堆積物、土壌の放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-sediments.htm)
**Published:** March 30, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **試料の必要量(推奨量) (より少ない量でも測定可能です – 詳細はご連絡ください [ご連絡先](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-contact.htm "ご連絡先"))**- 1-10 g の 堆積物(sediment), 泥炭,シルト質ピート (おおよその乾燥重量)
 **炭素年代測定サービスの種類**- AMS Standard（通常の納期） – 米国のラボで試料受領後14営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Priority – 6営業日(organic sediment は、前処理が困難で時間を要する場合があります。その際は、納期を数日延長させていただく場合があります。)
 **C14年代測定に含まれて いる分析サービス**- δ13C
 **お薦めする試料の容器**- ジップロックバッグ（試料が小さい場合、あるいは輸送中に破壊されそうな場合はアルミホイルに包んでからバッグに入れて下さい）
- お送りいただく際は輸送中の試料の破損を防ぐため封筒ではなく丈夫な小箱などを用いてください。
- 堆積物試料を初めてお送りいただく場合は事前にご相談されることをお薦めいたします。
- 堆積物(sediment)に関する無料のウェビナー(英語)がご覧いただけます。 [こちら](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sediments-webinar-c14-dating/ "こちら")でプレビューできます。
---
**注記** – 料金には、品質管理レポート、適応可能な場合は暦年代較正、既出結果への24/7アクセス、測定保留に係る経費が含まれています。 [お見積りはこちらから](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "お見積りはこちらから")
**試料の前処理** – Sediment(堆積物・土壌)は、様々な形態で炭素を含んでいる非常に複雑なシステムです。調査の目的に応じた最適な [前処理](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Washes) を行うためにいつでもご相談ください。 試料の前処理について協議するためのご連絡はいつでも歓迎いたします。 また前処理後、弊社からのご連絡のお約束も歓迎いたします。
**湿った試料** – 送付の際、試料を乾燥する必要はありません。 しかし試料の乾燥重量が必要な場合はあらかじめ乾燥させてください。 その際は 90°Cから100°C で4-24時間での乾燥をお薦めいたします。
湿った試料、凍った試料をお送りいただいても大丈夫です。試料到着後すぐに分析を開始しますので、水分はコンタミネーションの原因にはなりません。余剰の水分は切ってサランラップなどに包み空気との接触をできるだけ避けた状態でジップロックバッグに入れてください。
**マクロフォッシル** – Sediment(堆積物・土壌)は地球化学的に非常に複雑なシステムですので、一般的には材・植物・炭・貝などの化石試料(マクロフォッシル)が含まれてる場合は、そちらを測定するほうが望ましいです。もしそういった化石試料がない場合は、Sediment(堆積物・土壌)のバルク有機分画、フミン質、ヒューミンのいずれかを測定することが可能です。
**ご報告** – もしマクロフォッシルが抽出され分析された場合は、マクロフォッシルの種類 (例 : plant, wood, charcoalなど) を報告書に記載いたします。 Sediment(堆積物)を年代測定した場合は、”organic sediment” (有機堆積物) として報告いたします。
**マクロフォッシルの同定** – SGS Beta では抽出した化石の同定は行っておりません。
## [Sediment(堆積物、土壌)のAMS年代測定 ](#collapseOne)
Sediment(堆積物・土壌)の年代測定には3種類あります。
**“バルク有機堆積物分画”の年代測定** – 土壌中の植物根やマクロフォッシルを取り除くために180 microns以下 でふるい分けを行い、酸処理で炭酸塩を除去した後、有機堆積物分画の年代測定を行います。
“アルカリ可溶成分” または フミン酸 の年代測定 – Sediment(堆積物・土壌)を180 micronsのふるい分けにより植物根や化石試料を取り除いた後、酸処理によって炭酸塩を取り除き、アルカリ処理によりフミン酸を抽出し年代測定を行います。
**“アルカリ不溶分画” (ヒューミン) の年代測定** – 堆積物は植物根やマクロフォッシルを取り除くために180 microns以下 でふるい分けを行い、酸処理により炭酸塩を除去します。さらにフミン酸をアルカリにより溶解し、アルカリ不溶分画の年代測定を行います。アルカリに溶解した成分は、”アルカリ可溶分画”として保存します。
## [Sediment(堆積物・土壌)に含まれる化石(マクロフォッシル) のAMS年代測定](#collapseSix)
Sediment(堆積物・土壌)はフローテーションおよび225-micron, 180-micron, 125-micronでのふるい分けを行い測定可能な化石試料(charcoal, wood, plant, bone, shell, seedsなど)が含まれていないか確認いたします。 (弊社ではリカバーした化石の種同定は行っていません。) 一般的にはSediment(堆積物・土壌)よりもその中に含まれる化石試料を測定するほうが望ましいです。 ほとんどの有機化石試料は、炭酸塩を取り除くための酸処理およびフミン酸を取り除くためのアルカリ処理を両方行う(完全な前処理)が可能です。 フミン酸は腐食した植物が起源で、Sediment(堆積物・土壌)の中を水と共に容易に移動します。 それは、Sediment(堆積物・土壌)層を堆積年代とは関係のない若い炭素や古い炭素が自由に移動することを意味します。
ほとんどの場合、フミン酸は上方から下方に移動し、下層のSediment(堆積物・土壌)の年代を実際より若くします。 年代が大きくシフトする場合もあれば、影響が少ない場合もあります。 それは有機質に富んだ黒色～茶色系のSediment(堆積物・土壌)や、泥炭湿原や沼地などの排水の悪い環境の試料にしばしば起こります。 雨量が少ない環境にありかつ炭素含有量の少ないSediment(堆積物・土壌)に関してはフミン酸の影響は少ないといえます。 そのような試料は、その中に含まれる化石試料とsedimentの両方の年代測定を行った場合、両者の年代が一致する場合が多いです。
Sediment(堆積物・土壌)の年代がplantなどマクロフォッシルの年代より古くなる場合は2つの理由が考えられます。
(1)plantが後から侵入した。
(2)Sedimentの炭素の起源が古い。(物理的な再堆積の可能性もある)
一般的にplantはSedimentの形成に要する時間と比較して短命なので、plantの年代の方が一つのイベントの年代を代表しやすいといえます。
Sediment中の炭酸塩の年代測定もしばしば行われますが、その起源がわからない場合は信頼のある年代値を得ることができません。 土壌中の炭酸塩は土壌中の炭酸塩ノジュールが発達したもの（pedogenic carbobate)やライムストーンなど炭酸塩岩が溶解した物質の移動などを起源とします。
Sediment(堆積物・土壌)の地球化学的システムはとても複雑で、すこしの場所の違いによっても異なる可能性があります。そのため、その中に含まれる化石試料(マクロフォッシル)が “in-situ” であり、上部の層から進入した植物根などでなければ、そちらを測定したほうが望ましいといえます。
もし、Sediment(堆積物・土壌)中に測定可能な化石試料が発見された場合は、そのつどご報告し、どちらを測定したら良いかお尋ねします。 Sediment(堆積物・土壌)と、その中に含まれるマクロフォッシルの両方を測定することも良い手段です。 それは規模の大きいコアや、コアでシーケンシャルなサンプルングを行う場合の有用な情報となる可能性があります。
## [アルカリ処理の問題点](#collapseTwo)
Sediment(堆積物・土壌) のフミン酸を抽出するためにアルカリ処理を行い、フミン酸またはヒューミンのどちらかを測定する場合、土壌の地球化学的特性によっては問題のある結果となります。 アルカリ処理は、アルカリに溶解する非結合性の炭素がすべて取り除かれます。 そのため、新しいフミン酸とフルボ酸、もしくは非常に古い易分解性炭素が起源となる可能性があります
粘土の密度によって、新しいもしくは古いフミン酸/フルボ酸が粘土粒子に結びついている場合は、アルカリ処理によってオリジナルの炭素もしくは易分解性炭素のどちらかを選択的に取り除いてしまい、その結果、結合性の新しいもしくは古いフミン酸・フルボ酸だけが残存するという結果になります。
しばしば、アルカリ処理を行ったSedimentの年代測定はより古い年代を得られることが多く、それ故正しい結果を得られるといった誤解がされますが、上記の理由によりより若い年代結果となることもしばしばあります。
SGS Betaはおすすめいたします:
堆積物をアルカリ処理を行い、フミン酸(可溶成分)もしくはヒューミン(不溶成分)を測定する場合は、最初から多くの試料測定を行わずに、まず初めに少なくとも1試料について3分画の測定を行うことをおすすめいたします。（他の試料も同じ地球化学的特性を持った同一のエリアから採取されたということが前提です。）
3分画とは – 1 フルイ処理、酸処理を行ったバルク有機堆積物、1 アルカリ可溶のフミン酸、1アルカリ不溶のヒューミン です。 これら3分画の年代を比較し、どの分画の年代がより意味のあるものかを判断した上で、他の試料の測定対象分画を選択するための指標とすることができます。
もし予算的に無理な場合やすでにその地域での測定がなされており特性がわかっている場合は、必ずしも上記の方法は必要ありません。 いずれにせよ、どの分画を測定するかは調査を行う方の判断によります。
SGS Beta では、毎年数千試料のSediment(堆積物・土壌)の年代測定を行っていますが、アルカリ処理によるフミン酸・フューミンの年代測定はそのうち1～2%にすぎず、ほとんどがバルク有機炭素の年代測定です。一般的に、ふるい選別および酸処理を行ったバルク有機堆積物分画が最も正確な年代をもたらすことが多いと言えます。もしくは、若いフミン酸の流動が多い場所で、若い年代にシフトすることも例外的なことではありません。年代のずれ(もしあるならば)は、通常系統的であり、次の測定で、古すぎる年代値と若すぎる年代値が混在することはあまりありません。
**Sediment(堆積物・土壌)の廃棄** – Sediment(堆積物・土壌)はアメリカ合衆国農業省(Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service : APHIS)の定めるガイドラインによって適切に処理、廃棄する決まりとなっておりますので余剰試料の返却は行えません。 試料が必要な場合は、あらかじめ取り分けて保管しておくようお願いいたします。ほとんどの場合、SedimentのAMS年代測定に必要な試料量は、2-4gです。 またいかなる場合も200gを超える試料はお引き受けできません。
**Pb 同位体や 海洋/湖沼堆積物のSr-Nd-Hf 同位体比分析に興味がおありですか？ [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "Pb isotopes, Sr-Nd-Hf ratio analysis of marine and lacustrine sediments"). をご訪問ください**
## 関連トピック:
[炭化物(charcoal)の放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm "炭化物(charcoal)の放射性炭素年代測定")
[海洋リザーバー効果](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/marine-reservoir-effect.htm "海洋リザーバー効果")
[貝殻の放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-shells.htm "貝殻の放射性炭素年代測定")
[Prevent Contamination of Core Samples](https://www.radiocarbon.com/prevent-core-samples-contamination/ "Prevent Contamination of Core Samples")
*最終更新：2026年3月*
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### [퇴적물 혹은 토양의 방사성탄소 연대측정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-sediments.htm)
**Published:** February 1, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **권장 시료 크기 (소량 크기도 가능 – [문의바람](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-contact.htm "문의바람"))**- 1-10 그램 (건조 상태의 대략적인 무게)
 **서비스 종류**- AMS 일반 – 14 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 특급 – 6 영업일 (유기 퇴적물의 경우, 전처리 과정 중 정밀성이 요구되어, 며칠 더 추가로 소요될 수 있습니다.)
 **C14 연대측정 시 포함된 분석**- δ13C
 **권장 용기**- 지프 백 (작거나 운송 중 부서질 수 있는 시료들은 알루미늄 포일로 포장)
- 시료를 보내주실 때 봉투 대신 작은 박스에 담아 보내야 운송 중 시료들이 부스러지는 것을 방지할 수 있습니다.
- 퇴적물 시료 보내기 전 SGS Beta 연구소로 문의하는 것이 제일 좋습니다.
- 퇴적 토양에 관한 무료 웨비나 주문 (영어), [여기서](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sediments-webinar-c14-dating/ "여기서") 예고편 보기.
---
**참고 사항** – 요금에는 다음 서비스들이 포함됩니다. 품질 확인 보고서 (QA reports). 보정값, 지난 보고서와 현 분석 과정을 보실 수 있는 24/7 웹 사용권한. [견적 요청하기](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "견적 요청하기")
**전처리** – 퇴적물은 다양한 형태, 크기, 기원의 탄소를 함유하고 있어서 [전처리](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Washes) 과정이 아주 복잡한 시료입니다. 퇴적물 시료에 적용되는 가장 적절한 전처리 과정을 위해 연구 목적을 알려주시기 바랍니다. 여러가지 연대측정 옵션을 의논하기 위해 전처리 과정 후 저희에게 연락을 달라는 요청을 데이터 시트에 표기하실 수 있습니다.
**젖은 상태의 시료** – 구태여 시료를 건조시켜 보내실 필요는 없습니다만 건조 상태의 무게를 아시면 보내실 시료의 양을 결정하시기 수월합니다. 건조 상태의 시료를 보내고 싶으시면, 90도-100도로 약 4-24시간 건조시킬 것을 권장합니다.
연대측정을 하기 위해 젖은 상태나 냉동 상태의 시료을 보내시는 것은 괜찮습니다. 샘플을 받자마자 바로 분석 작업에 들어가기 때문에 오염이 되지는 않습니다. 가능하시면 여분의 물기를 제거하신 후, 공기 접촉이 안되게 플라스틱 (예로 랩)으로 시료를 싼 다음 지퍼가 달린 플라스틱 백에 담아 보내시기 바랍니다.
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면책조항: 이 비디오는 제3자의 사이트에 올렸으며, 광고가 포함되어 있습니다.
[퇴적물 시료 채집 및 준비 권장사항들.(PNG)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/SGS-Beta-Sediment-Sampling-Guide-Korean.png "퇴적물 시료 채집 및 준비 권장사항들.(PNG)")
**육안 식별이 가능한 대형화석** – 흙의 지화확적 복잡성 때문에 토양/퇴적물 자체의 연대측정 보다는 퇴적물에서 발견되는 대형화석으로 연대측정하는 것이 훨씬 좋습니다. 대형 화석이 없는 경우 퇴적물의 유기질, 휴믹 또는 휴민 파편들로 연대측정합니다.
보고서 – 분석 대상이 다른 화석 (예: 식물, 나무, 목탄 등) 이라면, 보고서에 이 물질 종류의 이름이 기록됩니다. 분석 대상이 토양이라면, 보고서에는 “Organic Sediment (유기 토양)이라 기록됩니다.
**대형화석의 종류 파악** – SGS Beta 연구소는 대형화석이 어떤 종류인지 구별하는 서비스는 제공하지 않습니다.
## [퇴적물의 AMS 연대측정 ](#collapseOne)
퇴적물 시료의 연대측정에는 서로 다른 3가지 방법이 있습니다.
**“유기 토양”의 연대측정** – < 180 마이크론 체로 뿌리나 다른 화석을 제거한 다음, 혹시 있을지 모를 탄산염 제거를 위해 산 처리한 유기 토양을 연대측정합니다.
**“가용성 알칼리 덩어리 또는 부식 산 덩어리의 연대측정** – 뿌리나 대형 화석을 없애기 위해 180 마크론 이하의 체로 거른 다음, 탄산염 제거를 위한 산 세척 후, 연대 측정을 하기 위해 가라 앉아있는 부식 산을 용해하기 위한 알칼리 처리. 로 사전 처리합니다.
**“불 가용성 알칼리 덩어리” 또는 휴민 덩어리의 연대측정** – 뿌리나 대형 화석을 없애기 위해 180미크론 이하의 체로 거른 다음, 탄산염 제거를 위한 산 세척 후 씻겨져 나간 부식 산의 용해를 위해 알칼리 처리 후, 남아있는 불 가용성 알칼리 덩어리로 연대 측정합니다. 탄산염 제거를 위해 산 처리한 다음, 휴믹산 제거 및 “알카리 용해 조각” 보존을 위해 알카리로 휴믹산을 녹입니다.
## [퇴적물에 있는 대형 화석의 AMS 연대측정](#collapseSix)
퇴적물 시료들은 물에서 부유 선광을 하고, 225 미크론, 180 미크론, 125 미크론의 체로 추출할 대형 화석이 있는지 거릅니다. 이런 대형 화석의 예로는 숯, 나무, 식물, 뼈, 껍질, 씨앗 등입니다.
**참고 사항**: 본 연구소에서는 퇴적물에서 찾아낸 이런 화석들의 종류를 파악하는 서비스를 제공하지 않습니다. 화석의 종류를 파악하는 일은 고도의 훈련이 된 과학자, 예를 들자면 식물에 대해서는 고 식물학자, 뼈 종류에 대해서는 감식 고고학자, 조개 껍질에 대해서는 고생물학자, 만이 할 수 있습니다.
일반적으로 퇴적물의 연대측정 보다는 찾아낸 대형 화석의 연대측정이 더 좋습니다. 왜냐면 퇴적물에는 추후에 오염이 되었을 가능성이 더 많기 때문입니다. 대부분 대형 화석은 (1) 탄산염 제거를 위한 산 처리 후, (2) 퇴적물에 있을지 모르는 부식 산 제거를 위한 알칼리로 처리합니다. 식물이 썩으면서 부식 산이 생기는데, 빗물이나 지하수가 퇴적물과 퇴적물의 표면을 통해 부식 산을 여기 저기로 옮겨 놓아 퇴적물 표피에 새로운 탄소를 가져오며, 이 탄소로 인해 연대 측정 결과가 부정확하게 나옵니다.
대부분 경우, 부식 산은 아래로 내려가 밑에 깔려있는 퇴적물의 연대측정 결과가 더 어리게 나오게 합니다. (편차가 크거나 작을 수 있음.). 퇴적물에는 유기물이 풍부하며, (짙은 검정색이나 고동색) 배수가 잘되지 않은 곳 혹은 물이 고여있는 곳 (늪, 토탄 지 등등)에 주로 있습니다. 비가 많이 내리지 않는 지역이나 배수가 잘되는 곳에 있는 퇴적물, 또는 탄소가 적은 곳에 있는 퇴적물 (조금 햇빛에 탄 것처럼 검거나 회색 퇴적물)이 있는 지역에서는 부식 산이 크게 문제가 되지 않습니다. 이런데서 나오는 퇴적물 시료들은, 퇴적물과 퇴적물에서 나오는 일부 식물로 연대 측정을 하면, 연대가 비슷하게 나오므로 부식 산에 대해 걱정할 필요가 없습니다.
퇴적물의 연대 측정 결과가 식물 (화석)보다 오래된 것으로 나올 경우, 두 가지 이유 때문일 것입니다.
(1)식물 잔해물이 어떤 이유든 외부에서 침투한 것인 경우 (침식 작용이나 혹은 오랜 기간 동안 토양의 발달이 전혀 없었거나 아주 적었기 때문에 오래된 퇴적물에서 자랐을 경우 혹은 (2)퇴적물이 오랜 형성 기간 동안 그 오래된 탄소의 일부나 전부를 받았을 경우, (홍수, 대량 이동, 그 외 다른 물리적 과정으로 인해 윗면으로부터 이미 쌓인 퇴적물이 다시 쌓인 경우.)
일반적으로 식물의 연대 측정은 그 시절의 사건을 더 잘 보여주기 때문에 상당히 믿을 만 합니다. 퇴적물이 만들어지기 위해 걸리는 시간에 비교하면 훨씬 식물의 수명은 훨씬 짧습니다.
퇴적물의 탄산염으로 연대 측정을 하기도 합니다만, 이 탄산염의 기원을 알지 못한다면 연대 측정 결과에 문제가 있을 수 있습니다. 퇴적물 안의 탄산염 식물혹이 자연적으로 자란 것일 수도 있고, (이를 Pedogenic Carbonates라고 함) 퇴적물에 다시 쌓인 지질 형성 과정(석회석, 이회토, 그 외 탄산염을 가진 광물들)에 녹지 않은 형태의 탄산염이 이동하여 생긴 것일 수 있습니다.
퇴적물을 연구하는 지구 화학 분야는 매우 복잡하며, 가까운 거리라도 지역마다 차이가 납니다. 만약에 연구원들의 입장에서 대형 화석이 “원래 있던 자리”에 있고, 위에 쌓인 층 (뿌리 같이) 에서 자라지 않았다고 생각된다면, 그곳에서 발견한 대형 화석으로 연대 측정할 것을 권장합니다.
대형 화석을 발견하면, 본 연구소는 고객들에게 그 사실을 알려줘 대형 화석으로 연대 측정할 것인지, 퇴적물로 연대 측정할 것인지 결정하게 합니다. 몇몇 경우, 가장 좋은 (가장 믿을 만한) 연대 산출을 위해 대형 화석과 퇴적물을 별도로 두 개 모두 연대 측정해 보시기 바랍니다. 이 방법은 대형 핵심부나 연속적인 핵심부들로 연대 측정할 경우 유용한 정보가 될 수 있습니다.
## [알카리 처리한 퇴적물의 잠재적 문제점들](#collapseTwo)
부식산 추출을 위해 알카리 처리한 퇴적물은 (그리고 부식산이나 부식 덩어리의 연대 측정) 채집 지역의 지구 화학적 성질에따라 연대측정 결과에 종종 문제를 야기합니다. 퇴적물의 알카리 추출물은 알칼리에 녹는 자유롭게 존재하는 탄소를 없앱니다. 이런 탄소는 최근 생긴 부식 산과 풀빅 산에서 온 것일 수도 있고, 혹은 용해성 알카리와 화학 반응을 일으키는 오래된 탄소로부터 왔을 수 있습니다.
많은 경우, 진흙 농도에 따라, 그리고 최근에 생겼거나 오래된 부식/풀빅 산이 진흙 조각에 붙어 있느냐에 따라 알카리 추출물은 우선 원래 있었거나, 화학 반응을 잘 일으키는 오래된 탄소를 없애고, 진흙에 붙어있는 최근에 생긴 부식/풀빅 산을 남겨 놓거나, 그 반대일 경우가 생깁니다.
연구원들은 때로 알카리 추출로 퇴적물의 연대가 항상 오래 되었다는 결과가 나와 더 정확하다고 종종 가정합니다만, 대부분의 경우 반대 결과도 일어납니다; 즉 알카리 추출한 퇴적물은 위에서 말한 이유로 더 어리게 나오기도 합니다.
SGS Beta의 권장 사항:
부식 산이나 부식 덩어리, 혹은 퇴적물 중 하나에 알카리 추출과 연대측정할 때, 본 연구실은 만약에 제출한 시료의 퇴적 장소와 지구화학적 특성이 동일하다면, 여러개의 시료 연대측정 의뢰전 적어도 한 시료로 3번 연대측정해 보기를 권장합니다.
3가지 추천 연대측정 방법 – 1 산 처리 및 체로 걸른 유기 토양의 연대측정, 1 알카리 녹은 휴믹 산의 연대측정 그리고 1 알카리에 안녹은 휴믹산의 연대측정. 이렇게 연대측정을 3번해 봄으로써 연대측정 결과를 서로 비교할 수 있고, 어떤 덩어리들이 더 신뢰성이 있으며, 동일 지역 내의 다른 퇴적물 시료로 연대측정 여부를 이 결과를 가지고 결정할 수 있습니다.
비용 문제로 연대측정을 3번하기 힘들거나, 전에 연대측정을 한 적이 있다면, 구태여 연대측정을 3번 하지 않아도 됩니다. 단지 연구를 위해 어떤 방법이 최상인지는 연구자 본인이 결정할 문제입니다.
본 SGS Beta 연구소는 매년 수천 건의 퇴적물을 분석합니다. 대부분의 작업이 ‘산 세척과 ‘다량의 유기물 덩어리’ 방식입니다. 아주 일부 (최대 1-2%)만 요청이 있을 때 가용성/ 불 가용성 알칼리 조각 분석 방식으로 연대측정합니다. 전형적으로 가장 정확한 연대측정 방식은 산 세척과 ‘다량의 유기물 조각’ 방식이며, 역동적으로 생긴 가장 최근의 부식 산이 존재한다면 최근의 나이를 보여줍니다. 만약 오류가 생긴다면 오류는 항상 한 방향으로만 생기는데 다음 분석 시 아주 오래된 나이와 아주 최근 나이는 나오지 않습니다.
**퇴적물 시료 폐기처리** – 외국이나 미국 내 다른 주에서 오는 모든 퇴적물 시료는 US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)의 규정에 따라 취급하며, 이 규정에 따라 도착과 함께 화학 처리나 열처리를 하며, 최종적으로 소각 처리합니다. 이런 규정 준수로 인해 본 실험실에 도착한 모든 퇴적물 시료는 처리되므로 돌려드릴 수가 없습니다.
따라서 분석에 필요한 시료만큼만 보내주시기 바랍니다. 너무 많은 량, 즉 200 그램 이상 보내실 필요는 없습니다. 대부분의 유기 퇴적물 시료의 경우, 탄소 함량에 따라 2-4 그램이면 충분합니다.
**해양 및 호수 퇴적물의 Pb 나 Sr-Nd-Hf 동위원소 분석에 관심 있나요? [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "Pb isotopes, Sr-Nd-Hf ratio analysis of marine and lacustrine sediments") 참조하세요.**
## 관련 내용들 :
[목탄의 연대측정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm "목탄의 연대측정")
[해저 리저비어 효과](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/marine-reservoir-effect.htm "해저 리저비어 효과")
[조개껍질의 연대측정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-shells.htm "조개껍질의 연대측정")
[코어 시료의 오염 방지법](https://www.radiocarbon.com/prevent-core-samples-contamination/ "코어 시료의 오염 방지법")
*관련 자료: 2026년 3월*
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### [Datação por radiocarbono de sedimentos ou solo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/ams-datacao-sedimentos.htm)
**Published:** August 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tamanho de amostra recomendado (favor consultar sobre amostras menores)**- 1 – 10 gramas de sedimento, gyttja ou turfa siltosa (peso seco aproximado)
 **Serviços de datação por carbono**- AMS Standard – resultados reportados em 14 dias úteis ou menos
- AMS Priority – 6 dias úteis (amostras de sedimentos orgânicos podem levar dias adicionais devido aos requisitos delicados e prolongados de pré-tratamento)
 **Análises inclusas à datação por 14C**- δ13C
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Saco plástico com fecho, estilo Ziplock (embrulhar amostras pequenas em alumínio para evitar esmagamento durante transporte)
- Recomendamos que o envio das amostras seja realizado em pequenas caixas sempre que possível (em vez de usar envelopes) para proteger a integridade física das amostras.
- É melhor consultar o laboratório da SGS Beta antes de enviar suas amostras de sedimentos.
- Webinar gratuito sobre sedimentos para assistir sob demanda (em inglês), veja a prévia [aqui](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sediments-webinar-c14-dating/ "Webinar gratuito sobre sedimentos").
---
**Observação** – As taxas incluem laudos de controle de qualidade, calibração calendárica (quando aplicável) e acesso 24/7 a resultados anteriores e análises em curso. [Solicite um orçamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/quanto-custa-datacao-radiocarbono.htm "Solicite um orçamento")
**Pré-tratamento** – Sedimentos são sistemas complexos que contêm carbono de múltiplas formas, tamanhos e proveniências. Estamos dispostos a conversar sobre o objetivo de sua investigação para que apliquemos o [pré-tratamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-pretratamento-protocolos.htm#Washes) mais adequado à sua amostra de sedimento. Fique à vontade para contatar-nos sobre o pré-tratamento, ou peça que contatemos você após o pré-tratamento para discutirmos as opções de datação por radiocarbono.
**Amostras úmidas** – Não é necessário secar o material. No entanto, é útil saber o peso seco para estimar a quantidade a ser enviada. Se você preferir secar as amostras, recomendamos aquecê-las a temperaturas de 90°C a 100°C, durante 4 a 24 horas.
Você pode enviar amostras úmidas ou congeladas para a datação. O laboratório inicia a análise imediatamente após receber a amostra para evitar que a umidade provoque contaminação. Retire a água em excesso, coloque a amostra em filme plástico para limitar o contato com o ar, coloque-a dentro de um saco com fecho de zíper e envie para o laboratório.
**Macrofósseis** – Devido à geoquímica complexa do solo, às vezes recomenda-se datar macrofósseis extraídos. Na ausência de macrofósseis, a datação por radiocarbono pode ser feita na fração de material orgânico bruto, fração húmica, ou fração de humina.
**Resultados** – Se a análise for feita a partir dos macrofósseis, os resultados são reportados de acordo com o tipo de macrofóssil (planta, madeira, carvão, etc). Se a análise for feita a partir do sedimento, os resultados são reportados como “sedimento orgânico”.
**Identificação de macrofósseis** – O SGS Beta não oferece serviços de identificação neste momento.
## [Datação de sedimentos por AMS](#collapseOne)
A datação de amostras de sedimentos pode ser realizada de três maneiras:
**“Fração de material orgânico bruto do sedimento”** – O material datado é a fração orgânica que permanece depois que o sedimento é peneirado a < 180 mícrons para remover quaisquer raízes ou macrofósseis e, em seguida, lavado com ácido para remover carbonatos.
**“Fração solúvel em álcali”, ou fração de ácido húmico** – O sedimento é peneirado a < 180 mícrons para remover quaisquer raízes ou macrofósseis. Ele é lavado com ácido para remover carbonatos e tratado com álcali para tornar os ácidos húmicos solúveis e precipitá-los para a datação por AMS.
**“Fração insolúvel em álcali”, ou fração de humina** – O sedimento é peneirado a < 180 mícrons para remover quaisquer raízes ou macrofósseis. Em seguida, é lavado em ácido para remover carbonatos e, depois, é tratado com álcali para tornar os ácidos húmicos solúveis, os quais são eliminados. A datação é feita a partir da fração insolúvel em álcali.
## [Datação de macrofósseis em sedimentos por AMS](#collapseSix)
Para amostras de sedimentos, o laboratório faz flutuação em água e peneiramento progressivo, com peneiras de 225, 180 e então de 125 mícrons, para verificar a presença de macrofósseis que podem ser extraídos, como carvão, madeira, plantas, ossos, conchas e sementes.
**Observação**: O laboratório não faz a identificação do tipo exato de macrofóssil encontrado no sedimento. A identificação de macrofósseis requer o conhecimento de cientistas qualificados, como paleobotânicos para plantas, arqueólogos forenses para ossos ou paleontólogos para conchas.
Geralmente, é melhor datar os macrofósseis presentes, em vez do sedimento propriamente dito, pois este pode conter contaminantes. A maioria dos macrofósseis podem ser tratados com (1) ácido para remover carbonatos, e (2) álcali para remover ácidos húmicos que podem estar presentes no sedimento. Os ácidos húmicos provêm do apodrecimento de plantas. As água da chuva, de superfície ou contidas no próprio sedimento podem transportar ácidos húmicos para cima ou para baixo ao longo do perfil sedimentar, trazendo carbono mais recente ou antigo para diferentes camadas.
Na maioria dos casos, os ácidos húmicos se deslocam para baixo e fazem com que o sedimento subjacente pareça mais recente (com grande ou pequeno viés). Isso costuma acontecer com a maioria dos sedimentos de alto teor orgânico (coloração preta ou marrom escuro), assim como em sedimentos que não foram bem drenados e provém de lagoas (inclusive pântanos, turfeiras e similares). Em regiões de pouca chuva, ou quando o sedimento foi bem drenado ou contém pouco carbono (coloração castanho claro ou cinza), é possível que os ácidos húmicos não representem um problema significativo. Nesses casos, quando datamos tanto o sedimento quanto a parte vegetal nele contida, as datas costumam ser muito semelhantes. Isso mostra que, às vezes, não precisamos nos preocupar com os ácidos húmicos.
Quando sedimentos fornecem idades mais antigas do que a planta (macrofóssil), geralmente há duas razões possíveis:
1\. Houve a invasão de restos de plantas (entraram no sedimento mais antigo, talvez devido à erosão ou a longos períodos de pouco ou nenhum desenvolvimento do solo), ou
2\. O sedimento obteve seu carbono durante sua formação, parcial ou totalmente, a partir de uma fonte mais antiga (reformulação ou redeposição de sedimentos já depositados de vertentes ascendentes devido a inundações, movimentos de massas ou outros processos físicos).
Geralmente, datações obtidas através das análises de plantas são mais confiáveis, pois elas normalmente representam um evento mais singular. As plantas têm vida relativamente curta em comparação com o tempo de formação do sedimento.
A datação da fração de CaCO3 em sedimentos é comum, mas pode ser problemática se a origem do carbonato não for clara. O carbonato em sedimentos pode prover do desenvolvimento natural de nódulos de carbonato (conhecidos como carbonatos pedogênicos) ou do movimento de carbonatos dissolvidos de formações geológicas (como pedra calcária, marga e outros minerais) redepositados no sedimento.
A geoquímica sedimentar é muito complexa e pode mudar de uma região para a outra, até mesmo em pequenas distâncias. Geralmente, recomenda-se datar os macrofósseis encontrados sempre que possível, desde que o pesquisador acredite que os macrofósseis estivessem in-situ e não cresceram a partir das camadas sobrepostas, como raízes. Se macrofósseis forem encontrados na amostra, o laboratório informará o pesquisador, que poderá decidir se deseja datar os macrofósseis ou o sedimento. Em alguns casos, aconselha-se datar os dois separadamente para verificar qual deles produz o melhor resultado, ou seja, o mais confiável. Isso pode ser útil quando se data um testemunho grande ou uma sequência de testemunhos.
## [Possíveis problemas de sedimentos tratados com álcali](#collapseTwo)
Os sedimentos tratados com álcali para a extração de ácidos húmicos (e cujas frações de humina e ácido húmico passam a ser datadas) às vezes geram resultados problemáticos, dependendo da geoquímica de solo localizada. As extrações alcalinas em sedimentos removem todo carbono solto solúvel em álcali. A fonte desse carbono pode ser de ácidos húmicos ou fúlvicos mais recentes ou de carbono lábil mais antigo solúvel em álcali.
Muitas vezes, dependendo da concentração de argila e se há ácidos húmicos ou fúlvicos mais recentes ou antigos ligados às partículas de argila, as extrações alcalinas podem remover o carbono original ou lábil mais antigo primeiro, e deixar para trás os ácidos húmicos e fúlvicos mais recentes ligados à argila, ou vice-versa.
Às vezes, pesquisadores supõem que ao realizar uma extração alcalina, a idade do sedimento sempre será mais antiga e, portanto, mais precisa. No entanto, muitas vezes o que acontece é o contrário; o sedimento extraído com álcali produz uma data mais recente por causa dos fatores explicados acima. Recomendação do SGS Beta:
Quando são solicitadas extrações alcalinas e datações de sedimentos ou frações húmicas ou de humina, o laboratório recomenda que o pesquisador considere obter três datas para pelo menos uma amostra antes de datar uma grande quantidade de amostras, desde que todas submetidas para análise sejam da mesma área deposicional e tenham a mesma geoquímica.
As três datações sugeridas são: uma da fração de material orgânico bruto do sedimento, lavado com ácido e peneirado; uma da fração de ácido húmico ou da fração solúvel em álcali; e uma da fração de humina ou fração insolúvel em álcali. Com as três datações, o pesquisador pode comparar os resultados e verificar se uma ou outra fração faz mais sentido. Assim, pode usar o melhor resultado como referência para datar as demais amostras de sedimentos retirados da mesma área.
Se isso não for financeiramente viável, ou se o pesquisador tiver datado sedimentos da mesma área de coleta previamente, baseando-se nas frações húmicas ou huminas, talvez não seja necessário realizar as três datações. Cabe ao pesquisador determinar o que é melhor para a sua pesquisa.
O laboratório SGS Beta analisa milhares de amostras de sedimentos todos os anos, sendo que quase todas são datadas a partir da fração orgânica bruta do sedimento, lavadas com ácido e peneiradas. Apenas uma pequena porcentagem (no máximo 1% ou 2%) é datada com base nas frações solúveis ou insolúveis em álcali, quando solicitado. Normalmente, a fração de material orgânico bruto do sedimento produz as datas mais precisas, ou datas mais recentes quando há a presença de ácidos húmicos mobilizados mais recentes. O erro, se houver, tende a ir em uma direção e, em geral, a análise não produz uma data demasiadamente antiga ou recente na análise subsequente.
**Descarte de amostras de sedimentos** – Por favor observe que as amostras de sedimentos recebidas de outros países e de várias partes dos Estados Unidos devem ser tratadas de acordo com as diretrizes estabelecidas pelo Serviço de Inspeção Sanitária e Fitosanitária de Animais e Plantas (APHIS), do Departamento de Agricultura dos Estados Unidos. Essas diretrizes exigem que amostras estrangeiras de sedimentos sejam tratadas quimicamente ou por calor ao serem recebidas e que, depois, sejam descartadas por incineração. Por isso, as amostras de sedimentos recebidas em nosso laboratório são assim eliminadas e, infelizmente, não podem ser devolvidas.
Recomendamos que você envie apenas a quantidade de sedimento necessária para a análise. Oferecemos orientações sobre a quantidade necessária mas, em todos os casos, ela não deve passar de 200 gramas. Da maioria das amostras de sedimentos orgânicos enviados para [datação por AMS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/beta-laboratorio.htm "datação por EMA") precisamos apenas de 2 a 4 gramas ou até menos, dependendo do teor de carbono.
**Quer saber mais sobre isótopos de Pb ou análises de Sr-Nd-Hf em sedimentos marinhos ou lacustres? Visite [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "Pb isotopes, Sr-Nd-Hf ratio analysis of marine and lacustrine sediments").**
## Tópicos relacionados:
[Datação de carvão vegetal por AMS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-carvao.htm "Datação de Carvão Vegetal por EMA")
[Efeito reservatório marinho](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/marinho-reservatorio-efeito.htm "Efeito Reservatório Marinho")
[Datação por radiocarbono de conchas](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-conchas.htm "Datação por Radiocarbono de Conchas")
[Como evitar a contaminação de testemunhos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/prevent-core-samples-contamination/ "Evitando a Contaminação de Núcleos de Amostras")
*Última atualização: março de 2026*
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### [Datazione al radiocarbonio di sedimenti o suolo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-i-sedimenti-con-l-ams.htm)
**Published:** July 22, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Quantità raccomandata (può essere inferiore per AMS – [contattare il laboratorio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/contatti.htm "contact us"))**- 1-10 grammi di sedimenti, gyttja o torba sedimentaria (peso secco approssimativo)
 **Servizio di datazione al carbonio**- AMS Standard – i risultati sono pronti entro 14 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Priority – 6 giorni lavorativi (i campioni di sedimenti organici possono richiedere più tempo a causa della complessità dei pretrattamenti)
 **Analisi gratuite con Datazione C14**- δ13C
 **Contenitore consigliato**- Bustine con zip (avvolgere prima in un foglio di alluminio i campioni molto piccoli e/o che potrebbero subire danni durante la spedizione)
- Inviare i campioni in scatole rigide (invece di utilizzare buste imbottite) per preservarne l’integrità.
- È importante consultare il laboratorio di SGS Beta prima di inviare campioni di sedimenti.
- Webinar gratuito sui sedimenti disponibile su richiesta (solo in inglese), vedi anteprima [qui](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sediments-webinar-c14-dating/ "Webinar gratuito sui sedimenti").
---
**Nota** – Le tariffe includono i referti di garanzia di qualità, la calibrazione quando applicabile e l’accesso online 24/7 ai risultati e alle analisi in corso. [Richiedi un preventivo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/costi-datazione-carbonio.htm "Richiedi un preventivo")
**Pretrattamenti** – I sedimenti sono sistemi complessi che contengono carbonio con forma, dimensione e origine differenti. Contattare il laboratorio per discutere degli obiettivi dello studio, in modo che i sedimenti vengano [pretrattati](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm#Washes) nella maniera più appropriata. È possibile richiedere di essere contattati dal laboratorio dopo i pretrattamenti per discutere le opzioni per l’analisi al radiocarbonio.
**Campioni umidi** – Non è necessario essiccare il campione. Conoscere il peso secco consente però di stimare con più precisione la quantità di materiale da inviare. Se è necessario essiccare i campioni, l’esposizione raccomandata è di 4-24 ore a 90-100 °C.
È possibile inviare campioni umidi o congelati per la **datazione al radiocarbonio.** Il laboratorio inizia le analisi immediatamente all’arrivo del campione, in modo che la presenza di umidità non provochi una contaminazione. Raccomandiamo di rimuovere l’acqua in eccesso, avvolgere i campioni nella plastica (ad es. pellicola per alimenti) per limitare il contatto con l’aria, inserirli in una busta con chiusura zip e spedirli al laboratorio.
**Macrofossili** – Data la complessità della geochimica del suolo, in alcuni casi è preferibile datare i macrofossili estratti dai sedimenti. In assenza di macrofossili, la datazione al radiocarbonio può essere effettuata sull’intera frazione organica dei sedimenti, sulla frazione umica (solubile in alcali) o sull’umina (insolubile in alcali).
**Report** – Per l’analisi dei macrofossili, il materiale indicato sul referto dipenderà dal tipo di macrofossili (piante, legno, carbone, ecc.). Per l’analisi dei sedimenti, il materiale sarà “organic sediment” (sedimento organico).
**Identificazione dei macrofossili** – Al momento, SGS Beta non offre il servizio di identificazione dei macrofossili.
## [Datazione AMS dei sedimenti](#collapseOne)
I campioni di sedimenti possono essere datati in tre modi diversi:
**Datazione della “frazione organica”** – Il campione datato è la frazione organica rimasta dopo il setacciamento dei sedimenti a < 180 micron, per rimuovere eventuali radici o macrofossili, e il successivo lavaggio acido per rimuovere i carbonati.
**Datazione della “frazione solubile in alcali” o frazione umica** – I sedimenti vengono setacciati a < 180 micron per rimuovere eventuali radici o macrofossili. Vengono lavati in acido per rimuovere i carbonati e quindi trattati con alcali per solubilizzare gli acidi umici, che vengono infine precipitati per la datazione AMS.
**Datazione della “frazione insolubile in alcali” o umina** – I sedimenti vengono setacciati a < 180 micron per rimuovere eventuali radici o macrofossili. Vengono lavati in acido per rimuovere i carbonati e quindi trattati con alcali per solubilizzare gli acidi umici, che vengono rimossi e conservati per la datazione della “frazione solubile in alcali”. La restante frazione insolubile in alcali viene quindi datata.
## [Datazione con AMS dei macrofossili presenti nei sedimenti](#collapseSix)
Per i campioni di sedimenti, il laboratorio effettua la flottazione in acqua seguita da setacciatura progressiva a 225, 180 e 125 micron per verificare la presenza di macrofossili. I macrofossili possono includere carbone, legno, piante, ossa, conchiglie e semi.
**Nota**: Il nostro laboratorio non effettua l’identificazione dei macrofossili rinvenuti nei sedimenti. L’identificazione dei macrofossili deve essere effettuata da scienziati altamente specializzati, come paleobotanici per le piante, archeologi forensi per le ossa o paleontologi per le conchiglie.
In genere, è preferibile datare i macrofossili estratti dai sedimenti anziché i sedimenti stessi, che possono essere stati contaminati. La maggior parte dei macrofossili può essere trattata con (1) acido per rimuovere i carbonati e con (2) una base per rimuovere gli eventuali acidi umici. Gli acidi umici vengono prodotti dalla decomposizione delle piante. I sedimenti e l’acqua piovana o di falda possono trasportarli verso l’alto o verso il basso attraverso il profilo sedimentario, infiltrando carbonio più recente o antico in uno strato di sedimenti.
Nella maggior parte dei casi, gli acidi umici si spostano verso il basso e fanno sembrare il sedimento sottostante più giovane (con una deviazione a volte ridotta, a volte molto ampia). Questo avviene soprattutto coi sedimenti ricchi di materia organica (di colore nero o marrone scuro) e coi sedimenti poco drenati in aree con acqua stagnante (paludi, torbiere, ecc.). Nelle aree che presentano scarse precipitazioni, per i sedimenti ben drenati o con ridotto contenuto di carbonio (di colore grigio o marrone chiaro), gli acidi umici non dovrebbero costituire un problema: in questo caso, la datazione dei sedimenti e del materiale vegetale che contengono presenta di solito risultati molto simili.
Quando l’età dei sedimenti risulta maggiore rispetto a quella delle piante (macrofossili), solitamente le cause possibili sono:
(1) i residui di piante erano di natura intrusiva (cresciuti nei sedimenti più antichi, a causa dell’erosione o di lunghi periodi con sviluppo del suolo assente o ridotto), o
(2) durante la loro formazione, i sedimenti hanno ricevuto carbonio da una fonte più antica (riassestamento o rideposizione di sedimenti dall’alto, a causa di alluvioni, movimenti di massa o altri processi fisici).
In generale le età fornite dalle piante sono più affidabili perché rappresentano un evento più unico nel tempo. Le piante hanno una vita relativamente breve rispetto al tempo necessario per la formazione dei sedimenti.
La datazione della frazione di CaCO3 dei sedimenti è abbastanza comune, ma può essere problematica se l’origine del carbonato non è nota con certezza. Il carbonato può provenire dal naturale sviluppo di noduli di carbonato nel sedimento (carbonati pedogenici) o dal movimento di carbonati disciolti da formazioni geologiche (come calcare, marna e altri minerali che contengono carbonato) che si sono poi ridepositati nel sedimento.
La geochimica dei sedimenti è molto complessa e può variare da zona a zona, anche a brevi distanze. Di solito è preferibile datare i macrofossili, se il ricercatore ritiene che si trovino “in-situ” e non provengano dagli strati sovrastanti (come accade per le radici).
Se vengono individuati dei macrofossili, il laboratorio contatta i ricercatori, che possono decidere se datare i macrofossili o il sedimento. In alcuni casi è utile datare entrambi separatamente, per capire quale dei due fornisce la datazione migliore e più accurata. Questa informazione può essere utile se si intende datare una carota di grandi dimensioni o una serie di carote.
## [Possibili problemi dei sedimenti trattati con alcali](#collapseTwo)
I sedimenti trattati con alcali per estrarre gli acidi umici (e di cui viene datata la frazione umica o l’umina) possono a volte generare risultati problematici, a seconda della geochimica locale del suolo. Le estrazioni alcaline rimuovono dai sedimenti tutto il carbonio libero solubile in alcali. L’origine di questo carbonio può essere costituita da acidi umici e fulvici più recenti o da carbonio antico instabile, solubile in alcali.
Spesso, se gli acidi umici/fulvici più antichi o recenti sono legati a particelle di argilla e a seconda della concentrazione dell’argilla, le estrazioni alcaline possono rimuovere in modo preferenziale il carbonio originale e instabile e lasciare gli acidi umici/fulvici più recenti legati all’argilla, o viceversa.
I ricercatori talvolta suppongono che, con un’estrazione alcalina, l’età dei sedimenti diventi più antica e quindi più accurata. Spesso però accade il contrario: i sedimenti estratti in alcali presentano un’età più recente a causa dei fattori appena descritti.
I consigli di SGS Beta:
Quando vengono richieste le estrazioni alcaline e la datazione della frazione umica o di umina, il laboratorio raccomanda di considerare la possibilità di effettuare tre datazioni separate per almeno un campione, prima di datarne un grande numero. Tutti i campioni devono provenire dalla stessa zona di deposito, con la stessa geochimica.
Le tre datazioni suggerite sono: datazione della frazione organica sottoposta a lavaggio acido e setacciatura, datazione della frazione solubile in alcali (frazione umica) e datazione della frazione insolubile in alcali (umina). Questa procedura dà al ricercatore la possibilità di determinare quale delle tre date è più plausibile e quindi di utilizzare il metodo migliore per la datazione degli altri campioni provenienti dalla stessa area.
Se questo non è economicamente possibile, o se altri sedimenti provenienti dalla stessa area sono già stati analizzati selezionando solo la frazione umica o l’umina, potrebbe non essere necessario effettuare queste tre datazioni. Spetta ai ricercatori scegliere quella che ritengono sia la procedura più adatta al loro studio.
Il laboratorio di SGS Beta analizza ogni anno migliaia di campioni di sedimento: quasi tutti vengono datati attraverso l’analisi della frazione organica sottoposta a lavaggio acido e setacciatura. Solo per una piccola percentuale (1-2% al massimo) viene richiesta l’analisi della frazione solubile/insolubile in alcali. Di solito, la frazione organica sottoposta a lavaggio acido e setacciatura fornisce la data più accurata, o una data leggermente più recente se nel campione sono presenti acidi umici più giovani. L’errore (se presente) mantiene sempre la stessa direzione e, di solito, l’età generata è o troppo antica o troppo recente in tutte le analisi effettuate.
**Smaltimento dei campioni di sedimenti** – La gestione dei campioni di sedimenti ricevuti dall’estero e da molti stati americani deve avvenire nel rispetto delle linee guida stabilite dallo US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Queste linee guida richiedono che i campioni di sedimenti importati vengano trattati con processi chimici o termici al momento della ricezione e che vengano successivamente smaltiti tramite incenerimento. I campioni di sedimenti ricevuti dal nostro laboratorio saranno quindi smaltiti con questa procedura e purtroppo non potranno essere restituiti.
Raccomandiamo di inviare solo la quantità di sedimento necessaria per l’analisi. Il laboratorio può fornire indicazioni sulla quantità appropriata, che in ogni caso non deve superare i 200 grammi. Per la maggior parte dei sedimenti organici inviati per la **datazione AMS** sono sufficienti 2-4 grammi di materiale.
**Ti interessa l’analisi isotopica del piombo o di stronzio-neodimio-afnio su sedimenti marini e lacustri? Visita [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "Pb isotopes, Sr-Nd-Hf ratio analysis of marine and lacustrine sediments").**
## Argomenti correlati:
[Datazione AMS del carbone](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-il-carbone-con-il-carbonio.htm "AMS Dating Charcoal")
[Effetto serbatoio marino](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/effetto-di-reservoir-marino.htm "Marine Reservoir Effect")
[Datazione al radiocarbonio delle conchiglie](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-le-conchiglie-al-carbonio.htm "Radiocarbon Dating Shells")
[Prevenire la contaminazione delle carote di sedimenti](https://www.radiocarbon.com/prevent-core-samples-contamination/ "Prevent Contamination of Core Samples")
*Ultimo aggiornamento: marzo 2026*
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### [Datation radiocarbone des sédiments et des sols](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-sma-sediments.htm)
**Published:** July 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Taille recommandée pour les échantillons (de plus petites quantités sont possibles pour les AMS – merci de [nous contacter](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-contact.htm "nous contacter"))**- 1-10 grammes de sédiment, de gyttja ou de tourbe limoneuse (poids sec approximatif)
 **Services de datation au carbone**- AMS Standard – les résultats sont communiqués sous 14 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Priority – 6 jours ouvrés (les échantillons de sédiments organiques peuvent nécessiter des jours supplémentaires en raison des exigences de prétraitement délicates et complexes).
 **Analyses incluses avec la datation C14**- δ13C
 **Contenants recommandés**- Sacs Ziplock (si l’échantillon est petit ou risque d’être écrasé pendant le transport, veuillez l’emballer dans de l’aluminium)
- Nous vous recommandons grandement d’envoyer vos échantillons dans de petites boites quand cela est possible (au lieu d’utiliser des enveloppes) pour protéger l’intégrité physique des échantillons.
- Il est recommandé de contacter le laboratoire SGS Beta avant la soumission d’échantillons de sédiments.
- Webinaire gratuit sur les sédiments disponible sur demande (en anglais uniquement), voir un aperçu [ici](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sediments-webinaire-datation-c14/ "Webinaire gratuit sur les sédiments").
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**Remarque** – Les tarifs comprennent les rapports d’assurance qualité, la calibration s’il y a lieu et l’accès Internet 24/7 aux résultats antérieurs et aux analyses en cours. [Obtenir un devis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/combien-coute-la-datation-carbone.htm "Obtenir un devis")
**Prétraitement** – Les sédiments sont des systèmes complexes qui contiennent du carbone de formes, tailles et sources multiples. Veuillez nous contacter pour discuter de l’objectif de votre recherche afin d’assurer que le meilleur [prétraitement](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/pretraitements-protocoles-datation-radiocarbone.htm#Washes) soit appliqué à votre échantillon de sédiments. N’hésitez pas à nous contacter pour discuter du prétraitement ou à demander à ce que l’on vous contacte pour discuter des options possibles pour la datation au radiocarbone.
**Échantillons Humides** – Les échantillons imbibés d’eau ou gelés peuvent être envoyés dans leur état actuel. Cependant, connaître le poids sec vous permettra de mieux estimer la quantité de matière à envoyer. Si vous souhaitez sécher vos échantillons, le chauffage à 90 – 100°C pendant une durée de 4 à 24 heures est recommandé.
Vous pouvez aussi envoyer des échantillons humides ou gelés pour analyse. Le laboratoire commence les analyses dès l’arrivée de l’échantillon, l’humidité n’aura donc pas le temps d’entraîner une contamination. Veuillez enlever l’excès d’eau, emballer l’échantillon dans du film plastique pour limiter le contact avec de l’air, le placer dans un sac en plastique de type Ziplock et nous le faire parvenir pour l’analyse.
**Macrofossiles** – En raison de la géochimie complexe des sols, il peut s’avérer préférable de dater les macrofossiles extraits dans certains cas. En l’absence de macrofossiles, la datation au radiocarbone peut être effectuée sur la fraction organique de sédiments, la fraction humique ou la fraction humine.
**Rapports** – Si les macrofossiles sont choisis pour l’analyse, les résultats rapportés seront basés sur le type de macrofossiles (par exemple : plante, bois, charbon de bois, etc.). Si le sédiment est choisi pour l’analyse, les résultats seront rapportés comme « sédiment organique ».
**Identification des macrofossiles** – SGS Beta ne propose pas de services d’identification pour le moment.
## [Datation par AMS de sédiments](#collapseOne)
La datation des échantillons de sédiments peut se faire de trois façons différentes :
**Datation de la « fraction de sédiments organiques »** – L’échantillon daté est la fraction de sédiments organiques qui reste après tamisage à <180 microns pour éliminer les racines ou les macrofossiles, puis lavage à l’acide pour éliminer les carbonates.
**Datation de la fraction “soluble en solution basique” ou fraction humique** – Après tamisage à moins de 180 microns pour éliminer les racines et les macrofossiles, et rinçage à l’acide pour éliminer les carbonates, c’est la fraction récupérée après un traitement basique qui solubilise les acides humiques, qui sont ensuite précipités pour la datation AMS.
**Datation de la fraction “non-soluble en solution basique” ou fraction humine** – Le sédiment est tamisé à < 180 microns afin d’éliminer tout macrofossile ou racine. Il est ensuite lavé à l’acide afin de retirer les carbonates avant de subir un traitement alcalin pour solubiliser les acides humiques qui sont retirés puis conservés pour la « fraction soluble en milieu alcalin. » Ce qui subsiste est la fraction non-soluble utilisée pour la datation.
## [Datation par AMS des macrofossiles présents dans les sédiments](#collapseSix)
Les échantillons subissent un premier tri par flottaison dans l’eau, puis différents tamisages, de 225 microns, puis de 180 microns et enfin de 125 microns, afin d’en extraire d’éventuels macrofossiles. Ceux-ci peuvent être à base de charbon de bois, bois, plantes, os, coquillages et graines.
**Remarque**: notre laboratoire n’identifie pas la nature exacte des macrofossiles. Cette opération exige la présence de scientifiques hautement qualifiés, comme des paléobotanistes pour les plantes, des archéologues forensiques pour les os ou des paléontologues pour les coquillages.
En règle générale, il est préférable d’effectuer la datation sur les macrofossiles plutôt que sur les sédiments à cause de possibles contaminations. La plupart des macrofossiles peuvent être traités soit avec des solutions acides pour éliminer les carbonates, soit avec des solutions basiques pour éliminer les acides humiques provenant de la décomposition des plantes. Des sédiments, l’eau de pluie ou l’eau souterraine peuvent faire migrer ces acides vers le haut ou vers le bas altérant le profil sédimentaire en amenant du carbone plus jeune ou plus âgé.
Dans la plupart des cas, les acides humiques migrent vers le bas et contribuent à rajeunir l’âge des sédiments environnants (dans des quantités pouvant être petites ou très grandes). C’est particulièrement vrai pour des sédiments riches en carbone (de couleurs marron ou noir foncé), ainsi que pour les sédiments issus de milieux très humides (marécages, tourbières etc). Dans les zones à faible pluviométrie, ou si les sédiments sont bien asséchés ou sont pauvres en carbone (de couleurs brun ou gris clair), les acides humiques ne posent pas de problèmes. Dans ce cas, la datation du sédiment et de matériaux végétaux présents s’y trouvant donnent des résultats proches.
Lorsque l’âge radiocarbone des macrorestes végétaux obtenu est plus jeune que celui du sédiment, deux explications sont possibles :
(1) les macrorestes végétaux étaient intrusifs, dans le sens où ils se sont infiltrés dans une couche de sédiment plus âgée (suite à un faible développement de terre par exemple), ou
(2) le carbone se trouvant dans le sédiment lors de sa formation provient de sources plus âgées (migration ou repositionnement de sédiment en raison d’inondations, de mouvements de masse ou d’autres processus naturels).
De manière générale, les dates obtenues par la datation des macrorestes végétaux sont les plus fiables car elles représentent un évènement unique qui se situe dans le temps. La période d’existence des plantes est courte par rapport à la période nécessaire pour la formation du sédiment.
La datation de la fraction CaCO3 est souvent réalisée, mais peut présenter des problèmes, la source du carbonate présent dans le sédiment n’étant pas connue. Le carbonate peut provenir du développement naturel de nodules dans le sédiment (appelés carbonates pédogénétiques) ou de la migration de carbonates provenant de formations géologiques (telles que le calcaire, la marne et d’autres minéraux à base de carbonate), qui sont déposés dans le sédiment.
La géochimie des sédiments est très complexe, et varie d’une région à une autre, même si elles sont proches. Il est habituellement recommandé de dater les macrofossiles, si ceux-ci sont avérés provenir du même environnement et ne sont pas issus de couches supérieures (comme les racines).
Si la présence des macrofossiles est confirmée, le laboratoire informe les chercheurs qui peuvent choisir de les dater à la place des sédiments. Il est possible d’effectuer la datation séparément sur les deux fractions afin de vérifier la convergence des dates (meilleure fiabilité). Cette information peut être utile dans le cas d’une grande carotte ou de plusieurs carottes de sédiments.
## [Problèmes potentiels pour les sédiments traités par solution basique](#collapseTwo)
Les sédiments traités par solution basique pour extraire les acides humiques (et qui sont soumis à une datation sur les acides humiques ou les fractions humines) peuvent poser quelques soucis suivant la géochimie des sols de provenance. L’opération consiste à extraire les carbones non liés qui sont solubles dans un bain basique, et qui proviennent d’acides humiques ou fulviques récents, ou d’anciens carbones labiles solubles.
Le rinçage basique peut extraire les carbones labiles anciens à la place des acides récents, qui sont liés aux particules d’argile, lorsque celles-ci sont présentes en grande concentration.
L’hypothèse de travail consistant à supposer que l’échantillon est toujours plus âgé après ce traitement n’est plus respectée, ce qui introduit des biais dans les résultats conduisant au contraire à des âges plus jeunes, en raison des facteurs invoqués précédemment.
Recommandations de SGS Beta:
Lorsqu’un traitement basique et une datation sont demandés sur des fractions humiques ou humines ou sur des sédiments, le laboratoire recommande de procéder à trois datations sur un échantillon unique avant d’appliquer la procédure à un ensemble plus grand d’échantillons, lorsque ceux-ci proviennent d’une même région géochimique.
Suggestion de trois dates : 1 date sur la fraction de sédiment organique lavée à l’acide et tamisée, 1 date sur la fraction d’acide humique soluble, et 1 date sur les acides humines non solubles dans les bains basiques. Avec ces 3 dates, un chercheur peut comparer les résultats et voir ce qui a le plus de sens pour la datation des autres sédiments de même origine.
Si ce n’est pas possible financièrement, ou si des sédiments de la même région ont déjà été datés sur les fractions humiques ou humines, cette étape n’est pas nécessaire. Il appartient aux chercheurs de déterminer ce qui convient le mieux pour leurs recherches.
Le laboratoire SGS Beta a réalisé plusieurs milliers de datation de sédiments, et presque toutes ces analyses ont été réalisées sur les fractions de sédiments organiques lavées à l’acide et tamisées. Les requêtes portant sur la fraction soluble ou non dans les bains basiques représentent un faible pourcentage (1-2%). Généralement, la fraction de sédiments organiques lavée à l’acide et tamisée donnera la date la plus précise ou une date un peu plus récente s’il y a des acides humiques mobilisés plus récents. L’erreur, si elle existe, est toujours dans une seule direction, et ne fluctue pas entre des âges trop récents dans un cas et trop âgés dans un autre.
**Destruction des échantillons de sédiment** – Veuillez prendre note que les échantillons de sédiments provenant de pays étrangers, ainsi que de nombreux États américains, doivent être manipulés conformément aux lignes directrices établies par le Service d’Inspection de la Santé Animale et Végétale (APHIS) du Ministère de l’Agriculture américain. Ces directives requièrent que les échantillons de sédiments importés soient traités chimiquement ou par chaleur lors de la réception, et qu’ils soient par la suite éliminés par incinération.
De ce fait, les échantillons de sédiments que nous recevons dans notre laboratoire sont éliminés et nous ne pouvons malheureusement pas les renvoyer. Nous vous recommandons de n’envoyer que la quantité de sédiments nécessaire pour la datation. Nous sommes à votre disposition pour tout renseignement sur la quantité à envoyer. Sachez toutefois que celle-ci ne dépasse jamais 200 grammes. La plupart des échantillons de sédiments organiques envoyés pour datation par AMS n’excède pas les 1-4 grammes, selon leur teneur en carbone.
**Vous êtes intéressé par les isotopes Pb ou l’analyse du rapport Sr-Nd-Hf des sédiments marins et lacustres? N’hésitez pas à visiter [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "Pb isotopes, Sr-Nd-Hf ratio analysis of marine and lacustrine sediments").**
## Sujets connexes:
[Datation par AMS du Charbon](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-charbon.htm "Datation par AMS du Charbon")
[L’Effet Réservoir Marin](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/effet-reservoir-marin.htm "L'Effet Réservoir Marin")
[Datation par AMS des Coquilles](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-coquilles.htm "Datation par AMS des Coquilles")
[Éviter la contamination des carottes de prélèvement](https://www.radiocarbon.com/prevenir-contamination-echantillons-carottes/ "Éviter la contamination des carottes de prélèvement")
*Dernière mise à jour de la page : mars 2026*
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### [Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung von Sediment und Erde](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-sedimente.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Empfohlene Probenmengen (geringere AMS Mengen sind möglich – bitte [kontaktieren Sie uns](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/beta-kontakt.htm "contact us"))**- 1-10 Gramm Sediment, Gyttja oder schlammiger Torf (ungefähres Trockengewicht)
 **Kohlenstoff-Datierungsdienste**- AMS Standard – Ergebnisse werden innerhalb von 14 Werktagen oder weniger berichtet
- AMS Priority – 6 Werktage (organische Sedimentproben können aufgrund der empfindlichen und zeitaufwendigen Vorbehandlungsanforderungen zusätzliche Tage in Anspruch nehmen)
 **Analysen enthalten mit C14 Datierung**- δ13C
 **Empfohlenes Behältnis**- Wiederverschließbare Plastikbeutel (bitte kleine und/oder zerbrechliche Proben zusätzliche in aluminiumfolie verpacken)
- Bitte senden Sie Ihre Proben in Paketen und nicht in Umschlägen, um die Proben vor Schäden während des Versands zu bewahren.
- Bevor Sie Sedimentproben einsenden, sollten Sie sich mit dem SGS Beta Labor beraten.
- Kostenloses Webinar über Sedimente auf Abruf verfügbar (nur auf Englisch), siehe Vorschau [hier](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sediments-webinar-c14-dating/ "Kostenloses Webinar über Sedimente").
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**Hinweis** – Die Gebühren beinhalten Qualitätssicherungsberichte, ggf. Kalenderkalibrierung und rund um die Uhr verfügbaren Webzugriff auf frühere Ergebnisse und ausstehende Analysen. [Angebot anfordern](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/was-kosten-carbon-datierungen.htm "Angebot anfordern")
**Vorbehandlung** – bei Sedimenten handelt es sich um komplexe Systeme, die verschiedene Karbonatformen in unterschiedlichen Größen enthalten und aus variablen Quellen stammen. Bitte kontaktieren Sie uns, um Ihre Forschungsschwerpunkte zu eruieren und so sicherzustellen, dass die adäquateste [Vorbehandlung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-vorbehandlungsprotokolle.htm#Washes) auf Ihre Sedimentprobe angewendet wird. Sie können uns auch gerne anweisen, Sie nach der Vorbehandlung zu kontaktieren, um die Datierungsoptionen zu besprechen.
**Feuchte Proben** – Es ist nicht notwendig Proben zu trocknen. Allerdings ist es vorteilhaft, wenn Ihnen das Trockengewicht bekannt ist, um die Menge des erforderlichen Materials einzuschätzen. Wenn Sie Ihre Proben trocken möchten, empfehlen wir eine Temperatur von 90°C bis 100°C für 4 – 24 Stunden.
Der Versand von feuchten oder gefrorenen Proben ist kein Problem. Das Labor beginnt die Radiokohlenstoff Analyse direkt nach Erhalt der Proben, sodass die Feuchtigkeit keine Kontamination verursachen kann. Bitte entfernen Sie überschüssiges Wasser und wickeln Sie die Proben in Plastik (z.B. Frischhaltefolie) ein, um den Luftkontakt zu limitieren. Bitte verpacken Sie dann die Proben in einen Druckverschlussbeutel und senden Sie uns die Proben als Paket zu.
**Makrofossilien** – Aufgrund der komplexen Geochemie von Erdböden, kann die Datierung von extrahierten Makrofossilien unter Umständen vorteilhafter sein. Falls keine Makrofossilien vorhanden sind, kann die Radiokarbondatierung an der gesamten organischen Sedimentfraktion, der alkalilöslichen oder alkaliunlöslichen Huminfraktion erfolgen.
**Berichterstattung** – Wenn Makrofossilien für die Analyse ausgewählt werden, basieren die gemeldeten Ergebnisse auf der Art der Makrofossilien (z.B. Pflanze, Holz, Holzkohle etc.). Wenn Sediment für die Analyse ausgewählt wird, werden die angegebenen Ergebnisse als „organisches Sediment“ angezeigt.
**Identifizierung von Makrofossilien** – SGS Beta bietet derzeit keinen Identifizierungs-Service an.
## [AMS Datierung von Sediment ](#collapseOne)
Die Datierung von Sedimentproben kann auf drei verschiedene Weisen vorgenommen werden:
**Datierung der „Bulk Organic Sedimentfraktion”** – Die datierte Probe ist die organische Sedimentfraktion, die nach dem Sieben des Bodens auf <180 Mikrometer verbleibt, um Wurzeln oder Makrofossilien zu entfernen und wird anschließend mit Säure gewaschen, um Karbonate zu entfernen.
**Datierung des „Alkali löslichen Anteils” oder des Huminsäureanteil** – Das Sediment wird zu < 180 Mikrons gesiebt, um jedwede Wurzeln oder Makrofossilien zu entfernen. Es wird in Säure gewaschen, um die Karbonate zu entfernen. Dann wird es mit Alkali behandelt, um die Huminsäuren zu lösen, diese setzen sich ab und werden AMS datiert.
**Datierung des „Alkali unlöslichen Anteils” oder des Huminanteil** – Das Sediment wird auf < 180 Mikron gesiebt, um jegliche Wurzeln oder Makrofossilien zu entfernen. Es wird mit Säure gewaschen, um Karbonate zu entfernen und dann mit Alkali behandelt, um die Huminsäuren zu lösen, die entfernt und für die “alkalilösliche Fraktion” aufbewahrt werden. Der verbliebene, Alkali-unlösliche Anteil wird datiert.
## [AMS Datierung von Makrofossilien im Sediment](#collapseSix)
Sedimentproben schwämmt unser Labor in Wasser auf, dann werden die Proben durch 225-Mikron, 180-Mikron und 125-Mikron Siebe gesiebt, damit man mögliche Makrofossilien für die Datierung finden kann. Beispiele für solche Makrofossilien sind Holzkohle, Holz, Pflanzen, Knochen, Schalen oder Samen.
**Bitte beachten:** Unser Labor nimmt keine Bestimmung der in dem Sediment vorgefundenen Makrofossilien vor. Die Bestimmung von Makrofossilien erfordert hoch spezialisierte Wissenschaftler, z.B. Paläobotaniker für Pflanzen, forensische Archäologen für Knochen oder Paläontologen für Schalen.
Wegen der möglichen Verunreinigungen im Sediment ist es allgemein besser, die in ihm vorhandenen Makrofossilien zu datieren. Die meisten Makrofossilien können (1) mit Säure behandelt werden, um Karbonate zu entfernen und (2) mit Alkali, um die Huminsäuren zu eliminieren, die im Sediment enthalten sein können. Huminsäuren entstehen durch den Zerfall von Pflanzen.
Diese Huminsäuren können durch Regen- oder Grundwasser im Sediment auf und ab bewegt werden, daher kann in einem Sedimentprofil Kohlenstoff enthalten sein, der älter oder jünger als die Sedimentschicht ist. In den meisten Fällen bewegen sich Huminsäuren nach unten und lassen die darunter liegende Sedimentschicht jünger erscheinen (manchmal nur mit geringen, aber manchmal auch mit großem Verzerrungspotenzial). Oft passiert dies bei Sedimenten, die reich an organischen Stoffen sind (schwarze oder dunkelbraune Färbung), sowie bei Sedimenten, die nicht sehr gut entwässert sind und aus Wasseransammlungen (Sümpfe, Moore, usw.) stammen. In Gegenden mit geringen Niederschlagsmengen, das Sediment also gut entwässert ist oder wenig Kohlenstoff aufweist (hellbraune oder graue Sedimente) sind Huminsäuren kein allzu großes Problem. Wenn man bei solchen Proben das Sediment und das darin gefundene Pflanzenmaterial datiert, sind die Daten normalerweise sehr ähnlich, folglich stellt die Huminsäure manchmal wirklich kein zu berücksichtigendes Problem dar.
Wenn Sedimente älter erscheinen als pflanzliche Fraktionen (Makrofossilien), kann dies zwei mögliche Gründe haben:
(1) Pflanzenreste sind eingedrungen (in ältere Sedimente eingewachsen, möglicherweise aufgrund von Erosion oder langen Zeiträumen mit geringer oder keiner Bodenentwicklung) oder
(2) Das Sediment hat den Großteil, oder den gesamten Kohlenstoff während seiner Bildung von älteren Quellen erhalten (Bearbeitung oder Verlagerung von bereits abgelagerten Sedimenten aufgrund von Überflutung, Massenbewegungen oder anderen physikalischen Prozessen aus oberen Schichten).
Im Allgemeinen sind die Pflanzendaten zuverlässiger, da diese ein einzigartigeres Zeitgeschehen aufzeigen. Im Vergleich zu der Zeit, die Sediment braucht, um zu entstehen, sind Pflanzen wesentlich kurzlebiger.
Sehr oft wird der CaCO3 (Kalziumkarbonat) Anteil von Sedimenten datiert, wenn allerdings der Ursprung des Kohlenstoffs im Sediment nicht hinreichend geklärt ist, kann dies problematisch sein. Die Karbonate im Sediment können von einer natürlichen Entwicklung von Karbonatherden im Sediment (sogenannte pedogene Karbonate) stammen oder aus der Bewegung von Karbonaten, die sich aus geologischen Formationen gelöst haben (wie Kalkstein, Mergel oder andere karbonathaltigen Mineralien) und sich dann im Sediment wieder ablagerten.
Die Geochemie von Sedimenten ist sehr komplex und kann sich sogar auf kurzen Entfernungen von Bereich zu Bereich verändern. Normalerweise wird empfohlen, sofern möglich, die gefundenen Makrofossilien zu datieren, vorausgesetzt der Wissenschaftler nimmt an, dass die Makrofossilien “in situ” sind und nicht von den überlagernden Lagen eingewachsen sind (wie z.B. Wurzeln).
Wenn Makrofossilien gefunden werden, wird unser Labor den Wissenschaftler informieren und dieser kann dann entscheiden, ob die Makrofossilien oder das Sediment datiert werden sollen. In manchen Fällen ist es weise, beides getrennt zu datieren, damit man feststellen kann, ob die Makrofossilien oder das Sediment das beste (zuverlässigste) Datum liefern. Wenn ein großer Kern oder eine Abfolge von Kernen datiert werden, kann dies eine nützliche Information sein.
## [Mögliche Probleme bei Alkali behandeltem Sediment](#collapseTwo)
Sedimente werden mit Alkali behandelt, um Huminsäuren zu extrahieren (dieser Huminsäure- oder Huminanteil wird datiert). Diese Säure kann manchmal, abhängig von der örtlichen Boden-Geochemie, problematische Ergebnisse produzieren. Die Alkaliextraktion entfernt den ungebundenen und Alkali löslichen Kohlenstoff aus dem Sediment.
Die Quellen dieses Kohlenstoffes können jüngere humine und fulvine Säuren oder alter und labiler Kohlenstoff sein, der Alkali löslich ist. Abhängig von der Lehmkonzentration und ob jüngere oder ältere humine/fulvine Säuren an die Lehmpartikel gebunden sind, entfernen die Alkali Extraktionen vornehmlich den originalen oder älteren labilen Kohlenstoff und hinterlassen die jüngeren und Lehm gebundenen huminen und fulvinen Säuren, oder umgekehrt.
Wissenschaftler nehmen manchmal an, dass durch die Durchführung einer Alkali Extraktion das Alter des Sediments immer älter und dadurch genauer werden kann. Allerdings passiert in vielen Fällen das Gegenteil: Das Alkali extrahierte Sediment ergibt wegen der oben genannten Faktoren ein jüngeres Datum. SGS Beta Empfehlungen:
Wenn Alkali Extraktionen und eine Datierung an Humin, Huminanteil oder Sediment gewünscht wird, empfiehlt unser Labor drei Datierungen für eine Probe in Betracht zu ziehen, bevor man weitere Proben datiert. Vorausgesetzt alle Proben stammen von derselben Ausgrabungsstelle mit der gleichen Geochemie.
Die empfohlenen drei Daten sind – 1 Datum basierend auf der in Säure gewaschenen und gesiebten organischen Bulk Sedimentfraktion, 1 Datum für den Alkali löslichen oder Huminsäureanteil und 1 Datum für den Alkali unlöslichen oder Huminanteil. Wenn man alle drei Daten hat, kann der Wissenschaftler die Ergebnisse vergleichen und erkennen, ob der eine oder andere Anteil mehr Sinn ergibt und man diesen dann als Vorlage für die Datierung der anderen Sedimentproben aus diesem Gebiet verwenden kann.
Wenn dies finanziell nicht möglich ist oder wenn der Wissenschaftler vorher Sedimente im Gebiet der Sammlung anhand der Huminsäure- und Huminanteilen datiert hat, sind diese drei Daten nicht erforderlich. Es liegt in der Verantwortung des Wissenschaftlers zu bestimmen, was das Beste für seine Forschung ist.
Das SGS Beta Labor analysiert jedes Jahr Tausende von Sedimentproben und fast alle Datierungen basieren auf den in Säure gewaschenen und gesiebten organischen Bulk Sedimentfraktionen. Nur ein sehr kleiner Prozentsatz (1%-2%) wird auf Anfrage auf der Basis der Alkali löslichen/ unlöslichen Anteile vorgenommen. Typischerweise ergibt die mit Säure gewaschene und gesiebte organische Bulk Organic Sedimentfraktion das genaueste Datum oder ein Datum, das etwas jünger ist, falls neuere mobilisierte Huminsäuren vorhanden sind. Der Irrtum (sofern vorhanden) geht immer nur in eine Richtung und ergibt normalerweise kein Alter, dass in einer Analyse zu alt und in der nächsten zu jung ist.
**Entsorgung von Sediment Proben** – Bitte beachten Sie, dass Sedimentproben aus dem Ausland sowie vieler US-Staaten in Übereinstimmung mit den Richtlinien des US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) behandelt werden müssen. Diese Richtlinien verlangen, dass importierte Bodenproben bei Erhalt entweder chemisch oder mit Hitze behandelt werden müssen und schließlich durch Verbrennung entsorgt werden. Folglich werden Bodenproben, die unser Labor erhält auf diese Weise entsorgt und können leider nicht mehr zurückgegeben werden.
Wir empfehlen, dass Sie nur so viel Sediment einsenden, wie für die Analyse benötigt wird. Wir können Sie natürlich bezüglich der benötigten Probenmenge beraten, in jedem Fall sollten Sie aber nicht mehr als 200g senden. Bitte beachten Sie, dass die meisten für eine AMS Datierung eingesendeten organischen Sedimentproben an 2-4g Probenmaterial oder weniger je nach Kohlenstoffanteil datiert werden. **Interessiert an Pb-Isotopen oder Sr-Nd-Hf-Verhältnis-Analysen von marinen und lakustrinen Sedimenten? Besuchen Sie: [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "Pb isotopes, Sr-Nd-Hf ratio analysis of marine and lacustrine sediments").**
## Verwandte Themen:
[AMS Datierung von Holzkohle](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-holzkohle.htm "AMS Datierung von Holzkohle")
[Meeresreservoir Effekt](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/meer-reservoir-effekt.htm "Meeresreservoir Effekt")
[Radiokohlenstoffdatierung von Schalen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-schalen.htm "Radiokohlenstoffdatierung von Schalen")
[Vermeidung von Verunreinigung von Kernproben](https://www.radiocarbon.com/prevent-core-samples-contamination/ "Vermeidung von Verunreinigung von Kernproben")
*Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: März 2026*
---
### [SGS Beta實驗室有限責任](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/liability-limitation.htm)
**Published:** July 13, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
如果SGS BETA實驗室和其代理處、代表人違反了任何保證或合約，以及由於我方造成的錯誤或疏忽，SGS BETA 實驗室將退回申請人支付给SGS BETA實驗室的單項分析費。SGS BETA 實驗室和其代理處、代表人對意外產生的直接或間接損害不承擔任何責任。
SGS Beta 實驗室根據其《價格及服務》手册規定的條款和條件提供服務。SGS Beta實驗室僅承認經由SGS Beta實驗室的所有者或工作人員簽字授權的其他條款和條件。僅在雙方進行直接溝通和達成共識後，SGS Beta實驗室才會授權該簽字。 除非具有上述授權簽名，否則SGS Beta實驗室不承認也不接受，諸如「一旦接受此項工作，您即同意以下條款」的措詞所指定的條款。
## 相關主題
[實驗室保密條款](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-analytic-confidentiality-policy.htm "實驗室保密條款")
[實驗室隱私聲明](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/BetaAnalyticPrivacyPolicy5-21-18.pdf "實驗室隱私聲明")
---
### [損害賠償責任](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/liability-limitation.htm)
**Published:** March 16, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta は、当社またはその代理店および代理人のいかなる保証違反または契約の違反、若しくは過失に対する責任は購入者（試料提出者）への対象試料に対する分析価格の支払返済のみに限定されます。 当社、その代理店および代理人は、いかなる直接的または間接的な損害に対しても一切責任を負いません。
SGS Beta のサービスは、SGS Beta が発行する価格とサービスの一覧に記載されている条件で提供されています。 価格とサービスの一覧に記載のない条件については、SGS Beta のオーナーまたは役員が署名による承認を行った場合のみに有効となります。 また、両当事者により事前に、直接かつ承認された書面によって認証された者のみが署名者の資格を持ちます。 SGS Beta は、例えば｢この作業を請け負うことは以下の条件に同意することを意味する｣などの文言によって指定された条項には、正式な署名が伴わない限り認証も同意もしません。
---
### [SGS Beta 의 책임 한도](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/liability-limitation.htm)
**Published:** January 27, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
어떤 보증이나 계약의 위반, 또는 SGS Beta, 그 대리인 또는 직원의 과실로 인한 위반이 발생할 경우, 회사의 책임은 구매자(의뢰자)가 SGS Beta 에 지불한 개별 분석 비용으로 한정됩니다. SGS Beta 는 직접적 또는 결과적으로 발생하는 손해에 대한 책임을 지지 않습니다.
서비스는 SGS Beta 이 비용 및 서비스 안내 책자에 규정한 이용약관에 따라 제공됩니다. 다른 이용약관은 SGS Beta 의 소유주나 담당자의 서명으로 허가된 경우에만 인정됩니다. 당사자 간에 직접적으로 인정되는 서신이 있는 경우에만 서명이 이루어집니다. SGS Beta 은 “이 업무를 수락함으로써 다음 약관에 동의합니다”와 같은 문구에 의해 규정된 약관에 허가된 서명이 없는 경우 약관을 인정하거나 수락하지 않습니다.
---
### [Limitação de Responsabilidade da SGS Beta](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/limitacao-responsabilidade.htm)
**Published:** August 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Fica acordado que no caso de descumprimento de quaisquer garantias, da violação do contrato ou negligência da SGS Beta ou de seus agentes e representantes, a responsabilidade da empresa estará limitada ao reembolso ao comprador (solicitante) do preço da análise individual paga por ele/ela à SGS Beta. A empresa não se responsabiliza por quaisquer danos, diretos ou consequentes.
Os serviços são fornecidos de acordo com os termos e condições estabelecidos no catálogo de Serviços e Preços publicado pela SGS Beta. Outros termos e condições somente são reconhecidos pela empresa quando acompanhados de uma assinatura autorizada de um diretor ou proprietário da SGS Beta. Essa assinatura só é autorizada quando precedida por correspondências diretas e reconhecidas entre as duas partes. A SGS Beta não reconhece ou aceita termos designados com expressões como “ao aceitar este trabalho, você concorda com os seguintes termos”, a menos que acompanhado de dita assinatura autorizada.
---
### [Limitazione di responsabilità di SGS Beta](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/laboratorio-limitazione.htm)
**Published:** July 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Si conviene che, in caso di qualsiasi inadempienza al contratto o ad una garanzia, o per qualsiasi negligenza di SGS Beta, dei suoi agenti o rappresentanti, la responsabilità dell’azienda è limitata al rimborso all’acquirente (contraente) del costo delle singole analisi pagate a SGS Beta. La società non è responsabile di eventuali danni, diretti o indiretti.
I servizi forniti sottostanno ai termini e alle condizioni indicati nel listino prezzi pubblico di SGS Beta. Ulteriori termini e condizioni sono riconosciuti dall’azienda solo se accompagnati dalla firma di un rappresentante autorizzato di SGS Beta. Tale firma è autorizzata solo quando preceduta da una corrispondenza riconosciuta e diretta tra le parti. SGS Beta non riconosce o accetta termini legati a dichiarazioni come “accettando questo lavoro, si acconsente ai seguenti termini”, salvo in presenza della suddetta firma autorizzata.
---
### [Limitación de responsabilidad de SGS Beta](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/limitacion-responsibilidad.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
En el caso de incumplimiento de la garantía o del contrato, o en caso de negligencia por parte de SGS Beta, sus agentes o representantes, la responsabilidad de la empresa se limita al reembolso del pago correspondiente al análisis en cuestión que haya sido efectuado por el cliente a SGS Beta. La empresa no se hace responsable de los daños causados, ya sean directos o consecuentes.
Los servicios se prestan de acuerdo con las condiciones mencionadas en el catálogo de Precios y Servicios publicado por SGS Beta. La empresa sólo aceptará otras condiciones si éstas han sido autorizadas mediante la firma de uno de los propietarios o directores de SGS Beta. Dicho signatario sólo está autorizado cuando es precedido de correspondencias directas y reconocidas entre las dos partes. SGS Beta no reconoce ni acepta condiciones como las siguientes: “al aceptar este trabajo, confirma que está de acuerdo con las siguientes condiciones”, a menos que vayan acompañadas de la firma del signatario autorizado correspondiente.
---
### [SGS Beta Haftungsbeschränkungen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/haftungsbeschrankungen.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Es wird vereinbart, dass bei einem Garantiebruch, Vertragsbruch oder Nachlässigkeit von SGS Beta sowie seinen Agenten oder Repräsentanten, die Haftung des Unternehmens auf die Rückzahlung an den Käufer (Antragsteller) des individuellen Analysepreises den sie/er an SGS Beta bezahlt hat, beschränkt. Das Unternehmen wird nicht für aufkommende Schäden, seien diese direkte oder Folgeschäden, haftbar gemacht.
Dienstleistungen werden bereitgestellt unter den Bedingungen, die SGS Beta in den veröffentlichten Preis- und Dienstleistungsbroschüren aufgeführt hat. Andere Bedingungen werden nur vom Unternehmen anerkannt, wenn diese durch eine autorisierte Unterschrift von SGS Beta Inhaber oder leitenden Angestellten begleitet wird. Die Unterschrift wird nur autorisiert, wenn eine direkte und anerkannte Korrespondenz zwischen den zwei Parteien besteht. SGS Beta anerkennt und akzeptiert die genannten Bedingungen nicht unter der Formulierung „Durch akzeptieren dieser Arbeit stimmen Sie den folgenden Bedingungen zu“ ausgenommen, dass diese von einer autorisierten Unterschrift begleitet wird.
---
### [保密政策](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-analytic-confidentiality-policy.htm)
**Published:** July 13, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta 規定，除非政府需要或相關法律要求執行，否則除樣品的申請者、代表及支付分析費用的付款方（若非送件者）外，SGS Beta實驗室不會向任何第三方提供資訊。
如果非樣品申請方想取得測試结果，申請者必須提供該人姓名。
SGS Beta實驗室認為所有測試结果都是樣品申請者的私人財產，他人無權查閱。
---
### [守秘義務と知的財産権](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-analytic-confidentiality-policy.htm)
**Published:** March 16, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
連邦政府や州からの特別な依頼がある場合を除き、SGS Beta は、試料の提出者、その代理人、または分析料金の支払事業者（提出者と異なる場合）以外には情報を提供しません。
複数の団体が結果の閲覧を必要とする場合は、試料の提出者の許可を得る必要があります。
SGS Beta が行った年代測定の結果の所有権は試料の提出者にあります。
---
### [비밀 조항과 정보의 소유권에 관한 정책](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-analytic-confidentiality-policy.htm)
**Published:** January 22, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta 연구소의 규정에 따라 실험 결과는 실험 의뢰서에 적혀있는 고객, 고객의 대리인, (고객과 다를 경우) 분석 비용을 지불한 법인에게만 제공해 주며, 연방 정부나 주 정부의 명령이 아닌 경우, 실험 결과에 대한 어떤 정보도 제 3자에게 제공하지 않습니다.
고객 이외 다른 사람들도 실험 결과를 알게 하고 싶으시면, 결과를 받고자 하는 사람들의 이름을 데이터시트에 적어 주셔야 합니다.
SGS Beta 연구소는 모든 실험 결과는 고객의 재산이라 간주합니다.
---
### [Politica di riservatezza del laboratorio - SGS Beta](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/beta-analytic-privacy.htm)
**Published:** July 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta secondo la propria politica aziendale, non rilascia informazioni a terze parti, fatta eccezione per chi invia il campione, i suoi rappresentanti e chi finanzia le analisi (se diverso da chi ha effettuato l’invio), tranne che su richiesta da parte delle autorità legali competenti.
Se più parti devono accedere ai risultati, chi ha inviato il campione deve indicare i nomi di chi è autorizzato a riceverli.
SGS Beta considera tutti i risultati proprietà dei soggetti che hanno inviato i campioni.
---
### [Política de Confidencialidade e Propriedade de Informações](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-confidencialidade.htm)
**Published:** August 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
A SGS Beta adota a política de não divulgar informações a terceiros ou qualquer outra parte que não seja o solicitante, seus representantes e as entidades que estão pagando pela análise (se forem diferentes do solicitante), exceto quando necessário, devido a demandas de autoridades federais ou estaduais.
Se várias pessoas podem ter acesso aos resultados, o solicitante deverá fornecer os nomes daqueles que forem autorizados a receber os resultados.
A SGS Beta considera que todos os resultados são de propriedade da entidade solicitante.
---
### [Richtlinien bezüglich Vertraulichkeit und geschützten Informationen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/beta-analytic-vertraulichkeits.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Die Richtlinien von SGS Beta gewährleisten, dass keine Informationen an jegliche dritte Personen mit Ausnahme des Antragssteller, ihren Repräsentanten und dem Rechtsträger, der für die Analyse bezahlt (wenn diese Person eine andere ist als der Antragsteller) weitergeleitet werden, ausgenommen es wird durch die Bundeanstalt oder den Staat angefordert.
Falls mehrere Parteien Zutgriff auf die Ergebnisse erhalten sollen, muss der Antragsteller die Namen der autorisierten Personen, die die Resultate erhalten sollen bereitstellen.
SGS Beta erachtet alle Resultate als Eigentum des Antragstellers/ Rechtsträgers.
---
### [Confidentiality and Proprietary Information Policy](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-analytic-confidentiality-policy.htm)
**Published:** April 10, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
It is the policy of **SGS Beta** not to release information to any inquiring party other than the submitter, their representatives, and the entities paying for the analyses (if different than the submitter), except when required to do so by federal or state demand.
If multiple parties are to have access to results, the submitter must provide the names of the individuals authorized to receive the results.
SGS Beta considers all results to be the property of the submitting entities.
## Related Topics
[SGS Beta’s Liability Limitation](http://www.radiocarbon.com/liability-limitation.htm "SGS Beta's Liability Limitation")
[Privacy and Terms of Use](https://www.radiocarbon.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/BetaAnalyticPrivacyPolicy5-21-18.pdf "Privacy and Terms of Use")
---
### [Política de confidencialidad y de información de propiedad exclusiva](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/confidencialidad.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Es política de SGS Beta no revelar información relativa al análisis a nadie excepto a la persona que solicitó el análisis, sus representantes y las entidades que harán el pago de los mismos (si diferentes del solicitante), salvo en caso de demanda por parte de autoridades federales o estaduales.
En el caso de que distintas partes necesiten tener acceso a los resultados, el solicitante deberá proporcionar los nombres de las personas autorizadas.
SGS Beta considera que todos los resultados son propiedad de las entidades solicitantes.
---
### [SGS Beta の残試料返却ポリシー](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/sample-return-policy.htm)
**Published:** March 16, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- 残った試料は品質管理プログラムの一環として結果報告後2ヶ月～3ヶ月間保管します
- 保管期間終了後、焼却処分いたします
- 抽出されたコラーゲン、土壌ならびに水試料はご返却できません
## **残った試料の保管期間**
試料の量が十分であり、少量の試料（オリジナルまたは前処理後）の取り分けが可能な場合は、結果報告後2ヶ月～3ヶ月間保管しています。これは品質管理プログラムに基づいて、必要な場合は追試や追加調査を可能にするためです。
保管期間終了後、全ての残試料（オリジナルおよび前処理後）と試料バッグは完全焼却処分いたします。
**連絡と試料の廃棄** – クライアントによる指示が必要なため保留中の試料は、6か月間回答がない場合、SGS Beta が廃棄します。
## **試料のご返却につきまして**
**残った試料のご返却が必要な場合は、試料をお送りいただく時にサンプルデータシートなどに記述するなどの方法で事前にお知らせいただく必要があります。**
**残った試料の返却にかかる費用はすべて、お客様のご負担とさせていただきます。**
## 土壌と分類される試料はご返却できません
アメリカ農業省の規制により土壌（堆積物、ピート、灰、泥、ボーリングコアなどを含む）と分類される試料のご返却はできません。“Soil” per the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Circular “Q-330.300-1, Soil (01/2010) Revised”
USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)のガイドラインによって、それらの試料は最終的には全て焼却処分することが決められていますのでご返却できません
通常、土壌のAMSC14年代測定には2g～4gしか必要ありませんので、試料の保存が必要な場合は試料をお送りくださる前にあらかじめ取り分けておいていただくことをお勧めいたします。
この件に関しましてご質問などありましたら までお知らせください。
*画像著作権: Pixabay
最終更新：2023年2月*
---
### [SGS Beta實驗室獲得ISO/IEC 17025:2017認証](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/iso-certified.htm)
**Published:** July 13, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta實驗室總部位於美國邁阿密，作為放射性碳定年服務的領頭羊，獲得由[Perry Johnson](https://www.pjlabs.com/)實驗室頒發的ISO/IEC 17025:2017認證證書。該認證證書是公認的所有測試或校準實驗室能够達到的最高品質水平。
位於邁阿密的SGS Beta 實驗室已證明其使用[加速器質譜儀 ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-lab.htm)(AMS)，對自然放射性碳含量進行測量的技術能力，以及使用同位素比值質譜（IRMS）和腔體震盪光譜法(CRDS)對碳、氘、氮和氧等穩定同位素比值進行測量的技術水準。
### ISO/IEC 17025:2017 認證涵盖的主要測試包括：
- 透過加速器質譜儀(AMS)測定考古、地質和水樣品的放射性碳年齡/活動；
- 透過同位素比值質譜儀(IRMS)及腔體震盪光譜法(CRDS)測定有機和碳酸鹽材料中碳、氘、氮和氧的穩定同位素比例。
SGS Beta實驗室的ISO/IEC 17025:2017認證提升了其做為一家具有高度競争力和真實可靠的測試實驗室的聲譽，使得實驗室不僅成為[放射性碳定年](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/about-carbon-dating.htm "放射性碳定年")服務的首選，而且也是可再生碳測試和生質含量測試的首選。
ISO/IEC 17025:2017認證是測試和校準實驗室的國際標準。只有那些達到其標準化管理和技術要求的實驗室才會被授予該證書。
擁有ISO/IEC 17025:2017認證意味著實驗室擁有明確規定的品質管理系统和專業技術能力。只有具備合格人員、可靠方法和設備的實驗室才會被授予ISO/IEC 17025:2017認證。
## IAF-ILAC-ISO聯合公報
國際認可論壇（IAF）和國際實驗室認可合作组織（ILAC）同意ISO的觀點，即「實驗室滿足ISO/IEC 17025:2017的要求意味著實驗室符合技術能力要求和管理體系要求，能始终如一地提供嚴密有效的測試结果和校準服務。」ISO/IEC 17025:2017的管理體系要求符合ISO 9001:2015品質管理體系要求的原則並符合其相關規定。
*最後更新2023年5月*
---
### [SGS Beta はISO-17025:2017 の認定を受けました](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/iso-certified.htm)
**Published:** March 16, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta は、ペリージョンソン社により[ISO/IEC17025:2017](https://www.pjlabs.com/) の認定を受けました。 ISO / IEC17025は試験分析所が得ることができる最高レベルの品質認証です。
この認証により、SGS Beta のマイアミ試験所は、[加速器質量分析](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-lab.htm) (AMS) によるによる天然レベルの放射性炭素測定および安定同位体質量分析（IRMS）とキャビティリングダウン分光法(CRDS)による炭素、水素、窒素、酸素の安定同位体比測定において高い技術能力を有することを証明しました。
### ISO17025認定の対象および特定試験は以下のとおりです。
- 考古学、地質学、および水の放射性炭素年代をAMS によって測定する;
- 有機物および無機物の炭素、水素、窒素、酸素の安定同位体比のIRMSおよびCRDSによる測定。
ISO/IEC 17025:2017の認定は、SGS Beta 社の高度な技術力と高い信頼性の証明です。 安心して[放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/about-carbon-dating.htm)はもちろんのこと、再生可能炭素試験やバイオベース炭素試験の試料をお送りください。
ISO / IEC17025は分析試験および校正機関のための国際標準規格です。 厳格なマネージメントおよび技術的な要件を満たした施設のみが、ISO/IEC 17025:2017の認証を受けられます。
ISO/IEC 17025:2017の認定は、試験所に明文化された高度な品質管理システムがあり、その技術力がすでに実証されているということ意味します。 高度な技術を備えた専属スタッフ、信頼性の高い手法と技術力・設備を備えた試験所のみがISO/IEC 17025:2017の認証を受けることができます。
---
## IAF-ILAC-ISO ジョイントコミュニケーション
International Accreditation Forum (IAF)とInternational Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC)は「試験所がISO/IEC 17025:2017認定要件を満たしている場合、その試験所は技術的に有効な試験結果と較正結果を一定の期間で配信するための技術的な能力およびマネジメントシステムの能力に関する要件を両方満たしているとみなされる」ということにISOと同意しました。ISO/IEC 17025:2017 における管理システム要件はISO 9001:2015 品質マネジメントシステムの要件および関連する同等の要件を満たしています。
*最終更新：2023年5月*
---
### [ISO/IEC 17025:2017 인증을 받은 SGS Beta](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/iso-certified.htm)
**Published:** January 27, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
방사성 탄소 연대 측정 서비스 분야의 선두 주자인SGS Beta 은 미국 플로리다주 마이애미에 있으며, [Perry Johnson Laboratory Accreditation, Inc.](https://www.pjlabs.com/) 로부터 ISO/IEC 17025:2017 인증을 받았습니다. ISO/IEC 17025는 현존하는 실험, 보정 기술 중 품질이 가장 높은 수준이라는 것을 의미하는 인증 마크입니다.
마이애미에 있는 SGS Beta 연구소는 [가속기 질량 분석법](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-lab.htm) (AMS)을 활용한 방사성 탄소 측정 기술과 동위 원소 질량 분석기 (IRMS)와 Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS)을 활용한 탄소, 수소, 질소, 산소의 안정 동위원소 비 분석 분야에서 우수한 기술력을 자랑하고 있습니다.
### ISO/IEC 17025:2017 인증을 통해 실험할 수 있는 분야는 다음과 같습니다:
- 가속기 질량 분석법(AMS) 을 활용하여 고고학, 지질학, 수질 관련 방사성 탄소 연대와 활동 측량;
- IRMS와 CRDS를 활용하여 유기물질, 탄산염, 물의 탄소, 수소, 질소, 산소의 안정 동위원소 비 분석.
ISO/IEC 17025:2017 인증 허가로 더욱 강화된 SGS Beta 의 뛰어난 경쟁력과 신뢰성은 [방사성 탄소 연대 측정 기술](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/about-carbon-dating.htm "방사성 탄소 연대 측정 기술") 을 포함하여 재생 탄소 측정 분야뿐 아니라 생화학 분야에서도 SGS Beta 이 선두 주자가 될 수 있는 바탕이 됩니다.
ISO/IEC 17025는 실험, 보정 분야의 연구소에서 국제적으로 표준화된 인증서로 체계적인 운영과 기술이 충족된 연구소 만 이ISO/IEC 17025을 획득할 수 있습니다.
ISO/IEC 17025:2017 인증을 받은 연구소는 기술 경쟁력, 체계적 문서화를 통한 높은 품질의 시스템을 갖추고 있는 연구소입니다. 또한 훌륭한 직원들과 우수한 기술 및 장비를 갖춰야만 ISO/IEC 17025:2017 인증을 받을 수 있습니다.
## IAF-ILAC-ISO 공동선언
국제 인정 포럼(IAF)과 국제 시험소 인정 기구(ILAC)는ISO의 동의 하에 ISO/IEC 17025:2017인증 받은 연구소는 기술적으로 유효한 실험 결과와 보정을 실시할 수 있는 기술 경쟁력과 운영 시스템 두 가지 요소를 모두 갖추었다는 것을 의미한다고 발표했습니다.
*2023년 5월 업데이트*
---
### [O SGS Beta recebe acreditação ISO/IEC 17025:2017](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/certificacao-iso-17025.htm)
**Published:** August 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
O SGS Beta, líder em serviços de datação por radiocarbono, recebeu a certificação ISO/IEC 17025:2017, concedida pela [Perry Johnson Laboratory Accreditation, Inc.](https://www.pjlabs.com/) (PJLA Testing #59423), pelo seu laboratório em Miami, na Flórida. A **acreditação ISO/IEC 17025** é a mais alta certificação de qualidade reconhecida que qualquer laboratório de análises ou calibração pode alcançar.
O laboratório em Miami demonstra competência técnica na medição de níveis naturais de radiocarbono por [espectrometria de massa com aceleradores (AMS),](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/beta-laboratorio.htm) bem como em medição de razões de isótopos estáveis de carbono, nitrogênio e oxigênio por espectrometria de massa de razões isotópicas (IRMS) e espectroscopia de cavidade ressonante tipo ring-down (CRDS).
### As análises específicas compreendidas pela certificação ISO/IEC 17025:2017 são:
- **idade ou atividade de radiocarbono** em amostras arqueológicas, geológicas e hidrológicas através com AMS;
- razões isotópicas de carbono, deutério, nitrogênio e oxigênio em materiais orgânicos e carbonáticos com IRMS e CRDS.
A certificação ISO/IEC 17025:2017 conquistada pelo SGS Beta fortalece sua reputação de alta competência e confiança, e faz do laboratório uma excelente escolha não só em [datações por radiocarbono,](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/sobre-carbono-datacao.htm) como também em análises de carbono renovável e bioanálises.
A certificação ISO/IEC 17025 é a norma internacional para laboratórios de análises e calibração. Apenas os que cumprem com os requisitos técnicos e de gestão propostos pela norma recebem a acreditação ISO/IEC 17025:2017.
Receber a certificação ISO/IEC 17025:2017 significa que o laboratório possui um sistema de gestão bem documentado e de alta qualidade, e que demonstra competência técnica. Apenas laboratórios com equipes qualificadas, e metodologias e equipamentos confiáveis recebem a certificação.
## Comunicado Conjunto IAF-ILAC-ISO
O International Accreditation Forum (IAF) e o International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC) concordam com a ISO que “o cumprimento dos requisitos da ISO/IEC 17025:2017 por parte de uma laboratório comprova que ele atende aos requisitos de competência técnica e do sistema de gestão necessários para entregar resultados de análises e calibrações tecnicamente válidos, de forma consistente”. Os requisitos do sistema de gestão ISO/IEC 17025:2017 atendem aos princípios da ISO 9001:2015 (Sistemas de Gestão de Qualidade – Requisitos) e estão alinhados com suas exigências pertinentes.
*Última atualização: maio de 2023*
---
### [SGS Beta è accreditata ISO/IEC 17025:2017](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/beta-analytic-iso-17025.htm)
**Published:** July 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta, leader nella fornitura di servizi di datazione al radiocarbonio, ha ottenuto la certificazione ISO/IEC 17025:2017 dalla [Perry Johnson Laboratory Accreditation, Inc.](https://www.pjlabs.com/) per il suo laboratorio di Miami, Florida. L’accreditamento ISO/IEC 17025 rappresenta il massimo livello di qualità che un laboratorio di analisi o calibrazione può raggiungere.
Il laboratorio di SGS Beta a Miami ha dimostrato competenza tecnica nella misurazione dei livelli naturali di radiocarbonio tramite [spettrometria di massa con acceleratore](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/spettrometro-di-massa-con-acceleratore.htm "Laboratorio spettrometria di massa con acceleratore") (AMS), oltre che nella misurazione dei rapporti fra isotopi stabili di carbonio, deuterio, azoto e ossigeno tramite spettrometria di massa isotopica (IRMS) e Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS).
### I test specifici coperti dalla certificazione ISO/IEC 17025:2017 riguardano la determinazione di:
- **età/attività radiocarbonica** di campioni archeologici, geologici e d’acqua tramite AMS;
- rapporti degli isotopi stabili di carbonio, deuterio, azoto e ossigeno in materiali organici e carbonati tramite IRMS e CRDS.
La certificazione ISO/IEC 17025:2017 di SGS Beta conferma la sua reputazione di laboratorio di analisi competente e affidabile, rendendola una prima scelta non solo per la [datazione al radiocarbonio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-al-carbonio.htm "Datazione al radiocarbonio"), ma anche per le analisi del carbonio biobased e rinnovabile.
ISO/IEC 17025 è lo standard internazionale per i laboratori di analisi e calibrazione. Solo le strutture conformi ai requisiti tecnici e di gestione di questa norma ricevono l’accreditamento ISO/IEC 17025:2017.
Questa certificazione indica che il laboratorio ha un sistema di gestione di alta qualità, supportato da adeguata documentazione, e che ha dimostrato competenza tecnica nei servizi offerti. Solo i laboratori dotati sia di staff qualificato sia di procedure e attrezzature affidabili sono idonei alla certificazione ISO/IEC 17025:2017.
## Comunicato congiunto IAF-ILAC-ISO
IAF (International Accreditation Forum) e ILAC (International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation) concordano con ISO nel dire che “la conformità di un laboratorio ai requisiti ISO/IEC 17025:2017 significa che questo possiede le competenze tecniche e il sistema di gestione necessari a offrire costantemente risultati e calibrazioni validi dal punto di vista tecnico”. I requisiti del sistema di gestione di ISO/IEC 17025:2017 si basano sui principi della norma ISO 9001:2015 Sistemi di gestione qualità – Requisiti e sono in linea con i suoi requisiti.
#### **Domande frequenti**
[Tariffe per la datazione al radiocarbonio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
[Quantità raccomandata e imballaggio ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/required-carbon-dating-sample-sizes.htm)
[Come inviare campioni a SGS Beta](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sending-carbon-dating-samples.htm)
*Ultimo aggiornamento: maggio 2023*
---
### [SGS Beta est accrédité ISO/IEC 17025:2017](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/iso-certifie-radiocarbone-lab.htm)
**Published:** June 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta, leader en services de datation par le radiocarbone, a reçu l’accréditation ISO/IEC 17025:2017 par l’organisme d’accréditation des laboratoires [Perry Johnson](https://www.pjlabs.com/), pour son laboratoire de Miami, en Floride. La norme ISO/IEC 17025 est le plus haut niveau de qualité reconnu que puisse atteindre un laboratoire d’analyses ou d’étalonnage.
Notre laboratoire de Miami a démontré ses compétences techniques dans la mesure des niveaux naturels de radiocarbone par la [spectrométrie de masse par accélérateur](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-datation-radiocarbone.htm "spectrométrie de masse par accélérateur") (AMS), ainsi que dans la mesure de la proportion des isotopes stables du carbone, de l’azote et de l’oxygène par le rapport isotopique par spectrométrie de masse (IRMS) et Spectroscopie à cavité optique (CRDS).
### Les tests spécifiques couverts par l’accréditation ISO/IEC 17025:2017 sont la détermination de:
- l’âge et l’activité radiocarbone dans des échantillons géologiques, archéologiques et d’eaux par les méthodes AMS;
- la teneur en isotopes stables du carbone, de l’azote et de l’oxygène dans des matières carbonées et organiques par IRMS et CRDS.
La certification ISO/IEC 17025:2017 de SGS Beta renforce sa réputation de laboratoire d’essais professionnel hautement compétent et le meilleur choix, non seulement pour la [datation radiocarbone](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/a-propos-datation-carbone.htm "datation radiocarbone"), mais aussi pour les tests et essais liés au carbone renouvelable et au contenu biosourcé.
Cette norme ISO/CEI 17025 est la norme internationale pour les laboratoires d’essais et d’étalonnages. Seules les installations qui se sont conformées aux exigences générales techniques et de gestion obtiennent la conformité ISO/IEC 17025:2017.
Cette certification assure que le laboratoire dispose d’un système de gestion de haute qualité, bien documenté et qui a démontré sa compétence technique. Seuls les laboratoires disposant de personnel qualifié ainsi que de méthodologies et d’équipements fiables se voient certifiés ISO 17205.
## Communiqué commun de IAF-ILAC-ISO
Le Forum International d’Accréditation (International Accreditation Forum ou IAF) et la Coopérative Internationale d’Accréditation des Laboratoires (International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation ou ILAC) admettent que « un laboratoire qui répond aux critères ISO/IEC 17025 :2017 satisfait les exigences de compétence technique et de systèmes de gestion nécessaires pour fournir de manière consistante des résultats d’analyses et des étalonnages de haute qualité technique ». Les exigences des systèmes de gestion de la norme ISO/IEC 17025:2017 répondent aux principes d’ISO 9001:2015 Quality Management Systems–Requirements et sont conformes à ces critères.
*Dernière mise à jour de la page: mai 2023*
---
### [SGS Beta recibe la Certificación ISO/IEC 17025:2017](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/certificacion-iso-17025.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta, laboratorio líder de servicios de datación por radiocarbono, ha recibido la certificación ISO/IEC 17025:2017, otorgada por [“Perry Johnson Laboratory Accreditation, Inc.”](https://www.pjlabs.com/) por su laboratorio en Miami, Florida. La certificación ISO/IEC 17025 es la más alta certificación de calidad reconocida que cualquier laboratorio de análisis o calibración puede lograr.
El laboratorio de SGS Beta en Miami ha demostrado su competencia técnica en la medición de los niveles naturales de radiocarbono por [Espectrometría de Masas con Aceleradores](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-laboratorio.htm "Espectrometría de Masas con Aceleradores") EMA (o AMS, en inglés), así como en la medición de las relaciones de isótopos estables de carbono, nitrógeno y oxígeno mediante la Espectrometría de Masa de Relaciones Isotópicas – EMRI (o IRMS, en inglés) y espectroscopía de cavidad en anillo desplegable (CRDS).
### Las pruebas específicas que fueron cubiertas por la certificación ISO/IEC 17025:2017 se refieren a la definición:
- de la edad o la actividad de radiocarbono en muestras arqueológicas, geológicas y agua a través de las técnicas EMA;
- de las relaciones de isótopos estables de carbono, nitrógeno y el oxígeno en materia orgánica y carbonatos por la técnica EMRI y CRDS.
La certificación ISO/IEC 17025:2017 lograda por SGS Beta refuerza su reputación como un laboratorio altamente competente y de confianza, representando una opción excelente, no sólo para la datación por radiocarbono, sino también para el análisis del carbono renovable y en los bioanálisis.
La certificación ISO/IEC 17025 es el estándar internacional para los laboratorios de análisis y calibración. Solo aquellos que cumplen con los requisitos técnicos y de gestión de este estándar reciben la certificación ISO/IEC 17025:2017.
Al recibir la certificación ISO/IEC 17025:2017, un laboratorio demuestra que dispone de un sistema de gestión de alta calidad, que está bien documentado y tiene una gran experiencia técnica. Sólo los laboratorios con equipos calificados, metodologías y equipos confiables reciben la certificación ISO/IEC 17025:2017.
## Comunicado conjunto IAF-ILAC-ISO
El Foro Internacional de Acreditación (IAF, por sus siglas en inglés) y la Cooperación Internacional de Acreditación de Laboratorios (ILAC) están de acuerdo con la norma ISO que “el cumplimiento de un laboratorio en los requisitos de la norma ISO / IEC 17025: 2017 significa que el laboratorio cumple tanto con los requisitos de competencia técnica y los requisitos del sistema de gestión necesarias para entregar los resultados de las pruebas y calibraciones de forma consistentemente y técnicamente válidos. “Los requisitos del sistema de gestión en la norma ISO / IEC 17025: 2017 cumple con los principios de la norma ISO 9001: 2015 Sistemas de Gestión de la Calidad – Los requisitos están alineados con los requisitos pertinentes.
*Última actualización de la página: Mayo de 2023*
---
### [SGS Beta erhält die ISO/IEC 17025:2017 Akkreditierung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/iso-17025-radiokohlenstoff-labor.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta, einer der führenden Anbieter von Radiokohlenstoffdatierungen, wurde von der [Perry Johnson Laboratory Accreditation Inc.](https://www.pjlabs.com/) mit der ISO/IEC 17025:2017 Akkreditierung für ihr Labor in Miami, Florida, ausgezeichnet. Der ISO/IEC 17025 Status entspricht dem höchsten Level von anerkannter Qualität, die ein Test- und Kalibrierungslabor erhalten kann.
Das SGS Beta Labor in Miami hat die technische Kompetenz für Messungen des natürlichen Radiokohlenstofflevels mittels [Massenbeschleunigungsspekronomie (AMS)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/radiokohlenstoff-labor.htm "Massenbeschleunigungsspekronomie"), sowie für die Messung von festen Isotopenanteilen von Kohlenstoff, Stickstoff und Sauerstoff mittels Massenisotopenanteilsspektronomie (IRMS) und Cavity Ring-Down Spektroskopie (CRDS).
### Die ISO/IEC 17025:2017 Akkreditierung gilt für folgende Messungen:
- Radiokohlenstoff Alter/ Aktivität in archäologischen, geologischen und Wasserproben mit Hilfe von AMS;
- Feste Isotopenanteile von Kohlenstoff, Stickstoff und Sauerstoff in organischen und Karbonatmaterialien mit Hilfe von IRMS und CRDS.
SGS Beta beglaubigter **ISO/IEC 17025:2017** Status unterstützt unsere Reputation als hoch kompetentes und zuverlässiges Testlabor. Wir sind nicht nur eine erstklassige Wahl für Radiokohlenstoff-Datierungen, sondern auch für erneuerbare Kohlenstofftests und biobasierte Analysen.
Das ISO/IEC 17025 ist der internationale Standard für Test- und Kalibrierungslabors. Nur Einrichtungen, die das Standardmanagement und die technischen Anforderungen erfüllen, erhalten den ISO/IEC 17025:2017 Status.
Ein ISO/IEC 17025:2017 Zertifikat bedeutet, dass das Labor ein hochqualifiziertes und gut dokumentiertes Managementsystem zusammen mit technischer Kompetenz besitzt. Nur Labors mit qualifizieren Mitarbeitern und verlässlichen Methoden und Ausstattungen wird die Erlaubnis für den ISO/IEC 17025:2017 Status erteilt.
## IAF-ILAC-ISO Verlautbarung
Das International Accreditation Forum (IAF) und die International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC) stimmen mit ISO überein, dass “ein Labor, welches die Anforderungen der ISO/IEC 17025:2017 Norm erfüllt, sowohl die Anforderungen an die technische Kompetenz, als auch die Anforderungen an das Management System erfüllt, welche nötig sind um konsequente und technisch einwandfrei gültige Testergebnisse und Kalibrierungen zu erstellen.“ Die Anforderungen der ISO/IEC 17025:2017 Norm an das Managementsystem entsprechen den Grundsätzen des ISO 9001:2015 Qualität Management Systems.
*Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: Mai 2023*
---
### [SGS Beta實驗室品質管理及認證](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-radiocarbon-lab2.htm)
**Published:** July 13, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- SGS Beta實驗室遵照嚴格的測試程序保證測試结果的品質
- 在粒子探測中同時累計碳同位素比例以進行品質控制
- 所有出具的測試结果都經過品質認證
實驗室在收到 [放射性碳定年](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/about-carbon-dating.htm "放射性碳定年") 樣品後便開始執行嚴格的品質控制，首先會將收到的實際樣品與申請書進行比對確認。在樣品登記、錄入、預處理、化學轉化、AMS測試以及粒子探測、數據簡化、計算和報告過程中，實驗室會安排多人對這些過程進行多次檢查。
在出具最终報告前，經不同測試階段的樣品至少會由7個技術人員檢查。每位人員都會反複核查上一位人員的工作和標記。測試的每個階段都有嚴格的品質控制，確保樣品能够正當並且準確的處理和分析。
定年的計算和结果報告都是透過實驗室内部軟體完成的，每個測試结果都經過反複核對。反複核對的整體系统包含300頁SGS Beta實驗室ISO-17025品質保證文件中的品質控制承諾。
除了用電腦反複核對统計分析和最终年齡計算外，實驗室每天都會對測試設備和化學試劑的纯度進行監督。
## 品質控制
實驗室會先後注入C13和C12，在[加速器質譜儀](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm "加速器質譜儀") (AMS)中進行C13/C12比例測試，這對於精確的分餾校正是必不可少的一步，這使得校正不必像過去一樣僅能依靠相關測量和假定（對於一些比較舊式的儀器還無法進行該測試）。之後我們會按順序加入C14、C13和C12，利用C14/C12和C14/C13比例進行年齡計算。同時在粒子探測時，對C14/C12,C14/C13和C13/C12比例進行累計來進行品質控制，每次計算都提供3種不同的測量以確保同位素在分析中的軌跡是穩定的。
除了在AMS中測量C13/C12（為總分餾做校正以得到最精確的常規放射性碳年齡/pMC），樣品的d13C比例也會透過穩定同位素質譜儀進行測試。SGS Beta實驗室擁有四台Thermo-Finnegan公司的同位素質譜儀以確保持續穩定的輸出數據。這些同位素質譜儀也能提供骨頭樣品和有機材料的d15N分析、碳酸鹽的d18O分析和水樣品的dD/d18O分析。
在得到最终數據前，實驗室會對樣品的多重参數進行測試。這包括但不限於陰極電流、萃取離子電流、聚焦銫粒子流、高能C14/C12、高能C14/C13比例、低能C13/C12比例、低能C12電流、低能C13/C12電流和C14計數等。測試完成後，若比例落在Oxalic Acid 現代標準範圍内，則會採用該標準來計算未知的現代分數值。
## [為什麼品質保證對放射性碳定年如此重要？](#collapseOne)
為什麼品質保證對放射性碳定年如此重要？
免責聲明：本視頻託管於第三方網站中，可能包含廣告。
## 報告的品質保證
SGS Beta實驗室客户所獲得的報告都是經過品質認證的報告。在品質認證報告中會提供實驗室測試時所用的参考資料。已知参考材料會與未知的定年樣品同時進行測試分析。測試報告將會列出預計年齡和實際測得年齡。測年结果根據 NIST SRM-4990C進行計算，並通過同位素分餾做校正。在報告中會直接報告出所測得的現代碳百分比（pMC）和標準誤差。
---
### [SGS Beta の品質管理と品質保証](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-radiocarbon-lab2.htm)
**Published:** March 30, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- SGS Beta は結果の品質を保つために厳格な工程に従っています。
- 複数の炭素同位体比の同時測定によって検出と同時に品質管理を行うことができます。
- すべての報告に品質保証レポート(Quality Assurance report)が添付されます。
[放射性炭素年代測定](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/about-carbon-dating.htm "放射性炭素年代測定") の試料が到着するとすぐに試験所の品質管理プログラムよって管理されます。 最初にサンプルデータシートに基づき試料に関するデータと実際の試料に矛盾がないかを確かめます。 試料のログイン、分類、前処理、化学反応、AMS測定、年代の算出そして報告にいたるまでの全過程において、複数のスタッフによる、複数回のクロスチェックが行われます。
すべての試料は報告にいたる過程で少なくとも7人のスタッフによるチェックを受けます。それぞれのスタッフは、前の工程が正しく行われたかどうかを必ずクロスチェックした上で次の工程に進みます。最終結果を得るためにはすべての工程において適切で正確な取り扱いが行われているかどうか、品質管理プログラムにおける要件を満たさなければいけません。
計算と報告は、複数回のクロスチェック・システムが組み込まれた自社製のプログラムによって行われます。クロスチェックに関する膨大な要件は、ISO-17025認定の手順書に300ページにわたって記述されています。測定機器のモニタリング、薬品の純度の管理も品質保証に必要な要件です。
## 品質管理
[加速器](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm "加速器") (AMS)によるCarbon-13/Carbon-12比の測定は、Carbon-13とCarbon-12の連続注入によって行われます。 それにより全ての同位体分別の補正を相対測定によるものではなく行うことが可能です。 Carbon-14、 Carbon-13、そしてCarbon-12 の連続注入によってCarbon-14/Carbon-12比およびCarbon-14/Carbon-13比の両方による年代の算出を行うことが可能です。 Carbon-14/Carbon-12、 Carbon-14/Carbon-13、 Carbon-13/ Carbon-12の同時測定によって、検出の間に品質の管理を行うことができます。 それぞれの同位体比の整合性を確認することによって分析の安定性を保証できます。
正確な放射性炭素年代（conventional radio carbon age, pMC）を算出するためには、全ての同位体分別を補正する必要があるためAMSによるCarbon-13/ Carbon-12の測定が必要です。それに加え地球化学的に正しい炭素安定同位体比を得るために、SGS Beta ではThermo-Finnegan Delta Plus安定同位体質量分析計(IRMS)による測定も行います。 現在4器の安定同位体質量分析計を所有しており、それぞれ70試料/1日の測定が可能です。
データの認証の前に複数のパラメータが検証されます。(cathode current, extractor current, cesium focus current, high-energy Carbon-14/Carbon-12, high-energy Carbon-14/Carbon-13 ratio, low-energy Carbon-13/ Carbon-12 ratio, low-energy Carbon-12 current, low-energy Carbon-13/ Carbon-12 current, gated Carbon-14 countsなど) 検証の結果データが認証されれば、Oxalic Acidモダン・スタンダードに対する未知試料の比としてフラクション・モダンが計算されます。
## 品質管理レポート(Quality Assurance Report)
SGS Beta ではすべてのご報告に品質管理レポート(QA report)を添付しています。 QA reportは年代の確かさを保証するために測定された年代既知試料の結果を報告いたします。それらの既知年代試料は準同時的に未知年代試料と共に測定されます。 予想される年代値と、実際に得られた結果の両方を報告いたします。QA使用の結果は同位体分別の補正を行った上でNISTのSRM-4990Cに対する相対比として計算され、percent modern carbon(pMC)または年代値(BP)で表記されます。
---
### [SGS Beta 연구소의 품질 관리 및 보증](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-radiocarbon-lab2.htm)
**Published:** January 27, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- SGS Beta 연구소는 측정 결과의 품질 유지를 위해 엄격한 실험 규정 사항들을 준수하고 있습니다.
- 탄소의 동위원소 비율을 동시 측정하여 분석 과정 중 지속적인 품질 관리를 보장합니다.
- 모든 보고서에 품질 보증 (QA) 보고서를 동봉합니다.
본 연구소에서는 제출된 서류와 실제 샘플과의 일치 여부 확인 단계를 시작으로 품질 관리 과정을 시작합니다. 실험의 전 과정, 즉 로그인, 목록 작성, 전처리, 화학화 과정, AMS기기 작동과 검사, 데이터 수정, 계산, 기록 과정 등 모든 과정이 여러 사람의 상호 교차 확인 과정을 거칩니다.
결과 보고 전에 최소한 7명의 담당 기술자가 분석 각 단계마다 각 샘플을 관찰합니다. 이들 각 담당 기술자들은 전 작업자의 작업을 체크하고 서명합니다. 분석 각 단계마다 샘플이 제대로 다루어지고 정확하게 분석이 되는지 확실하게 하기 위한 품질 관리의 일환입니다.
다양한 상호 교차 확인을 거친 각 결과에 대해 자체적으로 개발한 소프트웨어를 사용하여 측정 결과를 계산하고 보고합니다. 이러한 상호 교차 확인 제도는 SGS Beta연구소의 ISO-17025의 품질 보장 서류화 작업에 명시되어 있는 약 300 페이지에 달하는 품질 관리 방식입니다.
통계적 분석과 최종 연대 측정 계산을 위한 광범위한 컴퓨터 교차 확인과 더불어 기기와 화학 물질의 순도를 매일 매일 확인합니다.
## 품질 관리
상대적 측정 결과와 어떤 가정(일부 노후한 기기에 한해서 생길 수 있는)에 기대지 않고 정확한 전체의 분별 수정을 위해 [가속 질량 분석기](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm "가속 질량 분석기") (AMS) 내에 C13과 C12을 연속 투입하여 δ13C 비율을 측정합니다. C14, C13, C12의 연속 투입으로 C14/C12 비율, C14/C13 비율을 같이 사용하여 연대 측정 계산을 할 수 있으며 C14/C12, C14/C13, δ13C 비율을 동시에 가지고 있으면 서로의 값을 확인하면서 지속적인 품질 관리를 할 수 있습니다. 이렇게 각각 비율을 계산하면 3개의 각기 다른 측정 값을 확인하여 분석 중 동위 원소 진로가 상당히 안정하다는 것을 알 수 있습니다.
가속 질량 분석기로 δ13C 비율 측정(가장 정확한 일반 방사성 탄소 연대/pMC을 알기 위한 전체 분별에 대한 보정)한 다음 추가로 샘플의 δ13C 비율을 별도의 동위원소 비율 질량 분석기 (isotope ratio mass spectrometer)로 측정합니다. SGS Beta 연구소는 연구소 자체에 Thermo-Finnegan Delta Plus Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometers가 2대가 있으며, 각각 하루에 70개의 샘플을 측정할 수 있습니다. 2대가 있으므로 한 대가 고장이 나 작동을 멈춰도 걱정이 없습니다.
결과를 산출하기 전에 각 샘플에 대해서 다양한 기기로 다음과 같은 실험을 합니다. 음극 전류, 추출 전류, 세슘 포커스 전류, C14/C12의 고 에너지, C14/C13의 고 에너지, C13/ C12의 저 에너지, C12 전류의 저 에너지, δ13C 전류의 저 에너지, 빠져 나온 C14의 수 등등. 이런 실험들에 통과가 되면, 측정코자 하는 물질에 대한 현재 값의 분별을 계산하기 위해 현재의 표본 샘플인 옥살 산끼리의 비율과 옥살 산 내부의 비율을 이용합니다.
## [탄소 연대측정에서 왜 품질 보증이 문제일까?](#collapseOne)
탄소 연대측정에서 왜 품질 보증이 문제일까?
면책조항: 이 비디오는 제3자의 사이트에 올렸으며, 광고가 포함되어 있습니다.
## 품질 보증 보고서 (QA 보고서)
SGS Beta 연구소의 고객들은 연대측정 보고서와 함께 QA 보고서를 같이 받으실 겁니다. QA보고서는 보고하기 전에 방사성탄소 분석이 제대로 되었는지 확인하기 위해 이미 연대를 알고 있는 참고 물질의 측정 결과를 같이 보여드리는 것입니다. 이미 연대를 알고 있는 참고 물질과 샘플을 동시에 분석합니다. 측정 결과는 이미 알고 있었던 측정치(expected values)와 실제 측정치(measured values)를 보여줍니다. 보고서에 적힌 측정치는 NIST SRM-4990C에 따라 계산되며, 동위원소 분별을 통해 보정되었습니다. 측정 결과는 상대 표준 편차와 더불어 percent modern carbon (pMC)의 직접 분석 측정을 통해 보여줍니다.
---
### [Controle e garantia de qualidade do SGS Beta](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/radiocarbono-laboratorio2.htm)
**Published:** August 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- SGS Beta segue procedimentos rigorosos para garantir a qualidade de seus resultados
- A acumulação simultânea das razões isotópicas de carbono garante o controle de qualidade contínuo durante a detecção
- Todos os resultados são acompanhados de um relatório de garantia de qualidade
As amostras para [datação por radiocarbono](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/sobre-carbono-datacao.htm "datação por radiocarbono") recebidas no laboratório são imediatamente submetidas a medidas rigorosas de controle de qualidade, a começar pela verificação de que a documentação coincide com as amostras recebidas. Os dados são cruzados por várias pessoas durante todo o processo de registro, catalogação, pré-tratamento, conversão química, carregamento e detecção por AMS, redução de dados, cálculo e elaboração de relatórios.
Antes da publicação de um relatório, cada fase da análise de cada amostra terá sido verificada por pelo menos sete pessoas. Cada uma das pessoas examina o trabalho e os registros feitos pela pessoa anterior. As medidas de controle de qualidade são tomadas em cada uma das etapas da análise para garantir que a amostra seja manipulada e analisada de forma adequada e precisa.
O cálculo e a reportagem dos resultados são realizados com o uso de um software próprio do laboratório que verifica cada um dos resultados múltiplas vezes. É utilizado um amplo sistema de cruzamento de dados que inclui 300 páginas de compromissos de controle de qualidade, de acordo com a certificação ISO-17025.
É também realizado o monitoramento diário da instrumentação e da pureza química, além de verificações minuciosas por computador das análises estatísticas e dos cálculos de idade final.
## Controle de qualidade
A injeção sequencial de Carbono 13 e Carbono 12 possibilita a medição da razão de C13/C12 dentro do [espectrômetro de massas com aceleradores](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/acelerador-massa-espectrometria.htm "espectrômetro de massas com aceleradores") (AMS), necessária para uma medição precisa da correção de fracionamento total sem depender de medidas relativas e suposições (como ocorre com máquinas mais antigas). A injeção sequencial de Carbono 14, Carbono 13 e Carbono 12 permite o cálculo de idade com as razões de C14/C12 e C14/C13. A acumulação simultânea de razões de C14/C12, C14/C13 e C13/C12 garante o controle de qualidade contínuo durante a detecção; o cálculo de cada razão fornece três medidas diferentes para garantir que o percurso do isótopo permaneça estável durante a análise.
Além de medir a razão de C13/C12 dentro do AMS (correção para o fracionamento total para derivar a mais precisa idade de radiocarbono convencial/pMC), a razão de C13/C12 da amostra também é analisada em um espectrômetro de massas de razões isotópicas (IRMS). O SGS Beta possui quatro IRMSs do modelo Thermo-Finnegan Delta em seu laboratório para garantir a redundância e um volume contínuo de processamento. Os IRMSs são também empregados para medir d15N em amostras de ossos e matéria orgânica, d18O em carbonatos e dD/d18O em água.
Antes que os dados sejam aceitos, são testados múltiplos parâmetros para cada amostra. Isto inclui, entre outros, as correntes catódica, de extrator e de foco de césio; as razões de C14/C12 de alta energia, de C14/C13 de alta energia e de C13/C12 de baixa energia; as correntes de C12 de baixa energia e de C13/C12 de baixa energia; e contagens fechadas de C14. Uma vez aceitas, são utilizadas as razões entre e dentro do padrão de referência moderno do ácido oxálico para calcular a fração do valor moderno das variáveis.
## [Qual é a importância da garantia de qualidade para a datação por radiocarbono?](#collapseOne)
Qual é a importância da garantia de qualidade para a datação por radiocarbono?
Aviso legal: Este vídeo está hospedado em um site de terceiros e poderá conter publicidade.
## Relatório de garantia de qualidade
Os clientes do SGS Beta recebem relatórios de garantia de qualidade com seus resultados. Esses relatórios apresentam os resultados dos materiais de referência usados para validar as análises de radiocarbono antes de sua reportagem. Os materiais de referência de valores conhecidos são analisados quase simultaneamente junto com os de valores variáveis. Os resultados são reportados como valores esperados contrapostos a valores medidos. Os valores reportados são calculados segundo os padrões NIST SRM-4990C, e corrigidos por fracionamento isotópico. Os resultados são reportados com a porcentagem da medição análitica direta, carbono moderno (pMC), com um desvio padrão relativo.
---
### [SGS Beta Quality Control & Assurance](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-radiocarbon-lab2.htm)
**Published:** April 10, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- SGS Beta follows stringent procedures to ensure the quality of its results
- Simultaneous accumulation of the Carbon isotope ratios ensure ongoing quality control during the detection.
- All reported results come with a Quality Assurance report.
Samples for [radiocarbon dating](http://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm "radiocarbon dating") received at the lab are immediately subjected to substantial quality control measures starting with verifying that the submittal documentation matches the actual samples received. Redundant crosschecks are performed by multiple persons throughout the log-in, cataloging, pretreatment, chemical conversion, AMS loading and detection, data reduction, calculation, and reporting.
Every sample analyzed is viewed by at least seven persons prior to reporting results through different stages of the analysis. Each person cross-checks the work and labeling of the previous person. Each stage of the analysis has required **quality control** measures to ensure proper and accurate handling and analysis of the sample.
Calculation and reporting of results are performed using an in-house software with built-in multiple cross-checks for each result. A broad system of cross-checks comprises 300 pages of quality control commitment outlined in SGS Beta’s ISO-17025 quality assurance documentation.
Daily monitoring of instrumentation and chemical purity is also performed in addition to extensive computer cross-checks of statistical analyses and final age calculations.
## Quality Control
Sequential injection of Carbon-13 and Carbon-12 provides for measurement of Carbon-13/Carbon-12 ratio within the [accelerator mass spectrometer](http://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm "accelerator mass spectrometer") (AMS), necessary for accurate total fractionation correction without relying upon relative measures and assumptions (something some older machines are limited to). Sequential injection of Carbon-14, Carbon-13, and Carbon-12 allow for calculation of age both using Carbon-14/Carbon-12 and Carbon-14/Carbon-13 ratios. Simultaneous accumulation of the Carbon-14/Carbon-12, Carbon-14/Carbon-13, and Carbon-13/ Carbon-12 ratios ensure ongoing quality control during the detection; the calculation of each provides three different measures to ensure isotope pathway is stable during the analysis.
In addition to measuring the Carbon-13/Carbon-12 within the AMS (correction for total fractionation to derive the most accurate conventional radiocarbon age/pMC), the sample d13C ratio is measured in an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). SGS Beta has access to four in-house Thermo-Finnegan Delta IRMS to ensure redundancy and constant throughput. These same IRMS provide sample d15N on bones and organic materials, as well as d18O on cremated bones and carbonates.
Multiple parameters are tested for each sample before accepting the data. This includes, but is not limited to, cathode current, extractor current, cesium focus current, high-energy Carbon-14/Carbon-12, high-energy Carbon-14/Carbon-13 ratio, low-energy Carbon-13/ Carbon-12 ratio, low-energy Carbon-12 current, low-energy Carbon-13/ Carbon-12 current, and gated Carbon-14 counts. Once accepted, ratios between and within the Oxalic Acid modern standard are utilized to calculate a fraction of modern value for the unknown.
## [\[VIDEO\] Why does quality assurance matter in radiocarbon dating?](#collapseOne)
Why does quality assurance matter in radiocarbon dating?
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
## Quality Assurance Report
SGS Beta clients receive Quality Assurance reports with their results. The QA report provides the results of reference materials used to validate **radiocarbon analyses** prior to reporting. Known value reference materials were analyzed quasi-simultaneously with the unknowns. Results are reported as expected values vs measured values. Reported values are calculated relative to NIST SRM-4990C and corrected for isotopic fractionation. Results are reported using the direct analytical measure percent modern carbon (pMC) with one relative standard deviation.
### More About SGS Beta
- [Cost of Radiocarbon Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
- [Detection Limits & Lab Capacity](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-radiocarbon-lab.htm)
- [How to Send Samples to SGS Beta](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sending-carbon-dating-samples.htm)
- [Recommended Sample Sizes and Packaging](https://www.radiocarbon.com/required-carbon-dating-sample-sizes.htm)
---
### [Controllo e garanzia di qualità SGS Beta](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/radiocarbonio-laboratorio2.htm)
**Published:** July 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- SGS Beta segue procedure rigorose per garantire la qualità dei propri risultati.
- L’accumulazione simultanea del rapporto degli isotopi di carbonio garantisce un controllo qualità costante nel corso della rilevazione.
- A tutti i risultati prodotti è allegato un report di garanzia di qualità.
I campioni ricevuti per la [datazione al radiocarbonio](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-al-carbonio.htm "Datazione al radiocarbonio") sono immediatamente sottoposti a misure di controllo di qualità, che iniziano con il verificare che la documentazione inviata corrisponda ai campioni effettivamente ricevuti. Controlli incrociati ridondanti vengono effettuati da persone diverse nelle varie operazioni di accettazione, catalogazione, pretrattamento, conversione chimica, carico e rilevazione AMS, riduzione dei dati, calcolo e creazione dei report.
Ogni campione analizzato viene controllato da almeno sette persone prima che vengano creati i report dei risultati, passando attraverso i diversi stadi dell’analisi. Ogni persona effettua controlli incrociati sul lavoro e l’etichettatura di chi l’ha preceduta. Ogni stadio di analisi prevede misure di controllo qualità necessarie, per garantire che i campioni siano gestiti ed analizzati in modo corretto e preciso.
Il calcolo e la generazione dei report avvengono con un software in-house che integra controlli incrociati multipli per ogni risultato. Un ampio sistema di controlli incrociati comprende 300 pagine dedicate al controllo qualità indicato nella documentazione di garanzia di qualità ISO/IEC 17025:2017 di SGS Beta.
Vengono effettuati controlli giornalieri della strumentazione e della purezza chimica, oltre agli estensivi controlli incrociati informatici sulle analisi statistiche ed i calcoli delle età definitive.
## Controllo qualità
Delle iniezioni sequenziali di carbonio-13 e carbonio-12 permettono di misurarne il rapporto all’interno dello [spettrometro di massa con acceleratore](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/spettrometro-di-massa-con-acceleratore.htm "Spettrometro di massa con acceleratore") (AMS), in modo da raggiungere una correzione accurata del frazionamento senza fare affidamento su misure relative e supposizioni (uno dei precedenti limiti legati ai vecchi macchinari). Iniezioni sequenziali di carbonio-14, carbonio-13 e carbonio-12 permettono di calcolare l’età utilizzando i rapporti carbonio-14/carbonio-12 e carbonio-14/carbonio-13. L’accumulazione simultanea dei rapporti carbonio-14/carbonio-12, carbonio-14/carbonio-13 e carbonio-13/carbonio-12 permette un costante controllo qualità nel corso della rilevazione; ciascun calcolo genera tre diverse misurazioni per garantire che il percorso dell’isotopo sia stabile durante le analisi.
Oltre a misurare il carbonio-13/carbonio-12 nell’AMS (correzione del frazionamento totale per derivare l’età radiocarbonica convenzionale/pMC più accurata), il rapporto carbonio-13/carbonio-12 del campione viene misurato anche in uno spettrometro di massa per il rapporto isotopico. SGS Beta possiede due spettrometri di massa per il rapporto isotopico Thermo-Finnegan Delta Plus, ciascuno in grado di effettuare 70 misurazioni al giorno. Nel laboratorio si trovano tre macchine, per garantire ridondanza e flusso costante.
Per ogni campione vengono testati più parametri prima di accettare i dati. Questo include, ma non si limita a, corrente catodo, corrente estrattore, corrente fuoco al cesio, carbonio-14/carbonio-12 ad elevata energia, carbonio-14/carbonio-13 ad elevata energia, carbonio-13/carbonio-12 a bassa energia, corrente carbonio-12 a bassa energia, corrente carbonio-13/carbonio-12 a basse energia e conteggi contenuti del carbonio-14. Una volta accettati, i rapporti tra e con gli standard moderni di acido ossalico vengono utilizzati per calcolare una frazione del valore moderno per il campione di età sconosciuta.
## [Perché la garanzia di qualità è importante nella datazione al radiocarbonio?](#collapseOne)
Perché la garanzia di qualità è importante nella datazione al radiocarbonio?
Avvertenza: questo video è ospitato su un sito esterno e potrebbe contenere pubblicità.
## Report di garanzia di qualità
I clienti di SGS Beta ricevono dei report di garanzia di qualità (QA) insieme ai risultati. Il report QA include i risultati dei materiali di riferimento utilizzati per validare le analisi prima della generazione dei report. I valori conosciuti dei materiali di riferimento sono analizzati quasi simultaneamente rispetto ai materiali di età sconosciuta. I risultati sono indicati come valori previsti a confronto con i valori misurati. I valori indicati sono calcolati in relazione a SNIST SRM-4990C e corretti per il frazionamento isotopico. I risultati vengono indicati utilizzando la misura analitica diretta della percentuale di carbonio moderno (pMC) con una deviazione standard relativa.
---
### [Control y garantía de calidad de SGS Beta](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/beta-radiocarbono-lab2.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- SGS Beta sigue procedimientos estrictos para asegurar la calidad de sus resultados.
- La acumulación simultánea de las razones isotópicas de carbono garantiza el control de calidad continuo durante la detección.
- Todos los resultados son acompañados por un informe de garantía de calidad.
Las muestras destinadas a la [datación por radiocarbono](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/sobre-carbono-datacion.htm "datación por radiocarbono") recibidas en el laboratorio son inmediatamente sometidas a medidas considerables de control de calidad, comenzando con la verificación de que la documentación coincide con las muestras recibidas. Varias personas se dedican a cruzar los datos durante todo el proceso de registro, catalogación, pretratamiento, transformación química, carga y detección por AMS, reducción de datos, cálculo y preparación de informes.
Todas las muestras son examinadas por lo menos por siete personas antes que los resultados de las diferentes fases de análisis se dan a conocer. Cada persona verifica el trabajo y los registros realizados por la persona anterior. Medidas de control de calidad son seguidas en cada paso del análisis para asegurar que la muestra sea manipulada y analizada de manera apropiada y precisa.
El cálculo y la presentación de los resultados se llevan a cabo mediante el uso de un software del laboratorio que hace verificaciones múltiples en cada uno de los resultados. Utilizamos un amplio sistema de cruce de datos que incluye 300 páginas de compromisos de control de calidad y que están descritos en la documentación de garantía de calidad de SGS Beta, de acuerdo con la certificación ISO 17025.
También se realiza el monitoreo diario de la instrumentación y pureza química, además de las verificaciones detalladas que son hechas por el ordenador de los análisis estadísticos y de los cálculos de la edad final.
## Control de calidad
La inyección secuencial de carbono-13 y carbono-12 apoya la medición de la razón de 13C/12C en el [espectrómetro de masas con aceleradores](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/acelerador-masa-espectrometria.htm "espectrómetro de masas con Aceleradores") que es requerida para una medición precisa de la corrección del fraccionamiento total sin depender de medidas relativas y suposiciones (a las cuales algunas de las máquinas más antiguas están sujetas). La inyección secuencial de carbono-14, carbono-13 y carbono-12 permite el cálculo de fechas utilizando razones de carbono-14/carbono-12, carbono-14/carbono-13. La acumulación simultánea de razones de carbono-14, carbono-14/carbono-13 y carbono-13/carbono-12 garantiza un control de calidad continuo durante la detección: el cálculo de cada una proporciona tres medidas diferentes para garantizar que la trayectoria del isótopo permanezca estable durante el análisis.
Además de medir la razón carbono-13/carbono-12 en el AMS (corrección para el fraccionamiento total con el fin de derivar la edad de radiocarbono convencional/pMC más precisa), también se analiza el ratio d13C en un espectrómetro de masas de razón isotópica (IRMS). SGS Beta cuenta en sus instalaciones con cuatro IRMS Thermo-Finnegan Delta para garantizar su capacidad y un rendimiento constante. Estos IRMS también se utilizan para proporcionar los d15N de muestras óseas y materiales orgánicos, d18O de carbonatos y dD/d18O de muestras de agua.
El laboratorio pone a prueba múltiples parámetros en cada muestra antes de que los datos sean aceptados. Esto incluye (pero no se limita) la corriente de cátodo, el extractor de corriente, la corriente del foco de cesio, carbono-14/carbono-12 de alta energía, razón de carbono-14/carbono-13 de alta energía, razón de carbono-13/carbono-12 de baja energía, corriente de carbono-12 de baja energía, corriente de carbono-13/carbono-12 baja energía y recuento cerrado de carbono-14. Una vez aceptadas, las razones entre y dentro del estándar moderno de referencia del ácido oxálico se utilizan para calcular la fracción de valor moderno del material analizado.
## [¿Por qué es importante el control de calidad en datación por radiocarbono?](#collapseOne)
¿Por qué es importante el control de calidad en datación por radiocarbono?
Exención de responsabilidad: Este video está alojado en un sitio externo y puede contener publicidad.
## Informe de garantía de calidad
Los clientes de SGS Beta reciben informes de garantía de calidad con sus resultados. El Informe de garantía de calidad presenta los resultados de los materiales de referencia que se utilizaron para validar los análisis de radiocarbono antes de preparar el informe. Los materiales de referencia de valores desconocidos son utilizados con las muestras casi simultáneamente. Los resultados son presentados como valores esperados en comparación con los valores medidos. Los valores comunicados se calculan según los estándares NIST SRM-4990C y corregidos en base al fraccionamiento isotópico. Los resultados se comunican mediante la medición analítica directa conocida como porcentaje de carbono moderno (pMC, en inglés) con una desviación estándar relativa.
---
### [Qualitätskontrolle & Qualitätssicherung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-labor2.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- SGS Beta folgt strengen Verfahren, um die Qualität der Ergebnisse zu gewährleisten.
- Die gleichzeitige Akkumulation der Kohlenstoff-Isotopenverhältnisse gewährleistet eine kontinuierliche Qualitätskontrolle während der Erkennung.
- Alle Ergebnisse werden von einem Qualitätssicherungsbericht begleitet.
Sobald das Labor Proben für eine [Radiokohlenstoff Datierung](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/uber-karbon-datierung.htm "Radiokohlenstoff Datierung") erhält, werden ausgiebige Qualitätskontrollmaßnahmen durchgeführt. Beginnend mit der Prüfung, ob die eingereichte Probe mit der Probendokumentation übereinstimmt. Redundante Gegenkontrollen werden von mehreren Personen in folgenden Bereichen vorgenommen: Log-In, Katalogisierung, Vorbehandlung, chemische Umwandlung, AMS Beladung und Erkennung, Datenreduktion, Berechnungen und der Berichterstattung.
Während der verschiedenen Stadien der Analyse wird jede analysierte Probe vor der Berichterstellung von mindestens sieben Personen begutachtet. Jede Person überprüft die Arbeit und Etikettierung der vorherigen Person. Jedes Stadium der Analyse hat vorgeschriebene Qualitätskontrollmaßnahmen, um eine ordentliche und genaue Behandlung der Probe während der Analyse zu gewährleisten.
Die Berechnung und der Bericht der Ergebnisse wird unter der Verwendung einer In-House Software durchgeführt, die für jedes Ergebnis mehrere Gegenproben eingebaut hat. Ein breites System von Gegenproben enthalten die 300 Seiten der Qualtitätskontrollzusage, die in der SGS Beta ISO-17025 Qualitätszusicherungsdokumentation aufgeführt sind.
Zusätzlich zu den ausführlichen Computer Gegenproben der statistischen Analyse und der abschließenden Altersberechnungen werden die Instrumente und die chemische Reinheit täglich überwacht.
## Qualitätskontrolle
Für eine genaue und komplette Fraktionierungskontrolle ist bei einem [Massenbeschleuniger Spektrometer](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/massen-beschleunigung-spektrometrie.htm "Massenbeschleuniger Spektrometer") (AMS) die sequentielle Injektion von C-13 und C-12 für die Messung des C-13/C-12 Verhältnisses erforderlich, damit man sich nicht auf relative Messungen und Annahmen (auf die ältere Geräte beschränkt sind) verlassen muss. Die sequentielle Injektion von C-14, C-13 und C-12 erlaubt die Kalkulation des Alters unter Verwendung der C-14/C-12 und C-14/C-13 Verhältnisse. Die simultane Akkumulation der C-14/C-12, C-14/C-13 und C-13/C-12 Verhältnisse stellt eine fortlaufende Qualitätskontrolle während des Nachweises dar; die Berechnung von jedem ergibt drei unterschiedliche Messungen, damit sichergestellt ist, dass während der Analyse die Isotopenbahn stabil ist.
Zusätzlich zu der Messung von C-13/C-12 innerhalb des AMS (Korrektur für die totale Fraktionierung, um das genauste konventionelle Radiokohlenstoff Alter/pMC ableiten zu können), wird das C-13/C-12 Verhältnis der Probe auch in einem Isotopenverhältnis Massenspektrometer gemessen. SGS Beta hat Zugang zu zwei In-House Thermo-Finnegan Delta Plus Isotopenverhältnis Massenspektrometern, jedes kann bis zu 70 Messungen am Tag durchführen. SGS Beta verfügt über drei Maschinen um Redundanz und konstanten Durchsatz zu gewährleisten.
Bevor die Daten akzeptiert werden, werden für jede Probe mehrere Parameter getestet. Diese beinhalten, sind aber nicht beschränkt auf: Kathodenstrom, Extraktorstrom, Zäsium Ausrichtungsstrom, energiereiches C-14/C-12, energiereiches C-14/C-13 Verhältnis, energiearmes C-13/C-14 Verhältnis, energiearmer C-12 Strom, energiearmer C-13/C-12 Strom und Gatter C-14 Zähler. Sobald anerkannt, werden die Verhältnisse zwischen und innerhalb der Oxalsäure, welche der moderne Standard ist, verwendet um den Anteil eines modernen Wertes für die Unbekannte zu berechnen.
## Qualitätssicherungsbericht
Die Kunden von SGS Beta erhalten mit ihren Ergebnissen auch Qualitätssicherungsberichte. Die QS Berichte geben die Ergebnisse der Referenzmaterialien an, die vor der Berichterstellung zur Validierung der Radiokohlenstoffanalyse verwendet wurden. Bekannte Wertreferenzmaterialien werden quasi-simultan mit den Unbekannten analysiert. Die Ergebnisse werden als erwartete Werte versus gemessene Werte berichtet. Die Berichtwerte werden relativ zu NIST SRM-4990C berechnet und mit der isotopischen Fraktionierung berichtigt. Die Ergebnisse werden unter Verwendung der direkten analytischen Prozentmessung des modernen Kohlenstoffs (percent modern carbon – pMC) mit einer relativen Standardabweichung berichtet.
---
### [Contrôle Qualité & Assurance Qualité pratiqués par SGS Beta](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-radiocarbone-lab2.htm)
**Published:** June 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- SGS Beta suit des procédures très strictes pour assurer la qualité des résultats.
- La collecte simultanée des ratios des isotopes de carbone permet d’assurer un contrôle permanent de la qualité pendant la détection.
- Tous les résultats communiqués sont accompagnés d’un rapport d’assurance qualité.
Les échantillons reçus au laboratoire en vue de la [datation au radiocarbone](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/a-propos-datation-carbone.htm "datation au radiocarbone") sont immédiatement soumis à des mesures de contrôle qualité. En premier lieu, nous vérifions que les échantillons reçus correspondent aux documents qui les accompagnent. Des vérifications croisées sont effectuées par différentes personnes tout au long du processus d’enregistrement, de catalogage, de prétraitement, de la transformation chimique, de chargement dans le spectromètre et pendant la détection, lors de la réduction des données, des calculs et de la rédaction du rapport.
Chaque échantillon analysé est contrôlé par au moins 7 personnes lors des différentes étapes de l’analyse avant que les résultats ne soient communiqués. Chaque personne vérifie le travail et l’étiquetage de l’intervenant précédent. Chaque étape de l’analyse comprend obligatoirement des mesures de contrôle qualité qui garantissent le traitement et l’analyse corrects et exacts des échantillons.
Le calcul et la communication des résultats sont effectués à l’aide d’un logiciel développé en interne qui prévoit de multiples vérifications de chaque résultat. Ce large système de double vérification inclut notre engagement qualité de 300 pages qui fait partie de la documentation d’assurance qualité ISO-17025 de SGS Beta.
En outre, un contrôle quotidien des instruments et de la pureté chimique est aussi effectué en plus des importantes vérifications croisées des analyses statistiques et des calculs d’âge définitifs prévus par notre logiciel.
## Contrôle qualité
Des injections successives de carbone 13 et carbone 12 permettent de mesurer le ratio carbone 13/carbone 12 à [l’intérieur du spectromètre](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/spectrometrie-acceleration-masse.htm "l’intérieur du spectromètre"), ce qui est nécessaire pour la correction précise du fractionnement total sans avoir à recourir à des mesures relatives et des suppositions (ce qui est nécessaire avec certaines autres machines d’ancienne génération).
Des injections successives de carbone 14, carbone 13 et carbone 12 permettent de déterminer l’âge, basé sur les ratios carbone 14/carbone 12 et carbone 14/carbone 13. L’accumulation simultanée des ratios carbone 14/carbone 12, carbone 14/carbone 13 et carbone 13/carbone 12 permet d’assurer un contrôle permanent de la qualité pendant la détection. Le calcul des trois ratios donne trois mesures différentes qui assurent que l’évolution des isotopes est stable durant l’analyse.
Outre la mesure du ratio carbone 14/carbone 12 dans le spectromètre (correction du fractionnement total pour en déduire l’âge radiocarbone conventionnel /pMC le plus précis), le ratio d13C de l’échantillon est mesuré dans un spectromètre de masse de rapport isotopique (IRMS). SGS Beta possède quatre IRMS Thermo-Finnegan Delta en interne afin de garantir la répétition et un débit constant. Ces IRMS fournissent le ratio d15N sur les ossements et matériaux organiques, d18O sur les carbonates et dD/d18O sur l’eau.
Plusieurs paramètres sont testés pour chaque échantillon avant que les données ne soient validées. Ceci comprend, de façon non exhaustive, la vérification du courant cathodique, du courant de l’extracteur, du courant de focalisation du césium, du courant de haute intensité du ratio carbone 14/carbone 12, du courant de haute intensité du ratio carbone 14/carbone 13, du courant de faible intensité du ratio carbone 13/carbone 12, du courant de faible intensité carbone 12, du courant de faible intensité du ratio carbone 13/carbone 12 et des comptages limités au carbone 14. Une fois validés, les rapports entre et à l’intérieur du standard moderne de l’acide oxalique sont utilisés pour calculer une fraction de la valeur moderne pour la valeur inconnue.
## [Pourquoi le contrôle qualité est important dans la datation au C14 ?](#collapseOne)
Selon vous, pourquoi le contrôle qualité est-il important dans la datation au radiocarbone?
Avertissement : cette vidéo est hébergée sur un site tiers et peut contenir de la publicité.
## Rapport d’assurance qualité
Les clients SGS Beta reçoivent des rapports d’assurance qualité joints aux résultats. Le rapport d’assurance qualité indique les résultats obtenus pour les matériaux de référence utilisés pour valider l’analyse au radiocarbone. Les analyses des matériaux de référence aux valeurs connues sont effectuées quasi simultanément aux analyses des échantillons aux valeurs inconnues. Les résultats sont mis en parallèle dans le rapport : résultats attendus d’un côté et résultats obtenus pour les échantillons de l’autre. Le calcul des valeurs rapportées est basé sur le système NIST SRM-4990C et corrigé en fonction du fractionnement isotopique. Les résultats sont exprimés en taux de 14C moderne (pMC) avec un écart type relatif.
---
### [SGS Beta 檢測能力與極限](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-radiocarbon-lab.htm)
**Published:** July 13, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta 實驗室通過ISO/IEC 17025:2017認證，現可提供以下化學測試服務：
**考古學 / 地質材料和水樣品**
- 測試目的和測試内容: 測定放射性碳年齡/活動，測量14/13C, 14/12C, 13/12C
- 採用技術: [加速器質譜儀(AMS)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm "加速器質譜儀(AMS)")
- 範圍: 自現代至43,500BP年前(0.44 pMC to 198 pMC)
- 定年極限: 43,500BP年 (0.44 pMC)
****有機物、碳酸鈣及水****
- 具體測試或測量方法：
– 穩定同位素測試方法：使用同位素比質譜儀(IRMS)與光腔衰盪光譜儀(CRDS)測量δ13C、 δD、 δ15N、 δ17O以及δ18O
– 使用元素分析儀(EA)測量C:N比、 %C、%N
- IRMS範圍: -200 per mil至+100 per mil
- IRMS測試極限:
δ13C是250至35,000 mV
δ15N、δ18O、 δ17O、 δD是1,000至35,000 mV
## 測試極限的相關背景
直以來，關於液体閃爍計數器（LSC）或AMS的[放射性碳定年](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/about-carbon-dating.htm "放射性碳定年")範圍都争論不斷、一再研究。
一些實驗室在進行一次測試後便報告出一個限定的年齡，如48000 +/- 500或53000 +/- 2500。SGS Beta實驗室透過研究發現，僅通過單次測試的報告很容易给研究人員造成誤解。過去，SGS Beta實驗室曾經將一個中新世的煤炭樣品進行石墨化，並將石墨化後的樣品分成幾個小樣分别寄给7個不同的AMS實驗室測試，而最终得到的年齡範圍是42000 to 53000。
在多次放射性碳定年國際比對活動（TIRI, FIRI, VIRI）中，對亞化石和化石樣品定年结果的範圍差異也做了仔细說明。
當樣品的活動與参考背景幾乎一致時，實驗室會將測試年齡報告為一個真實且保守的值，即大於43500 BP。 該數據是可靠可信的，是根據實驗室内部的AMS報告範圍所得。因此，對於大於43500 BP的樣品，實驗室不會報告出一個有限的年齡 。當樣品的C14活度與参考背景一致或低於背景時，實驗室會將其年齡報告為＂大於＂43500 BP。
## AMS 放射性碳定年
加速器質譜儀（AMS）是為碳定年特别設計的最新儀器。SGS Beta實驗室現擁有多台加速器質譜儀，每台每天可對25-30個樣品進行測試分析。每台儀器中含有2種SNICS離子源（銫濺射負離子源 ）。因為SNICS是AMS系统中的主要故障來源，所以充足的設備可保証系统能持續運作，不因故障而影響定年進度。而對於那些容易出現問題或拖延修護時間的零組件，實驗室擁有大量的候補零件。
實驗室會先後注入C13和C12進行C13/C12比例測試，這對於精確的分餾校正是必不可少的一步，這使得校正不必像過去一樣僅能依靠相關測量和假定（對於一些比較舊式的儀器還無法進行該測試）。之後我們會按順序加入C14、C13和C12，利用C14/C12和C14/C13比例進行年齡計算。同時在粒子探測時，對C14/C12、C14/C13和C13/C12比例進行累計來進行品質控制，每個計算都提供3種不同測量以確保同位素在分析中的軌跡是穩定的。
除了在AMS中測量C13/C12比例（為總分餾做校正以得到最精確的常規放射性碳年齡/pMC），樣品的C13/ C12比例也會透過穩定同位素質譜儀進行測試。SGS Beta實驗室内部擁有兩台Thermo-Finnegan公司的Delta Plus型同位素比值質譜儀 ，每台每天可進行70次測量。 兩台機器可以確保持續穩定的輸出數據。
在得到最终數據前，實驗室會對樣品的多重参數進行測試。這包括但不限於陰極電流、萃取離子電流、聚焦銫粒子流、高能C14/C12、高能C14/C13比例、低能C13/C12比例、低能C12電流、低能C13/C12電流和C14計數等。測試完成後，若比例落在Oxalic Acid 現代標準範圍内，則會採用該標準來計算未知的現代分數值。
在定年之前至少會進行2個背景測試，確保最终在樣品盤中不含任何污染物。實驗室會對6個現代標準進行測試，4-5個已知年齡的品質控制標準樣品也會進行測試以保証樣品測試年齡的準確性。
## 穩定碳同位素比例的測量
根據樣品中同位素分餾的總量（富集或損耗）與現代標準的對比，測量C13/C12比例可對C14年齡進行校正。若未進行該測量，則會在年齡計算中使用假定值。
對於已知材料，該假定值與實際測量時是相當接近的。然而，由於未知的植物材料中可能混含著C3（如闊葉樹）、C4（如玉米）植物以及CAM植物（如絲蘭），因此若不進行同位素測試，則會造成250年的誤差。該測試對於骨頭樣品也是十分重要的，它可以更清楚地了解用於放射性碳測試萃取的骨膠原纯度。
*最後更新2022年11月*
---
### [SGS Beta 能力と検出限界](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-radiocarbon-lab.htm)
**Published:** March 16, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
ISO/IEC 17025:2017認定SGS Beta では 下記の化学分析を行っております
**考古学 / 地質学に係る物質、水**
- 試験項目 : 放射性炭素年代/濃度の決定、14/13C, 14/12C, 13/12Cの測定
- 測定方法 : [加速器質量分析 (AMS)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm "加速器質量分析 (AMS)")
- 範囲: 43,500 years BPから現在 まで(0.44 pMC to 198 pMC)
- 検出限界: 43,500 years BP (0.44 pMC)
****有機物および炭酸塩および水****
- 試験の種類と測定項目:
– 安定同位体比の決定: 同位体質量分析計(IRMS)およびキャビティリングダウン分光法(CRDS) によるδ13C, δD, δ15N, δ17O および δ18Oの分析
– 元素分析によるC:N 比, %C, %N
- IRMSの範囲: -200 per mil から +100 per mil
- IRMS 検出限界:
δ13C は 250 から 35,000 mV
δ15N, δ18O, δ17O, δDは 1,000 から35,000 mV
## バックグラウンドおよび検出限界
液体シンチレーション法 (LSC)またはAMSによる [放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/about-carbon-dating.htm "放射性炭素年代測定") におけるバックグラウンド/検出限界は、長い間議論、調査の対象とされてきました。
ひとつの試料に関して1回の測定を行うだけで、48000 +/- 500 や 53000 +/- 2500 などの古い年代の報告を行っている年代測定試験所もあります。 しかしSGS Beta で行ってきた独自の調査により、単一測定のみによるこのような古い年代の報告は、しばしば誤った解釈を導くことがあるということがわかりました。 SGS Beta では過去に中新世(Miocene)の石炭から前処理-調製した同一のグラファイトを7か所のAMS測定機関で分析を行ってきました。 その結果42000 to 53000という広い範囲の年代を得ました。
この検出限界の分散はTIRI, FIRI, VIRIなどの試験所間の国際比較調査で、準フォッシルまたはフォッシル試料が、ある試験所ではinfinite age( > x BP) 、ある試験所ではfinite age(x BP)という結果を不規則に示したことでも明らかになりました。
SGS Beta では、測定試料のアクティビティがバックグラウンドと統計的に同等な場合は、真でありかつ保守的な（安全な）最古年代として、43500BPを決定しました。 これは我々の独自のAMSの測定限界として完全に信頼できる値です。 このような理由からSGS Beta では43500 BPより古い絶対年代を報告いたしません。バックグラウンドと等しいまたは低いアクティビティの試料は、43500 BPより古い( >43500BP) として報告いたします。
## AMS（加速器質量分析装置）による放射性炭素年代測定
AMSとは加速器質量分析装置（Accelerator Mass Spectrometry）を指します。SGS Beta のAMSは、最新の技術を用いて放射性炭素年代測定のために特別に設計されています。各機器には、SNICS（セシウム・スパッタリングによる負イオン源）イオン源が二つあります。 SNICSは比較的トラブルが起こりやすい部分であるため、システムを二重化することによってスループットを保証します。また、トラブルの際の影響を最小限にするためスペアパーツを多く在庫しております。
正確な同位体分別補正のために機器内でδ13C比を測定します。C14、C13、C12の連続注入によって、C14/C12とC14/C13比を両方使用して年代算出をすることができます。 C14/C12、C14/C13、δ13Cの計測を同時進行することによって、検出時の品質管理を確実に行うことができます。同時に三つの計測値を得ることができ、同位体分析の安定性を確認することできます。
AMSにおいて、同位体分別補正を行うためのC13/ C12測定に加えて、同位体比質量分析計によってもδ13Cが分析されます。SGS Beta では、サーモフィッシャーサイエンティフィック社製同位体比質量分析計を2台を所有しております。
データを年代の計算に供する前に、カソード・カレント、エクストラクター・カレント、セシウム・フォーカス・カレント、高エネルギーC14/C12比、高エネルギーC14/C13比、低エネルギーC13/Ｃ12比、低エネルギーC12カレント、低エネルギーδ13C、 C14カウントなどのパラメータが検証されます。各パラメータが基準を満たせば、リファレンス・スタンダードとの関係により、試料のC14濃度が算出されます。
コンタミネーションがないことを保証するためにバックグラウンド試料は、未知年代試料をはさんで少なくとも2回以上測定されます。 またリファレンス・スタンダードは6試料以上、4試料以上の既知年代のサブ・スタンダードが同一ホイールで測定されます。
## 炭素安定同位体比の測定
炭素安定同位対比(δ13C比) の測定によって、measured radiocarbon ageの同位体分別の補正を行います。同位体分別の補正を行わないと最大で400年の誤差が生じる可能性があります。また炭素安定同位対比は骨試料から抽出したタンパク質の純度の判断の目安、植物の光合成サイクルの識別、地下水の性質、海性・淡水性の区別にも用いることができます。
### SGS Beta 関連トピック
- [最新のニュース](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-news/)
- [SGS Betaが人工的にC14を付与した試料の測定をお引き受けしない理由](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-c14-tracerfree-lab/)
*最終更新：2022年11月*
---
### [SGS Beta 범위 및 측정 한계](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-radiocarbon-lab.htm)
**Published:** January 27, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta 연구소의 방사성 탄소 연대측정 실험실은 ISO/IEC 17025:2017 승인을 받아 다음과 같은 화학 분석 실험을 합니다.
**고고학 물질/ 지질학 물질/ 물**
- 실험 종류: 방사성 탄소 연대측정/활동, 14/13C, 14/12C, 13/12C 측정.
- 사용 기술 방법: [질량 가속 분석기 (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm "질량 가속 분석기 (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)")
- 범위: 43,500년 BP에서 현재까지 (0.44 pMC 에서 198 pMC)
- 탐지 한계: 43,500년 BP (0.44 pMC)
****유기 물질 및 탄산염, 물****
- 특정 테스트 또는 측정된 속성:
– 안정 동위원소 비율 분석: IRMS (Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry) 및 CRDS (Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy) 에 의한 δ13C, δD, δ15N, δ17O 및 δ18O 측정
– 원소 분석에 의한 %C, %N 및 C:N 비율
- IRMS 범위: -200/mil ~ +100/mil
- IRMS 검출 한계:
δ13C는 250~35,000mV
δ15N, δ18O, δ17O, δD는 1,000~35,000mV
## 측정 한계의 배경
액체 섬광 계수기 (liquid scintillation counting )나 질량 가속 분석기로 방사성 탄소 연대측정을 하는 경우에 측정 한계에 대한 실제적인 배경에 대해 오랫동안 토의, 연구가 되어 왔습니다.
일부 연구소는 단 한번의 샘플 분석을 통해 48000 +/- 500나53000 +/- 2500와 같은 결과를 내놓지만, SGS Beta 연구소의 자체 연구에 따르면 단 한번의 분석으로 작성한 보고서는 잘못된 결과를 가져 오게 할 수 있다고 합니다. SGS Beta 연구소는 중신세대의 석탄으로 만든 똑같은 흑연을 7개로 쪼개서 7개의 다른 AMS실험실로 보내 연대 측정을 해봤는데 42,000년에서 53,000년 사이에 서로 다른 연대측정 결과를 받았습니다.
여러 국제 방사성 탄소 보정 연구는 이런 측정 한계의 다양성을 보여주며 화석 샘플들은 여러 다양한 결과 범위를 보여주며 또한 항상 다른 결과를 보여줍니다.
SGS Beta 연구소는 분석한 물질과 기초 재료의 연대가 완전히 일치할 경우에 한해 가장 보수적이며 실질적인 한계를43,500 BP로 정했습니다. 이 연대는 SGS Beta 연구소의 실험실 자체 AMS 한계로 보자면 상당히 믿을만한 수치입니다. SGS Beta 연구소는 43,500 BP 이상의 연대 측정 결과에 대해서는 명확한 연대 결과로 보고하지 않으며 이 정도나 이하의 샘플에 대해서는 단지 “43,500 BP 이상” 이라고만 보고합니다.
## AMS 방사성 탄소 연대측정
가속 질량 분석기(AMS)는 탄소 연대 측정을 하기 위해 특별히 고안된 최신 기술의 기기입니다. 현재 SGS Beta 연구소는 여러 대의 가속 질량 분석기를 가지고 있어서 하루에 25개에서 30개의 샘플을 분석할 수 있습니다. 각 기기는 두 개의 SNICS (Source of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering) 이온 발생기를 가지고 있어서 가속 질량 분석기에서 SNICS의 고장으로 인해 기기가 멈추는 것에 항상 대비하고 있습니다. 또한 여분의 부품들을 항상 보유하고 있어서 고장에 대비하고 있으며, 특히 쉽게 고장이 나거나 수리하는데 시간이 많이 걸리는 부품들을 항상 지속적으로 다량 보유하고 있습니다.
상대적 측정 결과와 가정에 기대지 않고 정확한 전체 분별 수정을 하기 위해 기기 내에서 탄소13과 탄소12의 연속 투입으로 탄소13/탄소13 비율을 측정합니다. (일부 낙후된 기기에 한해서) 탄소14, 탄소13, 탄소 12의 연속 투입으로 탄소14/탄소12 비율, 탄소14/탄소12 비율을 같이 사용하여 연대 측정 계산을 할 수 있습니다. 탄소14/탄소12, 탄소14/탄소12, 탄소13/탄소12 비율을 동시에 축적하게 되면 지속적으로 품질 관리를 할 수 있습니다. 이렇게 각각 비율을 계산하면 3개의 각기 다른 측정 값으로 분석 중 동위 원소 진로가 안정하다는 것을 보여줍니다.
가속 질량 분석기에서 탄소13/탄소12 비율을 측정 (가장 정확한 일반 방사성 탄소 연대/pMC을 알기 위한 전체 분별에 대한 보정)에 더해서, 샘플의 탄소13/탄소12 비율을 동위원소 비율 질량 분석기 (isotope ratio mass spectrometer)에서 분석합니다. SGS Beta 연구소는 연구소 자체에 2대의 Thermo-Finnegan Delta Plus Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometers가 있어서 각 기계가 하루에 70개의 샘플을 측정할 수 있습니다. 두 대의 기기가 실험실에 있어서 한 대가 고장이 나서 기기가 멈춰서도 걱정이 없습니다.
결과를 산출하기 전에 각 샘플에 대해서 여러 기기로 실험합니다. 음극 전류, 추출 전류, 세슘 포커스 전류, 탄소-14/탄소-12의 고 에너지, 탄소-14/탄소-13 비율의 고 에너지, 탄소-13/ 탄소-12 비율의 저 에너지, 탄소-12 전류의 저 에너지, 탄소13/탄소-12 전류의 저 에너지, 통과된 탄소-14의 숫자 등이 포함되어 있습니다. 이런 실험들에 통과가 되면, 미지 물질에 대한 현재 값의 분별을 계산하기 위해 현재의 표준인 옥살 산끼리의 비율과 옥살 산 내부의 비율을 사용합니다.
샘플 휠 사이의 오염을 없애기 위해 작동 시작과 끝에 최소한 2번 기초 물질을 측정합니다. 미지 샘플의 측정 결과의 정확성을 위해 6개의 현대 기준 물질 측정을 하며, 4개에서 5개의 연대가 알려진 품질 관리 기준 물질 측정을 합니다.
## 탄소 안정 동위 원소 비율 측정
탄소13/탄소12 비율을 측정하게 되면, 현대의 기준 물질과 비교하여 각 샘플에서 동위 원소의 분별 정도에 따라 (추가나 감소) 측정한 탄소14의 연대를 보정할 수 있습니다. 만약에 측정하지 않으며, 연대 측정 계산에서 한가지를 가정해야 합니다.
동일 물체일 경우에 이 추정 값은 측정 값과 거의 유사합니다. 하지만 C3 (전형적인 경재 나무)와 C4 (예로 옥수수) 경로 식물과 CAMS 경로 식물 (예로 유카)이 섞여있을 지도 모르는 식물 샘플에 대해서는 이 추정 값은 굉장히 중요합니다. 만약에 이 측정을 하지 않으면 정확성에서 250년의 오차가 생길 수 있습니다. 또한 뼈 샘플의 경우 연대 측정 분석을 위해 추출한 단백질의 순수 정도를 제공해 줄 수 있기 때문에 중요합니다.
*2022년 11월 업데이트*
---
### [Capacidade e limites de detecção do SGS Beta](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/radiocarbono-laboratorio.htm)
**Published:** August 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
O laboratório de datação por radiocarbono SGS Beta tem a certificação ISO/IEC 17025:2017 para realizar análises químicas nos seguintes:
**Materiais arqueológicos, geológicos e água**
- Análises específicas ou propriedades medidas:
Determinação da idade/ atividade de radiocarbono: medições de 14/13C, 14/12C, 13/12C
- Técnica utilizada: [espectrometria de massa com aceleradores (AMS)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/acelerador-massa-espectrometria.htm "Espectrometria Acelerador de Massa (AMS)")
- Faixa: de 43.500 anos BP até o dia presente (0,44 pMC a 198 pMC)
- Limite de detecção: 43.500 anos BP (0,44 pMC)
**Água e materiais orgânicos e carbonáticos**
- Análises específicas ou propriedades medidas:
– Determinação de razões de isótopos estáveis: medições de δ13C, δD, δ15N, δ17O e δ18O por espectrometria de massas de razões isotópicas (IRMS) e espectroscopia por cavidade ressonante tipo ring-down (CRDS)
– razões de C:N, %C e %N por análise by Análise elemental
- Faixa da IRMS: -200 por mil a +100 por mil
- Limites de detecção da IRMS:
δ13C: 250 a 35.000 mV
δ15N, δ18O, δ17O, δD: 1.000 a 35.000 mV
## Limite de detecção de antecedentes
O limite prático de detecção de antecedentes para a [datação por radiocarbono](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/sobre-carbono-datacao.htm) com a contagem de cintilação líquida (LSC) ou AMS tem sido debatido e pesquisado há muito tempo.
Alguns laboratórios analisam a amostra uma vez e divulgam um resultado finito – ex. 48000 +/- 500 ou 53000 +/- 2500. As pesquisas internas do SGS Beta demonstraram que relatórios baseados em uma única análise podem induzir a erros. O SGS Beta já enviou frações de uma mesma amostra grafitada de carvão do Mioceno a sete **laboratórios de AMS**, e recebeu resultados finitos de idades de 42.000 a 53.000.
Essas variações nos limites de detecção também foram observadas nos diversos Estudos Internacionais de Intercalibração por Radiocarbono (TIRI, FIRI, VIRI), onde amostras de sub-fósseis ou fósseis geraram uma série de resultados, de “finito” a “mais do que”, que nem sempre estavam na direção certa.
A SGS Beta fixou um limite real e conservador de “mais do que 43.500 AP” quando a atividade do material é estatisticamente a mesma que o antecedente. Esse é um número confiável baseado nos próprios limites AMS internos do laboratório. Por isso, o SGS Beta não divulga idades finitas que vão além de 43.500 AP. Os resultados de amostras que produzem um nível de atividade igual ou inferior a esse são divulgados como tendo “mais do que” 43.500 anos AP.
## A capacidade do SGS Beta
Os instrumentos do laboratório são os mais modernos que existem e foram desenvolvidos especificamente para medições de radiocarbono. O SGS Beta possui vários espectrômetros de massa com aceleradores, cada um capaz de realizar de 25 a 30 análises por dia. Cada instrumento tem duas fontes de íons SNICS (do inglês “Source of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering”). A disponibilidade de vários equipamentos garante um rendimento constante, visto que as SNICS são as principais fontes de inatividade em um AMS. A empresa também mantém um suprimento considerável de peças de reposição, especialmente para os equipamentos mais propensos a falhas e/ou que requerem mais tempo para serem consertados.
A injeção sequencial de Carbono 13 e Carbono 12 proporciona a medição da razão de Carbono 13/Carbono12 dentro da máquina, necessária para a correção precisa do fracionamento total sem depender de medidas relativas e suposições (às quais máquinas mais antigas estão sujeitas). A injeção sequencial de Carbono 14, Carbono 13 e Carbono 12 permite o cálculo da idade, usando razões de Carbono 14/Carbono 12 e Carbono 14/Carbono 13. A acumulação simultânea de razões de Carbono 14/Carbono 12, Carbono 14/Carbono 13 e Carbono 13/Carbono 12 garante o controle de qualidade contínuo durante a detecção; o cálculo de cada fornece três medidas diferentes para garantir estabilidade no percurso do isótopo durante a análise.
Além de medir a razão Carbono 13/Carbono 12 dentro do AMS (correção para o fracionamento total para derivar a mais precisa idade de radiocarbono convencional/pMC), a razão de Carbono 13/Carbono 12 da amostra também é analisada em um espectrômetro de massa de razões isotópicas (IRMS). O SGS Beta possui dois espectrômetros de massa de razões isotópicas do modelo Thermo-Finnegan Delta Plus. Cada um é capaz de realizar 70 medições por dia. Temos duas máquinas à disposição em nossas instalações para garantir um rendimento constante.
Múltiplos parâmetros são analisados em cada amostra antes que os dados sejam aceitos. Isto inclui, entre outros, a corrente catódica, o extrator de corrente, corrente do foco de césio, Carbono-14/Carbono 12 de alta energia, razão de Carbono 14/Carbono 13 de alta energia, razão de Carbono 13/Carbono 12 de baixa energia, corrente de Carbono 12 de baixa energia, corrente de Carbono 13/Carbono 12 de baixa energia e contagens fechadas de Carbono 14. Uma vez aceitas, as razões entre e dentro do padrão moderno de referência do Ácido Oxálico são utilizadas para calcular a fração de valor moderno do material analisado.
Pelo menos duas medições de antecedentes são realizadas no início e no final de cada série para garantir a ausência de contaminação entre as rodas de amostras. Seis padrões modernos são medidos e 4 ou 5 padrões de garantia de qualidade de idade conhecida são executados em cada roda para garantir a precisão dos resultados do material analisado.
### Medições de razões de isótopos estáveis de carbono
A medição da razão de Carbono 13/Carbono 12 possibilita a correção da idade de carbono 14 medida, com base no fracionamento isotópico (enriquecimento ou empobrecimento) na amostra individual, em comparação com o padrão moderno. Se a medição não for feita, um valor é presumido no cálculo da idade.
No caso de materiais identificados, essa estimativa pode ser muito próxima ao valor medido. No entanto, a estimativa é especialmente importante no caso dos materiais não identificados e provenientes de plantas que possam conter uma mistura de plantas C3 (ex. árvores de madeira de lei) e C4 (ex. milho) e plantas MAC (ex. mandioca), o que pode resultar em um erro de 250 anos se a medição não for feita. Ela é importante também para as amostras de osso, visto que dá uma ideia da pureza da proteína extraída para a datação por radiocarbono.
**Mais sobre o SGS Beta:**
- [Qual é a relevância do prazo de entrega de resultados de um laboratório de C14?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/fast-results/)
- [Por que o SGS Beta não aceita amostras com C14 marcado](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-tracer-free-lab/)
- [Preços de datação por radiocarbono](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/quanto-custa-datacao-radiocarbono.htm)
*Última atualização: novembro de 2022*
---
### [Capacità e limiti di rilevamento del laboratorio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/radiocarbonio-laboratorio.htm)
**Published:** July 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Il laboratorio di datazione al radiocarbonio di SGS Beta è certificato ISO/IEC 17025:2017 per lo svolgimento di test chimici su:
**Acqua e materiali archeologici/geologici**
- Test specifici o proprietà misurate:
Determinazione dell’età/attività radiocarbonica, misurazione dei rapporti 14/13C, 14/12C, 13/12C
- Tecnica usata: [Spettrometria di massa con acceleratore (AMS)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/spettrometro-di-massa-con-acceleratore.htm "Spettrometria di massa con acceleratore (AMS)")
- Intervallo: da 43.500 anni BP al presente (da 0,44 pMC a 198 pMC)
- Limite di rilevamento: 43.500 anni BP (0,44 pMC)
**Materiali organici e carbonatici e acqua**
- Test specifici o proprietà misurate:
– Determinazione dei rapporti di isotopi stabili: misurazione di δ13C, δD, δ15N, δ17O e δ18O mediante spettrometria di massa isotopica (IRMS) e spettroscopia Cavity Ring-Down (CRDS)
– Rapporto C:N, %C, %N mediante analisi elementare
- Intervallo IRMS: da -200 per mille a +100 per mille
- Limite di rilevamento IRMS:
per δ13C, da 250 a 35.000 mV
per δ15N, δ18O, δ17O, δD, da 1000 a 35.000 mV
## Limiti di rilevamento del background
Il limite pratico di rilevamento del background nella [datazione al radiocarbonio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-al-carbonio.htm "Datazione al radiocarbonio") con LSC (conteggio a scintillazione liquida) o AMS è stato a lungo argomento di ricerca e discussione.
Alcuni laboratori effettuano una singola analisi di un campione e consegnano un risultato finito, ad esempio 48000 +/- 500 o 53000 +/- 2500. La ricerca interna di SGS Beta ha tuttavia dimostrato che una singola analisi può risultare fuorviante. In passato, SGS Beta ha inviato parti di uno stesso campione di grafite prodotta da carbon fossile miocenico a ben sette diversi laboratori AMS e ha ricevuto risultati finiti compresi tra 42.000 e 53.000 anni.
Queste variazioni nei limiti di rilevamento sono state discusse in diversi studi internazionali di intercalibrazione per il radiocarbonio (International Radiocarbon Intercalibration Studies TIRI, FIRI, VIRI), in cui campioni fossili o sub-fossili hanno prodotto intervalli di età da finite a superiori al limite del 14C e non sempre nella direzione corretta.
SGS Beta ha stabilito un limite reale e precauzionale di 43500 BP quando l’attività del materiale è statisticamente identica al background. Questo numero è stato calcolato in base ai limiti interni degli AMS del laboratorio. Per questo motivo, SGS Beta non riporta età finite superiori a 43.500 BP. L’età dei campioni con attività pari o inferiore a questo valore viene indicata come “maggiore di” 43.500 BP.
## Capacità di SGS Beta
Il laboratorio è dotato degli strumenti tecnologici più recenti e all’avanguardia progettati specificamente per la misurazione del radiocarbonio. SGS Beta possiede attualmente diversi spettrometri di massa con acceleratore, ognuno in grado di effettuare da 25 a 30 analisi al giorno. Ogni spettrometro include due fonti di ioni SNICS (Source of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering). Dato che gli SNICS sono la principale causa dei tempi morti nell’AMS, la ridondanza è la migliore garanzia di continuità. L’azienda dispone inoltre di una scorta consistente di parti di ricambio, soprattutto per i componenti soggetti a guasti e/o la cui riparazione richiede tempi lunghi.
L’iniezione sequenziale di carbonio-13 e carbonio-12 permette di misurarne il rapporto all’interno dello strumento, in modo da ottenere una correzione accurata del frazionamento totale senza fare affidamento su misure relative e supposizioni (uno dei limiti di alcuni vecchi strumenti). L’iniezione sequenziale di carbonio-14, carbonio-13 e carbonio-12 permette di calcolare l’età utilizzando sia il rapporto fra carbonio-14/carbonio-12 sia quello tra carbonio-14/carbonio-13. L’accumulazione simultanea dei rapporti fra carbonio-14/carbonio-12, carbonio-14/carbonio-13 e carbonio-13/carbonio-12 assicura un controllo costante sulla qualità della misurazione; il calcolo di ognuno di questi valori fornisce tre diverse misure che servono a garantire che il flusso sia stabile durante l’analisi.
Il rapporto di carbonio-13/carbonio-12 del campione viene misurato sia nell’AMS (correzione del frazionamento totale per derivare l’età radiocarbonica convenzionale/pMC più accurata) sia in uno spettrometro di massa isotopica. Il laboratorio di SGS Beta è dotato di due spettrometri di massa isotopica Thermo-Finnegan Delta Plus, ciascuno in grado di effettuare 70 misurazioni al giorno. La presenza di due macchine garantisce ridondanza e produzione costante di dati.
L’accettazione dei valori prodotti da un campione dipende dalla valutazione di diversi parametri, tra cui corrente catodica, corrente estrattore, corrente di focalizzazione del cesio, carbonio-14/carbonio-12 ad alta energia, carbonio-14/carbonio-13 ad alta energia, carbonio-13/carbonio-12 a bassa energia, corrente carbonio-12 a bassa energia, corrente carbonio-13/carbonio-12 a bassa energia e conteggio controllato del carbonio-14. Una volta accettati, i rapporti tra e con gli standard moderni di acido ossalico vengono utilizzati per calcolare una frazione del valore moderno per il campione di età sconosciuta.
Vengono effettuate almeno due misurazioni del background, all’inizio e alla fine di ogni ciclo, per garantire l’assenza di contaminazione tra ruote di campioni. In ogni ruota vengono misurati sei standard moderni e 4-5 standard di età nota per garantire l’accuratezza dei risultati dei campioni di età sconosciuta.
## Misurazione del rapporto tra isotopi stabili del carbonio
La misurazione del rapporto carbonio-13/carbonio-12 permette la correzione dell’età radiocarbonica in base all’ordine di grandezza del frazionamento isotopico (arricchimento o riduzione) in un singolo campione rispetto agli standard moderni. Se non viene misurato, al momento del calcolo dell’età viene fatta una stima, che, per i materiali identificati, può essere molto vicina al valore analitico.
Tuttavia, la misurazione è particolarmente importante per i materiali vegetali non identificati che potrebbero contenere sia piante C3 (es. alberi da legno duro) e C4 (es. mais) sia piante CAM (es. yucca), dal momento che una stima potrebbe produrre un errore fino a 250 anni nell’accuratezza del risultato. È importante anche per i campioni di ossa, perché può fornire informazioni sulla purezza delle proteine estratte per la datazione al radiocarbonio.
**Ulteriori informazioni su SGS Beta:**
[Perché scegliere un laboratorio di datazione al C14 con consegna rapida?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/fast-results/)
[Perché SGS Beta non accetta campioni con C14 tracciante](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-tracer-free-lab/)
[Costi della datazione al radiocarbonio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/costi-datazione-carbonio.htm)
*Ultimo aggiornamento: novembre 2022*
---
### [SGS Beta capacité et limites de détection](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-radiocarbone-lab.htm)
**Published:** June 25, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta est un laboratoire de datation radiocarbone accrédité ISO/IEC 17025:2017 pour réaliser les tests chimiques suivants :
**Matériaux archéologiques / géologiques et eaux :**
- Tests spécifiques ou propriétés mesurées :
Détermination de l’âge / l’activité radiocarbone, mesure 14/13C, 14/12C, 13/12C
- Technique utilisée : [spectrométrie de masse par accélérateur](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/spectrometrie-acceleration-masse.htm "spectrométrie de masse par accélérateur") (SMA)
- Intervalle : De 43 500 ans BP jusqu’à nos jours (0,44 pMC à 198 pMC)
- Limites de détection : 43 500 BP (0,44 pMC)
****Matériaux organiques, carbonates et eau****
- Tests spécifiques ou propriétés mesurées :
– Détermination des rapports d’isotopes stables : mesure de δ13C, δD, δ15N, δ17O et δ18O par spectrométrie de masse à rapport isotopique (IRMS) et spectroscopie à cavité optique (CRDS)
– Rapports C:N , %C, %N par analyse élémentaire
- Plage IRMS : -200 pour mille à +100 pour mille
- Limites de détection IRMS :
δ13C est de 250 à 35 000 mV
δ15N, δ18O, δ17O, δD est de 1 000 à 35 000 mV
## Limites de détection du bruit de fond
La limite pratique de détection du bruit de fond pour [la datation radiocarbone](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/a-propos-datation-carbone.htm "la datation radiocarbone") par scintillation liquide ou par AMS est débattue et étudiée depuis longtemps.
Certains laboratoires se contentent d’une mesure unique pour des résultats finis exprimés sous la forme 48000+/-500 ou 53000+/-2500. Les recherches menées chez SGS Beta montrent qu’une analyse simple peut être trompeuse. Des extraits de graphite d’un même échantillon de charbon du Miocène ont été envoyés à sept laboratoires AMS différents, et les résultats récupérés variaient, entre 42000 et 53000.
Ces écarts dans les limites de détection ont également été soulignés dans les différentes études internationales d’intercalibration, les « International RadiocarbonIntercalibrationStudies » (TIRI, FIRI, VIRI), où des échantillons subfossiles et fossiles produisaient des résultats « finis » ou «supérieurs à», pas toujours dans le bon sens.
SGS Beta a fixé une limite réelle et stricte de 43500 BP quand l’activité du matériau est statistiquement identique au fond. Il s’agit d’un nombre pertinent au vu des limites AMS propres au laboratoire. De fait, SGS Beta ne reporte pas les âges supérieurs à 43500 BP, et les échantillons correspondants porteront la mention « supérieur à » 43500 BP.
## SGS Beta Capacité
Les appareils utilisés pour l’AMS sont à la pointe de la technologie et spécialement conçus pour la mesure chronologique au radiocarbone. Chaque appareil dispose de deux SNICs (source d’ions négatifs par pulvérisation de césium). La redondance assure au mieux la constance du débit, car les SNIC sont la cause principale des temps d’arrêt d’un AMS. De nombreuses pièces de rechange sont disponibles en cas d’incident, particulièrement celles qui sont susceptibles à des pannes et/ou qui ont des temps de réparation très longs.
L’injection séquentielle de carbone 13 et de carbone 12 permet de mesurer le rapport δ13C dans l’appareil, nécessaire pour une correction fractionnée totale précise sans s’appuyer sur des mesures relatives et des hypothèses (comme c’est le cas avec certaines anciennes machines). L’injection séquentielle de carbone 14, 13, et 12 permet de calculer l’âge en utilisant les rapports C14/C12 et C14/C13. L’obtention simultanée des rapports C14/C12, C14/C13 et δ13C assure un contrôle qualité permanent pendant l’analyse ; le calcul de chaque rapport fournit 3 mesures différentes pour s’assurer que le chemin que prend l’isotope est stable lors de l’analyse.
En plus de la mesure du rapport δ13C dans l’AMS (avec correction pour le fractionnement total pour calculer l’âge radiocarbone conventionnel/pMC le plus précis), le rapport δ13C est aussi analysé dans un Spectromètre de Masse de rapport isotopique. SGS Beta dispose de deux spectromètres de masse isotopique Thermo-Finnegan Delta Plus, dont la capacité de chacun est de 70 mesures par jour. Nous avons deux machines pour assurer la redondance et un débit constant.
Plusieurs paramètres sont vérifiés sur chaque échantillon avant le rapport final, comprenant, mais ne s’y limitant pas, un courant cathodique, un courant extracteur, le courant césium, le rapport haute énergie C14/C12 et C14/C13, le ratio faible énergie δ13C, le courant C12 faible énergie, le courant δ13C faible énergie et le C14 retenu. Une fois vérifiés, les rapports entre, et au sein du standard moderne de l’acide oxalique sont utilisés pour calculer une fraction de la valeur moderne pour l’inconnu.
Au moins deux mesures de bruit de fond sont effectuées au début et à la fin de chaque série pour s’assurer de l’absence de toute contamination entre les palettes d’échantillons. Six standards modernes sont mesurés et 4 ou 5 standards d’âge connu (Assurance Qualité) sont mis dans chaque palette afin d’assurer l’exactitude des résultats pour les inconnus.
## Mesure des rapports des isotopes stables du carbone
La mesure des rapports δ13C permet de corriger l’âge C14 mesuré en fonction de la valeur du fractionnement isotopique (enrichissement ou appauvrissement) dans les échantillons par rapport au standard moderne. Si la mesure n’est pas réalisée, une mesure est néanmoins prise en compte dans le calcul de l’âge.
Pour les matériaux identifiés, cette estimation peut être très proche de la valeur mesurée. Cependant, elle est particulièrement importante pour les matières végétales non identifiées qui peuvent contenir un mélange de C3 (par exemple les feuillus typiques) et C4 (par exemple le maïs), ou les plantes à métabolisme de type crassulacéen (comme, par exemple, le yucca). En effet, une inexactitude de 250 ans pourrait en résulter sans la mesure. Elle est également importante pour les échantillons d’os, car elle donnera un aperçu de la pureté de la protéine extraite pour l’analyse radiocarbone.
*Dernière mise à jour de la page : novembre 2022*
---
### [SGS Beta Capacidad y Límites de Detección](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/beta-radiocarbono-lab.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
El laboratorio de datación por radiocarbono de SGS Beta está certificado con la norma ISO/IEC 17025:2017 para realizar pruebas químicas en los siguientes materiales:
**Materiales arqueológicos/ geológicos y agua**
- Propiedades medidas o pruebas específicas:
Determinación de la edad radiocarbónica / actividad, medición de 14/13C, 14/12C, 13/12C
- Técnica utilizada: [Espectrometría de masas con aceleradores (AMS)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/acelerador-masa-espectrometria.htm "Acelerador de Espectrometría de Masas (AMS)")
- Rango: desde 43,500 años AP hasta la actualidad (0,44 pMC a 198 pMC)
- Límites de detección: 43,500 años AP (0,44 pMC)
****Agua y materiales orgánicos y carbonatados****
- Propiedades medidas o pruebas específicas:
– Determinación de relaciones de isótopos estables: medición de δ13C, δD, δ15N, δ17O y δ18O mediante espectrometría de masas de relaciones isotópicas (IRMS) y espectroscopía de cavidad en anillo desplegable (CRDS)
– Relación C:N, %C, %N por análisis elemental
- Rango IRMS: -200 por mil to +100 por mil
- Límites de detección de IRMS:
Para δ13C, de 250 a 35,000 mV
Para δ15N, δ18O, δ17O, δD, de 1,000 a 35,000 mV
## Límites de detección de referencias
El límite de detección práctico de referencias en la [datación por radiocarbono](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/sobre-carbono-datacion.htm "datación por radiocarbono") por recuento de centelleo líquido (LSC) o AMS ha sido largamente investigado y discutido.
Algunos laboratorios analizan una muestra una vez y comunican un resultado finito, por ejemplo, 48000 +/- 500 ó 53000 +/- 2500. Las investigaciones de SGS Beta han demostrado que dichos informes con un solo análisis pueden inducir a errores. En el pasado, SGS Beta envió muestras del mismo grafito producido a partir de carbón del Mioceno a siete laboratorios de AMS diferentes, obteniendo fechas finitas de edades entre 42.000 a 53.000 BP.
Estas variaciones en los límites de detección también han sido señaladas en los varios estudios internacionales de inter-calibración de radiocarbono (TIRI, FIRI, VIRI), donde las muestras de sub-fósiles o de fósiles produjeron un intervalo de resultados que iban desde rangos finitos a mayor que, y no siempre en la dirección correcta.
SGS Beta ha establecido un límite real y conservador de más de 43.500 BP, cuando la actividad del material es estadísticamente la misma que las de referencia, siendo éstas un número adecuado basado en los propios límites internos AMS del laboratorio. Por ello, SGS Beta no cita edades finitas por encima de 43.500 BP. Las muestras que producen una actividad fuera de estos límites se comunican como “mayor que” 43.500BP.
## SGS Beta Capacidad
Los instrumentos de datación por AMS son los más modernos y han sido desarrollados específicamente para las mediciones de radiocarbono. SGS Beta cuenta con varios espectrómetros de masas con aceleradores y cada uno es capaz de realizar entre 25 y 30 análisis por día. Cada instrumento tiene dos fuentes de iones SNICS (del inglés “Source of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering”). La disponibilidad de varios equipos garantiza un rendimiento constante, ya que los SNICS representan la principal fuente de inactividad en un espectrómetro de este tipo. La empresa también tiene una reserva considerable de piezas de repuesto, especialmente para los equipos más propensos a fallos y/o que requieren más tiempo para ser reparados.
La inyección secuencial de carbono-13 y carbono-12 apoya la medición de la razón de 13C/12C en e espectrómetro de masas con aceleradores que es requerida para una medición precisa de la corrección del fraccionamiento total sin depender de medidas relativas y suposiciones (a las cuales algunas de las máquinas más antiguas están sujetas). La inyección secuencial de carbono-14, carbono-13 y carbono-12 permite el cálculo de fechas utilizando razones de carbono-14/carbono-12, carbono-14/carbono-13. La acumulación simultánea de razones de carbono-14, carbono-14/carbono-13 y carbono-13/carbono-12 garantiza un control de calidad continuo durante la detección: el cálculo de cada una proporciona tres medidas diferentes para garantizar que la trayectoria del isótopo permanezca estable durante el análisis.
Además de medir la razón de carbono-13/carbono-12 dentro del espectrómetro (corrección para el fraccionamiento total para derivar la edad de radiocarbono convencional/pMC más precisa), también se analiza la razón de carbono-13/carbono-12 de la muestra en un espectrómetro de masas de razón isotópica. SGS Beta tiene acceso a dos espectrómetros de masas de razón isotópica del modelo Thermo-Plus Finnegan Delta Plus en su laboratorio. Cada uno de ellos es capaz de realizar 70 mediciones por día. Tres máquinas están disponibles en nuestras instalaciones para asegurar un rendimiento constante.
El laboratorio pone a prueba múltiples parámetros en cada muestra antes de que los datos sean aceptados. Esto incluye (pero no se limita) la corriente de cátodo, el extractor de corriente, la corriente del foco de cesio, carbono-14/carbono-12 de alta energía, razón de carbono-14/carbono-13 de alta energía, razón de carbono-13/carbono-12 de baja energía, corriente de carbono-12 de baja energía, corriente de carbono-13/carbono-12 baja energía y recuento cerrado de carbono-14. Una vez aceptadas, las razones entre y dentro del estándar moderno de referencia del ácido oxálico se utilizan para calcular la fracción de valor moderno del material analizado.
Por lo menos dos mediciones de referencia se llevan a cabo al inicio y al final de cada serie para asegurar la ausencia de cualquier contaminación entre las ruedas de muestras. Seis estándares modernos se miden y 4 o 5 estándares de control de calidad de edad conocida se incluyen en cada rueda para garantizar la precisión de los resultados del material analizado.
## Midiendo razones de isótopos estables de carbono
La medición de la razón de carbono-13/carbono-12 permite la corrección de la edad medida de carbono-14 en base a la cantidad de fraccionamiento isotópico (enriquecimiento o agotamiento) en la muestra individual en comparación con el estándar moderno. Si no se hace la medición, se asume un valor en el cálculo de la edad.
En el caso de los materiales identificados, esta estimación puede ser muy próxima al valor medido. Sin embargo, es especialmente importante en el caso de materiales no identificados y de las plantas que pueden contener una mezcla de plantas C3 (por ejemplo, árboles típicos de madera de ley), C4 (por ejemplo, maíz) y plantas MAC (por ejemplo, la yuca), ya que esta omisión puede resultar en un error de 250 años. También es importante para las muestras óseas, ya que da una idea de la pureza de la proteína extraída para la datación radiocarbónica.
*Última actualización de la página: Noviembre de 2023*
---
### [SGS Beta Kapazität & Nachweisgrenzen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-labor.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Das SGS Beta Radiokarbon Datierungslabor ist nach ISO/IEC 17025:2017 anerkannt. Dies erlaubt uns chemische Tests an folgenden Materialien durchzuführen:
**Archäologische / Geologische Materialien und Wasser**
- Spezifische Tests oder Messung bestimmter Eigenschaften:
Bestimmung des Radiokarbon Alters / Aktivität, Messung von 14/13C, 14/12C, 13/12C
- Angewandte Technik: Stabile Isotopenverhältnisse mittels [Massenbeschleunigungsspektrometrie (AMS)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/massen-beschleunigung-spektrometrie.htm "Massenbeschleunigungsspektrometrie (AMS)")
- Bereich: Von 43.500 Jahren BP bis heute (0,44 pMC bis 198 pMC)
- Nachweisgrenzen: 43.500 Jahre BP (0,44 pMC)
**Organische und karbonatische Materialien und Wasser**
- Spezifische Tests oder gemessene Eigenschaften:
– Bestimmung des Verhältnisses stabiler Isotope: Messung von δ13C, δD, δ15N, δ17O und δ18O durch Isotopenverhältnis-Massenspektrometrie (IRMS) und Cavity-Ring-Down-Spektroskopie (CRDS)
– C:N-Verhältnisse, %C, %N mittels Elementaranalyse
- IRMS Bereich: -200 Promille bis +100 Promille
- IRMS-Nachweisgrenze:
δ13C ist 250 bis 35.000 mV
δ15N, δ18O, δ17O, δD beträgt 1.000 bis 35.000 mV
## Background Nachweisgrenze
Die praktische Background Nachweisgrenze für die [Radiokarbon Datierung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/uber-karbon-datierung.htm "Radiokarbon Datierung") durch Flüssigkeitszintillationszählung oder AMS wird schon lange diskutiert und recherchiert.
Manche Labore analysieren eine Probe einmal und geben einen begrenzten Befund an, z.B. 48.000 +/- 500 oder 53.000 +/- 2500. SGS Beta eigene Recherche hat gezeigt, dass ein derartiger Befund, der auf einer einzigen Analyse basiert, sehr irreführend sein kann. In der Vergangenheit hat SGS Beta Graphit Splitter, die vom Miozän-gealterten Kohlegraphit stammen, an sieben verschiedene AMS Labore geschickt und begrenzte Befunde von 42.000 bis 53.000 Jahre erhalten.
Diese Abweichungen von Nachweisgrenzen wurden auch in den verschiedenen internationalen Radiokarbon Interkalibrierungsstudien (Tiri, FIRI, VIRI) beleuchtet. Dort ergaben subfossile oder fossile Proben einen Bereich von begrenzten Befunden, der nicht immer in die korrekte Richtung wies.
SGS Beta hat sich eine reale und konservative Grenze von größer als 43.500 BP gesetzt, wenn die Aktivität des Materials statistisch gesehen mit der Aktivität des Backgrounds übereinstimmt. Dies ist eine zuverlässige Zahl, die auf der Limitierung unserer internen AMS Maschinen basiert. Daraus folgt, dass SGS Beta keine begrenzten Alter angibt, die 43.500 BP übersteigen. Proben die eine Aktivität um oder unterhalb dieser Grenze ergeben, werden als größer 43.500BP gekennzeichnet.
## SGS Beta Kapazität
Die AMS Instrumente entsprechen der neusten und aktuellsten Technologie, speziell angefertigt für die Radiokohlenstoffmessung. Jedes Instrument hat zwei SNICS (Quelle von negativen Ionen in der Cäsiumzerstäubung) Ionenquellen. Die Freisetzungen gewährleistet den besten beständigen Datendurchlauf seitdem SNICS die hauptsächliche Quelle von Ausfallzeiten in einem AMS darstellt. Das Unternehmen verfügt darüber hinaus über ein beträchtliches Angebot von Ersatzteilen, besonders diejenigen die anfällig für Fehler und/ oder eine längere Reparaturzeit sind.
Die folgengebundene Injektion von Kohlenstoff 13/12 wird für die Messung der Kohlenstoff 13/12 Anteile mit Hilfe der Instrumente geliefert, die für eine akkurate Endfraktionierungskorrektur benötigt werden, welche jedoch nicht von einem relativen Maßstab und einer Annahme (limitiert ältere Maschinen) abhängig sind. Die folgengebundene Injektion von Kohlenstoff 14, Kohlenstoff 13 und Kohlenstoff 12 erlaubt die Berechnung des Alters durch die Verhätnisse von Kohlenstoff 14/12 und Kohlenstoff 14/13. Simultane Akkumulationen von Kohlenstoff 14/ Kohlenstoff 12, Kohlenstoff 14/ Kohlenstoff 13 und Kohlenstoff 13/ Kohlenstoff 12 Anteilen gewährleisten eine fortlaufende Qualitätskontrolle während der Ermittlung; ihre Berechnung liefert drei verschiedene Maßeinheiten wodurch gewährleistet wird, dass der Isotopenpfad während der Analyse stabil ist.
Zusätzlich zur Messung von Kohlenstoff 13/ Kohlenstoff 12 innerhalb der AMS (Korrektur der Endfraktionierung um das akkurateste und konventionellste Radiokohlenstoff Alter/ pMC zu erhalten), werden die Kohlenstoff 13/ Kohlenstoff 12 Anteile der Proben ebenfalls mit Hilfe eines Massenisotopenanteilspektrometers analysiert. SGS Beta hat Zugang zu zwei In-House Thermo-Finnegan Delta Plus Massenisotopenanteilspektrometer, die jeweils 70 Messungen pro Tag durchführen können. Zwei Maschinen sind Voraussetzung um einen beständigen Durchlauf gewährleisten zu können.
Bevor die Daten anerkannt werden, werden verschiedene Parameter für jede Probe getestet. Dies beinhaltet, ist jedoch nicht bedingt, Kathodenstrom, Extrahierungsstrom, Cäsiumstrom, energiereiches Kohlenstoff 14/ Kohlenstoff 12, energiereiche Kohlenstoff 14/ Kohlenstoff 13 Anteile, energiearme Kohlenstoff 13/ Kohlenstoff 12 Anteile, energiearmer Kohlenstoff 12 Strom, energiearmer Kohlenstoff 13/ Kohlenstoff 12 Strom und angebundene Kohlenstoff 14 Zähler. Sobald akzeptiert, werden die Anteile zwischen und innerhalb der Oxalsäure (moderner Standard) benutzt, um eine Fraktion von einem modernen Wert für die Unbekannte zu berechnen.
Mindestens 2 Hintergrundmessungen werden zu Beginn und am Ende für jeden Durchlauf getätigt, um die Abwesenheit von jeglichen Kontaminationen zwischen Probenrädern zu gewährleisten. Sechs moderne Standards werden gemessen und 4 bis 5 altersbekannte QA Standards werden in jedem Rad durchgelaufen, um ein akkurates Resultat für die Unbekannten zu gewährleisten.
## Messung von festen Kohlenstoffisotopenanteilen
Die Messung von Kohlenstoff 13/ Kohlenstoff 12 Anteilen erlauben die Korrektur des gemessenen Kohlenstoff 14 Alters, welches verglichen mit dem aktuellen Standard, auf den Betrag der Isotopenfraktionierung (Anreicherung oder Abbau) der individuellen Probe basiert. Im Falle, dass die Messung nicht durchgeführt wurde, wird 1 in der Altersberechnung angenommen.
Für identifizierte Materialien, kann die Schätzung sehr nahe an dem gemessenen Wert liegen. Dies ist besonders wichtig für nicht identifizierbare Pflanzenmaterialien, welche in einem Mix von C3 (z.B. Hartholz Bäume) und C4 (z.B. Getreide) Pflanzenpfade und CAMS Pflanzenpfade (z.B. Yucca) beinhalten, ohne eine Betrachtung Messung kann dies zu einer Abweichung von 250 Jahren in der Genauigkeit führen. Dies ist ebenfalls wichtig für Knochenproben, da es einen Einblick in die Reinheit der Proteinextrahierung für die Radiokohlenstoff Datierungsanalyse geben kann.
*Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: November 2022*
---
### [SGS Beta實驗室AMS定年服務](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-lab.htm)
**Published:** July 13, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
自1983年起，SGS Beta實驗室就已開始對全球科學界提供例行的 [AMS放射性碳定年](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm#Advantages "AMS放射性碳定年") 服務。實驗室AMS測試的標準服務為14個工作日。
SGS Beta實驗室每天收到的測試樣品中，大部份都是要求以[加速器質譜儀（AMS）](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm "accelerator mass spectrometry") 進行測試。AMS定年技術有許多優勢，它將放射性定年的運用範圍拓展到許多新的研究領域。而原先無法透過液體閃爍計數器進行測試的某些情況，現在也可運用AMS測試解決。
## AMS測試優勢
- 僅需1 mg的碳甚至更少的量就可進行放射性碳定年。
- 所需樣品尺寸較小，您在取樣時擁有更多選擇。
- 小樣品需要花費更多精力進行預處理。
- 由於需要的樣品量較少，您可保留部分原樣進行存檔。
- 對於古老且微量的樣品，统計誤差大大提升。
- 在参考標準與未知樣品測試時保持同步。
## SGS Beta實驗室AMS定年流程
將CO2使用鈷催化劑進行氫還原，製成石墨靶後放入AMS儀器中完成測試。樣品在800°C，100%氧氣環境下燃燒釋放CO2。釋放出的CO2先用甲醇/乾冰乾燥，然後用液態氮收集起來進行隨後的石墨化反應。為了確保化學系統性，對於參考標準、內部品質控制(QA)樣品和背景樣品也會進行相同的化學反應。
透過測量樣品C14/C13對比 Oxalic Acid II (NIST-4990C)的C14/C13比例得出最後结果(BP” or “pMC”)，所有測試都通過實驗室内部SNICS離子源粒子加速器完成。品質控制樣品和未知樣品一起進行測試，並單獨出具“[品質保證報告](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-radiocarbon-lab2.htm "品質保證報告")”。在報告被檢測樣品的结果前，我們會檢查品質控制樣品的測試结果是否符合已知樣品的相關數據。
實驗室會將一小部分石墨化樣品放入元素分析儀(EA)並透過穩定同位素質譜儀(IRMS)計算d13C值，該值將用于[同位素分餾](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/isotopic-fractionation.htm "同位素分餾")校正。元素分析儀將有機質氧化為CO2，水及碳酸鹽在氣體分析器內酸化以產生CO2，EA及氣體分析器皆與IRMS相連，而穩定同位素質譜儀將不同質量碳區分開、計算CO2質量（44、45及46）並算出樣品的d13C值。
## 樣品與參考標準保証協議
您的樣品會進行一整輪的石墨靶制樣，其中包括由實驗室準備的背景、現代和已知年齡標準樣品。這些附加材料會與樣品接受同樣的[化學預處理](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm "化學預處理")以及石墨合成。對於精準的碳定年測試，這些是必不可少的。它們也將進行完整的加速器質譜測試，為年齡計算和核對提供参考。只有極少數個例是將未知樣品與標準参考樣品分開測試。
## [為什麼在一個實驗室進行所有的測試步驟如此重要？](#collapseOne)
為什麼在一個實驗室進行所有的測試步驟如此重要？
免責聲明：本視頻託管於第三方網站中，可能包含廣告。
## 最快的測試時程
SGS BETA實驗室的AMS標準測試週期為美國邁阿密實驗室收到樣品後14個工作天，您也可選擇優先服務（6個工作天）或極速服務（2-3個工作天）。 送往實驗室進行放射性碳定年的樣品，測試時間不會因為樣品數量發生更改。當美國實驗室收到您的樣品後，我們會透過電子郵件通知您樣品已安全送達，並告訴您測試預計完成時間。
SGS Beta實驗室會立即開始化學預處理。同時包含参考背景、現代和已知年齡的標準参考樣品，然後開始進行碳定年。樣品經過石墨化制靶後放入加速器測試。之後我們開始對结果進行公曆年校正以及同位素比例校正（必要時），最後將C14測試结果報告给您。
*最後更新2022年8月*
---
### [SGS Beta のAMSによる放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-lab.htm)
**Published:** March 16, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta が日々受ける分析リクエストのほとんどは[加速器質量分析法](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm) (AMS)による放射性炭素年代測定です。
AMSには多く利点があり、新しい研究分野においても放射性炭素年代測定を利用することを可能にしてきました。また、Radiometric Methodでは測定ができなかったサンプルの測定を可能にしました。SGS Beta は、1983年以来、世界各国の研究者の方々に常時[AMSによる放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm#Advantages)を提供しております。弊社ではAMS放射性炭素年代測定を14営業日以内でご提供しています。
## AMS分析の利点
- 炭素が１ミリグラムまたはそれ以下の場合でも放射性炭素年代が可能。
- 微量試料による分析が可能なため、より詳細なサンプリングが可能。
- 微量試料による分析が可能なため、よりも強力な前処理をすることが可能。
- 微量試料による分析が可能なため、試料の一部を残しておくことが可能。
- 試料の年代が古い場合、試料量が少ない場合、統計誤差が少ない。
- 標準試料と未知年代試料の準同時分析が可能。
## AMSの測定手順
AMS測定で用いられるグラファイトは、コバルト触媒を用いたCO2の水素還元によって調製されます。CO2は100%酸素雰囲気下、800℃以上で試料を燃焼することによって得られます。得られたCO2はメタノール/ドライアイス、そして液体窒素による極低温法で精製された後グラファイト化されます。同じ方法で標準試料、QA試料、バックグランド試料も調製され、すべての分析過程がシステマチックであることを確証します。
測定結果(BP, pMC)はSNICSイオン源を備えた社内の加速器の一つによって、Oxalic Acid II (NIST-4990C) のC14/C13に対する、試料のC14/C13の比を求めることによって得られます。同時的に[“QA report“](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-radiocarbon-lab2.htm)にて報告される品質保証用の試料(QA試料)の測定も行います。 最終的な未知年代試料の結果報告の前に、QA試料の測定結果がすべて想定内であることが必要とされます。
AMSの結果は、全ての[同位体分別](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/isotopic-fractionation.htm)を補正するためにグラファイトのAMSによるd13測定値を用いて補正されます。 一方レポートに記載されるd13Cの値は試料の種類によって異なる方法で分析されます。 固形の有機物はサブサンプリングされ、元素分析計(EA)を用いてCO2化されます。水や炭酸塩はガスベンチで酸性化され、CO2化します。 EAとガスベンチは安定同位体質量分析計(IRMS)に直結されています。 IRMSでCO2マス(質量44, 45, 46)を分離、測定し、試料のd13Cを計算します。
## 標準試料と未知年代試料の一貫した整合性
お送りいただいた未知年代試料は、スタンダード、バックグラウンド、およびSGS Beta により準備された既知年代試料と共に準同時的に分析されます。つまり未知年代試料と同じ手順で[化学的前処理](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm) とグラファイトの調製が行われます。この手順は、年代の確度を保証するために必要です。そしてそれら一連の既知年代試料を未知年代試料と同一ホイールに満遍なくセットし測定を行い最終的な年代値の算出と検証を行います。 これらの標準試料や既知年代試料とは切り離して別に前処理が行われた既知年代試料を受け入れることはほとんどありません。
## SGS Beta AMS試験所の迅速な納期
AMSによる年代測定では、標準(Standard)で14営業日、お急ぎの場合(Priority)は6営業日で結果をご報告いたします、Time Guide 3営業日。予期できない事象が起きない限り、試料数にかかわらずお約束の納期で結果をお送りいたします。試験所にログイン後、試料が無事に到着した旨を、納期とともにお知らせいたします。SGS Beta はサンプルの受領後、すぐに化学処理を開始いたします。スタンダード、バックグラウンド、サブスタンダードなどの既知年代試料も同一ホイールで準同時的に測定されます。必要な場合は同位体分別補正を行い、また可能な場合は暦年代較正を行い放射性炭素年代をご報告いたします。
*最終更新：2022年8月*
---
### [SGS Beta 연구소의 AMS 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 서비스](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-lab.htm)
**Published:** January 22, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta 는 1983년부터 국제 과학계에 정기적으로 [AMS 방사성 탄소 연대 측정](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm#Advantages "AMS 방사성 탄소 연대 측정") 서비스를 제공해왔습니다. 저희 회사는 통상적으로 영업일 기준 14일 이내에 AMS 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 결과를 제공해드립니다.
방사성 탄소 연대 측정을 위한 [가속기 질량 분석법(AMS)](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm "가속기 질량 분석법(AMS)") 분석 기술은 SGS Beta 연구소가 매일매일 행하는 가장 빈번한 실험 작업입니다. 연대 측정에 사용되는 AMS 기술은 많은 장점이 있어 많은 새로운 연구 영역에서도 응용해서 사용할 수 있습니다. 또한 AMS 분석 기술은 방사연대 측정 기법을 이용해 측정할 수 없는 경우에도 연대측정이 가능하게 해줍니다.
## AMS분석의 이점
- 1밀리그램 이하의 적은 탄소의 량으로도 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 가능합니다.
- 소량의 시료만 필요하기 때문에 더욱 선택적인 샘플링 작업이 가능합니다.
- 필요한 시료가 적어서 더 강력한 사전 처리가 가능합니다.
- 필요한 시료가 적어 대부분의 원재료는 별도로 저장 보관 가능합니다.
- 오래되고 작은 샘플일 수록, 통계적 오류는 적어집니다.
- 표준 물질과 연대를 알고자 하는 시료 사이에 측정치는 의사-동시적 (Quasi-simultaneous)입니다.
## SGS Beta 연구소의 AMS 연대측정 절차
AMS 연대측정은 코발트 촉매로 이산화탄소의 수소환원으로 생긴 흑연화로 행해집니다. 100%의 산소 하에서 800도 이상의 고온 연소를 통해 발생하는 이산화탄소를 이용합니다. 이 이산화탄소는 메타놀/드라이 아이스로 말린 다음 지속적인 흑연화 과정을 통해 액체 질소에 모입니다. 또한 품질 관리릉 위해 참고 기준 물질, 내부 QA 시료, 기초물질도 동일한 과정을 거칩니다.
SNICS ion source을 사용하는 여러 자체 가속기 중 하나늘 사용해서 Oxalic Acid II (NIST-4990C)의 C14/C13 대비 측정 시료의 C14/C13을 측정하여 분석 결과 (“BP” 혹은 “pMC”)을 얻습니다. QA (Quality assurance) 용 시료 역시 동일하게 측정하여 별도의 QA report로 보고합니다. 측정 시료의 결과들을 보고하기 전에 이미 결과를 알고 있는 QA용 시료들의 결과가 오차 범위안에 있는지 확인합니다.
AMS 측정 결과는 분별 작용을 위해 기기 흑연화된 d13C를 이용하여 보정합니다. 이 d13C 값은 시료의 종류에 따라 다른 방법으로 구합니다. 고체의 유기물은 시료 채취 후 Elemental Analyzer (EA)로 CO2로 전환합니다. 물과 탄산염은 CO2를 만들기 위해 가스 벤치에서 산화시킵니다. EA 와 가스 벤치 모두 안정 동위원소 질량 분석기 (isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS))에 직접 연결되어 있습니다. IRMS는 CO2 질량 (44, 45, 46) 의 분리 및 측정과 d13C 계산 작업을 수행합니다. >/p>
## 샘플 및 표준시료 간의 일치 보증
고객의 연대측정 의뢰 시료는 SGS Beta 연구소의 기초 물질, 현재의 이미 연대를 알고있는 표준 물질을 포함한 흑연화 목표의 ‘Full Wheel(전체 조직)’에 같이 넣습니다. 이러한 추가 자료들은 고객의 시료와 동일한 [화학적 사전처리](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm "carbon dating") 와 흑연 합성 과정을 거칩니다. 이는 정확한 방사성 탄소 연대 측정에 필수적입니다. 이것들은 연대 계산과 확인에 필요한 표준 측정을 위해 가속기 휠에 배치됩니다. 드문 경우를 제외하고, 표준시료와는 별도로 준비된 알려지지 않은 성분을 분석할 수도 있습니다.
## [왜 한 실험실에서 모든 분석 과정을 해야 하지요?](#collapseOne)
왜 한 실험실에서 모든 분석 과정을 해야 하지요?
면책조항: 이 비디오는 제3자의 사이트에 올렸으며, 광고가 포함되어 있습니다.
## 가장 빠른 결과 제공
AMS 방사성탄소 연대측정의 분석 결과는 일반 서비스의 경우 14 영업일 내에 보고되며, 특급 서비스의 경우 6 영업일 이내에 가능합니다. 타임 가이드 서비스의 경우 2-3일 이내입니다. 이 예상 제공 시간에는 시료의 운송 시간은 포함되지 않습니다. 고객의 시료가 저희 실험실에 도착하면 예상되는 최종 결과 보고 일자를 샘플이 안전하게 도착했음을 알려드리는 메일에 같이 알려 드립니다.
SGS Beta 연구소는 시료 수령 즉시 화학적 처리 를 시작합니다. 동시에 기초 자료, 최근의 연대 및 이미 알려진 연대의 기준 시료들과 같이 연대 측정합니다. 샘플의 전체 조직은 가속기에 투입된 후에 결과를 달력 연수에 맞게 조정하고, 동위원소 비율을 수정한 다음 (필요 시), 연대 측정 결과를 고객에게 보고합니다.
*2022년 8월 업데이트*
---
### [Serviços de datação por AMS do SGS Beta](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/beta-laboratorio.htm)
**Published:** August 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
O SGS Beta provê serviços de [datação por radiocarbono com AMS](http://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm#Advantages "datação por radiocarbono com AMS") para a comunidade científica internacional desde 1983. A empresa fornece resultados de datação por radiocarbono com AMS no prazo de até 14 dias úteis.
A análise mais pedida ao SGS Beta é a [espectrometria de massas com aceleradores](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/acelerador-massa-espectrometria.htm "espectrometria de massas com aceleradores") (AMS). A técnica AMS oferece muitas vantagens quando aplicada à datação por C14, permitindo estender a análise a muitas novas áreas de investigação. A AMS também possibilita aplicações em situações em que a datação radiométrica não pode ser feita.
## Vantagens da análise pela técnica AMS
- Pode datar amostras contendo um miligrama de carbono ou menos;
- A pequena quantidade necessária para a análise pode permitir uma amostragem mais seletiva;
- Amostras pequenas muitas vezes permitem um melhor pré-tratamento;
- A análise requer uma porção pequena da amostra, permitindo arquivar ou guardar o material original excedente.
- Os erros estatísticos são menores em amostras mais antigas e menores.
- A medição é quase simultânea entre as normas de referência e as amostras desconhecidas.
## Procedimento de datação por AMS do SGS Beta
A medição AMS é feita em grafite produzido pela redução em hidrogênio da amostra de CO2 ao longo de um catalisador de cobalto. O CO2 é obtido a partir da combustão da amostra a mais de 800°C em uma atmosfera de oxigênio a 100%. Primeiro, o CO2 é secado com metanol/gelo seco; em seguida, ele é recolhido em nitrogênio líquido para a grafitização subsequente. Uma reação idêntica é realizada em um padrão de referência, uma amostra interna de controle de qualidade, e uma amostra *background* para garantir a química sistemática.
O resultado analítico (BP ou pMC) é obtido através da medição de C14/C13 da amostra relativo ao C14/C13 em ácido oxálico II (NIST-4990C) em um dos muitos aceleradores de partículas do SGS Beta, utilizando fonte de íons SNICS. As amostras de garantia de qualidade são medidas juntamente com as desconhecidas e reportadas separadamente em um [relatório de controle de qualidade](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/radiocarbono-laboratorio2.htm "relatório de controle de qualidade"). O SGS Beta exige que os resultados das amostras de controle de qualidade estejam dentro das expectativas dos valores conhecidos antes de aceitar e reportar os resultados de qualquer amostra.
O resultado da análise por AMS é corrigido em função do [fracionamento](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/fracionamento-isotopico.htm "isotopic fractionation") total do d13C do grafite. O d13C reportado da amostra é obtido de diferentes formas, dependendo do material. Materiais orgânicos sólidos são subamostrados e convertidos em CO2 com um analisador elementar (AE). Água e carbonatos são acidificados em uma bancada para produzir CO2. Tanto o AE quanto a bancada são conectados diretamente a um espectrômetro de massas de razão isotópica (IRMS). O IRMS separa e mede as massas de CO2 (44, 45 e 46) e calcula o d13C da amostra.
## Conformidade garantida entre as amostras e os padrões de referência
As amostras são colocadas no equipamento de AMS para a grafitização junto com amostras do mesmo contexto com idades modernas e conhecidas pelo SGS Beta. Esses materiais adicionais são submetidos aos mesmos [pré-tratamentos químicos](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-pretratamento-protocolos.htm "carbon dating") e síntese de grafite que as amostras sendo analisadas. Isso é indispensável para a precisão na datação por radiocarbono. As amostras são colocadas intercaladamente dentro do equipamento de AMS para proporcionar as medições de referência para os cálculos de idade e as verificações necessárias. Em raras exceções, é aceitável analisar amostras desconhecidas preparadas separadamente dos padrões de referência.
## [Por que é importante realizar todos os passos da análise em um só laboratório?](#collapseOne)
Por que é importante realizar todos os passos da análise em um só laboratório?
Aviso legal: Este vídeo está hospedado em um site de terceiros e poderá conter publicidade.
## O menor prazo de entrega
Os resultados da datação por carbono-14 por AMS são entregues dentro de 14 dias úteis pelo serviço Standard AMS, e em até 6 dias úteis pelo Priority AMS. O serviço AMS Time Guide do SGS Beta apresenta resultados em 2-3 dias úteis. Os prazos de entrega independem da quantidade de amostras enviadas para a datação. Quando as amostras são recebidas, o laboratório confirma que elas chegaram com segurança e informa a data prevista da entrega dos resultados.
O SGS Beta inicia os tratamentos químicos imediatamente após receber uma amostra. Ao mesmo tempo, inicia as datações das amostras *background*, modernas e de idade conhecida. Todas as amostras são levadas ao AMS. Quando é realizada a calibração calendárica, é aplicada a correção isotópica (quando necessária). Os resultados são publicados no Portal SGS Beta.
*Última atualização: agosto de 2022*
---
### [Laboratorio di datazione AMS dal 1979 - SGS Beta](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/archeologia-lab.htm)
**Published:** July 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta ha offerto servizi di [datazione al radiocarbonio con AMS](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/spettrometro-di-massa-con-acceleratore.htm#Advantages "Spettrometria di massa con acceleratore") alla comunità scientifica internazionale a partire dal 1983. L’azienda fornisce regolarmente i risultati delle datazioni al radiocarbonio con AMS entro 14 giorni lavorativi.
La tecnica di datazione al radiocarbonio con [spettrometria di massa con acceleratore](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/spettrometro-di-massa-con-acceleratore.htm "Spettrometria di massa con acceleratore") (AMS) rappresenta una parte sostanziale delle richieste di analisi che SGS Beta riceve ogni giorno. La tecnica di datazione AMS offre considerevoli vantaggi in molte applicazioni, che rendono possibile estendere la datazione al radiocarbonio a molte nuove aree di ricerca. L’AMS trova inoltre applicazioni in situazioni importanti che non permettono di utilizzare la datazione radiometrica.
## I vantaggi dell’analisi AMS
- Può essere utilizzata per datare anche meno di un milligrammo di carbonio.
- La ridotta quantità di campione necessaria per l’analisi permette un campionamento più selettivo.
- Questo permette inoltre spesso di applicare pretrattamenti più aggressivi.
- L’utilizzo di una ridotta quantità di campione permette di archiviare una porzione del materiale originale.
- L’errore statistico è più contenuto per campioni antichi e di piccole dimensioni.
- La misurazione tra gli standard di riferimento e le incognite è quasi simultanea.
## Procedura di SGS Beta per la datazione AMS
La misurazione AMS viene effettuata sulla grafite prodotta dalla riduzione con idrogeno del campione di CO2 su un catalizzatore al cobalto. La CO2 è ottenuta dalla combustione del campione a 800°C+ in ossigeno al 100%. La CO2 viene per prima cosa asciugata con metanolo/ghiaccio secco, poi raccolta in azoto liquido per la successiva reazione di grafitizzazione. Una reazione identica avviene con gli standard di riferimento, i campioni utilizzati per la Garanzia di Qualità e i campioni di fondo per garantire la sistematicità del processo.
Il risultato analitico (“BP” o “pMC”) è ottenuto misurando il rapporto C14/C13 del campione in relazione al C14/C13 dell’Acido Ossalico II (NIST-4990C) in uno dei nostri acceleratori di particelle con sorgente di ioni SNICS. I campioni utilizzati per la Garanzia di Qualità vengono misurati insieme a quelli di età sconosciuta e i risultati vengono inseriti in un report di Garanzia di Qualità separato. Prima di accettare i risultati di un campione e di produrre i report per i relativi risultati, ci assicuriamo che i risultati dei campioni [QA](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/radiocarbonio-laboratorio2.htm) (Garanzia di Qualità) siano compresi nelle aspettative dei valori noti.
Il risultato fornito dall’AMS viene corretto per il [frazionamento](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/frazionamento-isotopico.htm) totale usando il valore d13C della grafite. Il d13C riportato per il campione è ottenuto in modi diversi a seconda del materiale. Dai materiali solidi organici viene prelevato un sottocampione, che viene convertito a CO2 tramite analizzatore elementare (AE). L’acqua e i carbonati subiscono un processo di acidificazione in un gas bench per produrre CO2. Sia l’AE sia il gas bench sono collegati direttamente a uno spettrometro di massa isotopica (IRMS). L’IRMS effettua la separazione e la misurazione delle masse della CO2 (44, 45 e 46) e il calcolo del d13C del campione.
## Concordanza garantita tra campioni e standard di riferimento
I campioni vengono inseriti in un supporto “pieno” di target in grafite, che include i materiali di riferimento e gli standard moderni di età conosciuta preparati da SGS Beta. Questi materiali aggiuntivi vengono sottoposti agli stessi [pretrattamenti chimici](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm "Datazione al carbonio") dei campioni e alla grafitizzazione. Questo è indispensabile per una datazione al radiocarbonio accurata. Vengono inseriti nel supporto dell’acceleratore in modo da fornire misure di riferimento per il calcolo e la verifica delle età. Solo in rare eccezioni è possibile analizzare preparati sconosciuti separatamente rispetto agli standard di riferimento.
## [Perché è importante che tutti i passaggi dell’analisi siano effettuati nello stesso laboratorio?](#collapseOne)
Perché è importante che tutti i passaggi dell’analisi siano effettuati nello stesso laboratorio?
Avvertenza: questo video è ospitato su un sito esterno e potrebbe contenere pubblicità.
## Tempi di consegna più rapidi
I risultati delle analisi di datazione al carbonio-14 sono comunicati al cliente entro 14 giorni lavorativi per il servizio Standard AMS Delivery ed entro 6 giorni lavorativi per il servizio Priority AMS Delivery. Con il servizio Time Guide, SGS Beta consegna i dati in 2-3 giorni lavorativi. I tempi di consegna indicati non dipendono dalla quantità di campioni inviata per l’analisi al radiocarbonio. Una volta ricevuti i campioni viene emessa una data di consegna prevista, con una comunicazione che conferma la ricezione del materiale.
SGS Beta inizia immediatamente i trattamenti chimici. Allo stesso tempo, anche i campioni di riferimento moderni e di età conosciuta vengono sottoposti a datazione al carbonio. L’intero disco di campioni viene inviato all’acceleratore. Viene quindi effettuata la calibrazione dei risultati agli anni solari, vengono applicate le correzioni del rapporto isotopico (quando necessario) e vengono comunicati i risultati della datazione al carbonio-14 al cliente.
*Ultimo aggiornamento: agosto 2022*
---
### [Les services de datation radiocarbone par AMS de SGS Beta](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-datation-radiocarbone.htm)
**Published:** June 25, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta fournit ses services de [datation par AMS](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/spectrometrie-acceleration-masse.htm#Advantages) à la communauté scientifique internationale depuis 1983. Nous livrons systématiquement les résultats de datations par AMS en 14 jours ouvrés ou moins.
La méthode de datation radiocarbone par [spectrométrie de masse par accélérateur](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/spectrometrie-acceleration-masse.htm "spectrométrie de masse par accélérateur") (AMS) est une technique que nous appliquons quotidiennement pour bon nombre des demandes faites à SGS Beta. L’utilisation de la technique par AMS peut offrir de considérables avantages dans de nombreux cas, et donne la possibilité d’étendre la datation radiocarbone à de nombreux nouveaux domaines de recherche. Elle permet aussi des applications dans de nombreuses situations où la technique de datation radiométrique ne peut être utilisée.
## Les avantages de l’analyse par AMS
- Analyse possible avec 1 milligramme de carbone ou moins.
- La petite quantité d’échantillon nécessaire peut permettre un échantillonnage plus sélectif
- La quantité requise étant réduite, un prétraitement plus rigoureux est permis.
- La petite quantité d’échantillon prélevée signifie souvent que le matériau original peut être préservé et conservé
- L’erreur statistique est meilleure pour des échantillons plus âgés et plus petits.
- La mesure est quasi simultanée entre les standards de référence et les échantillons inconnus.
## Procédure de datation AMS de SGS Beta
La mesure AMS est réalisée sur le graphite produit par réduction de l’hydrogène de l’échantillon CO2 sur un catalyseur au cobalt. Le CO2 est obtenu à partir de la combustion de l’échantillon à 800°C+ dans une atmosphère à 100% d’oxygène. Le CO2 est tout d’abord séché à l’aide de méthanol/de glace sèche puis il est recueilli dans de l’azote liquide pour la graphitisation. La même réaction est réalisée sur des normes de référence, des échantillons internes pour l’assurance qualité et des données de base pour garantir une chimie systématique.
Le résultat analytique (“BP” ou “pMC”) est obtenu en mesurant le C14/C13 de l’échantillon par rapport au C14/C13 de l’acide oxalique II (NIST-4990C) dans l’un de nos nombreux accélérateurs de particules à l’aide de la source d’ions SNICS. Les échantillons pour l’assurance qualité sont mesurés en même temps que les échantillons d’âge inconnu et reportés séparément dans un “rapport d’assurance qualité”. Nous exigeons que les résultats des échantillons d’assurance qualité soient conformes aux valeurs connues avant d’accepter et de communiquer les résultats pour les échantillons d’âge inconnu.
Le résultat AMS est corrigé pour le [fractionnement](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/fractionnement-isotopique-carbone.htm) total à l’aide de la mesure d13C obtenue sur le graphite dans la machine AMS. Le d13C reporté est obtenu de différentes façons selon la nature de l’échantillon. Les matières organiques solides sont sous-échantillonnées puis converties en CO2 à l’aide d’un analyseur élémentaire (EA – elemental analyzer). L’eau et les carbonates sont acidifiés dans un banc à gaz pour produire du CO2. L’analyseur élémentaire et le banc à gaz sont directement reliés à un spectromètre de masse de rapport isotopique (IRMS). L’IRMS réalise la séparation et la mesure des masses du CO2 (44, 45, et 46) puis calcule le d13C de l’échantillon.
## Accord garanti entre les échantillons et les normes de référence
Vos échantillons sont inclus dans une “palette complète” de cibles de graphite comprenant des références modernes et d’âges connus, préparée par SGS Beta. Ces matériaux sont soumis aux mêmes [traitements chimiques](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/pretraitements-protocoles-datation-radiocarbone.htm "traitements chimiques") et synthèses de graphite que vos échantillons, ce qui est indispensable pour la précision de la datation. Ils sont disposés dans la roue de l’accélérateur pour fournir des mesures de références aux vérifications et calculs chronologiques. Il est très rare qu’il soit acceptable d’analyser des échantillons d’âge chronologique inconnu préparés séparément des normes de références.
## [L’importance de réaliser toutes les analyses dans un même laboratoire](#collapseOne)
L’importance de réaliser toutes les analyses dans un même laboratoire
Avertissement : cette vidéo est hébergée sur un site tiers et peut contenir de la publicité.
## Mise à disposition rapide des résultats
Les résultats des analyses par AMS sont présentés dans les 14 jours ouvrés par service AMS standard et dans les 6 jours ouvrés par service AMS prioritaire. SGS Beta communique les résultats en 2-3 jours ouvrés pour le service AMS time guide. Ces délais de livraison sont indépendants de la quantité d’échantillons acheminés pour analyse. Quand ceux-ci sont réceptionnés, nous vous signalons qu’ils sont arrivés en bon état et nous vous communiquons une date limite estimée de remise des résultats.
SGS Beta commence immédiatement les traitements chimiques. Des échantillons de référence d’âge connu, moderne et issus de contextes similaires sont également soumis au processus de datation. La palette complète d’échantillons est envoyée à l’accélérateur. Nous calibrons ensuite les résultats en âge calendaire, appliquons la correction isotopique (si nécessaire), et nous vous présentons les résultats.
*Dernière mise à jour de la page : août 2022*
---
### [Servicios de datación por AMS de SGS Beta](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-laboratorio.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta lleva ofreciendo sus servicios de datación por AMS a la comunidad científica internacional desde 1983, y proporciona sistemáticamente los resultados de datación por radiocarbono mediante esta técnica en hasta 14 días laborables.
La técnica de datación por radiocarbono utilizando la [Espectrometría de Masas con Aceleradores](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/acelerador-masa-espectrometria.htm "accelerator mass spectrometry") (o AMS, en inglés) es responsable de un gran número de las solicitudes de análisis que SGS Beta recibe diariamente. Puede haber ventajas significativas en el uso de la técnica AMS en muchas aplicaciones de datación, posibilitando que ésta sea utilizada en muchas nuevas áreas de investigación. La datación por AMS también permite realizar análisis en situaciones importantes donde las muestras no pueden ser sometidas al proceso de datación radiométrica.
## Ventajas del análisis por AMS
- Puede ser utilizado en la datación por radiocarbono de un miligramo de carbono o menos.
- La pequeña cantidad de muestra necesaria para el análisis puede permitir un muestreo más selectivo.
- El requisito de utilizar muestras pequeñas muchas veces permite la realización de un pretratamiento más intenso que de otro modo sería imposible.
- El hecho de utilizar muestras pequeñas le permite conservar una porción del material original.
- Los errores estadísticos son mejores en las muestras más antiguas y pequeñas.
- La medición es casi simultánea entre las normas de referencia y las incógnitas.
## Procedimiento de la datación por AMS de SGS Beta
La medición por AMS se realiza en grafito producido por la reducción de una muestra de CO2 sobre una catálisis de cobalto. El CO2 se obtiene de la combustión de la muestra a más de 800ºC en una atmósfera con un 100% de oxígeno. El CO2 se seca primero con metanol/hielo seco y se colecta en nitrógeno líquido para su subsecuente reacción de grafitización. La reacción idéntica se realiza según los estándares de referencia, nuestras muestras internas de garantía de calidad, y muestras de fondo que aseguran reacciones químicas sistemáticas.
El resultado analítico (“BP” o “pMC”) se obtiene al medir la razón C14/C13 de la muestra relativo al C14/C13 en ácido oxálico II (NIST-4990C) en uno de nuestros múltiples aceleradores de partículas propios y utilizando una fuente de iones SNICS. Las muestras de garantía de calidad (QA) se miden junto a las muestras incógnitas y cuentan con su propio informe de garantía de calidad. Los resultados de las muestras QA deben ser según lo esperado por los valores conocidos antes de aceptar y entregar los resultados de cualquier muestra.
El resultado de la datación por AMS es corregido en función del [fraccionamiento](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/fraccionamiento-isotopico.htm) total utilizando el valor d13C del grafito mecanizado. El valor d13C citado en el informe se obtiene de diferentes formas dependiendo del material de la muestra. En el caso de materiales orgánicos sólidos, se toma una submuestra que es convertida a CO2 con un analizador elemental (EA). El agua y los carbonatos son acidificados en un banco de gas para producir CO2. Tanto el EA como el banco de gas están conectados directamente a un espectrómetro de masas de relaciones isotópicas (IRMS). El IRMS realiza la separación y medición de las masas de CO2 (44, 45 y 46) y el cálculo del valor d13C de la muestra.
## Conformidad garantizada entre las muestras y los estándares de referencia
Sus muestras son introducidas en la “rueda completa” de blancos de grafito, incluyendo muestras de fondo, modernas y de edades conocidas analizadas por SGS Beta. Estos materiales adicionales son sometidos a los mismos [pretratamientos químicos](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/pretratamiento-protocolos.htm "pretratamientos químicos") y la misma síntesis de grafito que sus muestras. Esto es esencial para la exactitud en la datación por radiocarbono, ya que las muestras de referencia se intercalan en la rueda del acelerador para proporcionar medidas de referencia para el cálculo de la edad y las verificaciones necesarias. Sólo en raras excepciones se acepta analizar muestras incógnitas preparadas por separado de los estándares de referencia.
## [¿Por qué es importante que todas las etapas del análisis se realicen en un solo laboratorio?](#collapseOne)
¿Por qué es importante que todas las etapas del análisis se realicen en un solo laboratorio?
Exención de responsabilidad: Este video está alojado en un sitio externo y puede contener publicidad.
## La entrega más rápida
Los resultados de la datación por carbono-14 a través de la técnica AMS se entregan en 14 días laborables en el caso del Servicio Estándar y en 6 días laborables en el caso del Servicio Prioritario. SGS Beta entrega resultados en 2-3 días laborables cuando se solicita el servicio AMS Time Guide. Los plazos de entrega indicados son independientes del número de muestras enviadas para su datación por radiocarbono. Cuando recibimos las muestras, le enviamos un email para informarle de que sus muestras llegaron correctamente y le informamos de la fecha programada para la entrega de sus resultados.
SGS Beta inicia los tratamientos químicos de inmediato. Al mismo tiempo, las muestras de fondo, modernas y de edades conocidas también son datadas. La “rueda completa” de muestras es enviada al acelerador. Después, calibramos los resultados en años de calendario, aplicamos las correcciones de la relación isotópica (si disponibles) y le entregamos sus resultados de la datación por radiocarbono.
*Última actualización de la página: Agosto de 2022*
---
### [SGS Beta AMS-Datierungsservice](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/radiokohlenstoff-labor.htm)
**Published:** September 17, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta stellt der internationalen wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft seit 1983 [AMS Radiokohlenstoff Datierungsdienstleistungen](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/massen-beschleunigung-spektrometrie.htm#Advantages "AMS Radiokohlenstoff Datierungsdienstleistungen") zur Verfügung. Das Unternehmen liefert AMS Radiokohlenstoff Datierungsresultate routinegemäß innerhalb von 14 Werktagen.
SGS Beta erhält täglich eine beachtliche Anzahl an Analyseanfragen für Radiokohlenstoff-Datierungen mittels [Massenbeschleunigungsspektrometrie](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/massen-beschleunigung-spektrometrie.htm "Massenbeschleunigungsspektrometrie") (AMS). Es gibt deutliche Vorteile bei der Benutzung von AMS Techniken für viele Datierungsanwendungen, die es ermöglichen die Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung in den verschiedenen Forschungsbereichen zu erweitern. AMS erlaubt Anwendungen in wichtigen Situationen, welche nicht mit Hilfe der radiometrischen Datierungstechnik analysiert werden können.
## Vorteile der AMS-Analyse
- Sie kann zur Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung von einem Milligramm Kohlenstoff oder weniger verwendet werden.
- Kleinere Probenmengen erlauben eine selektivere Beprobung.
- Da nur eine geringe Pobenmenge benötigt wird, ermöglicht AMS eine bessere Vorbehandlung, die andernfalls nicht möglich wäre.
- Verwendung kleiner Proben bedeutet oft, dass ein Anteil des Originalmaterials aufbewahrt werden kann.
- Statistische Fehler sind besser für ältere und kleinere Proben.
- Bemessung ist gleichsam-simultan zwischen Bezugsnorm und Proben mit unbekanntem Radiokarbon-Gehalt.
## Der AMS-Datierungsvorgang bei SGS Beta
Die AMS-Messung wird an Graphit durchgeführt, das mittels Wasserstoffreduktion der CO2-Probe über einem Kobaltkatalysator gewonnen wurde. Das Kohlendioxid wird durch die Verbrennung der Probe bei 800°C+ in einer Atmosphäre mit 100% Sauerstoff gewonnen. Das CO2 wird erst mit Hilfe von Methanol/Trockeneis getrocknet und dann in flüssigem Wasserstoff gesammelt, was die folgende Graphitisierungs-Reaktion induziert. Die selbe Reaktion wird im Rahmen von Referenznormen, internen Qualitätssicherungs-Proben und Hintergründen angewendet, um systematische chemische Vorgehensweisen sicherzustellen.
Das analytische Ergebnis („BP“ oder „pMC“) wird erstellt, indem die C13/C14-Werte der Probe relativ zu den C13/C14-Werten von Oxalsäure II (NIST-4990C) gemessen werden; dies erfolgt in einem unserer Partikelbescheuniger mittels einer SNICS Ionenquelle. Qualitätssicherungs-Proben wie auch Proben mit unbekannten Radiokarbonwerten werden gemessen und separat in einem „[QA-Bericht](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-labor2.htm "QA-Bericht")“ aufgeführt. Die Werte unserer QA-Proben müssen innerhalb der auf bekannten Werten basierenden Erwartungen liegen, bevor wir sie akzeptieren und die Ergebnisse für jedewede Probe berichten.
Das AMS Ergebnis wird mit Rücksicht auf die Gesamtfraktionierung mittels maschinellem d13C Graphit korrigiert. Das für die Probe berichtete d13C wird basierend auf dem Probenmaterial durch unterschiedliche Verfahren gewonnen. Festen organischen Stoffen wird eine Teilprobe entnommen und mit einem Elementaranalysator (EA) zu CO2 konvertiert. Wasser und Karbonate werden in einer Gasbank mit Säure behandelt, um CO2 zu erhalten. Sowohl der EA, als auch die Gasbank sind direkt mit einem Massenspektrometer für die Isotopenmessung (IRMS) verbunden. Das IRMS separiert und misst die CO2 Massen (44, 45 und 46) und berechnet das d13C der Probe.
## Garantievertrag zwischen Proben und Bezugsnormen
Ein Probenrad wird komplett mit Ihren Proben und Graphit-Targets bestückt, einschließlich Hintergründen, modernen und bekannten Altersnormen, welche von SGS Beta angefertigt wurden. Diese zusätzlichen Materialien erhalten die selben [chemischen Vorbehandlungen](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-vorbehandlungsprotokolle.htm "chemischen Vorbehandlungen") und Graphitsynthesen wie Ihre Proben. Dies ist unentbehrlich für die Genauigkeit der Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung. Diese werden durch den Beschleunigungsantrieb vermischt, um die Messungsnorm für die Altersberechnung und Bestätigung zu erhalten. Nur in wenigen Ausnahmen ist es akzeptabel, Proben mit unbekanntem Radiokarbongehalt zu analysieren, die nicht in Zusammenhang mit der Bezugsnorm angefertigt wurden.
## Schnellste Lieferzeit
Resultate der AMS Kohlenstoff-14-Datierungsanalyse sind innerhalb von 14 Werktagen für den Standard AMS Lieferservice und innerhalb von 6 Werktagen für den Priority AMS Lieferservice verfügbar. SGS Beta berichtet Ergebnisse innerhalb von 2-3 Werktagen für den AMS-Time-Guide Service. Die angegebenen Lieferzeiten sind unabhängig von der Menge der Proben, die zur Radiokohlenstoff-Datierungsanalyse versandt wurden. Wenn wir Ihre Proben erhalten, senden wir Ihnen eine Empfangsbestätigung und wir informieren Sie über ein voraussichtliches Lieferdatum.
SGS Beta beginnt umgehend mit der chemischen Vorbehandlung. Zur selben Zeit, werden ebenfalls Hintergründe, moderne und altersbekannte Proben am Kohlenstoff datiert. Das komplette Probenrad wird im Beschleuniger analysiert. Wir kalibrieren das Resultat zum Kalenderjahr durch Anwendung von Isotopenanteilskorrektion (wo benötigt) und liefern Ihnen das Kohlenstoff-14-Datierungsresultat.
*Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: August 2022*
---
### [標準誤差](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-results.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta實驗室一般不會針對僅進行單次測試後的結果提出報告，即使正負值小於 30 BP 的標準誤差，這是因為這麼做很容易對測試的精確度造成誤解。只有當實驗室對單個樣品部分（如一個小枝椏、種子、骨頭、貝殼）進行預處理、石墨化以及AMS分析，並將這一系列步驟重複2或3次後，實驗室才會將標準誤差縮小到正負值小於 30年 BP以內。在這個步驟中，我們的主要目標是減少因樣品、實驗室或計數偏差造成的準確性降低與變異增加。一旦進行二至三次的測試後，實驗室才會執行加權平均年齡及誤差計算，並將上述值列入報告中。
探測效率在粒子加速器中十分的高，若出現極低的sigmas，則在測試會採用更多參考標準或延長未知樣品的測試時間。這一過程可能會產生一個非常小的數字sigma值，該值也會嚴格限制在C14現代標準計算（草酸）、未知樣品以及未進行任何化學處理（背景參考）樣品的“可測誤差”內。
由於樣品的同質性、化學性以及探測器的穩定性，因此定年所用的sigmas不會列為“不明誤差”。儘管AMS已經十分出色，但是同時14C現代標準、樣品以及參考背景的測量無法在AMS探測效率中做小幅的提高或降低，這會影響到測試結果的精確性，有時可能會在較小sigma值的範圍外。這就是為何SGS Beta實驗室要經過額外的處理以及對樣品多次測量後才會將誤差縮小並列入報告。
**SGS Beta放射性碳定年實驗室**
[實驗室設備](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-radiocarbon-lab.htm)
[ISO/IEC 17025:2017認證](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/iso-certified.htm)
[品質控制](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-radiocarbon-lab2.htm)
## [碳-14定年結果](#collapseOne)
免責聲明：本視頻託管於第三方網站中，可能包含廣告。
本段影片節錄自SGS BETA實驗室網路研討會: [同位素101: 穩定同位素分析導論](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "同位素101: 穩定同位素分析導論")
*相關主題: 2022年8月*
---
### [精度(標準誤差)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-results.htm)
**Published:** March 16, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta では、確度(accuracy)に対する誤解を避けるため、シングル測定に対して±30より小さい誤差では報告いたしません。 炭素の起源が明確な単体の試料 (例： 一片の枝、種、骨、貝) を前処理、グラファイト化、AMS測定にいたるまでを独立した測定で2回から3回行えば、±30より小さい誤差での報告が可能です。 この手順で確度、誤差における試料、分析、計数のばらつきを少なくします。 2回から3回の測定結果を加重平均し誤差を算出します。
## **計数効率**
AMSの計数効率は非常に高いため、リファレンススタンダードおよび試料の測定時間を単に長くするだけで、極端に小さい誤差を得ることが可能です。その場合、数値上は小さい誤差を示しますが、その値は、モダンスタンダード(oxalic acid)、未知試料、ブランク(background)の14C計測による”確定可能な誤差“だけに限定されます。放射性炭素年代測定で報告される誤差は、試料の不均一性、化学処理、影響は非常に少ないものの測定機器の安定性などによる”不確定な誤差”を計算に入れることができません。 AMSは非常に優れていますが、モダンスタンダード、試料、バックグランドを同時に測定することは不可能で、それぞれの測定の間に計数効率のわずかな揺らぎが起こります。そのわずかな揺らぎが結果の確度に影響を与え、数値上(計算上)では可能にすることのできる小さな誤差を超える可能性があります。 そのためSGS Beta では真の意味での小さい誤差は、手間、コストはかかりますが試料の複数回測定を行うことでしか達成できないと考えています。
**SGS Beta ラボラトリー:** [設備](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-radiocarbon-lab.htm)
[ISO/IEC 17025:2017 認定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/iso-certified.htm)
[クオリティ管理](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-radiocarbon-lab2.htm)
*最終更新： 2022年8月*
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### [표준 편차](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-results.htm)
**Published:** January 27, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta 은 결과의 정확성을 잘못 해석할 수 있게 하기 때문에 +/- 30 BP 미만의 표준 편차는 보고하지 않습니다. 단 +/-30 BP미만의 표준 편차를 보고하는 때는 본 실험실에서 사전 처리하고, 흑연화하여, 샘플(예: 하나의 잔가지, 씨앗, 뼈, 껍질)을 2, 3차례 분리하여 각각 독립적으로 AMS 연대 측정한 샘플들에 한합니다. 이 단계에서는 정확도와 인용 된 시그마에서 시료, 실험실 또는 계수 편향을 줄이는 것을 목표로 합니다. 2, 3회 측정한 다음, 가중 평균 연령과 오차 계산을 하여, 그 결과를 최종적으로 보고합니다.
아주 낮은 시그마 값으로 오랜 시간 동안 더 많은 표준 참고 와/또는 미지의 샘플을 세는 것이 아주 쉽듯이, 입자 가속기의 검출 효율은 매우 높습니다. 이렇게 하여 아주 작은 시그마 값을 만드는 반면에, 이 값은 14C의 최근 표준 (옥살 산), 미상의 샘플, 화학적 귀선 소거 (기초 자료)을 세는 것과 관련한 “명류 오차”에 따라 상당히 제한되어 있습니다.
방사성 탄소 연대에서 인용된 시그마 값은 유감스럽게도 이러한 샘플의 균질 성, 샘플의 화학 성, 작게는 검출기 안정성과 같은 “불 명류 오차”를 계산에 넣을 수 없습니다. AMS 기기는 좋은 기기이지만, 14C의 최근 표준, 샘플, 귀선 소거를 동시에 측정할 수 없습니다. 그래서 AMS 작동 중 탐지 효율에서 위 아래로 조그마한 변화가 결과의 정확성에 영향을 미칠 것이며, 이 정확성은 아주 작게 인용된 시그마 값을 벗어납니다. 이러한 이유로 인해 SGS Beta 는 샘플을 자체 추가 노력과 비용을 들여 여러 번 실험함으로써 최소화한 오차만 보고할 수 있습니다.
**SGS Beta 연구소 소개**
[연구소 설비](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-radiocarbon-lab.htm)
[ISO/IEC 17025:2017 인증](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/iso-certified.htm)
[품질 관리](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-radiocarbon-lab2.htm)
## [탄소 연대측정 결과](#collapseOne)
면책조항: 이 비디오는 제3자의 사이트에 올렸으며, 광고가 포함되어 있습니다.
이 비디오 인용은 SGS Beta 연구소 웨비나의 일부입니다. [동위원소 기초: 동위원소 분석 소개](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "동위원소 기초: 동위원소 분석 소개")
*관련 자료: 2022년 8월*
---
### [Desvio Padrão](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-exemplo-relatorio.htm)
**Published:** August 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
A SGS Beta não relata desvios padrão menores de 30 anos AP (para mais ou para menos) no caso das medições individuais, uma vez que isto pode levar a uma interpretação incorreta dos resultados. Os desvios padrão menores de 30 anos BP (para mais ou para menos) só são relatados quando o laboratório executar o fracionamento de uma amostra única (ex. um único galho, semente, osso ou concha) duas ou três vezes em porções que tenham sido pré-tratadas, grafitizadas e contadas pela técnica EMA, independentemente uma da outra. O objetivo desta etapa é reduzir vieses na precisão do sigma citado, oriundos de amostra, laboratório ou contagem. Uma vez que duas ou três medições tenham sido feitas, o laboratório faz um cálculo de erro e de idade média ponderada e informa estes valores.
## Eficiência de detecção
A eficiência de detecção em acelerados de partículas é bastante alta, visto que é possível chegar a sigmas extremamente baixos simplesmente medindo mais padrões de referência e/ou contando a amostra desconhecida por períodos maiores de tempo. Apesar da possibilidade disso gerar um sigma numérico muito pequeno, o valor é estritamente limitado aos “erros determinantes” associados à contagem do padrão moderno de 14C (ácido oxálico), amostras desconhecidas e brancos (plano de fundo).
Infelizmente, os sigmas relatados em datações de radiocarbono não podem levar os “erros indeterminados” em conta, tais como a homogeneidade da amostra, química e, em menor medida, a estabilidade do detector. Apesar das máquinas de EMA serem confiáveis, não é possível fazer medições simultâneas do padrão moderno de 14C, de amostras e brancos. Por esse motivo, pequenas variações (para mais ou para menos) na eficiência da análise por EMA afetam a exatidão dos resultados, que às vezes ficam fora dos menores valores possíveis de sigma incluídos no relatório. É por este motivo que a SGS Beta só relata erros menores depois de analisar as amostras várias vezes, apesar do trabalho e custo adicional.
**O laboratório SGS Beta:**
[As instalações do laboratório](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/radiocarbono-laboratorio.htm)
[Acreditação ISO/IEC 17025:2017](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/certificacao-iso-17025.htm)
[Controle de qualidade](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/radiocarbono-laboratorio2.htm)
*Última atualização: agosto de 2022*
---
### [Deviazione standard](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-radiocarbonio-risultati.htm)
**Published:** July 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta non segnala le deviazioni standard inferiori a +/- 30 BP per le singole misurazioni, poiché questo può comportare un’errata interpretazione della precisione dei risultati. L’unico caso in cui vengono riportate le deviazioni standard inferiori a +/- 30 BP è quando il laboratorio esegue 2 o 3 analisi di parti di un unico campione (ad esempio un singolo ramoscello, un seme, un osso, una conchiglia), che sono state pretrattate, grafitizzate ed analizzate con AMS indipendentemente le une dalle altre. In questa fase, miriamo a ridurre gli errori legati al conteggio, al campione o al laboratorio che possono influenzare l’accuratezza del risultato. Dopo 2 o 3 misurazioni, il laboratorio calcola gli errori e l’età media ponderata e riporta tali valori.
## Efficienza di rilevazione
L’efficienza di rilevazione degli acceleratori di particelle è molto elevata, in quanto è possibile ottenere valori sigma così bassi semplicemente misurando più standard di riferimento e/o analizzando il campione di età sconosciuta per periodi di tempo più lunghi. Anche se questo può produrre un piccolo valore sigma numerico, tale valore è strettamente limitato agli “errori determinati” associati al conteggio dello standard di 14C moderno (acido ossalico), del campione sconosciuto e del bianco (campione di riferimento).
I sigma indicati nelle datazioni al radiocarbonio, purtroppo, non possono tenere conto degli “errori indeterminati”, come l’omogeneità o la composizione chimica del campione e, in misura minore, la stabilità del rilevatore. Nonostante l’efficienza dei macchinari per la datazione AMS, non possono essere eseguite misurazioni simultanee dello standard di 14C moderno, del campione e del bianco, poiché i piccoli incrementi o decrementi nell’efficienza di rivelazione dell’AMS nel corso dell’analisi influiscono sull’accuratezza del risultato, che può a volte essere al di fuori dei più piccoli valori sigma possibili indicati. Questo è il motivo per cui SGS Beta riporta gli errori più piccoli solo a fronte degli sforzi e dei costi aggiuntivi necessari ad effettuare ripetute analisi del campione.
**Laboratorio SGS Beta:**
[Attrezzature di laboratorio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/radiocarbonio-laboratorio.htm)
[Certificazione ISO/IEC 17025:2017](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/beta-analytic-iso-17025.htm)
[Controllo qualità](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/radiocarbonio-laboratorio2.htm)
*Ultimo aggiornamento: agosto 2022*
---
### [Ecarts Type](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-radiocarbone-rapport.htm)
**Published:** June 25, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta n’informe pas ses clients sur des écarts types de moins de 30 BP pour une mesure unique qui peuvent conduire à une mauvaise interprétation de la précision des résultats. Le seul cas où un écart type de moins de 30 BP sera mis en évidence est le suivant : le laboratoire date une fraction d’un échantillon unique (par exemple une brindille, une graine, un os ou un coquillage) de deux à trois fois sur des fragments qui ont été pré-traités, graphités et passés au spectromètre indépendamment. Ceci assure autant que possible que quelque soit l’écart type lié à l’échantillon, au laboratoire, ou à la mesure, il est pris en compte à la fois au niveau de la précision et de l’écart type rapporté. Ayant effectué deux ou trois mesures, le laboratoire procède alors au calcul de la moyenne pondérée de l’âge et de l’erreur.
## Efficacité de détection
L’efficacité de détection des accélérateurs de particules étant très élevée, il est donc possible que les écarts types soient très faibles en mesurant plusieurs standards de référence et/ou en mesurant l’échantillon sur une période plus longue. Malgré le fait que cela conduise à de très faibles valeurs d’écart type, cette valeur est strictement limitée à l’erreur déterminée associée au comptage de la référence moderne du carbone 14 (l’acide oxalique), de l’échantillon à dater et du bruit de fond.
Les écarts types associés à la datation au carbone 14 ne peuvent malheureusement pas tenir compte des erreurs indéterminées comme l’homogénéité de l’échantillon, la chimie, et dans une moindre mesure la stabilité du détecteur. Malgré la qualité des spectromètres de masse, des mesures simultanées de la référence moderne du carbone 14, de l’échantillon à dater et du bruit de fond ne peuvent être réalisées ; donc de petites variations de l’efficacité de détection peuvent se produire pendant la procédure et impacte la précision des résultats qui sont parfois en dehors du plus petit écart du type rapporté. C’est pour cette raison que SGS Beta ne communique que des marges d’erreur relativement faibles en pratiquant les mesures plusieurs fois ; même si cela implique des efforts et des coûts supplémentaires.
**Laboratoire SGS Beta:**
[Installations du laboratoire](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-radiocarbone-lab.htm)
[Accréditation ISO/IEC 17025:2017](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/iso-certifie-radiocarbone-lab.htm)
[Contrôle qualité](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-radiocarbone-lab2.htm)
*Dernière mise à jour de la page: août 2022*
---
### [Desviación estándar](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/arqueologia-ejemplo-informe.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta no comunica desviaciones estándares inferiores a +/- 30 años BP en el caso de mediciones individuales, ya que esto puede llevar a una interpretación errónea de los resultados. Sólo se comunican las desviaciones estándares inferiores a +/- 30 años BP cuando el laboratorio realiza el fraccionamiento de una única muestra (por ejemplo, deuna misma rama, una semilla, un hueso o una concha) dos o tres veces en porciones que han sido pretratadas, grafitizadas, y analizadas por el método de AMS independientemente unas de las otras. Con este paso pretendemos reducir cualquier sesgo de la muestra, del laboratorio o del recuento en la precisión y el sigma citado. Una vez que se han realizado dos o tres mediciones, el laboratorio realiza la media ponderada de la edad y calcula el error para informar de estos valores.
## Eficiencia de detección
La eficiencia de detección en los aceleradores de partículas es muy alta, ya que sigmas extremadamente bajos son posibles simplemente midiendo más estándares de referencia y/o contando la muestra desconocida por períodos más largos de tiempo. Si bien esto puede producir un valor muy pequeño de sigma numérico, el valor es estrictamente limitado a los “errores determinantes” asociados al recuento del estándar moderno de 14C (ácido oxálico), muestras desconocidas y las muestras de referencia.
Desafortunadamente, los sigmas informados en fechas de radiocarbono no pueden tener en cuenta los “errores indeterminados”, tales como la homogeneidad de la muestra, la química y, en menor medida, la estabilidad del detector. Aunque las máquinas de AMS son confiables, no es posible hacer mediciones simultáneas del estándar moderno de 14C, de muestras y de muestras de referencia y, por esta razón, pequeñas variaciones (para más o para menos) en eficiencia de detección del AMS afectan a la exactitud de los resultados, que a veces se quedan fuera de los menores valores posibles de sigma incluidos en el informe. Es por este motivo que SGS Beta solo comunica errores menores después de analizar las muestras varias veces, a pesar del trabajo y costo adicionales.
**Laboratorio de SGS Beta:**
[Las instalaciones del laboratorio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/beta-radiocarbono-lab.htm)
[Certificado con la ISO/IEC 17025:2017](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/certificacion-iso-17025.htm)
[Control de calidad](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/beta-radiocarbono-lab2.htm)
*Última actualización de la página: Agosto de 2022*
---
### [Standardabweichung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/radiokohlenstoff-labor-report.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta berichtet keine Standardabweichungen von weniger als +/- 30 BP für einzelne Messungen, da dies zu einer Falschinterpretation der Genauigkeit der Ergebnisse führen kann. Standard Zeitabweichungen von weniger als +/-30 Jahre BP werden nur berichtet, wenn das Labor eine eindeutige Probenfraktion (z. B. ein einzelner Zweig, Samen, Knochen oder Schale) mit Anteilen, die vorbehandelt, graphitisiert und AMS gezählt, jeweils 2 bis 3 Mal durchgeführt hat. In diesem Schritt zielen wir darauf ab, Labor- oder Zählfehler bei der Genauigkeit und dem angegebenen Sigma zu reduzieren. Wenn 2 oder 3 Messungen durchgeführt wurden, führt das Labor eine gewichtete Durchschnittsalter- und Fehlerberechnung durch und berichtet diese Werte.
## Nachweiseffizienz
Die Nachweiseffizienz von Teilchenbeschleunigern ist sehr hoch, daher sind extrem niedrige Sigmas durch die Messung von mehr Referenzstandards und/oder Zählung der unbekannten Probe über einen längeren Zeitraum möglich. Obwohl dies einen sehr geringen numerischen Sigmawert produzieren kann, ist dieser Wert strikt auf die “festgelegten Fehler” beschränkt, die mit dem Zählen von 14 C nach modernem Standard (Oxalsäure), unbekannte Probe und Chemieblindwert (Hintergrund) zusammenhängen.
Unglücklicherweise können die angegebenen Sigmas für Radiokohlenstoffdaten nicht die “nicht festgelegten Fehler”, wie die Probenhomogenität, Chemie und im geringeren Ausmaß die Detektorenstabilität berücksichtigen. So gut die AMS Geräte auch sind, können gleichzeitige Messungen des C14 nach modernem Standard, der Probe und des Blindwerts zu so geringen auf und ab Veränderung in der Bestimmungseffizienz erfolgen und werden die Genauigkeit der Ergebnisse manchmal außerhalb der kleineren genannten möglichen Sigmawerte beeinträchtigen. Daher nennt SGS Beta nur kleinere Fehler und berücksichtigt dabei den zusätzlichen Aufwand und die Kosten für das mehrfache Bearbeiten der Proben.
SGS Beta Labor:
[Laboreinrichtungen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-labor.htm)
[ISO/IEC 17025:2017 Akkreditierung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/iso-17025-radiokohlenstoff-labor.htm)
[Qualitätskontrolle](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-labor2.htm)
*Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: August 2022*
---
### [SGS Beta實驗室標準預處理協議](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm)
**Published:** July 13, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
除非樣品申請人有特殊要求或者最终的報告需要其共同討論，否則以下 [預處理](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm "預處理") 程序適用於進行放射性碳定年的樣品。在每個樣品的報告中我們會寫明您樣品所接受的預處理方法（例如，您可能會在木炭樣品的測試報告預處理檔看到 “酸/鹼/酸”，這代表了您的樣品進行該系列的預處理 ）。
對送交的材料做預處理是為了去除掉二次碳成分。如果没有把二次碳去掉，則會直接影響測試结果，造成年齡偏年輕或偏古老。預處理不能保證定年可以完全表現出某個時間事件，這主要是由樣品的完整性决定。
在碳14定年中，有時會遇到如 [舊木效應](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/old-wood-effect.htm "舊木效應")、焚燒過的侵入根系、生物擾動影響、二次沉積、現代碳在次级生物活動中的吸收（细菌）以及分析不同年齡的多種樣品等情况。預處理是為了將樣品盡量减少為單一成分，並盡可能地减少以上問題可能對測試带來的影響。如果您認為您的樣品需要特殊的預處理，請您在測試之前聯繫我們。
## [在什麼情況下，SGS BETA實驗室會提醒客戶樣品定年結果可能不準確？](#collapseOne)
在什麼情況下，SGS BETA實驗室會提醒客戶樣品定年結果可能不準確？
免責聲明：本視頻託管於第三方網站中，可能包含廣告。
有關預處理的重要說明 – 由於預處理方法將會直接影響最终測試结果，所以了解預處理方法至關重要。所以我們歡迎您聯絡我們共同討論預處理方法或要求我們在預處理之後（開始測試之前）與您聯繫。
## [酸/鹼/酸](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm#Methods "酸/鹼/酸")
在進行定年之前，會先將樣品粉碎並散在去離子水中。實驗室會用熱鹽酸（HCl）清洗掉碳酸鹽，接著用鹼（NaOH）清洗掉二级有機酸。 在對樣品進行乾燥前進行最後一次鹽酸清洗，使溶液保持中性。
化學試劑的濃度、温度、曝露時間和重複次數將根據您的樣品决定。在下一步操作前，溶液都會進行中和。在一系列的冲洗中，外在污染物如附著的沉積物或细根都會被清洗掉。
這類型的預處理被認為是“完整的預處理”。有時，報告中的預處理會寫著“酸/鹼/酸 – 不溶”，這是為了說明用於定年的樣品哪部分進行了分析。
該預處理方法一般適用於– [木炭](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm), [木頭](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-wood.htm), 某些 [泥炭](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-peat.htm), [纺織品](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-textiles.htm)
## 酸/鹼/酸 – 可溶
有時，可溶於鹼的部分被用於放射性碳分析。在一些特殊情况下，有的土壤中可溶於鹼部分會得到更準確的定年數據。由於二级有機酸的存在，我們也會採用此法來驗證污染物是否存在或污染程度。
樣品首先用酸預處理去掉碳酸鹽，並弱化有機物。在經過鹼洗後（参照上文中的 酸/鹼/酸預處理），我們會將溶液中、可溶於鹼的部分分離、過濾，並與酸混合。此時沉澱後的可溶於鹼部分會進行漂洗、烘乾，最後焚燒。
## [酸/鹼/酸 – 纖维素提取](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/charcoal-wood.htm#Chemical "酸/鹼/酸 – 纖维素提取")
在經過完整的酸/鹼/酸預處理後，樣品會泡在控制條件為pH 3、温度70°C的亞氯酸鈉溶液中（NaCIO2）。此步驟將木頭纖维以外的其他成分都去除掉。
## [酸洗](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm#Methods "acid washes")
為了盡可能的增大碳定年樣品的表面積，我們會透過適當的方法粉碎樣品。如土塊會被碾碎、纖维物質會被撕碎，而沉積物會被分散開來。然後進行多次酸（HCl）洗以完全去除樣品中的碳酸鹽。
化學試劑的濃度、溫度、曝露時間和清洗次數將根據您的樣品特性和污染程度決定。同時，由於初始(primary)碳可溶於鹼，所以為了分離出它們，我們不進行鹼處理。
碳14定年结果反映了測試材料中的總有機碳含量，而測試的準確性則需根據研究學者們，按實際情况將污染物清除的情况來決定。
該預處理方法一般適用於– [有機沉積物](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-sediments.htm "有機沉積物")、某些泥炭、小塊的木頭或木炭，和一些特殊情况
## [骨膠原提取, 是否需要用鹼](http://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-bones.htm#Components "骨膠原提取, 是否需要用鹼")
用於碳定年的材料，首先要測試樣品的脆性（即柔軟度）。因為基骨蛋白在磷灰石结構中扮演加强劑的作用，所以如果骨頭十分柔軟的話，則代表著骨樣中的骨膠原含量十分低。
用於放射性碳分析的骨頭樣品會先用去離子水清洗，然後將外部層刮掉並粉碎。之後不斷用稀釋後的冷鹽酸（HCL）冲洗以去除礦物質部分（骨磷灰石）。將骨膠原解剖，仔细檢查是否含有细絲，若有细絲，則繼續填充鹽酸溶液將其去除。
＂鹼預處理＂指的是使用氫氧化鈉（NaOH）進行額外的預處理，從而確保去除二级有機酸。＂無鹼預處理＂指的是由於樣品保存條件不佳，從而跳過氫氧化鈉（NaOH）步驟，以防止在處理過程中將全部可定年有機物都去掉。
該預處理方法一般適用於 – [骨頭](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-bones.htm "骨頭")
## [酸蝕](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm#Methods "酸蝕")
石灰質樣品會先用去離子水去除掉附著的有機沉積物和碎片。之後將定年樣品粉碎散開，經過多次酸（HCI）蝕後，去除掉次級碳酸鹽成分。
對於比較厚的貝殼，會先在表面進行打磨，直到露出它的堅硬殼芯後再進行酸蝕處理。而若樣品是多孔的碳酸鹽结核或鈣質層，則需要花費較長的時間浸潤、渗透。使用酸的曝露時間、濃度、重複次數取決於樣品的獨特性。
該預處理方法一般適用於 – [貝殼](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-shells.htm "貝殼")、鈣質層、碳酸鹽结核
## 中性
在進行放射性碳定年之前，地下水的碳酸鹽沉澱一般都保存在鹼性溶液中（氫氧化銨或氫氧化鈉溶液）。一般在原樣容器中會使用去離子水來保持溶液中性。如果需要大量稀釋，那麼沉澱和溶液則需要轉移到密封的分液瓶中，冲洗直至中性。儘量不要曝露於空氣中。
該預處理方法一般適用於 – 碳酸鍶、碳酸鋇（如已沉澱好的地下水樣品）
## 溶解萃取
進行放射性碳定年的樣品會放置於含有苯、甲苯、乙烷、戊烷或丙酮的一系列溶液中。該處理一般是在酸/鹼/酸預處理前進行。
該預處理方法一般適用於 – [紡織品](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-textiles.htm "纺織品")、或可能含有瀝青或柏油污染物的樣品，以及長久保存的材料
## 無需預處理
若有特殊要求或寄樣前已進行過預處理，則實驗室不做任何預處理。
## [為什麼品質保證對放射性碳定年如此重要？](#collapseTwo)
為什麼品質保證對放射性碳定年如此重要？
免責聲明：本視頻託管於第三方網站中，可能包含廣告。
---
### [ベータアナリティック社の標準的な前処理プロトコル](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm)
**Published:** March 16, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
特別な指定のない限り、下記手順によって[試料の前処理](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm) が行われます。 実際に行った前処理方法は、年代測定結果報告書に、試料ごとに記載されます。 （例： acid/alkali/acid, acid washes）
試料の前処理は、二次的な炭素を除去することを目的とします。 二次的な炭素が除去されていないと、真の年代を得られない可能性があります。 ただし前処理は、放射性炭素年代値が対象とするイベントの年代と同等であることを保証するものではありません。 それは、サンプルとイベントとの整合性によって決定されます。
[古木効果](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/old-wood-effect.htm "古木効果")、植物根の混入、バイオターベーション、再堆積、現代の炭素を含む細菌などの生物活動、年代の異なる複数のソースが一つのサンプルに含まれることなど、C14年代測定では年代にバイアスがかかる原理的な問題があります。前処理は、これらの問題を引き起こす可能性のあるソースを可能な限り除去し、目的とするソースの炭素のみにすることを目的とします。もし、特別な前処理の必要があると思われる場合は、事前にご相談ください。
実際、そういった場合はよくあります。よくあるケースとしては、骨のサンプルのC、N含有量、C/N、C13などが典型的な試料の値の範囲外である場合です。また、試料の完全な前処理を行えない場合、例えばチャコールがアルカリ処理を行うと溶解してしまう場合は、年代測定を行うかどうかお尋ねします。アルカリ処理を行えないということは通常の試料の反応ではありませんから、もしかするととても湿潤な環境から得られたサンプルかもしれないのですが、若すぎる年代結果になるなど年代値に影響を及ぼす可能性があることをお伝えします。骨の試料は判断が難しいです。C、Nなどの指標が範囲外であるといことは、コラーゲンが長い間かかって変質、汚染されて失われてしまった可能性を示唆します。それから、試料が石炭のような場合は、年代測定を行わないようお勧めします。おそらくとても古い年代となりますので。しかし、最終的に決めていただくのはクライアントですので、年代測定を行うことを拒否することは決してありません。いつも、できる限りの情報をお伝えして納得のいく決定をしていただくようにしています。そのエリアには石炭はないので、とにかく測定してくださいと回答いただき進めた結果、とても古い年代結果となることもありました。しかし、それも結果ですので受け入れるより以外ありません。
**前処理の重要性**– 試料の前処理について理解することは、それが最終的な年代に直接影響を与えるので非常に重要です。 前処理に関するご質問などがございましたいつでもご連絡ください。
## [Acid/alkali/acid（酸/アルカリ/酸洗浄)](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm#Methods "Acid, alkali, acid")
最初に蒸留水中で試料をていねいに粉砕します。 次にHClにより炭酸塩を除去した後、NaOHにより二次的に混入した有機酸を除去します。更にHClで洗浄し、最後にアルカリによって中和します。洗浄の回数、時間、温度、薬品の濃度などは試料により異なります。それぞれの薬液は次の薬液を適用する前に中和します。 これらの化学的処理の段階で、付着された堆積物や細根などの汚染物質は物理的に取り除かれます。この前処理は ”完全な前処理(full pretreatment)” とみなされます。 まれに、どの分画を測定したか明快にするため “acid/alkali/acid – insolubles” と追記される場合があります。
**適用される試料** – [charcoal](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm), [wood](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-wood.htm), plant, [peat](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-peat.htm), [textiles](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-textiles.htm)
## Acid/alkali/acid – solubles (酸/アルカリ/酸-可溶成分)
アルカリ可溶成分の放射性炭素測定を行うことがあります。これは土壌の埋没環境、状態などからアルカリ可溶成分の方が、より正確な年代が得られると判断された場合に適用されます。また二次的に混入した有機酸の存在を確認するために行われることもあります。
試料は炭酸塩を取り除き有機結合を弱めるために酸処理を行います。アルカリ洗浄(acid/alkali/acid参照)の後、アルカリ可溶成分を含んだ溶液を分離し、酸と混合します。抽出した可溶分画を洗浄乾燥後、燃焼します。
## [Acid/alkali/acid – cellulose extraction （酸/アルカリ/酸洗浄－セルロース抽出）](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/charcoal-wood.htm#Chemical)
acid/alkali/acid（酸/アルカリ/酸洗浄）の処理後、管理された条件下(pH 3 and temperature at 70°C)で亜塩素酸ナトリウム（NaCIO2）に浸漬されます。 この手順で、木材セルロース以外の物質をすべて取り除くことができます。
## [Acid washes 酸洗浄](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm#Methods "acid washes 酸洗浄")
試料の表面積は可能な限り増やします。 固体、堆積物は粉砕、繊維材料は細断します。 炭酸塩が無いことを確実にするために酸（HCI）洗浄を繰り返し行います。
薬品濃度、温度、露出時間、洗浄回数などは試料の特質によって異なります。アルカリ洗浄によるアルカリに可溶炭素の除去は行えません。
測定結果は、全有機炭素の年代を反映します。研究者の方は試料の特性に基づいて潜在的なコンタミネーションの影響を考慮して確度を検討する必要があります。
**適用される試料** – [sediments](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-sediments.htm), peat
## [Collagen extraction, with or without alkali (コラーゲンの抽出、アルカリ使用とアルカリ不使用)](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-bones.htm#Components "Collagen extraction, with or without alkali (コラーゲンの抽出、アルカリ使用とアルカリ不使用)")
最初に試料のもろさをテストします。 非常に柔らかい骨材は、コラーゲンが（骨の中に含まれているコラーゲンのようなタンパク質は、リン灰石結晶構造の補強剤の役目をしています）残っている可能性が少ないことを示しています。
試料は、イオン交換水で洗浄し、外側の表面層をけずり軽く砕きます。 骨の鉱物成分（リン灰石）が無くなるまで、繰り返し冷希塩酸で処理し除去します。 この操作の段階で、微細な植物根などの存在をしらべ、存在する場合は除去します。 引き続き、with alkali (アルカリ使用)の場合は、二次的有機酸の除去を確実にするために水酸化ナトリウム（NaOH）で処理を行います。 without alkali (アルカリ不使用)の場合は、試料の保存状態が良くないため、アルカリ処理によってすべての有機物が除去されないように、アルカリ処理を省略します。
**適用される試料** – [bones](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-bones.htm), teeth
## [Acid etch (酸エッチング)](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm#Methods "acid etch (酸エッチング)")
石灰質の試料は、まずイオン交換水で洗浄し有機堆積物や付着物を取り除きます。試料を粉砕し、二次的炭酸塩を除去するため繰り返し塩酸によるエッチングを行います。
厚い貝殻には、エッチング前に硬いプライマリコアが残るまで表面を物理的に削ります。多孔質炭酸塩ノジュールとカリーチの場合には、酸が浸透するように非常に長い時間処理を行います。処理時間、濃度、および繰り返しの回数は、試料によって異なります。
**適用される試料** – [shells](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-shells.htm), coral, caliche, calcareous nodules
## Neutralized（中和）
地下水から沈殿抽出した炭酸塩は、通常、水酸化アンモニウムまたは水酸化ナトリウムの添加によりアルカリ性の状態にあります。この溶液はイオン交換水を使用して、オリジナルの試料容器中で中和されます。よりサイズの大きい希釈が必要な場合は、沈殿および溶液は別容器に移し中和します。大気への露出は最小限に抑えます。
**適用される試料** –strontium carbonate, barium carbonate (主に地下水からの沈殿抽出による）
## Solvent extraction (溶媒抽出)
主に用いる溶媒はトルエン、ヘキサン、アセトンです。 これら溶媒による処理を行い汚染を除去した後、年代測定を行います。
**適用される試料** – [繊維](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-textiles.htm), タールなど保存剤による汚染が疑われる試料
## None(無処理）
前処理を行わすに測定を行います。
*最終更新：2020年6月*
---
### [SGS Beta 표준 사전처리 절차](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm)
**Published:** January 27, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
의뢰인이 요청을 달리하거나 최종 연대 보고서에서 논의되지 않는 한, 방사성 탄소 연대 측정을 위해 제출된 모든 [샘플의 사전 처리](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm "샘플의 사전 처리") 에는 다음 절차가 적용됩니다. 아래의 용어 해설은 보고서에 수록된 각 샘플에 적용되는 사전처리 방법을 정의한 것입니다. (예, 산/알칼리/산 사전처리를 받은 숯 샘플의 결과에는 “산/알칼리/산/”이라 표시됩니다)
이차탄소 성분을 제거하기 위해서는 제출된 재료의 사전처리가 필요합니다. 이러한 이차탄소 성분이 제거되지 않으면 방사성 탄소 연대 결과가 너무 최근이거나 오래된 것으로 나올 수 있습니다. 사전처리를 하더라도 방사성 탄소 연대가 관심 있는 시점의 사건을 보여주지 않을 수 있습니다. 이것은 샘플의 완전성에 의해 결정됩니다.
탄소 14 측정을 할 때 발생할 수 있는 몇 가지 문제로는 [고목 효과](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm#Time "고목 효과"), 타버린 뿌리, 생물교란, 이차퇴적, 최근 탄소를 포함하는 이차 유기물 활동(박테리아), 다른 연대의 여러 성분을 분석하는 것 등이 있습니다. 가능한 경우, 샘플을 하나의 성분으로 줄이고, 이러한 종류의 문제와 관련된 주관성이 추가되는 것을 줄이기 위해 사전처리를 실시합니다. 고객의 샘플에 사전처리를 특별히 해야 하는지 궁금하시면, 방사성 탄소 분석 전에 연구소에 꼭 알려주시기 바랍니다.
## [시료가 어떨 때, 고객에게 좋은 결과 값이 나오지 않는지 말해주나?](#collapseOne)
시료가 어떨 때, 고객에게 좋은 결과 값이 나오지 않는지 말해주나?
면책조항: 이 비디오는 제3자의 사이트에 올렸으며, 광고가 포함되어 있습니다.
**사전처리에 관한 중요사항** – 사전처리는 최종 결과에 직접적인 영향을 미치기 때문에 사전 처리에 대해 이해하시는 것이 중요합니다. 사전처리에 관하여 상담을 원하시거나, 사전처리 후(및 연대 측정 전) 저희로부터 연락을 받고 싶으시면 언제든지 연락해주시기 바랍니다.
## [산/알칼리/산](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm#Methods "산/알칼리/산")
방사성 탄소 연대 측정 전에, 첫 번째 과정은 샘플을 부드럽게 잘게 부수고 탈이온수에 퍼지게 하는 것입니다. 그 다음, 탄산염을 제거하기 위해 뜨거운 염화수소산으로 세척하고, 이차 유기산을 제거하기 위해 알칼리(NaOH)로 세척합니다. 마지막으로 건조시키기 전에 용액을 중화하기 위해 산으로 세척합니다.
화학적 농도, 온도, 노출 시간, 반복 횟수는 제출된 샘플에 따라 다릅니다. 다음 단계로 넘어가기 전에, 각 화학 용액을 중화합니다. 이렇게 계속해서 씻어내는 과정에서 퇴적물과 뿌리 같은 오염물질이 제거됩니다.
이러한 종류의 사전처리를 “종합 사전처리”라고 부릅니다. 샘플의 어떤 조각이 방사성 탄소 함유에 대해 측정되었는지 명시하기 위해 보고서에 “산/알칼리/산-불용성”으로 기록합니다.
일반적으로 [숯, 나무](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm "숯, 나무"), 일부 토탄, 직물에 적용됩니다.
## 산/알칼리/산-가용성
때때로 방사성 탄소 함유에 관하여 가용성 알칼리 조각을 분석합니다. 이것은 특별한 경우로서 토양 상태가 가용성 조각이 보다 정확한 연대를 알려준다는 것을 의미합니다. 이는 또한 이차 유기산으로 인한 오염의 존재 유무나 오염 정도를 확인하기 위해 실시됩니다.
탄산염을 제거하고 유기물의 결합을 약화시키기 위해 먼저 샘플을 산으로 사전 처리합니다. 그 다음 알칼리로 세척한 후에(위의 산/알칼리/산 참조), 가용성 알칼리 조각이 포함된 용액을 분리하거나 거르고 산과 결합합니다. 침전되는 가용성 조각은 연소 전에 씻어 말립니다.
## [산/알칼리/산-섬유소 추출](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm#Chemical "산/알칼리/산-섬유소 추출")
산/알칼리/산으로 종합 사전처리를 실시한 후에, 통제된 조건(pH 3 및 온도 70°C)에서 아염소산나트륨(NaCIO2)에 샘플을 담가 놓습니다. 이 과정은 [나무](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm) 섬유소를 제외한 모든 성분을 없애줍니다.
## [산 세척](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm#Methods "산 세척")
방사성 탄소 연대 측정을 실시할 샘플의 표면적을 최대한 넓게 만듭니다. 고체 덩어리는 부수고, 섬유 재료는 잘게 자르고, 퇴적물은 퍼트립니다. 탄산염이 없어지도록 계속해서 염화수소산(HCI)을 사용합니다.
샘플의 특성, 오염 정도에 따라 화학적 농도, 온도, 노출 시간, 세척 횟수를 결정합니다. 알칼리에 녹는 일차탄소를 분리하기 위해 알칼리 세척은 하지 않습니다.
탄소 14 연대 측정 결과는 분석 대상 물질의 전체 유기물 함량을 반영하며, 정확성은 연구자가 맥락적 사실에 따라 오염 물질을 주관적으로 제거할 수 있는 능력에 달려 있습니다.
일반적으로 [유기 퇴적물](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-sediments.htm "유기 퇴적물"), 일부 토탄, 작은
[나무 또는 숯](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm#Chemical "나무 또는 숯") 및 특별한 경우에 사용합니다.
## [콜라겐 추출(알칼리 사용/미사용)](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-bones.htm#Components "콜라겐 추출(알칼리 사용/미사용)")
먼저, 탄소 연대 측정을 할 재료의 견고성(부드러움)을 시험합니다. 아주 부드러운 뼈는 콜라겐 조각(결정질 인회석 구조 내에 있는 “보강제”로 작동하는 뼈의 기본 단백질)이 없을 가능성을 보여줍니다.
방사선 탄소 분석을 할 샘플을 탈이온수로 세척하고, 표면을 긁어 가장 바깥 층을 제거한 다음, 그 다음에 가볍게 부숩니다. 미네랄 조각(뼈의 인회석)이 없애질 때까지 희석된 차가운 염화수소산으로 세척하고 모자라면 보충합니다. 그 후 콜라겐을 잘라서, 뿌리가 있는지 검사합니다. 산 용액을 보충할 때 남아있는 뿌리가 있으면 역시 제거합니다.
“알칼리 사용”은 이차 유기산이 없도록 수산화나트륨(NaOH)으로 사전 처리를 추가적으로 하는 것을 의미하고, “알칼리 미사용”은 보존 상태가 좋지 않아 NaOH 단계를 건너뛰는 것을 의미하며, 이 상태에서 실시한다면 모든 유기 물질을 제거할 수 있습니다.
일반적으로 [뼈](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-bones.htm "뼈") 에 사용합니다.
## [산 부식](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm#Methods "산 부식")
석회물질을 우선 탈이온수로 세척하여, 관련된 모든 유기 퇴적물과 그 잔여물을 제거합니다. 그리고 방사선 탄소 연대 측정을 할 재료를 가루를 만들어서 퍼지게 한 다음에, 염화수소산 부식을 반복적으로 실시하여 이차 탄산염 성분을 제거합니다.
껍질이 두꺼운 경우, 원래의 단단한 중심이 남아 있을 때까지 부식 전에 표면을 문질러 마멸시킵니다. 다공성 탄산염 결핵체와 염류 피각의 경우, 산이 침투할 수 있도록 아주 오랫동안 노출시킵니다. 산 노출 시간, 농도와 반복 횟수는 샘플의 특성에 따라 결정합니다.
일반적으로 [껍질](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-shells.htm "껍질"), 염류 피각, 석회질 결핵체에 사용합니다.
## 중화
지하수에서 침전된 탄산염은 대개 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 전 알칼리 조건 (수산화암모늄, 수산화나트륨 용액)에서 보내집니다. 일반적으로 이 용액은 탈이온수를 사용하는 원본 샘플 용기에서 중화합니다. 많은 양을 희석해야 할 경우, 침전물과 용액을 별도의 봉인된 플라스크에 옮겨서, 중화될 때까지 헹궈냅니다. 최대한 공기에 노출되지 않도록 합니다.
일반적으로 탄산스트론튬, 탄산바륨에 사용합니다(예, 침전된 지하수 샘플).
## 용매 추출
방사성탄소 분석을 하기 위한 시료들은 통루엔 (toluene), 핵산 (hexane), 아세톤 (Acetone)으로 이루어진 여러 단계의 용매 중탕 (Solvent baths)를 거친다. 이 과정은 주로 산/알칼리/산 사전처리 전에 실시합니다.
[직물](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-textiles.htm "직물"), 피치/타르 오염이 되었거나 오염이 의심되는 경우, 보존된 재료에 사용합니다.
## 사전처리 안 함
방사성 탄소 연대 측정 전에는 연구소에서 어떤 사전처리도 하지 않습니다. 특별히 요청하거나 연구소로 보내기 전에 사전 처리하는 것은 대개 이러한 이유 때문입니다.
## [탄소 연대측정에서 왜 품질 보증이 문제일까?](#collapseTwo)
탄소 연대측정에서 왜 품질 보증이 문제일까?
면책조항: 이 비디오는 제3자의 사이트에 올렸으며, 광고가 포함되어 있습니다.
---
### [Protocolos Convencionais de Pré-tratamento da SGS Beta](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-pretratamento-protocolos.htm)
**Published:** August 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
A menos que tenham sido requisitados pelo solicitante ou abordados em um relatório final de datação, os seguintes procedimentos dizem respeito aos [pré-tratamentos das amostras](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-pre-tratamento.htm "pré-tratamentos das amostras") submetidas ao processo de datação por radiocarbono. Este glossário define os métodos de pré-tratamento aplicados a cada tipo de amostra relacionado no relatório (ex. você verá a designação “ácido/álcali/ácido” incluída no resultado da análise de uma amostra de carvão vegetal que tenha recebido este pré-tratamento).
O pré-tratamento dos materiais submetidos para análise é necessário para eliminar componentes secundários de carbono. Se não forem eliminados, estes componentes poderão fazer com que a análise resulte em uma data de radiocarbono muito recente ou demasiadamente antiga. O pré-tratamento não garante que a data de radiocarbono representará o período de interesse. Isto é determinado pela integridade das amostras.
Efeitos como o da [madeira antiga](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-carvao.htm#Time "efeito de madeira velha"), de raízes queimadas e intrusivas, da bioturbação, da deposição secundária, da atividade biogênica secundária incorporando carbono recente (bactérias) e a análise de múltiplos componentes de diferentes idades são apenas alguns exemplos de problemas que podem acontecer na medição do carbono-14. O pré-tratamento é feito para reduzir a amostra a um único componente, sempre que possível, e para minimizar a subjetividade agregada associada a esses tipos de problemas. Se você suspeita que a sua amostra requer considerações especiais relacionadas ao pré-tratamento, não se esqueça de informar o laboratório antes da análise de radiocarbono ser feita.
## [Em quais circunstâncias o SGS Beta avisa ao cliente que a amostra pode não produzir uma data confiável?](#collapseOne)
Em quais circunstâncias o SGS Beta avisa ao cliente que a amostra pode não produzir uma data confiável?
Aviso legal: Este vídeo está hospedado em um site de terceiros e poderá conter publicidade.
**Pré-tratamento** – É importante compreender os pré-tratamentos aplicados às amostras, visto que eles afetam diretamente o resultado final. Fique à vontade para entrar em contato conosco para discutirmos os pré-tratamentos, ou solicitar que entremos em contato depois que os pré-tratamentos tenham sido realizados (antes da datação).
## [Ácido/álcali/ácido](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-pre-tratamento.htm#Methods "Ácido/álcali/ácido")
Antes da datação por radiocarbono, a amostra é cuidadosamente triturada ou dispersa em água deionizada. Em seguida, ela é banhada com ácido HCI quente para eliminar carbonatos e com uma solução de álcali (NaOH) para remover os ácidos orgânicos secundários. A solução de álcali é seguida de um enxágüe ácido final para neutralizar a mesma antes da secagem.
Concentrações químicas, temperaturas, tempo de exposição e o número de repetições dependem da amostra que está sendo analisada. Cada solução química é neutralizada antes da próxima aplicação. Durante estes vários banhos, contaminantes mecânicos, tais como sedimentos associados e radículas são eliminados.
Este tipo de pré-tratamento é considerado um “pré-tratamento completo”. Em algumas ocasiões, o relatório irá denominar o pré-tratamento como “ácido/álcali/ácido – insolúveis” para especificar qual fração da amostra foi analisada para definir o teor de radiocarbono. Isso às vezes é feito com sedimentos.
Tipicamente aplicado a – [carvão vegetal, madeira](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-carvao.htm "carvão vegetal, madeira"), alguns tipos de turfa, alguns sedimentos e artigos têxteis.
## Acido/alcalino/ácido – solúveis
Em algumas ocasiões, a fração solúvel de álcali será analisada para determinar o seu teor de radiocarbono. Este é um caso especial onde as condições do solo sugerem que a fração solúvel irá proporcionar uma data mais precisa. Isto também é feito para verificar a presença ou ausência de contaminação causada pelos ácidos orgânicos secundários.
Em primeiro lugar, a amostra passa pelo pré-tratamento com ácido para remover quaisquer carbonatos e enfraquecer laços orgânicos. Depois dos banhos com álcali (tal como foi discutido no item “ácido/álcali/ácido – insolúveis”) terem sido aplicados, a solução que contem a fração solúvel é isolada/filtrada e combinada com ácido. A fração solúvel, que precipita, é enxaguada e seca antes da combustão.
## [Ácido/álcali/ácido – extração de celulose](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-carvao.htm#Chemical "Ácido/álcali/ácido – extração de celulose")
Depois de um pré-tratamento completo com ácido/álcali/ácido, a amostra submetida para datação por radiocarbono é banhada em cloreto de sódio (NaCIO2) em condições controladas (pH 3 e temperatura de 70º C). Este procedimento elimina todos os componentes, exceto a celulose de [madeira](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-carvao.htm "madeira").
## [Banhos ácidos](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-pre-tratamento.htm#Methods "Banhos ácidos")
A área de superfície das amostras submetidas à datação por carbono é aumentada o máximo possível. Pedaços sólidos são triturados, materiais fibrosos são fragmentados e os sedimentos são dispersos. Ácido (HCI) é aplicado repetidamente para garantir a ausência de carbonatos.
A singularidade da amostra e o grau de contaminação determinam as concentrações químicas, as temperaturas, o tempo de exposição e o número de banhos. Os banhos com álcali não são feitos para garantir o isolamento do carbono primário, que é solúvel em álcali.
Os resultados da análise de carbono-14 refletem o conteúdo orgânico total do material analisado e a precisão dos mesmos depende da habilidade do pesquisador em subjetivamente eliminar contaminantes potenciais baseado em fatos contextuais.
Tipicamente aplicado a sedimentos orgânicos, alguns tipos de turfa, pequenas amostras de [madeira ou carvão vegetal](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-carvao.htm#Chemical "madeira ou carvão vegetal") e em casos especiais.
## [Extração de colágeno, com ou sem álcali](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-ossos.htm#Components "Extração de colágeno, com ou sem alcalis")
Em primeiro lugar, verificamos a friabilidade (“capacidade de fragmentação”) do material submetido à datação por carbono. Material ósseo muito macio é uma indicação da ausência potencial da fração de colágeno (proteína do osso basal agindo como um “agente de reforço” dentro da estrutura de apatita cristalina).
As amostras ósseas submetidas à análise por radiocarbono são banhadas em água deionizada. As superfícies das mesmas são raspadas para que as camadas mais externas sejam removidas e, em seguida, as amostras são cuidadosamente trituradas. Ácido HCl frio e diluído é aplicado repetidamente e reposto até que a fração mineral (a apatita do osso) tenha sido eliminada. O colágeno é então dissecado e inspecionado para verificar a presença de radículas. Qualquer radícula presente também é removida durante a reposição das soluções ácidas.
“Com álcali” (ou “With alkali”, em inglês) é uma expressão que se refere ao pré-tratamento adicional com o uso de hidróxido de sódio (NaOH) para garantir a ausência de ácidos orgânicos secundários. “Sem álcali” (ou “Without alkali”, em inglês) indica que a fase de aplicação do NaOH foi ignorada devido às más condições de conservação da amostra, o que poderia resultar na remoção de todo o material orgânico disponível, se fosse feita.
Tipicamente aplicado a [ossos](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-ossos.htm "carbono datacao ossos")
## [Condicionamento ácido](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-pre-tratamento.htm#Methods "Gravado ácido")
Em primeiro lugar, o material calcário é banhado em água deionizada, removendo os sedimentos orgânicos associados e os detritos, se estiverem presentes. Em seguida, o material entregue para a datação por radiocarbono é triturado / disperso e passa a ser repetidamente submetido a condicionamentos com o ácido HCI para eliminar componentes secundários de carbonato.
No caso de conchas de grossa espessura, as superfícies das mesmas são fisicamente desgastadas antes do condicionamento ácido ser feito, até chegar ao núcleo rígido das mesmas. No caso dos nódulos carbonáticos porosos e do caliche, usamos períodos de exposição bem longos para permitir a infiltração do ácido. O tempo de exposição aos ácidos, o tipo de concentrações, e o número de repetições são determinados de acordo com a singularidade da amostra.
Tipicamente aplicado a – [conchas](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-conchas.htm "conchas"), caliche e nódulos calcários.
## Neutralizado
Carbonatos precipitados a partir de águas subterrâneas geralmente são submetidos em uma condição alcalina (solução de hidróxido de amônio ou de hidróxido de sódio) antes da datação por radiocarbono. Tipicamente, esta solução é neutralizada no recipiente original da amostra, utilizando água deionizada. Se for necessário fazer uma diluição em maior volume, o material precipitado e a solução são transferidos para um frasco de separação fechado e banhados até que fiquem neutros. A exposição à atmosfera é mínima.
Tipicamente aplicado a – carbonato de estrôncio, carbonato de bário (amostras precipitadas de água subterrânea)
## Extração com solventes
A amostra utilizada para a análise por radiocarbono está sujeita a uma série de banhos em solventes, normalmente compostos por tolueno, hexano e acetona. Isso geralmente é realizado antes dos pré-tratamentos com ácido / álcali / ácido.
Aplicado a – artigos têxteis, casos prevalentes ou prováveis de contaminação com breu/alcatrão e materiais conservados.
## Nenhum Pré-tratamento
Nenhum pré-tratamento laboratorial foi aplicado antes da datação por radiocarbono. Geralmente isso se deve a solicitações especiais ou a pré-tratamentos feitos na amostra antes dela ter chegado ao laboratório.
## [Qual é a importância da garantia de qualidade para a datação por radiocarbono?](#collapseTwo)
Qual é a importância da garantia de qualidade para a datação por radiocarbono?
Disclaimer: Aviso legal: Este vídeo está hospedado em um site de terceiros e poderá conter publicidade.
---
### [Les protocoles de prétraitements normaux de SGS Beta](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/pretraitements-protocoles-datation-radiocarbone.htm)
**Published:** June 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Sauf si demande contraire par le demandeur ou précision dans le rapport final de datation, les procédures suivantes s’appliquent pour le [prétraitement des échantillons](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/pretraitement-datation-carbone.htm) soumis à la datation. Ce glossaire définit les méthodes de prétraitement appliquées à chaque échantillon et figurant dans le rapport (vous verrez par exemple la désignation “acide/alcalin/acide” apparaître sur les résultats concernant un échantillon de charbon de bois recevant ce prétraitement).
Le prétraitement des matières qui nous sont soumises est nécessaire pour éliminer les composants carbonés secondaires. S’ils ne sont pas éliminés, ces composants peuvent entraîner une datation trop récente, ou trop ancienne. Le prétraitement ne garantit pas que le résultat de la datation présentera un intérêt, c’est l’intégrité de l’échantillon qui est déterminante.
Des effets tels que [l’effet de vieux bois,](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/effet-vieux-bois.htm) des racines intrusives brulées, la bioturbation, un dépôt secondaire, une activité biogène incorporant du carbone récent (bactéries), et les analyses de composants multiples d’âges différents ne sont que quelques exemples des problèmes potentiels rencontrés dans la datation par le carbone. Le prétraitement est effectué pour réduire l’échantillon à un seul composant, si possible, et minimiser la subjectivité associée à ce type de problèmes. Si vous pensez que votre échantillon nécessite un prétraitement spécial, merci d’en informer le laboratoire avant que les analyses ne soient effectuées.
## [Dans quels cas SGS Beta signale qu’un échantillon est inadapté pour la datation?](#collapseOne)
Dans quels cas SGS Beta signale qu’un échantillon est inadapté pour la datation?
Avertissement : cette vidéo est hébergée sur un site tiers et peut contenir de la publicité.
**Note importante sur les prétraitements** – Il est important de comprendre la nature des prétraitements qui vont être appliqués sur vos échantillons car ils vont directement affecter le résultat final. N’hésitez pas à nous contacter pour discuter des prétraitements ou à nous demander à être contacté après les prétraitements (et avant l’analyse) pour en discuter.
## [Acide – alcalin – acide](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/pretraitement-datation-carbone.htm#Methods "Acide - alcalin - acide")
Avant la datation, l’échantillon est d’abord doucement broyé puis dispersé dans de l’eau désionisée. Il est ensuite lavé avec de l’acide HCI chaud afin d’éliminer les carbonates, puis vient un bain alcalin (NaOH) pour enlever les acides organiques secondaires. Ce bain alcalin est suivi d’un rinçage final à l’acide pour neutraliser la solution avant le séchage.
Les concentrations de produits chimiques, températures, temps d’exposition, nombre de répétitions dépendent de l’échantillon présenté. Chaque solution chimique est neutralisée avant l’application de la suivante. Au cours de ces séries de rinçage, les contaminants mécaniques tels que les sédiments associés et les radicelles sont éliminés.
Ce type de prétraitement est considéré comme un “prétraitement complet”. Si nécessaire, le rapport indiquera le prétraitement “acide/alcalin/acide – insolubles” afin de préciser quelle fraction de l’échantillon a été analysée pour sa teneur en radiocarbone.
Généralement appliqué à : [charbon](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-charbon.htm), [bois](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-bois.htm), certaines tourbes, textiles
## Acide – alcalin – acide – solubles
Si nécessaire, la teneur en radiocarbone de la fraction soluble alcaline sera analysée. C’est un cas particulier où les conditions du sol impliquent que la fraction soluble donnera une datation plus précise. Cela sert également à vérifier la présence, l’absence ou le degré de contamination du à des acides organiques secondaires.
L’échantillon est d’abord prétraité à l’acide pour éliminer les carbonates et affaiblir les liens organiques. Après l’application des bains alcalins (voir acide/alcalin/acide ci-dessus), la solution contenant la fraction soluble alcaline est isolée/filtrée et combinée à de l’acide. La fraction soluble, qui précipite, est rincée et séchée avant la combustion.
## [Acide – alcalin – acide – extraction de cellulose](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-charbon.htm#Chemical "Acide - alcalin - acide - extraction de cellulose")
Après un prétraitement complet acide-alcalin-acide, l’échantillon est trempé dans du chlorite de sodium (NaCIO2) sous conditions contrôlées (pH 3 et température 70°C). Cette procédure élimine tous les composants sauf la cellulose du bois.
## [Bains d’acide](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/pretraitement-datation-carbone.htm#Methods "Bains d'acide")
La surface des échantillons est étendue le plus possible, les morceaux solides sont broyés, les matériaux fibreux sont déchiquetés, et les sédiments dispersés. L’acide chlorhydrique est appliqué plusieurs fois pour assurer l’absence de carbonates.
La spécificité de chaque échantillon et son degré de contamination déterminent les concentrations chimiques, températures, temps d’exposition, et nombre de lavages. Les lavages alcalins ne sont pas faits pour assurer l’isolation du carbone primaire qui est soluble dans l’alcalin.
Les résultats d’une datation C14 reflètent le contenu organique total du matériau analysé, et la précision dépend de la capacité du chercheur à éliminer subjectivement les contaminants potentiels en se basant sur des faits contextuels.
Généralement appliqué à : [sédiments organiques](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-sma-sediments.htm "sédiments organiques"), certaines tourbes, petits morceaux de bois ou charbon, et certains cas particuliers
## [Extraction de collagène, avec ou sans alcalin](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-os.htm#Components "collagen extraction")
La friabilité (la “souplesse”) du matériau à dater est d’abord testée. Une matière osseuse très souple est une indication de l’absence potentielle de fraction de collagène (la protéine basale osseuse agit comme “agent de renforcement” au sein de la structure de l’apatite cristalline).
Les échantillons d’os destinés à l’analyse sont lavés à l’eau déminéralisée, la surface débarrassée des couches supérieures, puis ils sont doucement broyés. De l’acide chlorhydrique dilué et froid est régulièrement appliqué et complété jusqu’à ce que la fraction minérale (apatite osseuse) soit éliminée. Le collagène est alors disséqué, inspecté, et les radicelles séparées. Toutes les radicelles présentes sont également enlevées lors de la reconstitution des solutions acides.
“Avec alcalin” se réfère à un prétraitement supplémentaire avec de l’hydroxyde de sodium (NaOH) pour s’assurer de l’absence d’acides organiques secondaires. “Sans alcalin” signifie que l’étape NaOH est ignorée en raison de mauvaises conditions de conservation, car elle pourrait entraîner l’élimination de toutes les matières organiques disponibles si elle était effectuée.
Généralement appliqué à : [os ](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-os.htm "os")
## [Traitement à l’acide](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/pretraitement-datation-carbone.htm#Methods "Traitement à l'acide")
Le matériau calcaire est d’abord lavé à l’eau déminéralisée, éliminant les sédiments organiques et débris associés, quand ils sont présents. Il est ensuite broyé ou dispersé et soumis à plusieurs reprises à des traitements d’acide chlorhydrique (HCI) pour éliminer les composants carbonatés secondaires.
Dans le cas de coquilles épaisses, les surfaces sont usées par abrasion physique jusqu’à ce qu’il ne reste que le noyau primaire. Dans le cas de nodules carbonatés poreux et de caliche, des temps d’expositions très longs sont appliqués pour permettre l’infiltration de l’acide. Les temps d’exposition à l’acide, les concentrations, et le nombre de répétitions sont définis en fonction de la particularité de l’échantillon.
Généralement appliqué à : [coquilles](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-coquilles.htm "coquilles"), caliche, nodules calcaires
## Neutralisé
Les précipités carbonatés des eaux souterraines sont généralement envoyés dans des solutions alcalines (solution d’hydroxyde d’ammonium ou d’hydroxyde de sodium) avant la datation. Cette solution est le plus souvent neutralisée dans le conteneur original de l’échantillon avec de l’eau déminéralisée. Si un plus grand volume de dilution est nécessaire, le précipité et la solution sont transférés dans un flacon de séparation hermétique et rincé jusqu’à neutralité. L’exposition à l’atmosphère est minime.
Généralement appliqué à : carbonate de strontium, carbonate de baryum (p.ex. échantillons de précipités d’eau souterraine)
## L’extraction par solvant
L’échantillon soumis à la datation au radiocarbone subit plusieurs bains de solvants, généralement au toluène, hexane et acétone. Ces bains sont souvent effectués avant les prétraitements acide-alcalin-acide.
S’applique à : [textiles](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-coquilles.htm "coquilles"), cas prévalent ou suspecté de contamination de poix/goudron, matériaux conservés.
## Aucun
Aucun prétraitement de laboratoire n’a été appliqué avant l’analyse par le radiocarbone. Concerne généralement des demandes spéciales et des prétraitements avant l’envoi au laboratoire.
## [Selon vous, pourquoi le contrôle qualité est-il important dans la datation au radiocarbone?](#collapseTwo)
Selon vous, pourquoi le contrôle qualité est-il important dans la datation au radiocarbone?
Avertissement : cette vidéo est hébergée sur un site tiers et peut contenir de la publicité.
---
### [Protocolos convencionales de pretratamiento en SGS Beta](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/pretratamiento-protocolos.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
A no ser que el cliente solicite lo contario o se haya discutido previamente en un informe final de datación, los siguientes procedimientos son aplicados al [pretratamiento de las muestras](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-pretratamiento.htm "pretratamiento de las muestras") para su datación por radiocarbono. Este glosario define los métodos de pretratamiento aplicados a cada tipo de muestra mencionado en el informe (por ejemplo, verá la designación “ácido/álcali/ácido” incluida en los resultados del análisis de una muestra de carbón vegetal que ha recibido este pretratamiento).
El pretratamiento de los materiales analizados es necesario para eliminar los componentes secundarios de carbono. Si estos componentes no son eliminados, podrían provocar que el análisis resulte en una fecha de radiocarbono muy reciente o demasiado antigua. El pretratamiento no garantiza que una fecha de radiocarbono represente el período de interés del investigador, ya que esto viene determinado por la integridad de las muestras.
Efectos como los de la [madera antigua](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-madera-antigua.htm "madera antigua"), las raíces quemadas e intrusivas, la bioturbación, la deposición secundaria, la actividad biogénica secundaria que incorpora carbono reciente (bacterias) y del análisis de varios componentes de diferentes edades, son sólo algunos ejemplos de problemas que pueden surgir en un análisis de carbono-14. El pretratamiento se realiza para reducir la muestra a un solo componente, siempre que sea posible, y reducir al mínimo la subjetividad agregada asociada a este tipo de problemas. Si cree que su muestra requiere consideraciones especiales, asegúrese de informar al laboratorio antes de que se realice la datación.
## [¿En qué casos SGS Beta informaría al cliente que una muestra puede arrojar una edad poco fiable?](#collapseOne)
¿En qué casos SGS Beta informaría al cliente que una muestra puede arrojar una edad poco fiable?
Exención de responsabilidad: Este video está alojado en un sitio externo y puede contener publicidad.
**Información importante sobre pretratamientos** – Nuestro precio incluye mediciones de δ13C, informes de garantía de calidad, calibración de calendario (si aplicable), y acceso electrónico permanente a resultados previos y a los análisis que estén en curso.
## [Ácido/álcali/ácido](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-pretratamiento.htm#Methods "Ácido/álcali/ácido")
Antes de la datación por radiocarbono, la muestra es cuidadosamente triturada o dispersada en agua desionizada. A continuación, la muestra recibe un baño de ácido HCI caliente para eliminar carbonatos y de una solución de álcali (NaOH) para eliminar los ácidos orgánicos secundarios. La solución de álcali es seguida de un enjuague ácido final para neutralizar la muestra antes del secado.
Factores del pretratamiento como las concentraciones químicas, la temperatura, el tiempo de exposición y el número de repeticiones dependen de la muestra analizada. Cada solución química se neutraliza antes de la próxima aplicación. Durante estos baños, contaminantes mecánicos, como los sedimentos asociados y las raicillas son eliminados.
Este tipo de pretratamiento es considerado un “pretratamiento completo”. En algunas ocasiones, el informe denominará el pretratamiento como “ácido/álcali/ácido – insoluble” para especificar qué fracción de la muestra ha sido analizada para determinar el contenido de radiocarbono.
Este pretratamiento se aplica típicamente a muestras de: [carbón vegetal](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-carbon.htm "carbón vegetal"), [madera](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-madera.htm "madera"), algunos tipos de [turba](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-ema-turba.htm "turba"), [textiles](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/ams-datacion-textiles.htm "textiles").
## Ácido/álcali/ácido – solubles
En algunas ocasiones, la fracción soluble de álcali será examinada para determinar su contenido de radiocarbono. Éste es un caso especial donde las condiciones del suelo indican que la fracción soluble ofrecerá una fecha más precisa, y se realiza también para verificar la presencia o ausencia de contaminación causada por ácidos orgánicos secundarios.
En primer lugar, la muestra pasa por el pretratamiento ácido para eliminar los carbonatos y debilitar los enlaces orgánicos. Después de aplicar los baños con álcali (véase la sección previa sobre “ácido/álcali/ácido), la solución que contiene la fracción soluble es aislada/filtrada y combinada con ácido. La fracción soluble, que precipita, debe ser enjuagada y secada antes de la combustión.
## [Ácido/álcali/ácido – Extracción de celulosa](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-carbon-madera.htm#Chemical "Ácido/álcali/ácido – Extracción de celulosa")
Después de un pretratamiento completo con ácido/álcali/ácido, la muestra a datar es bañada en clorito de sodio (NaCIO2) en condiciones controladas (pH 3 y temperatura de 70ºC). Este procedimiento elimina todos los componentes excepto la celulosa de la [madera](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-carbon.htm "madera").
## [Baños ácidos](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-pretratamiento.htm#Methods "Baños ácidos")
La superficie de las muestras a datar se aumenta tanto como sea posible. Las piezas sólidas son trituradas, los materiales fibrosos son fragmentados y los sedimentos son dispersados. Se aplica ácido HCI varias veces para asegurar la ausencia de carbonatos.
La singularidad de la muestra y el grado de contaminación determinan las concentraciones químicas, las temperaturas, el tiempo de exposición y el número de baños. No se aplican los baños con álcali para asegurar el aislamiento del carbono primario, que es soluble en álcali.
Los resultados del análisis del carbono-14 reflejan el contenido orgánico total del material analizado y la precisión de ellos depende de la capacidad del investigador para eliminar los contaminantes potenciales en base al contexto estudiado.
Este pretratamiento se aplica típicamente a muestras de: [sedimentos orgánicos](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/ams-datacion-sedimentos.htm "sedimentos orgánicos"), algunos tipos de turba, pequeñas muestras de [madera o carbón vegetal](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-carbon.htm#Chemical "madera o carbón vegetal") y en casos especiales.
## [Extracción de colágeno, con o sin álcali](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-ema-huesos.htm#Components "Extracción de colágeno, con o sin álcali")
En primer lugar, verificamos la friabilidad (capacidad de fragmentación) del material a datar. El material óseo muy suave indica la posible ausencia de la fracción de colágeno (proteína del hueso basal que actúa como “agente de refuerzo” dentro de la estructura de apatita cristalina).
Las muestras óseas sometidas al análisis por radiocarbono son bañadas en agua desionizada. Las superficies de las muestras se raspan para eliminar las capas más externas, y luego se trituran las muestras con cuidado. A continuación la muestra se baña con ácido HCI frío y diluido varias veces hasta que la fracción mineral (la apatita del hueso) sea eliminada. El colágeno es secado e inspeccionado para verificar la presencia de raicillas. Cualquier raicilla presente también se elimina durante la reposición de las soluciones ácidas.
Es posible aplicar un pretratamiento adicional con hidróxido de sodio (NaOH) para garantizar la ausencia de ácidos orgánicos secundarios, aunque esta etapa puede ignorarse si la muestra no está bien conservada y el baño básico puede eliminar todo el material orgánico que puede datarse.
Este pretratamiento se aplica típicamente a muestras de: [huesos](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-huesos.htm "huesos")
## [Tratamiento ácido](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-pretratamiento.htm#Methods "pretreatment carbon dating")
En primer lugar, el material calcáreo es bañado en agua desionizada, eliminando los sedimentos orgánicos asociados y los detritos, si están presentes. A continuación, el material sometido a la datación por radiocarbono es triturado y/o disperso, y se trata con ácido HCI para eliminar componentes secundarios de carbonato.
En el caso de conchas gruesas, sus superficies se raspan antes de aplicar el ácido hasta llegar al núcleo rígido de las mismas. En el caso de los nódulos carbonatados porosos y del caliche, utilizamos periodos de exposición largos para permitir la infiltración del ácido. El tiempo de exposición al ácido, las concentraciones, y el número de repeticiones son factores determinados según cada muestra.
Este pretratamiento se aplica típicamente a muestras de: [conchas](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-conchas.htm "conchas datacion radiocarbono"), caliche y nódulos calcáreos
## Neutralizados
Generalmente, los carbonatos precipitados a partir de aguas subterráneas son tratados con una solución alcalina (solución de hidróxido de amonio o hidróxido de sodio) antes de su datación por radiocarbono.
Típicamente, esta solución es neutralizada en el recipiente original de la muestra, utilizando agua desionizada. Si es necesario hacer una dilución en mayor volumen, el material precipitado y la solución se transfieren a un frasco de separación cerrado y se bañan hasta que estén neutralizados. La exposición a la atmósfera es mínima.
Este pretratamiento se aplica típicamente a muestras de: carbonato de estroncio, carbonato de bario (muestras precipitadas de agua subterránea)
## Extracción con solventes
La muestra a datar es sometida a una serie de baños con solventes, usualmente de tolueno, hexano y acetona; generalmente antes de los pretratamientos ácido/álcali/ácido.
Este pretratamiento se aplica típicamente a muestras de: [artículos textiles](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/ams-datacion-textiles.htm "textiles"), casos probables de contaminación con brea/materiales de alquitrán, materiales conservados
## Sin pretratamiento
No se aplica ningún pretratamiento antes de la datación por radiocarbono. Generalmente esto ocurre por solicitudes especiales o porque se han aplicado pretratamientos a la muestra antes de llegar al laboratorio.
## [\[VIDEO\] ¿Por qué es importante el control de calidad en datación por radiocarbono?](#collapseTwo)
¿Por qué es importante el control de calidad en datación por radiocarbono?
Exención de responsabilidad: Este video está alojado en un sitio externo y puede contener publicidad.
---
### [SGS Beta Standard Vorbehandlungsprotokolle](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-vorbehandlungsprotokolle.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Sofern nicht anderweitig von einem Antragsteller erbeten oder in einem Enddatenbericht behandelt, beziehen sich die folgenden Abläufe auf die Vorbehandlungen der Proben, die zur Radiokohlenstoff Datierung eingereicht wurden. Dieses Glossar definiert die Vorbehandlungsmethode jeder Probe, die in dem Bericht aufgelistet wurde (z.B. wird die Angabe „Säure/Alkali/Säure“ zusammen mit den Resultaten der Holzkohlenprobe aufgelistet, die eine derartige Vorbehandlung erhalten hat).
Die Vorbehandlung von eingereichten Materialien ist erforderlich, um sekundäre Kohlenstoffbestandteile zu entfernen. Wenn diese Bestandteile nicht entfernt werden, können Radiokohlenstoffdaten resultieren, die zu jung oder zu alt sind. Die Vorbehandlung gewährleistet nicht, dass die Radiokohlenstoffdaten die gesamte Zeitspanne der Probe repräsentiert. Dies hängt von der Integrität der Probe ab.
Effekte, wie z.B. der Altholzeffekt, verbrannte intrusive Wurzeln, Bioturbation, sekundäre Disposition, sekundäre biogene Aktivität aufnehmender junger Kohlenstoffe (Bakterien) und die Analyse von multiplen Bestandteilen mit unterschiedlichen Altersangaben, sind nur einige Beispiele von möglichen Faktoren für eine Abweichung bei Kohlenstoff 14 Messungen.
Vorbehandlungen sind dazu da, die Proben auf ihren zu analysierenden Bestandteil so weit wie möglich zu reduzieren und die erhöhte Subjektivität zu minimieren, die mit diesen Arten von Problemen zusammenhängen. Falls Sie speziellen Faktoren der Vorbehandlung der angeforderten Probe kritisch gegenüberstehen sollten, wenden Sie sich bitte vor der Radiokohlenstoffanalyse an das Labor.
## [Säure/Alkali/Säure](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-vorbehandlung.htm#Methods "Säure/Alkali/Säure")
Vor der Radiokohlenstoff Datierung, wird die Probe zuerst sanft in vollständig salzfreiem Wasser zerkleinert/verfeinert. Dann wird sie in heißer HCI Säure gewaschen, um Kohlenstoffe zu entfernen, danach erfolgt eine Alkaliwäsche (NaOH), um sekundäre organische Säuren zu beseitigen. Der Alkaliwäsche folgt eine Säurespülung, um die Lauge vor dem Trocknen zu neutralisieren.
Chemische Konzentrationen, Temperaturen, Einwirkzeiten und die Anzahl der Wiederholungen hängen von den eingereichten Proben ab. Jede chemische Lösung wird vor der nächsten Anwendung neutralisiert. Während dieser fortlaufenden Spülungen werden mechanische Fremdkörper sowie die mit ihnen verbundenen Ablagerungen und Wurzelfasern entfernt.
Diese Art von Vorbehandlung wird als “Vollständige Vorbehandlung“ betrachtet. Gelegentlich wird die Vorbehandlung im Bericht als Säure/Alkali/Säure-unlöslich aufgelistet, um eine Spezifizierung vorzunehmen, welcher Teil der Probe auf den Radiokohlenstoffgehalt untersucht wurde.
Typischerweise bezogen auf – [Holzkohle, Holz](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-holzkohle.htm "Holzkohle, Holz"), einige Torfe und Textilien.
## Säure/Alkali/Säure – lösbar
In manchen Fällen, wird die lösbare Alkalifraktion auf den Radiokohlenstoffinhalt analysiert. Dies stellt einen speziellen Fall dar, bei dem Bodenbedingungen voraussetzen, dass die lösbare Fraktion präzisere Daten liefert. Darüber hinaus wird die Ab- und Anwesenheit oder der Grad der Verschmutzung durch sekundäre organische Säuren überprüft.
Die Probe wird zuerst mit Säure vorbehandelt, um jegliche Karbonate zu entfernen und um organische Bindungen zu schwächen. Nach der Alkaliwäsche (wie schon in Säure/Alkali/Säure – unlösbar erwähnt) wird die Lösung, die eine Alkali lösbare Fraktion beinhaltet, isoliert/gefiltert und mit Säure vermischt. Die lösbare Fraktion, die sich absetzt, wird ausgespült und vor der Verbrennung getrocknet.
## [Säure/Alkali/Säure – Zellulose Extrahierung](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-holzkohle.htm#Chemical "Säure/Alkali/Säure – Zellulose Extrahierung")
Nach einer vollständigen Säure/Alkali/Säure Vorbehandlung wird die Radiokohlenstoff Datierungsprobe in Natriumchlorit (NaCIO2) unter kontrollierbaren Bedingungen gebadet (Ph3 und bei einer Temperatur von 70 C). Dieser Ablauf vernichtet mit Ausnahme der Holzzellulose alle weiteren Komponenten.
## [Säurewäsche](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-vorbehandlung.htm#Methods "Säurewäsche")
Der Oberfläche der Kohlenstoff Datierungsprobe wird so weit wie möglich vergrößert. Feste Stücke werden zerkleinert, faserförmige Materialien werden geschreddert und Ablagerungen werden getrennt. Die Säure (HCI) wird mehrfach aufgetragen, um eine sichere Entfernung der Karbonate zu gewährleisten.
Die Eigenarten der Probe und der Grad ihrer Verschmutzung bestimmen die chemische Konzentration, Temperatur, Einwirkzeit und die Anzahl der Waschvorgänge. Alkaliwäschen werden nicht vorgenommen, um die Isolation des alkalilöslichen primären Kohlenstoffs zu gewährleisten.
Die Kohlenstoff 14 Datierungsresultate reflektieren die Summe des organischen Inhalts des analysierten Materials, die Genauigkeit ist von der Fähigkeit des Forschers abhängig, der subjektiv empfundene potenzielle Verschmutzungsfaktoren entfernt, die auf kontextabhängigen Fakten basieren.
Typischerweise bezogen auf – [organische Ablagerungen](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-sedimente.htm "organische Ablagerungen"), Torf, [Kleinholz oder Holzkohle](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-sedimente.htm "Kleinholz oder Holzkohle") und in speziellen Fällen.
## [Kollagenextrahierung mit und ohne Alkali](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-knochen.htm#Components "Kollagenextrahierung mit und ohne Alkali")
Material für die Kohlenstoffdatierung wird zunächst auf Porosität (Weichheit) getestet. Sehr weiches Knochenmaterial ist ein Anzeichen auf ein mögliches Fehlen der Kollagenfraktion (basale Knochenproteine, die als “bewährte Stoffe” innerhalb der Kristallinapatitstruktur agieren).
Knochenproben für die Radiokohlenstoffanalyse werden mit salzfreiem Wasser gewaschen, die Oberfläche von den äußeren Schichten entfernt und dann behutsam zerkleinert. Es wird mehrfach verdünnte und kalte HCI Säure aufgetragen und aufgefüllt, bis die Mineralfraktion (Knochenapatit) beseitigt wurde. Das Kollagen wird dann analysiert und auf Wurzelfasern untersucht. Durch das Auffüllen der Säurelösung wird jede vorhandene Wurzelfaser entfernt.
“Mit Alkali” verweist auf zusätzliche Vorbehandlung mit Natriumhydroxid (NaOH), um die Entfernung von sekundären organischen Säuren zu gewährleisten. “Ohne Alkali” verweist darauf, dass die NaOH Stufe aufgrund von schwachen Konservierungsbedingungen übersprungen wurde, was bei einer Anwendung zur vollständigen Beseitigung der organischen Bestandteilen führen könnte.
Typischerweise bezogen auf – [Knochen](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-knochen.htm "Knochen")
## [Säureätze](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-vorbehandlung.htm#Methods "Säureätze")
Kalkhaltiges Material wird zuerst mit entionisiertem Wasser gewaschen, um assoziierte organische Ablagerungen und Trümmer zu entfernen. Das Material für die Radiokohlenstoff Datierung wird dann zerkleinert/verteilt und mehrfach mit HCI behandelt, um damit die sekundären Karbonatbestandteile zu beseitigen.
Im Falle von dichten Muscheln werden die Oberflächen vor dem Ätzprozess physikalisch geglättet, bis nur der harte Primärkern übrig bleibt. Bei vorhandenen porösen Karbonatknoten und Kalichen werden lange Einwirkzeiten einkalkuliert, um die Infiltration der Säure zu ermöglichen. Säureeinwirkzeiten, Konzentrationen und die Wiederholungsanzahl werden in Abhängigkeit von den Eigenarten der Probe bestimmt.
Typischerweise bezogen auf – [Muscheln](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-schalen.htm "Muscheln, Kaliche, Kalkhaltige Knoten"), Kaliche, Kalkhaltige Knoten
## Neutralisieren
Karbonate, die sich über Grundwasser eingelagert haben, werden normalerweise vor der Radiokohlenstoff Datierung in einem alkalihaltigen Zustand (Ammoniumhydroxid oder Natriumhydroxid Lösung) gesendet. Normalerweise wird diese Lösung in einem Originalprobencontainer neutralisiert, hierbei wird vollständig salzfreies Wasser benutzt. Sollte ein höheres Volumen benötigt werden, wird die Ablagerung und Lösung in einem versiegelten und separaten Behälter gelagert und ausgespült, bis die Masse neutral ist. Hierbei wird die Masse der Atmosphäre nur minimal ausgesetzt.
Typischerweise bezogen auf – Strontiumkarbonat, Bariumkarbonat (z.B. abgesetzte Grundwasserproben)
## Lösungsmittelextraktion
Proben für die Radiokarbonanalyse durchlaufen eine Reihe von Lösemittelbädern, im Regelfall werden Toluol, Hexan und Azetin verwendet. Dies wird üblicherweise vor der Säure/Alkali/Säure Vorbehandlung durchgeführt.
Bezogen auf – Textilien, gängigen Fällen von Teerverschmutzung, konservierte Materialien
## Keine
Vor der Radiokohlenstoff Datierung werden keine Laborvorbehandlungen durchgeführt. Spezielle Anfragen und Vorlaborvorbehandlungen werden als solche angesehen.
## [\[VIDEO\] Warum spielt die Qualitätssicherung bei der Radiokohlenstoffdatierung eine Rolle?](#collapseTwo)
Warum spielt die Qualitätssicherung bei der Radiokohlenstoffdatierung eine Rolle?
Haftungsausschluss: Dieses Video wird auf der Website Dritter bereit gestellt und kann Werbung enthalten.
---
### [放射性碳定年 – 法醫調查工具](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-forensics.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **建議樣品量（若樣品量較少，請 [聯繫我們](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 骨頭 – 200 毫克-4 克（火化的）、500 毫克-4 克（未燒焦的骨頭）、20-100 毫克（燒焦的骨頭）
- 牙齒 – 1-2 顆人類牙齒
- 毛髮 – 20-100 毫克
 **推薦包裝**- 夾鏈袋(若樣品量很小，或於運送途中容易破損，請先以鋁箔紙包裝)
- 請您使用堅固的小纸盒寄送您的樣品，而不要使用信封寄送，這樣能够防止您的樣品在運輸途中被壓碎。
- 對於其他測試材料，請在寄送前和實驗室聯繫確定所需的樣品量。
---
法醫專家運用放射性碳定年來確認生物個體的死亡時間，可用於司法部門案例分析或考古研究。他們所採用的依據稱為“[碳爆炸](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-bomb-carbon.htm "bomb carbon")”。
[需要報價單](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "需要報價單")
## 碳爆炸，近代研究的追踪器
生物體從大氣中吸入放射性碳。在任何時間點，生物體内的放射性碳含量和大氣中的都是相似的。但在20世纪50年代初期一直到1963年，隨著核子試爆的不斷進行，大氣中增加了大量的人工放射性碳（碳爆炸），與20世纪50年代前相比，全球的放射性碳活度提高了將近一倍。
公元1963年，美國、英國和前蘇聯共同簽署了《部分禁止核子試爆條约》，同意將不在地面進行核武器測試。自此後，随著海洋和生物系统的吸收，大氣中的放射性碳活度也逐漸下降 – 如20世纪70年代空氣中的放射性碳活度比90年代的要高，因此在當時死亡的個體中所含的放射性碳也會比現在的高。
## 放射性碳定年可以做什麼
– 確認個體死亡時間是否在碳爆炸之前
– 說明個體在某些特殊環境下生活或死亡的時間（精確到十年）
## 放射性碳定年不可以做什麼
– 辨别個體的年齡
– 確認個體的死亡年份
請注意: 文獻中紀載放射性碳定年技術可以與牙齒和骨頭的年齡進行對比，從而確定個體的大概年齡。此外可以透過對鬆質骨和密質骨進行放射性碳標記，從而確認個體生活的年代是屬於碳爆炸曲線的那一端（1963年之前或1963年之後）。
## 相關主題:
[骨頭與牙齒的AMS定年](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-bones.htm "AMS Dating Bones and Teeth")
---
### [放射性炭素年代測定 – 法医学調査のツールとして](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-forensics.htm)
**Published:** March 30, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **試料の必要量(推奨量) (より少ない量でも測定可能です – 詳細はご連絡ください [ご連絡先](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-contact.htm "ご連絡先"))**- 骨 – 200 mg-4 g (火葬骨), 500 mg-4 g (炭化していない骨), 20-100 mg (炭化した骨)
- 歯 – 1-2 本の人の歯
- 髪の毛 – 20 – 100 mg
 **お薦めする試料の容器**- ジップロックバッグ（試料が小さい場合、あるいは輸送中に破壊されそうな場合はアルミホイルに包んでからバッグに入れて下さい）
- お送りいただく際は輸送時の試料破壊を防ぐため封筒ではなく丈夫な小箱などを用いてください。
- 他の種類の試料については、お問合せください。
---
法医学調査において、放射性炭素年代測定は、サンプルが最近のものか（例えば裁判に関わる可能性のあるもの）、もしくは古いものか（例えば考古学でとりあつかうべきもの）の判断に利用されています。 その判断には、いわゆる “[ボンブ・カーボン](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-bomb-carbon.htm "ボンブ・カーボン")”が用いられます。
[お見積りはこちらから](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "お見積りはこちらから")
## ボンブ・カーボン、 近代の研究におけるトレーサー
生物は環境中の放射性炭素を取り込みます。 環境中の放射性炭素濃度は過去において、いつの時代もほぼ一定でありました。 1950年代から1963年にかけて頻繁に行われた大気核実験によって人工的な放射性炭素（ボンブ・カーボン）が大量に放出されました。 その結果1950年以前と比較した場合、大気中の放射性炭素濃度は最大で約2倍に増加しました。
1963年の部分的核実験禁止条約(PTBT)によって地上での核実験は禁止されました。 PTBT以降大気中の放射性炭素濃度は減少に転じました。 つまり1970年の大気中の放射性炭素濃度より1990年のそれの方が少ないということになります。 放射性炭素濃度は、体の組織の放射性炭素年濃度に反映されるので、1970年に死亡した人の組織より、1990年に死亡した人の組織の放射性炭素濃度の方が低いということになります。
## 放射性炭素測定では何ができるでしょうか
– 核実験が始まった1950年代より前に亡くなったかどうかを知る
– 死亡年のおおよその推定(条件によっては10年オーダーでの推定が可能な場合がある)
## 放射性炭素測定では何ができないでしょうか
– 年齢の特定
– 死亡年の特定
注記: より詳細な調査方法として、歯と骨の放射性炭素濃度比較によって、故人の死亡年を推定した論文があります。 また、柱状骨と皮質骨の比較によって死亡年がボンブ・カーブのどちらにあたるか（1963年より前か後か）を推測した論文もあります。
## 関連するトピック:
[骨 歯のAMS年代測定](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-bones.htm "骨 歯のAMS年代測定")
*最終更新：2022年10月*
---
### [AMS測試骨頭樣品、鹿茸和牙齒](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-bones.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **建議樣品量（若樣品量較少，請 [聯繫我們](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 鹿茸 – 1-4 克
- 燒焦的骨頭 – 20-100 毫克
- 灰化的骨頭 – 200 毫克–4 克
- 未燒焦的骨頭 – 500 毫克–4 克
- 1-2 顆牙齒（完整的犬齒、門齒或臼齒包含齒根）
 **碳定年服務和測試週期**- AMS標準測試 – 14個工作日或更少
- AMS優先測試 – 6個工作日或更少
 **碳14定年 附帶免費分析 (樣品充足時)**- 鹿茸, 牙齒 – δ13C, δ15N (未燒焦的鹿茸與牙齒並可提供%C, %N, 與C:N比例)
- 燒焦的骨頭 – δ13C
- 灰化的骨頭 – δ13C, δ18O
- 加熱過的骨頭 – δ13C
- 未加熱的骨頭 – δ13C + δ15N, %C, %N, 與C:N比例
 **推薦包裝**- 骨頭、鹿茸和牙齒樣品可使用夾鏈袋包裝
- 對骨膠原萃取物，可使用鋁箔纸或带螺旋蓋的塑料/玻璃管裝好，再放入夾鏈袋
- 請您使用堅固的小纸盒寄送您的樣品，而不要使用信封寄送，這樣能够防止您的樣品在運輸途中被壓碎。
- 我們可在常規骨膠原萃取法後使用超细過濾。
- 提供骨頭研究相關的免費網絡研討會（英文版），如需預覽請點[這裡](https://www.radiocarbon.com/optimal-bone-samples-radiocarbon-dating/ "這裡")。
---
**請注意** – 費用包含質量保證報告、日曆校準（在允許的情況下）以及24小時全年無休的線上系統，可查詢測試結果和待測樣品。骨膠原萃取或骨碳酸鹽萃取需額外收費。 [需要報價單](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "需要報價單")
d13C以及d15N比例測試將使用穩定同位素質譜儀（IRMS）完成。根據樣品情況，對於炭化或已燒過的骨頭我們無法提供d15N測試。您可在寄送之前與我們聯繫。
由於C/N比例需使用骨膠原萃取物直接測試，而實驗室在去除污染物時所做的强鹼預處理會使C/N比例發生很大的變化，因此我們不會進行C/N比例測試。
**預處理** – [預處理](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Collagen) 的過程將直接影響最终的測試结果。對於骨頭樣品，我們通常提供常規的骨膠原萃取 方法或在常規方法基礎上增加[超濾法處理](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-bones-ultrafiltration/ "超濾法處理")。如果您需要使用超濾法處理，請聯繫我們。
## [樣品選擇 – 骨頭、牙齒和鹿茸](#collapseOne)
**骨頭** – 從較大的骨頭（股骨、脛骨、上臂骨、頜骨、顱骨內板或肋骨）上選取骨密質較好的骨頭。在嚴酷的條件下，如關節和脊椎等的海綿骨不易保存，也不容易產生足夠的骨膠原進行測試。對於鳥類或魚類骨頭的樣品量，請諮詢實驗室。
因為鳥骨的密度低，所以每克可萃取出的膠原蛋白量較其他動物骨頭少。另外，一般而言，可取得的鳥骨也很少。如保存狀態良好，則也可以300毫克的量來進行放射性碳定年。需考量食物來源及可能的水域影響。
**牙齒** – 對於人類牙齒，首選的樣品是獨立的門牙或犬齒。若寄送樣品為臼齒，需連帶4個牙根一起。若是動物牙齒，則樣品量需根據動物本身來決定；大型動物需要1顆牙齒就足夠了，而對於小型動物所需的牙齒量，請諮詢實驗室。
**鹿茸** – 鹿角塊、片或屑都比較適合定年。若您的樣品是粉末，請在寄送前和實驗室聯繫討論。
## [骨膠原萃取](#collapseSix)
我們可接受骨膠原萃取物進行 [放射性碳定年](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/about-carbon-dating.htm)。但是，在測試報告中，我們會將樣品類型列為＂有機物質＂，而不是＂骨膠原蛋白＂。根據ISO 17025認證證書要求，若我們未進行化學預處理或萃取工作，則我們無法特別說明所測樣品的材料屬性，這是由於某些影響樣品品質的操作會超出我們的控制以及我們所認證的範圍。
不要將萃取出的骨膠原直接放入夾鏈袋中。建議使用附螺旋蓋的塑膠或玻璃小瓶，或者是鋁箔紙裝好後，再裝入夾鏈袋中。
## [琺瑯質](#collapseTwo)
琺瑯質的有機成分太低，不足以進行碳14測試。因此，實驗室會就碳酸鹽部分進行定年，一般一顆牙齒就足夠測試
**免責聲明**: 眾所周知，在某些環境條件下，由於土壤、水或其他來源而發現的次生碳酸鹽污染，使用碳14測定碳酸牙釉質的年齡可能會產生不準確的年齡。如果您的樣品出現這種情況，目前的預處理方法可能無法充分解決此問題。在解釋琺瑯質碳酸鹽日期時，我們建議您注意這一點。一些出版物討論了可能出現的問題。在大多數情況下，定年結果比實際死亡的時間更年輕，而且這種偏差可能很大。
## [浸在水中的骨頭](#collapseThree)
浸在水中或 [潮濕沉積物](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-sediments.htm)中的骨頭 – 送樣前請諮詢實驗室。由於水會大量浸瀝掉骨頭中的骨膠原蛋白，僅留下骨碳酸鹽，因此，骨頭中的骨膠原含量可能十分有限。
## [請不要寄送骨頭粉末](#collapseFour)
送樣前，若已將骨頭鑽開或粉碎，則可能導致樣品無法進行預處理，這會影響到測試結果的準確性。我們並不推薦您在送樣前將樣品鑽孔或粉碎。在鑽開或粉碎樣品前，一定要清除掉附著以及內在的污染物。這需要做多次的表面打磨和化學處理。
## [未火化骨頭樣品的預處理和骨膠原萃取](#collapseFour1)
對於未經過燃燒的骨頭，我們會透過預處理萃取骨膠原蛋白。這是未火化骨頭最可靠的定年材料。我們也可先透過外觀來檢查骨膠原和其萃取物的品質。
實驗室會先檢查骨頭的脆性（＂柔軟度＂）。十分柔軟的骨頭樣品，代表骨膠原可能已流失（基骨蛋白在磷灰石的晶體結構中扮演＂增強劑＂的角色）。
為評估骨膠原的保存情況，實驗室透過物理或化學處理，清除骨頭的外表面後，在稀釋的冷酸中脫礦處理，以去除所有的磷灰石和碳酸鹽。然後再將骨膠原仔細解剖，檢查是否有神經束，若有的話，則繼續填充鹽酸溶液將其去除。
在這階段，實驗室會對骨膠原品質進行徹底的視覺檢查。若骨膠原的保存狀況不佳，我們會先與您聯繫討論再繼續。若骨膠原通過了外觀檢查，我們會使用氫氧化鈉（NaOH）去除腐植質和外來的有機污染物。一般來說，這一步驟會大量破壞骨膠原，但是可以提供一個乾淨的定年樣品。在最終酸洗之後，實驗室會烘乾骨膠原，並進行d13C測試。若d13C測試結果合理，我們會進行AMS定年；若結果不合理，我們會與您聯繫再繼續下一步驟。
骨膠原萃取可能會用到鹼。若骨頭樣品中含有二級有機酸，則需要用氫氧化鈉（NaOH）進行額外的鹼預處理，但若樣品保存狀況不佳，則會跳過鹼預處理步驟，以防止在處理過程中將全部可定年的有機物都清除掉。
## [超濾處理 (可另外要求) ](#collapseFour5)
超濾處理使用超細過濾器，在每分鐘高轉速下過濾骨膠原，這是去除腐植酸的額外步驟。該處理步驟需另外計費，若有需要，請與我們聯繫。
**請注意** – 超濾處理並不一定能提高測試的精確度。理論上，腐植酸會通過過濾器，僅留下骨膠原，所以此一額外預處理可將樣品中的不同碳＂分離＂。然而，該理論是否可行，得視骨膠原的保存情況而定。經過超濾處理的樣品對比僅做鹼預處理的骨膠原，測試結果有可能偏古老或年輕。骨頭的埋葬方法、保存狀況以及污染物情況都將影響該額外預處理是否有效。
## 不同骨頭類型的AMS定年
若您不確定骨頭樣品的種類，您可將樣品寄送给我們。實驗室會檢查樣品並建議樣品是否適合定年以及所對應的測試方法。
## [骨頭 (燃燒過)](#collapseSix2)
骨頭在低於600°C的溫度下燃燒，會在外部或內部出現黑色、藍色或灰色的斑點，這代表骨頭中的脂肪和蛋白質未被完全燒掉，因此骨鈣蛋白未完全轉化為結構碳酸根。
加熱溫度及埋葬狀況最終會決定燃燒過的骨頭是否可以進行AMS定年。沒有方法可以預測可從燃燒過的骨頭取得何種物質。有時可以取得可定年的膠原蛋白，有時可以取得非膠原蛋白的有機物質。將這些＂殘留的骨頭有機物質＂定年，可得到合理的AMS結果，但詮釋時請務必謹慎。
預處理 – [骨膠原萃取, 酸/鹼/酸洗](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Collagen)
經預處理後，如確定該燃燒後骨頭不適進行定年，將不收取取消費用。
## [骨頭(完全炭化)](#collapseOne1)
高溫燃燒可有效地保存骨頭樣品。若高溫足以炭化骨膠原，那麼骨頭中的碳會十分穩定且不易受污染，就像對木炭樣品的處理方法一樣，可進行完整的酸鹼預處理。
此類骨頭內外都已完全炭化，看起來就像一塊木炭。它們一般在溫度低於600°C的低氧環境下，進行長時間的炭化。骨鈣蛋白已被完全燒光，只剩下炭化的脂肪和蛋白質（骨膠原）。這類型的骨頭一般可做定年，但是為了清除掉碳酸鹽，一般僅能做酸預處理。 很多情況下，由於它們十分脆弱，所以不能用鹼萃取來清除掉，源自於採集地區中的腐植酸。
炭化的骨頭是否能用於放射性碳定年，主要是根據其炭化時的溫度。由於某些特殊原因，骨頭會在低溫中加熱。含有炭化蛋白質的骨頭是很好的定年樣品。在這種情況下，碳的衰減變得較有規律，同時也可以進行完整的預處理。若蛋白質只是部分炭化，則可能已經損害且衰減迅速。這種情況一般無法進行完整的預處理（或被認定為蛋白質）。
一般情況下，若骨頭已被漂成白色，則無法取得炭化的骨膠原；若骨頭是黑色或藍色，則仍有可能透過炭化的骨膠原殘留物進行定年。實驗室只有在進行預處理後，才能了解骨頭的具體情況。
經預處理後，如確定該炭化骨頭不適進行定年，將不收取取消費用。
預處理 – [強酸/鹼/酸洗](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm)
## [骨頭 (未燃燒過)](#collapseTwo3)
對於未經燃燒的骨頭，我們會通過預處理萃取骨膠原蛋白。對於未火化的骨頭樣品，這是最可靠的定年材料。
保存條件與骨膠原的保存品質十分重要。實驗室會通過預處理進行評估。如果骨膠原的品質良好，則會繼續預處理（酸/鹼/酸洗）；若樣品本身品質很差，則實驗室會與客戶聯繫，討論是否取消測試。
最初評估後，實驗室會將骨膠原烘乾進行C13/C12比例分析，若分析結果合理，實驗室會繼續AMS定年；若d13C結果不理想，則客戶可選擇取消定年。經預處理後，如確定該骨頭不適進行定年，將不收取取消費用。
[骨膠原萃取、酸/鹼/酸洗](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm)（可選擇超濾處理）
## [骨頭 (火化) ](#collapseTwo5)
火化的骨頭經 600°C 以上高溫、長時間焚燒，燒掉所有的骨膠原、脂肪和蛋白質。此類骨頭一般都是白色，若將其一分為二，它的內部也是白色的。
當骨頭在600°C以上的高溫下焚燒，骨頭中的骨鈣蛋白（磷灰石）會轉化為結構碳酸根。這就是用於定年的骨碳酸鹽。火化後，結構碳酸根不易發生改變，也不易受到污染，因此適合進行定年。
若無任何炭化的骨膠原，可使用碳酸鹽部分進行定年。該方法在2000年第17屆國際放射性碳定年會議上發布並被廣為接受。研究顯示，在高度加熱的骨頭中，所含的碳酸鹽和木炭十分一致。只有當樣品不含骨膠原或炭化骨膠原時，才會採用此方法定年。
最近的研究顯示，骨頭不同部分產生的碳酸鹽，代表了火化的不完整性。因此，實驗室會測試兩部分骨頭的碳酸鹽。若結果相近，那麼實驗室會繼續進行AMS定年；若結果不一致，客戶可選擇取消測試，或用這兩部分繼續AMS定年（將收取兩次測試費用)。
僅在無法取得骨膠原或炭化骨膠原時，我們才建議使用骨碳酸鹽進行定年。但是必須注意的是，我們無法保證其他碳酸鹽污染物可被完全處理掉。若在加熱過程中，所有碳酸鹽都被清除了，那麼餘下的氧化鈣可能會和燃料中的二氧化碳發生反應。在這個情況下，則需要考慮燃料可能帶來的舊木效應。
**對鈾釷(U-Th)定年，鉛同位素或鍶同位素比分析有興趣? 請參閱 [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "U-Th dating, Pb isotopes, Sr ratio analysis")。**
## 更多有關AMS骨頭定年的訊息
[PVA骨頭樣品定年](https://www.radiocarbon.com/radiocarbon-dating-pva-contaminated-bones/)
[骨頭的成分](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-bones.htm#Components)
[骨頭樣品的年齡幅度](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-bones.htm#Time)
[骨頭樣品污染物](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-bones.htm#Sample)
[污染物對AMS定年结果的影響](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-bones.htm#Effect)
[骨頭的物理預處理](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-bones.htm#Physical)
[骨頭的化學預處理](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-bones.htm#Chemical)
相關主題: 2025年2月
---
### [骨、歯、ツノのAMS年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-bones.htm)
**Published:** March 30, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **試料の必要量(推奨量) (より少ない量でも測定可能です – 詳細はご連絡ください [ご連絡先](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-contact.htm "ご連絡先"))**- ツノ – 1-4 g
- 炭化骨– 20-100 mg
- 火葬骨 – 200 mg–4 g
- 炭化していない骨 – 500 mg–4 g
- 1-2本の歯 (完全な犬歯, 切歯もしくは歯根のついた臼歯)
 **炭素年代測定サービスの種類**- AMS Standard（通常の納期） – 米国のラボで試料受領後14営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Priority (特急) – 米国のラボで試料受領後6営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
 **C14年代測定に含まれて いる分析サービス (試料量が十分な場合)**- ツノ、歯 – δ13C, δ15N（および炭化していないツノと歯の%C, %N, C:N比）
- 骨 (炭化したもの) – δ13C
- 骨 (火葬骨) – δ13C, δ18O
- 熱が加えられた骨 – δ13C
- 熱が加えられていない骨– δ13C + δ15N, %C, %N, %C, %N, C:N比
 **お薦めする試料の容器**- 骨、歯、ツノはジップロックバッグ
- 抽出したコラーゲンはプラスチックまたはガラスバイアルに入れてからジップロックバッグに入れてください。
- お送りいただく際は輸送中の試料の破損を防ぐため封筒ではなく丈夫な小箱などを用いてください。
- コラーゲン抽出に加え、限外ろ過も可能です。
- 骨に関する無料のウェビナー(英語)がご覧いただけます。 [こちら](https://www.radiocarbon.com/optimal-bone-samples-radiocarbon-dating/ "こちら")でプレビューできます。
---
**ノート** – 料金には、品質管理レポート、適応可能な場合は暦年代較正、既出結果への24/7アクセス、測定保留に係る経費が含まれています。 [お見積りはこちらから](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "お見積りはこちらから")
d13C およびd15N は安定同位体質量分析計(IRMS)によって測定いたします。炭化した骨、熱が加えられた骨の場合はd15Nの測定ができない場合があります。 熱を加えられた骨をお送りいただく場合は事前にご相談ください。
ベータアナリティックでは火葬骨以外の骨のAMS年代測定の際、炭素・窒素含有量およびC:N比も追加料金なしで測定いたします。
**試料の前処理** – 試料の [前処理](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Collagen) について理解することは、それが最終的な年代に直接影響を与えるので非常に重要です。 骨試料のコラーゲン抽出前に加えて、ご要望があれば [限外濾過](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-bones-ultrafiltration/ "ultrafiltration methods") も行うことが可能です。限外濾過処理が必要な場合は試料の送付前にお知らせください。
## [骨、歯、 ツノ 試料の選択](#collapseOne)
**骨** – 大きめの骨(大腿骨、脛骨、上腕骨、顎骨、頭蓋骨、肋骨など)の場合、保存の良い皮質骨が最良の選択です。 臼状関節・脊椎などのスポンジ状の骨は保存状態が悪いことが多く、ＡMS測定に必要なコラーゲンが抽出できない可能性があります。 鳥、魚の骨に関しては，必要な試料量についてご相談ください。
鳥の骨は密度が低いため、グラム毎に抽出できるコラーゲンの量は他の動物よりもかなり少なくなります。また、利用可能な鳥の骨の量はごくわずかなことが多いです。保存状態が良好な場合、300ミリグラム程度の鳥の骨のサンプルで測定が可能です。さらに、食物源や、リザーバー効果についての考慮が必要です。
**歯** – 人の歯の場合、完全な一本の切歯、犬歯が望ましいです。 臼歯の場合は4つの歯根が残っていることが必要です。動物の歯の場合は、動物の種類によって必要な試料量が異なります。 大型の哺乳類では、1本の歯で十分です。小型動物の場合は、必要量についてご相談ください。
**ツノ** – 塊、小片、削ったもの、どれもC14年代測定に適しています。 粉状(パウダー)の試料については、ご相談ください。
## [抽出済みのコラーゲン](#collapseSix)
抽出済みのコラーゲンの [放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/about-carbon-dating.htm)もお引き受けいたします。 しかしその場合は、結果の品質に影響を与える化学処理およびコラーゲンの抽出が、弊社の管理外になるためISO/IEC 17025:2017の要求事項を満たすことができません。 そのため “bone collagen” ではなく “organics(有機物)” としてご報告いたします。
抽出済みのコラーゲンは、ジップロックバッグに直接入れず、アルミフォイルで包んでからジップロックバッグに入れてください。 もしくはガラスバイアルに入れてからジップロックバッグに入れていただいても大丈夫です。
## [歯のエナメル質](#collapseTwo)
エナメル質の有機炭素濃度は非常に低いので、炭酸塩成分を分析します。 AMS測定のためには1本の歯で十分です。
**免責事項**: 特定の環境下にあった歯のエナメル質炭酸塩の14C年代測定を行った場合、土壌や水などに含まれる二次炭酸塩のコンタミネーションの影響により、正確な年代が得られない場合があることが知られています。これは、現行の前処理方法では十分に対処できない可能性があります。歯エナメル質炭酸塩の年代を解釈する際には、この点に留意されることをお勧めします。この問題について論じている論文がいくつかあります。コンタミネーションは結果を真の年代より新しくするケースが多く、大きなバイアスを生じることがあります。
## [水につかっていた骨](#collapseThree)
水につかっていた骨もしくは水分の多い堆積物([sediments](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-sediments.htm)) から産出した骨は、測定に必要なコラーゲンが残っていない可能性がありあます。 事前にご相談ください。
## [粉状（パウダー）の骨](#collapseFour)
ドリルなどで削られた粉状の骨は正確な結果を得るために必要な前処理を十分に行えませんのでできるかぎり避けてください。 年代測定の前に骨を削ってしまうことはお薦めできません。 ドリルで削るなどして粉状にする場合は、付着、侵入しているコンタミネーションを確実に落としてから行わなければいけません。そのためには、多くの場合、物理的に表面を削り落とす作業と化学処理が必要です。
## [火葬されていない骨のコラーゲン抽出](#collapseFour1)
火葬されていない骨は前処理でコラーゲンを抽出し、その年代測定を行います。 抽出されたコラーゲンの観察は結果の品質を測るために重要です。
骨はまず硬さを調べます。やわらかい骨はコラーゲンが残存していない可能性があります。(骨の基質となるたんぱく質が結晶質アパタイト中の補強材の役目をします。)
コラーゲンの保存状態を調べるために、物理的または化学的に表面を取り除いた後、すべてのアパタイト、炭酸塩を除去するために、冷希酸中でミネラル除去を行います。 その後コラーゲンは詳細に小根の有無を調べ、それがある場合は、酸を補充する際取り除きます。
この段階で、目視による詳細な観察を行いコラーゲンの品質を判断します。 もしコラーゲンの品質が良くない場合はご連絡し分析を先に進めるかどうかお伺いします。 コラーゲンの品質が良好な場合は、フミン酸や外因性の有機物を取り除くため水酸化ナトリウム(NaOH)で処理します。 この処理は、コラーゲンを破壊しやすいですが、C14年代測定用の純粋な試料を得ることができます。 最後の酸処理の後、乾燥しd13Cの測定を行います。 d13C の値が想定される範囲であれば、AMSによる年代測定に進みます。 そうでない場合はご連絡し年代測定を行うかどうかお伺いします。
コラーゲン抽出では、アルカリ処理を行う場合と行わない場合があります。アルカリ処理が可能な場合 ”With Alkali” はNaOHによって二次的に混入した有機物の除去が行われたことを意味します。 アルカリ処理が行えなかった場合 ”Without Alkali” はコラーゲンの状態が良好ではないためNaOH による処理を行わず、外因性の有機物除去が完全ではない可能性があることを示します。
## [限外ろ過 (リクエストがある場合は可能です)](#collapseFour5)
限外ろ過膜によるろ過はフミン酸をさらに除去する過程です。ご要望がある場合は追加オプションとして可能です。（別途料金が必要です。）
**注記** – 限外ろ過によって必ず確度が向上するわけではありません。ろ過膜によって、フミン酸とコラーゲンを分別することを目的としますが、コラーゲンの保存状態によって必ずしもうまくいくとは限りません。 限外ろ過によって得た年代は、通常のアルカリ処理を行ったコラーゲン抽出 ”with alkali” によって得た年代と比較して、若くなることも古くなることもあります。個々の試料の埋蔵状態、保存状態によって、この処理が有効であるかどうかは異ります。
## 年代測定に用いられる骨のタイプ
どのタイプの骨か判断が難しい場合は、まず試料をお送りください。検証後どの測定方法が適しているかアドバイスさせていただきます
## [骨（熱を受けたもの)](#collapseSix2)
比較的低い温度の熱(600℃以下)を受けた試料は多くの場合、黒色、青色、灰色のパッチが試料に認められます。このような試料は、脂肪、タンパク質が完全に燃焼されていないので、アパタイトがstructural carbonateに変化しません。こういった試料は年代測定に適さないことがあります。
温度と埋蔵状態がこういった骨の年代測定が可能かどうかを決定します。熱を加えられた骨の年代測定が可能かどうか予測することは不可能です。 測定に可能なコラーゲンが抽出されることもあります。 またコラーゲンとは認定できない有機物しか抽出されないこともあります。 そのような骨から得られる有機物残渣はAMS年代測定が可能ですが、結果の解釈には注意が必要です。
前処理 – [コラーゲン抽出, acid/alkali/acid wash](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Collagen)
測定可能なコラーゲンが抽出されなかった場合の分析費用は発生しません。
## [骨（完全に炭化したもの)](#collapseOne1)
骨試料にとって高温で熱せられることは年代測定にとって有利なイベントと成りえます。 コラーゲンが炭化するほどの温度で熱せられた場合、骨に含まれる炭素は非常に安定していて、コンタミネーションも起こりにくいです。また炭化物試料に行うのと同様、酸処理およびアルカリ処理を行うことができます。
外も中も完全に炭化しており、炭のかたまりのように見える場合は、低酸素下で600℃以下の熱で長い間かけて炭化した場合が多いです。オステオカルシンは完全に燃焼され、炭化した脂肪、コラーゲンが残存します。このような試料は年代測定可能ですが、試料の脆弱性から、前処理が酸処理のみ限定されることがあります。多くの場合、脆弱でフミン酸を取り除くためのアルカリ処理が行えません。
炭化した骨試料の年代測定の可否は、骨の炭化程度によります。 低温で炭化した骨は考慮が必要です。 炭化したタンパク質が残存している場合は、非常に良い試料です。こういった試料は、保存状態も良く、完全な前処理が可能です。 部分的に炭化している場合は、保存状態が良くないことが多く、腐食が進行している可能性があるので、完全な前処理を施すことができないか、炭化したタンパク質であるかどうか確定できません。
一般的に骨が完全に白色を呈している場合は、炭化したコラーゲンは残存していません。黒色または青色を呈している場合は、炭化したコラーゲンが残存している可能性があるかもしれません。 しかし、前処理をしてみないと測定可能かどうかわかりません。
炭化した骨の前処理後、測定ができないことが分かった場合の分析料金は発生いたしません。
前処理 – [強い acid/alkali/acid wash](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm)
## [骨(熱を加えられていないもの)](#collapseTwo3)
熱を加えられていない骨は前処理によってコラーゲンタンパク質を抽出します。火葬骨以外の骨では、このタイプの骨が最も信頼性の高い結果を得ることができます。
コラーゲンの残存と保存状態が非常に重要です。 それは前処理の最中に検証されます。コラーゲンの品質が良好な場合は、前処理を(acid/alkali/acid washes)さらに進めます。 品質が悪い場合は、分析の中止についてご連絡いたします。
コラーゲンの品質が検証された後、炭素安定同位体(d13C)を測定し、値が想定される範囲であれば、AMSによる年代測定に進みます。 そうでない場合はご連絡し年代測定を行うかどうかお伺いします。測定を中止された場合でもキャンセル料金は発生いたしません。
[acid/alkali/acid洗浄によるコラーゲン抽出](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm) (リクエストによって限外ろ過も可能です)
## [骨(火葬されたもの)](#collapseTwo5)
骨が600℃以上の熱を受けると、コラーゲン、脂肪、タンパク質は完全に失われます。ほとんどの場合、これらの試料は外側も内側も白色を呈しています。
骨が600℃以上で加熱されると、骨のオステロカロチン(アパタイト)は炭酸塩(structural carbonate) に変わります。 火葬骨の年代測定ではこの炭酸塩を測定します。 structural carbonateは汚染を受けにくく、変化しにくいので、良い年代測定試料といえます。
火葬骨の年代測定において炭化したコラーゲンが無い場合は、炭酸塩分画の測定が有効です。この手法は、2000年の第17回International Radiocarbon conferenceで発表されました。 発表では高い熱を受けた骨の炭酸塩の年代と、同じ層準の炭化物試料の年代がよく一致することが示されました。 ただしこの方法は、コラーゲンや炭化したコラーゲンがない場合にのみ用いる方がよいでしょう。
最近の研究で、火葬骨の部位の違いにより、不完全な燃焼が起きる可能性があることがわかりました。 この検証のためには、2箇所の違う個所から採取した骨の炭酸塩をテストします。 2試料の炭酸塩が同様の状態であるならばAMS測定を進めますが、状態に不一致がある場合は測定をキャンセルするか、2つの年代の一致を確認するためにAMS測定を行うかどうかご相談いたします。(2か所の年代測定を行った場合は2試料分の料金が発生します。)
火葬骨の年代測定の際、コラーゲンや炭化したコラーゲンがない場合は炭酸塩の測定をお薦めします。 しかし、汚染された炭酸塩の完全な除去は保証されませんので注意が必要です。 もし燃焼の過程ですべての炭酸塩が失われていたら、残った酸化カルシウムが燃料起源の二酸化炭素と反応する可能性があります。 その場合は、燃料に起因する古木効果(old wood effect)を考慮しなければならない可能性があります。
**U-Th 年代測定、Pb 同位体や Sr 同位体比分析に興味がおありですか？ [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "U-Th dating, Pb isotopes, Sr ratio analysis") をご訪問ください**
## 骨のAMS年代測定についてさらに
[PVA処理された骨の放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-dating-pva-contaminated-bones/)
[骨の組成](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-bones.htm#Components)
[骨の時間幅](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-bones.htm#Time)
[骨試料のコンタミネーション](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-bones.htm#Sample)
[コンタミネーションがAMS年代測定結果に与える影響](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-bones.htm#Effect)
[骨試料の物理的な前処理](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-bones.htm#Physical)
[骨試料の化学的な前処理](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-bones.htm#Chemical)
[放射性炭素年代測定：骨コラーゲンサンプルの追加測定項目](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-bone-collagen/)
[放射性炭素年代測定：歯 vs 骨](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-miami-lab-teeth-bones/)
[研究者が魚の耳石を放射性年代測定する意義とは?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-ams-dating-fish-otoliths/ "研究者が魚の耳石を放射性年代測定する意義とは?")
最終更新：2025年2月
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### [뼈, 뿔, 치아의 AMS 연대측정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-bones.htm)
**Published:** February 1, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **권장 시료 크기 (소량 크기도 가능 – [문의바람](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-contact.htm "문의바람"))**- 사슴 뿔 – 1-4 그램
- 탄화된 뼈 – 20-100 밀리 그램
- 화장된 뼈 – 200 밀리 그램–4 그램
- 탄화되지 않은 일반 뼈 – 500 밀리 그램–4 그램
- 1-2 치아 (뿌리가 완전 부착된 송곳니, 앞니, 어금니)
 **서비스 종류**- AMS 일반 – 14 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 특급 – 6 영업일 이내 결과 보고
 **C14 연대측정 시 포함된 분석 (충분한 시료인 경우)**- 뿔, 치아 – δ13C, δ15N (추가로 탄화 안된 뿔 및 치아 %C, %N, 및 C:N 비
- 탄화된 뼈 – δ13C
- 화장된 뼈 – δ13C, δ18O
- 열이 가해진 뼈 – δ13C
- 일반 뼈 – δ13C + δ15N, %C, %N, 및 C:N 비
 **권장 용기**- 지퍼 백
- 추출된 콜라겐의 경우, 알루미늄 포일이나 뚜껑이 있는 플라스틱/유리 바이알 병에 담은 다음, 지퍼 백에 담는다.
- 시료를 보내주실 때 봉투 대신 작은 박스에 담아 보내야 운송 중 시료들이 부스러지는 것을 방지할 수 있습니다.
- 본 연구소는 일반적인 콜라겐 추출 방법에 이은 한외여과법 (ultrafiltration) 을 제공합니다.
- 뼈 시료에 관한 무료 웨비나 주문 (영어), [여기서](https://www.radiocarbon.com/optimal-bone-samples-radiocarbon-dating/ "여기서") 예고편 보기.
---
**참고 사항** – 요금에는 다음 서비스들이 포함됩니다. 품질 확인 보고서 (QA reports). 보정값, 지난 보고서와 현 분석 과정을 보실 수 있는 24/7 웹 사용권한. 콜라겐이나 뼈의 탄산염 추출은 별도 비용이 부과됩니다. [견적 요청하기](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "견적 요청하기")
δ13C 와 δ15N 구성비 측정 서비스에는 별도의 동위원소 비율 질량 분석기 \[isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS)\]를 사용합니다. 시료의 상태에 따라 탄화되거나 가열된 상태의 뼈에 대한 δ15N 측정은 불가할 수도 있습니다. 시료 제출 전 연락바랍니다.
SGS Beta 연구소는 화장안된 뼈 시료의 경우, 연대측정 의뢰 시 %C, %N, C:N 값을 무료로 제공해 드립니다.
**전처리 과정** – 시료에 적용되는 전처리 과정 ([pretreatment](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Collagen) )을 이해하시는 것이 중요합니다. 왜냐면 이러한 전처리 과정이 최종 결과에 직접적인 영향을 미치기 때문입니다. 뼈의 경우, 일반적인 콜라겐 추출 방법과 이어서 요청하시면 한외여과법 ([ultrafiltration methods](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-bones-ultrafiltration/ "ultrafiltration methods"))을 실행합니다. 한외여과법이 필요하시면, 시료 제출 전 연락주시기 바랍니다.
## [시료의 선택 – 뼈, 치아, 뿔](#collapseOne)
**뼈** – 신체의 큰 뼈 중에서 피질 골이 가장 좋습니다. (대퇴골, 경골, 팔 뼈 위 부분. 턱뼈, 두개골 판, 가끔 갈비뼈). 구상 관절 (Ball and Sockets)이나 척추골 또는 이런 연골 종류는 척박한 자연 환경에서 쉽게 상해서 연대 측정을 하는데 필요한 콜라겐이 충분하지 않을 수 있습니다. 새나 물고기 뼈의 경우, 충분한 시료가 필요하므로 연락 바랍니다.
조류 뼈의 저밀도로 인해, 단위당 콜라겐의 량이 다른 동물의 뼈에 비해 상당히 적으며, 또한 조류 뼈의 양 자체가 상당히 작습니다. 보존 상태가 좋은 경우, 300 밀리그램 이하의 시료로 연대측정에 성공한 적이 많이 있습니다. 추가로 음식의 기원, 저수지 영향 (reservoir effects)을 고려해 봐야 합니다.
**치아** – 사람의 치아인 경우 가장 좋은 시료는 완전한 앞니나 송곳니 한개 입니다. 만약에 어금니를 보낼 경우, 4개의 치근이 모두 붙어 있어야 합니다. 동물의 이빨인 경우, 시료 크기는 어떤 동물인가에 따라 다른데, 만약 포유 동물이라면 이빨 하나면 충분하며, 작은 동물의 경우는 적절한 수에 대해 본 연구소와 상의 바랍니다.
**뿔 종류** – 뿔의 조각, 부스러기, 혹은 가루 중 어떤 것을 시료로 보낼 건지 본 연구소와 상의 바랍니다.
## [콜라겐 추출](#collapseSix)
저희 연구소는 추출된 콜라겐으로 연대 측정을 합니다만, 최종 보고서에는 “뼈의 콜라겐”이라는 표기 대신 “유기 물질(Organic)”이라 표기합니다. 이유는 ISO/IEC 17025:2017 승인 규정 때문인데, 이 규정에 따르면 만약에 저희 연구소 실험실에서 직접 화학적 사전 처리와 추출 작업을 하지 않으면 연대측정할 물질의 상세 명칭을 명시할 수 없으며, 이는 시료에 미친 각 단계에서 이미 승인 범위와 저희 연구소의 통제 한도를 벗어났기 때문입니다.
추출된 콜라겐의 경우, 바로 지퍼 백에 담지 말고, 알루미늄 포일로 싸거나, 뚜껑이 있는 플라스틱/유리 바이알 병에 담은 다음에 지퍼 백에 담습니다.
## [치아의 에나멜](#collapseTwo)
방사성탄소 분석을 위한 에나멜의 유기물 함량이 너무 적습니다. 저희 연구소는 에나멜을 연대 측정할 때 탄산염 조각을 분석합니다. AMS 연대측정하기 위해서는 치아 1개면 충분합니다.
**면책 조항**: 어떤 특정 환경 상태에서, 탄산염화된 치아 에나멜의 14C 연대측정 할 시에는 토양, 물 또는 다른 원인으로 인해 발견되는 2차 탄산염 오염으로 인해 연대 값이 부정확하게 산출될 수 있습니다. 해당 시료에 이런 문제 발생 시, 현재의 전처리 방법으로는 이 문제를 적절하게 해결하지 못합니다. 치아 에나멜 탄산염의 연대 값을 해석할 때 이 점을 알고 있어야 합니다. 여러 논문들에서는 이런 문제의 가능성을 논의합니다. 대부분의 경우 측정 연대는 실제 사망 시간보다 더 최근이며 이러한 편향을 인지하는 것은 중요합니다.
## [물에 잠겨 있던 뼈 시료](#collapseThree)
물, 혹은 물기 많은 퇴적물([sediments](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-sediments.htm))에 잠겨있던 뼈 – 이런 시료들은 시료 제출 전 우선 연락 바랍니다. 물은 콜라겐 단백질을 아주 쉽게 침출시켜 단지 뼈 탄산염 (Carbonate)만 남겨놓습니다. 이런 뼈에는 콜라겐이 거의 없습니다.
## [가루가 된 뼈 시료 제출 금지 ](#collapseFour)
시료 제출 전 드릴로 구멍을 내거나 가루를 만든 뼈 시료들은 정확한 결과 도출을 위한 전처리 과정을 제대로 할 수 없습니다. 따라서 저희 연구소는 시료 제출 전 드릴로 구멍을 내거나 가루로 만드는 것을 권장하지 않습니다. 시료 제출 전 구멍을 냈거나 가루로 만들었던 뼈 시료들은 구멍을 내거나 가루로 만들기 전에 오염원이 달라붙거나 끼지 않게 깨끗이 해야 합니다. 이 작업은 물리적 표면 연마와 화학적 처리로 인해 많은 시간을 필요로 합니다.
## [화장 안된 상태의 뼈 시료의 전처리 과정과 콜라겐 추출 ](#collapseFour1)
화장 안된 상태의 뼈 시료의 전처리 과정은 시료의 콜라겐 추출로 부터 시작합니다. 콜라겐의 육안 검사와 추출로 품질 검사를 합니다.
우선 시료가 얼마나 깨지기 쉬운지부터 조사합니다. 아주 연약하다는 것은 콜라겐 조각 (인회석의 크리스탈 형태에서 보강 물질 역할을 해주는 뼈의 기본 단백질)이 없을 수 있다는 것을 말해줍니다.
콜라겐의 보존 상태를 확인하기 위해 외부 노출 부위의 화학적, 물리적 제거 후, 모든 인회석이나 탄산염을 제거하기 위해 희석된 찬 산으로 탈염 작업을 합니다. 그리고 콜라겐을 분리하고 뿌리 여부를 확인합니다. 산 용액을 보충하면 모든 뿌리들이 제거됩니다.
이 상태에서 정밀 육안 검사를 합니다. 만약 보존 상태가 안좋으면 저희 연구소는 추가 작업 진행 여부를 의논하기 위해 고객에게 연락을 취합니다. 유안 검사를 통과하면, 휴믹 산이나 다른 유기 오염 물질을 제거하기 위해 가성소다 (NaOH)로 처리합니다. 이 단계에서 콜라겐이 많이 손상되기도 하지만 연대측정을 위한 깨끗한 시료를 제공해 줍니다. 최종 산 세척 후, 콜라겐을 건조시키고, d13C를 측정합니다. 이 값이 정상적이면 AMS 연대측정을 진행합니다. 이 값이 정상적이지 않으면, 추가 진행 여부를 의논하기 위해 고객에게 연락을 취하게 됩니다.
알칼리 세척 시행 여부와 상관없이 콜라겐 추출 가능합니다. 알칼리 세척을 한다는 것은 이차 유기산의 제거를 위해 가성 소다 (NaOH)로 추가적인 전처리하는 것입니다. 알칼리 세척을 하지 않는다는 것은 보존 상태가 좋지 않기 때문에, 즉 하게 되면 모든 유기물을 잃게 될지도 모르기 때문에 가성 소다로 전처리 단계를 건너 뛴다는 것을 말합니다.
## [한외 여과법 (Ultrafiltration) (요청 시 가능)](#collapseFour5)
한외 여과법이란 휴믹 산을 제거하기 위한 추가적인 수단으로 고해상도의 초 미세 필터를 통해 콜라겐을 여과시키는 방법입니다. 이 한외 여과법을 원하시면 추가 비용이 발생하므로 자세한 내용은 연락주기기 바랍니다.
**참고 사항** – 한외 여과법 자체가 방사성탄소 연대측정의 정확성을 항상 향상시키는 것은 아닙니다. 이 추가 전처리 과정은 시료의 탄소를 “분별시키는” (“fractionates”) 것입니다. 기본적인 이론은 휴믹 산은 필터를 통과하지만 콜라겐은 통과시키지 않고 남아있다는 것입니다. 콜라겐의 보존 상태에 따라 이 이론이 항상 적용되는 것이 아닙니다. 한외 여과법을 거친 시료들의 연대측정 결과치가 알카리 콜라겐 추출한 시료들보다 더 젊게도 나오고, 더 오래된 것으로 나오기도 합니다. 따라서 뼈의 매장 상태, 보존 상태, 오염 정도 등이 이 추가 전처리 과정의 유용성을 결정하게 됩니다.
## 다양한 뼈 형태의 AMS 연대측정
뼈 시료가 어떤 목록에 속하는지 확실히 모르실 경우, 시료를 우선 저희 연구실로 보내주시면 확인 후 연대측정 여부와 어떤 기법을 적용할지 알려드립니다.
## [뼈 (가열된 상태)](#collapseSix2)
저온으로 가열된 (600도 이하) 뼈들은 보통 외부와 내부 표면이 검정색, 파란색, 회색을 띄며, 이것은 모든 지방과 단백질이 타서 없어지지 않았다는 것과 오스테오칼신 (osteocalcin)이 탄산염으로 완전히 전환되지 않았다는 것을 보여줍니다.
가열 정도, 매장 조건등이 AMS 연대측정 여부를 최종적으로 결정하게 됩니다. 이렇게 가열된 상태의 뼈에서 어떤 것을 회복할 수 있는지 예측불허입니다. 간혹 연대측정 가능한 콜라겐이 남아있을 수도 있고, 또 어떤 경우에는 유기물을 확보할 수 있지만 이것이 콜라겐인지 여부를 확인할 수 없습니다. 이런 “뼈의 잔여 유기물” (residual bone organics) 분석은 적절한 AMS 연대측정 결과를 도출하지만 해석상에 유의해야 합니다. <.p>
전처리 과정 – 콜라겐 추출 [(Collagen extraction), 산/알카리/산 세척 (acid/alkali/acid wash)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Collagen)
전처리 과정을 거친 결과 연대측정에 적합하지 않을 경우, 취소 수수료가 부과되지 않습니다.
## [뼈 (완전 탄화된 상태)](#collapseOne1)
고온의 가열은 시료의 역사에서 아주 유용한 사건일 수 있습니다. 콜라겐이 탄화될 정도로 뜨거운 열이 가해졌다면 뼈의 탄소는 매우 안정적이며, 오염에 저항력이 있으며, 목탄 시료에 적용하는 것과 같이 산과 알카리로 충분한 전처리 과정으로 오염원을 제거할 수 있습니다.
내부와 외부가 완전 탄화된 상태의 뼈들은 마치 목탄처럼 생겼습니다. 이런 상태의 뼈들은 아주 오랜 시간 동안 600도 이하에서 적은 농도의 산소로 탄화됩니다. 오스테오칼신 (osteocalcin)이 모두 탄서 없어지고 탄화된 지방과 단백질 (콜라겐)만 남겨 놓습니다. 이런 형태의 뼈들은 쉽게 연대측정 가능하지만 전처리 과정 중 탄산염 제거를 위한 산 침출에 한계가 있을 수 있습니다. 대부분 채집 장소에 많이 존재하는 휴믹 산 제거를 위한 알카리 추출하기에 너무 쉽게 부서집니다.
탄회된 뼈 시료가 좋은 연대측정 결과를 나오게 할 지 여부는 탄화된 정도에 따라 다릅니다. 저온 상태로 오랫동안 가열된 뼈 시료들은 특별한 주의를 기울여야 합니다. 탄화된 단백질을 가지고 있는 뼈 시료들은 AMS 연대측정하기에 가장 좋은 시료들입니다. 이 경우, 탄소들은 부패되지 않으며, 실험실에서 완전 전처리 과정을 거칠 수 있습니다. 일부만 탄화된 단백징을 가진 뼈들은 대부분 손상을 입었거나 부패되었을 수 있으며, 이런 경우, 실험실에서 완전한 전처리 과정 (단백질 판별 과정)을 할 수가 없습니다.
일반적으로 뼈가 전체적으로 하얗게 탈색되어 있다면 탄화된 콜라겐이 존재치 않습니다. 뼈가 검거나 푸른 색을 띄고 있으면 남아있는 탄화된 상태의 콜라겐으로 연대측정 가능성이 조금은 있을 수 있습니다만 정확히 아는 방법은 전처리를 해봐야 합니다.
전처리 과정을 거친 후 연대측정이 불가할 경우, 취소 수수료가 부과되지 않습니다.
전처리 과정 – [산/알카리/산 세척 (acid/alkali/acid wash)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm)
## [뼈 (가열되지 않은 상태) ](#collapseTwo3)
가열되지 않은 상태의 뼈는 콜라겐 단백질 추출에 의한 전처리를 해야 합니다. 이것이 화장되지 않은 상태의 뼈가 연대측정할 수 있는 가장 믿을만한 물질입니다.
보존된 콜라겐의 보존 상태와 품질이 아주 중요합니다. 전처리 과정 중 판단할 수 있습니다. 만약 콜라겐의 품질이 좋은 경우 전처리 (산/알카리/산 세척) 를 계속 하지만 상태가 좋지 않으면, 분석 취소를 위해 고객에게 연락을 취하게 됩니다.
콜라겐의 초기 평가 후, 탄소 13/ 탄소 12 비율 분석을 위해 말립니다. 분석 결과가 좋으면 AMS 연대측정을 진행하며, 분석 결과가 좋지 않으면 고객의 요청에 따라 AMS 연대측정을 취소합니다. 전처리 과정을 거친 후 연대측정이 불가할 경우, 취소 수수료가 부과되지 않습니다.
[산/알카리/산 세척 후 콜라겐 추출 작업](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm) (요청시 한외 여과법 진행)
## [뼈 (화장된 상태) ](#collapseTwo5)
아주 오랫동안 600도 이상의 고열로 가열된 뼈들로 모든 콜라겐, 지방, 단백질이 날아가 버린 상태입니다. 이런 뼌들은 전형적으로 흰생이며, 반으로 쪼개면 안쪽 역시 완전 흰색입니다.
600도 이상 가열되면, 뼈에 있는 오스테오칼신 (osteocalcin)이 탄산염으로 전환되며, 이것으로 연대측정 할 수 있습니다. 이런 탄산염 구조물은 일단 화장이 되고나면 변화에 굉장히 강하며 쉽게 오염되지 않습니다. 따라서 AMS 연대측정 결과가 믿을만 합니다.
이런 탄화된 콜라겐이 없을 경우, 화장된 뼈의 탄산염 조각으로 연대측정하는 방법이 있습니다. 이 방법은 2000년에 열린 17차 국제 방사성탄소 회의 (International Radiocarbon Conference)에서 발표되어 인정을 받았습니다. 여러 연구에 의하면 많이 가열된 뼈의 탄산염과 이것과 관련된 목탄과 상당히 일치한다는 것을 보여주었습니다. 이 방법은 콜라겐이나 탄화된 콜라겐이 없는 경우에만 적용할 수 있습니다.
최근 연구에 따르면 별도의 뼈 부분에서 생긴 탄산염은 불완전 화장에 의한 것일지로 모른다는 보여주기도 합니다. 이것을 실험해 보기 위해서 뼈의 두 부분의 탄산염 발생을 실험해 봅니다. 만약 비슷하다면, AMS 연대측정을 계속하지만, 탄산염 발생이 일치하지 않으면 고객은 분석 의뢰를 취소하거나 비슷한 연대가 나오는지 확인하기 위해 두 부분을 별도 AMS 연대측정을 할 수 있다. (2개의 분석 비용 부과)
탄산염 조각들의 연대측정은 콜라겐이나 탄화된 콜라겐이 없을 경우에만 하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 오염된 탄산염이 완전히 제거되었는지 여부를 확신할 수 없어 주의를 해야 합니다. 가열하는 동안 모든 탄산염이 제거되었다면 남아있는 산화칼슘 (calcium oxide)이 연료의 이산화탄소와 반응했을 수도 있으며, 이런 경우 연료의 고목 효과 (old wood effect)의 가능성도 고려해 봐야 합니다.
**U-Th 연대측정, Pb 나 Sr 동위원소 분석에 관심 있나요? [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "U-Th dating, Pb isotopes, Sr ratio analysis") 참조하세요.**
## 뼈의 AMS 연대측정에 관한 추가 정보.
[PVA로 뼈의 방사성탄소 연대측정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/radiocarbon-dating-pva-contaminated-bones/)
[뼈의 구성 물질들](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-bones.htm#Components)
[뼈 시료의 시간 너비](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-bones.htm#Time)
[뼈 시료의 오염](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-bones.htm#Sample)
[AMS 연대측정 결과에서 오염원의 효과](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-bones.htm#Effect)
[l뼈 시료의 물리적 전처리 과정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-bones.htm#Physical)
[뼈 시료의 화학적 전처리 과정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-bones.htm#Chemical)
*관련 자료: 2025년 2월*
---
### [Datação por AMS de ossos, dentes e chifres](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-ossos.htm)
**Published:** July 27, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tamanhos de amostra recomendados (favor [consultar](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-contato.htm "entre em contato") sobre amostras menores)**- Chifres – 1-4 gramas
- Ossos queimados – 20-100 miligramas
- Ossos cremados – 200 miligramas–4 gramas
- Ossos não queimados – 500 milligrams–4 gramas
- 1-2 dentes (caninos ou incisivos inteiros, ou molar com todas as raízes)
 **Serviços de datação por radiocarbono**- AMS Standard – resultados em até 14 dias úteis
- AMS Priority – resultados em até 6 dias úteis
 **Análises incluídas na datação radiocarbônica (quando a amostra é suficiente)**- Chifres, dentes – δ13C, δ15N (mais razões de %C, %N e C:N para chifres e ossos não queimados)
- Ossos queimados – δ13C
- Ossos cremados – δ13C, δ18O
- Ossos aquecidos – δ13C
- Ossos não aquecidos – δ13C + δ15N, %C, %N, e razão C:N
 **Embalagem recomendada**- Sacos plásticos com fecho zip para ossos, chifres e dentes
- Embrulhe amostras de colágeno extraído em alumínio, ou coloque-as em frascos de vidro ou plástico com tampa de rosca, antes de colocar a amostra no saco com fecho zip
- Por favor envie as amostras em pequenas caixas sempre que possível (em vez de envelopes) para evitar que sejam esmagadas durante o envio
- Oferecemos ultrafiltração posterior aos métodos convencionais de extração de colágeno.
- Webinar gratuito sobre ossos para assistir sob demanda (em inglês), veja a prévia [aqui](https://www.radiocarbon.com/optimal-bone-samples-radiocarbon-dating/ "Webinar gratuito sobre ossos para assistir sob demanda (em inglês), veja a prévia").
---
**OBSERVAÇÃO** – as taxas incluem laudos de controle de qualidade, calibração calendárica (quando aplicável) e acesso 24/7 a resultados anteriores e análises em curso. É cobrada uma taxa adicional pela extração de carbonato ou colágeno de ossos. [Solicite um orçamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/quanto-custa-datacao-radiocarbono.htm "Solicite um orçamento")
As razões de δ13C e δ15N são medidas em espectrômetro de massas de razões isotópicas (IRMS). Nem sempre é possível realizar medições de δ15N em ossos carbonizados ou aquecidos, dependendo da qualidade da amostra. Por favor entre em contato antes de enviar ossos aquecidos.
O SGS Beta também oferece valores de %C, %N, e C:N sem custo adicional para ossos não cremados enviados para a datação por AMS.
**Pré-tratamento** – é importante compreender o [pré-tratamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-pretratamento-protocolos.htm#Collagen) aplicado às amostras, já que afetam diretamente o resultado final. Em ossos, aplicamos técnicas convencionais de extração de colágeno e, quando solicitado, o [método de ultrafiltração](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-bones-ultrafiltration/ "método de ultrafiltração"). Se as suas amostras requerem ultrafiltração, entre em contato antes de enviá-las.
## Custo da datação por radiocarbono
Use [este formulário](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/quanto-custa-datacao-radiocarbono.htm) para consultar os preços dos serviços de datação. Quando for pedir uma cotação, por favor informe a quantidade de amostras, o serviço desejado ou o prazo para entrega de resultados (AMS Standard ou Priority), o tipo de osso (carbonizado, cremado ou não aquecido) e o endereço de faturamento.
## [Seleção de amostras – ossos, dentes e chifres](#collapseOne)
**Ossos** – são recomendados os ossos corticais de boa qualidade, encontrados nos maiores ossos do corpo (fêmur, tíbia, úmero, maxilar, crânio e, às vezes, costelas). A preservação de ossos esponjosos, como bola e soquete, vértebra e similares pode sofrer em condições adversas, e ossos desse tipo podem não conter colágeno suficiente para a datação por AMS. No caso de ossos de pássaros e peixes, favor consultar o laboratório sobre a quantidade necessária de amostra.
Dada a baixa densidade dos ossos de pássaros, o teor de colágeno por unidade de grama é bem menor do que em ossos de outros animais. Além disso, é comum que se encontre ossos de pássaros em pouca quantidade. Já houveram datações radiocarbônicas bem-sucedidas de até 300 mg de ossos de pássaro, no caso de material bem preservado. É preciso considerar a fonte da alimentação e a possibilidade do [efeito reservatório](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/marinho-reservatorio-efeito.htm "efeito reservatório").
**Dentes** – no que diz respeito a dentes humanos, são preferíveis os incisivos ou caninos inteiros. Amostras de molar precisam ter as quatro raízes. Quanto a dentes de animais, a quantidade de material depende do animal; se for um grande mamífero, um dente basta. No caso de animais pequenos, por favor consulte o laboratório sobre a quantidade adequada.
**Chifres** – pedaços, lascas e aparas são as melhores amostras para a análise. Se as suas amostras já estão pulverizadas, entre em contato para discutirmos.
## [Colágeno extraído](#collapseSix)
Aceitamos colágeno extraído de ossos para a [datação por radiocarbono](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/sobre-carbono-datacao.htm). No entanto, o material será reportado como “material orgânico” no laudo final, em vez de “colágeno ósseo”. Isso se deve a uma exigência da certificação ISO/IEC 17025:2017, que dita que se o próprio laboratório não realiza os pré-tratamentos químicos e/ou extrações, não pode atestar um material específico datado porque as etapas que afetam a qualidade da amostra estiveram fora do controle e do âmbito da certificação.
Não coloque amostras de colágeno extraído diretamente em sacos plásticos. Antes de colocar uma amostra dentro do saco, envolva-a em alumínio, ou ponha-a dentro de um frasco de plástico ou vidro com tampa de rosca.
## [Esmalte dental](#collapseTwo)
O teor orgânico do esmalte é baixo demais para a análise por Carbono-14. O que pode ser analisado é sua fração de carbonato. Um só dente é suficiente para a datação por AMS.
**Termo de responsabilidade**: Sabe-se que em certas configurações ambientais, o esmalte dentário carbonatado, quando datado por 14C, pode produzir idades imprecisas devido à contaminação de carbonatos secundários encontrados no solo, água ou outras fontes. Se a sua amostra foi sujeita a tal contaminação, as metodologias atuais de pré-tratamento podem não sanar isso de forma adequada. Recomendamos que você esteja ciente disso ao interpretar os resultados da datação de carbonato de esmalte dentário. Existem várias publicações que discutem as questões envolvidas. Na maioria dos casos, os resultados mostram datas mais recentes que o momento real do óbito, e esse viés pode ser significativo.
## [Ossos submersos em água](#collapseThree)
Por favor consulte o laboratório antes de enviar amostras de ossos submersos em água ou [sedimento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/ams-datacao-sedimentos.htm) úmido. A água pode provocar a lixiviação das proteínas de colágeno, deixando apenas o carbonato ósseo. Assim, é possível que a quantidade de colágeno dos ossos seja demasiadamente limitada.
## [Não envie osso em pó](#collapseFour)
Não recomendamos o envio de amostras de ossos pulverizados ou triturados para análise, pois normalmente não permitem um pré-tratamento que garanta a precisão dos resultados. Esse tipo de amostra precisa ser descontaminada de impurezas aderentes ou invasivas ocorridas antes da pulverização ou trituração e, muitas vezes, isso requer abrasão física da superfície e tratamentos químicos.
## [Pré-tratamento de ossos e extração de colágeno](#collapseFour1)
O pré-tratamento de amostras de ossos não cremados começa com a extração do colágeno, que é o material a ser datado. A qualidade do colágeno é avaliada pela observação visual do material e de sua extração.
Primeiramente, avaliamos a friabilidade da amostra. Friabilidade em excesso costuma indicar a possível ausência da fração de colágeno (pois a proteína óssea basal atua como um “agente de reforço” dentro da estrutura de apatita cristalina).
Para avaliar a qualidade do colágeno preservado, a amostra tem sua superfície exposta removida física ou quimicamente e, em seguida, é desmineralizada em ácido diluído ou frio para eliminar toda a apatita e carbonatos. O colágeno é então dissecado e inspecionado para verificar se contém radículas que, quando presentes, são removidas em uma reposição de soluções ácidas.
A próxima etapa é uma inspeção visual minuciosa da qualidade do colágeno. Se o colágeno estiver em más condições de preservação, o laboratório entra em contato com o cliente para discutir antes de ir adiante com a análise. Se o colágeno passar a inspeção visual, recebe hidróxido de sódio (NaOH) para remover contaminantes húmicos e orgânicos exógenos. Este passo é, em geral, altamente destrutivo para o colágeno, mas produz uma amostra limpa para a datação por radiocarbono. Após um enxágue final de ácido, o colágeno é seco e seu δ13C é medido. Se o resultado de δ13C for razoável, a amostra segue para a datação por AMS. Se não for, o laboratório contata o cliente antes de proceder.
A extração do colágeno pode ser feita com ou sem álcali. “Com álcali” significa um pré-tratamento adicional com hidróxido de sódio (NaOH) para garantir a ausência de ácidos orgânicos secundários. “Sem álcali” quer dizer que não há pré-tratamento com NaOH devido às más condições de preservação, que poderia resultar na remoção de todos os materiais orgânicos presentes.
## [Ultrafiltração (mediante solicitação) ](#collapseFour5)
A ultrafiltração é a filtragem do colágeno através de um filtro ultrafino em altas rotações por minuto, e é uma medida adicional para eliminar ácidos húmicos. São cobradas taxas adicionais pela ultrafiltração; entre em contato para obter mais detalhes.
**Observação** – a ultrafiltração nem sempre melhora a precisão de uma data de radiocarbono. Esse pré-tratamento adicional fraciona o carbono na amostra. Em teoria, os ácidos húmicos passam pelo filtro e deixam o colágeno para trás. Dependendo do estado de conservação do colágeno, essa teoria nem sempre se aplica. Às vezes, amostras ultrafiltradas podem apresentar datas tanto mais velhas quanto mais novas do que amostras cujo colágeno foi extraído apenas com álcali. As condições únicas de sepultamento, de preservação e de contaminação de um osso vão determinar a utilidade deste pré-tratamento adicional.
## Datação por AMS de diferentes tipos de ossos
Se você não tem certeza sobre a categoria de suas amostras de ossos, por favor envie-as para o laboratório. Nós podemos examiná-las e determinar se são datáveis, e por qual técnica.
## [Ossos aquecidos](#collapseSix2)
Ossos que foram sujeitos a aquecimento de baixa temperatura (inferior a 600°C) geralmente têm manchas pretas, azuis ou cinzentas nas superfícies externas ou no interior. Isso indica que nem todas as gorduras e proteínas foram queimadas e, portanto, a osteocalcina não foi completamente convertida em carbonato estrutural.
O grau de aquecimento e condições de enterro determinam se um osso aquecido pode ser datado pela técnica AMS. Não é possível prever o que pode ser recuperado de um osso aquecido. Às vezes, pode-se obter colágeno suficiente para a datação desse tipo de amostra. Em outras ocasiões, é possível recuperar material orgânico, mas que não é identificado como colágeno. A análise feita em “material orgânico ósseo residual” pode resultar em uma data razoável, mas é preciso interpretá-la com cuidado.
Pré-tratamento: extração de colágeno, [ácido/álcali/enxágue de ácido](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-pretratamento-protocolos.htm).
Não há taxa de cancelamento para a amostra de osso aquecido se ela for determinada como inadequada para a datação após os pré-tratamentos.
## [Ossos completamente carbonizados ](#collapseOne1)
A queima em alta temperatura pode ser um evento útil na história de uma amostra de osso. Se o calor foi suficiente para carbonizar o colágeno, o carbono no osso é muito estável, resistente à contaminação, e facilmente extraído por tratamento completo com ácido e álcali, como o aplicado a amostras de carvão vegetal.
Um osso que foi completamente carbonizado por dentro e por fora parece um pedaço de carvão. Esse tipo de osso é geralmente carbonizado em um ambiente de oxigênio muito baixo e em temperatura inferior a 600°C durante um longo período de tempo. A osteocalcina é queimada e o que sobra são apenas as gorduras e proteínas (colágeno) carbonizadas. Este tipo de osso queimado pode ser datado, mas o pré-tratamento poderá limitar-se a enxágues de ácido para remover carbonatos. Muitas vezes o osso é frágil demais para permitir uma extração com álcali para remover os eventuais ácidos húmicos presentes na área de coleta da amostra.
O grau de carbonização do osso determina se ele vai produzir uma data radiocarbônica ou não. Há alguns fatores especiais a considerar sobre ossos aquecidos em baixa temperatura. Se houver proteína carbonizada, o osso pode ser uma ótima amostra para a datação por AMS. Nesse caso, o carbono é resistente à deterioração e pode ser totalmente pré-tratado em laboratório. Se a proteína estiver parcialmente carbonizada, provavelmente estará danificada e altamente suscetível à degradação. Amostras assim não podem ser totalmente pré-tratadas (ou identificadas como proteína) em laboratório.
Geralmente, se o osso é totalmente esbranquiçado, não contém colágeno carbonizado. Se o osso é preto ou azul, há alguma chance de datação via o colágeno restante carbonizado. A única maneira de saber é aplicar um pré-tratamento.
Não há taxa de cancelamento para a amostra de osso queimado se ela for determinada como inadequada para a datação após os pré-tratamentos.
Pré-tratamento: – [ácido forte/álcali/enxágue de ácido](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-pretratamento-protocolos.htm).
## [Ossos não aquecidos](#collapseTwo3)
Um osso não queimado é pré-tratado pela extração das proteínas de colágeno. Esse é o material mais confiável a ser datado nesse tipo de osso.
O estado de preservação e a qualidade do colágeno são muito importantes. Isso pode ser avaliado durante o pré-tratamento. Se a qualidade do colágeno for boa, o pré-tratamento é continuado (ácido/álcali/enxágue de ácido). Se a qualidade do colágeno for ruim, o laboratório consulta o cliente sobre o cancelamento da análise (poderá haver custos parciais).
Após a avaliação inicial do colágeno, ele é seco e tem a razão Carbono-13/Carbono-12 medida. Se o resultado dessa análise for razoável, o laboratório segue para a datação por AMS. Se o resultado analítico da razão 13C/12C não for satisfatório, a datação por AMS poderá ser cancelada a pedido do cliente.
Não há taxa de cancelamento para a amostra de osso se ela for determinada como inadequada para a datação após os pré-tratamentos.
Pré-tratamento: [extração de colágeno seguida de àcido/álcali/enxágue de ácido](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-pretratamento-protocolos.htm) (ultrafiltração realizada mediante solicitação).
## [Ossos cremados](#collapseTwo9)
Esse tipo de osso foi queimado a uma temperatura superior a 600°C durante tempo suficiente para queimar todo o colágeno, as gorduras e as proteínas. Esses ossos são geralmente de cor branca e, se partidos, completamente brancos por dentro também.
Quando o osso é exposto ao calor acima de 600°C, sua osteocalcina (apatita) é convertida em carbonato estrutural. Esse é o carbonato que é datado. O carbonato estrutural é muito resistente à mudança e é dificilmente contaminado após a cremação, e por isso é considerado uma boa substância para uma datação por AMS confiável.
Na ausência de colágeno carbonizado, é disponibilizado um método para datar a fração de carbonato no osso cremado. O método foi publicado e aceito em 2000 na 17ª Conferência Internacional de Radiocarbono. Estudos indicam boa concordância entre carvão associado e carbonato ósseo em ossos aquecidos a altas temperaturas. Esse método só deve ser aplicado na ausência de colágeno ou colágeno carbonizado.
Estudos recentes mostraram que o rendimento de carbonato de seções separadas do osso pode indicar uma cremação incompleta. Para testar isto, duas porções do osso são postas à prova de produção de carbonato. Se forem semelhantes, o laboratório prossegue com a datação por AMS. Se o rendimento de carbonato das duas porções forem diferentes, o cliente pode escolher cancelar a análise ou realizar a datação de ambas as porções para comparar as idades (incorrendo no custo de duas análises).
Recomenda-se datar a fração de carbonato de um osso cremado na ausência de colágeno ou colágeno carbonizado. No entanto, é preciso ter cautela, já que não se pode realmente assegurar a remoção completa de carbonatos contaminantes. Se a remoção de todos os carbonatos tiver sido bem-sucedida durante o processo de aquecimento, o óxido de cálcio que sobra poderá ter reagido com o dióxido de carbono do combustível. Neste caso, deve-se considerar a ocorrência do efeito madeira antiga no combustível.
**Quer saber mais sobre datações por U-Th, isótopos de Pb ou análises de Sr? Visite [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "U-Th dating, Pb isotopes, Sr ratio analysis").**
## Mais informações sobre a datação por AMS de ossos
[Datação de radiocarbono de ossos com PVA](https://www.radiocarbon.com/radiocarbon-dating-pva-contaminated-bones/)
[Componentes de um Osso](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/ema-datacao-ossos.htm#Components)
[Cinética de Crescimento de Amostras de Osso](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/ema-datacao-ossos.htm#Time)
[Contaminação de Amostras de Osso](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/ema-datacao-ossos.htm#Sample)
[Efeito de Contaminantes nos Resultados da Datação por AMS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/ema-datacao-ossos.htm#Effect)
[Pré-tratamento físico de ossos no laboratórios de AMS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/ema-datacao-ossos.htm#Physical)
[Pré-tratamento químico de ossos no laboratórios de AMS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/ema-datacao-ossos.htm#Chemical)
Última atualização: fevereiro de 2025
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### [Datazione AMS di ossa, corna e denti](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-le-ossa.htm)
**Published:** July 22, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Quantità raccomandata (per quantità inferiori, [contattare il laboratorio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/contatti.htm "contact us"))**- Corna: 1-4 grammi
- Ossa carbonizzate: 20-100 milligrammi
- Ossa cremate: 200 milligrammi – 4 grammi
- Ossa non bruciate: 500 milligrammi – 4 grammi
- Denti: 1-2 (canini, incisivi o molari completi con radici integre)
 **Servizi di datazione al carbonio**- AMS Standard: risultati pronti entro 14 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Priority: risultati pronti entro 6 giorni lavorativi
 **Analisi gratuite con datazione al C14 (per campioni di dimensioni sufficienti)**- Corna, denti: δ13C, δ15N (e %C, %N, C:N per corna e denti non carbonizzati)
- Ossa carbonizzate: δ13C
- Ossa cremate: δ13C, δ18O
- Ossa esposte a calore: δ13C
- Ossa non esposte a calore: δ13C + δ15N, %C, %N e C:N
 **Contenitore consigliato**- Bustine con zip per ossa, corna e denti
- Per il collagene estratto, utilizzare un foglio di alluminio o una provetta di plastica o vetro con tappo a vite, inseriti in una bustina con zip
- Inviare i campioni in scatole rigide (invece di utilizzare buste imbottite) per evitare che si frantumino.
- Offriamo il servizio di ultrafiltrazione come pretrattamento aggiuntivo ai metodi convenzionali di estrazione del collagene.
- Webinar gratuito sulle ossa disponibile su richiesta (solo in inglese), vedi anteprima [qui](https://www.radiocarbon.com/optimal-bone-samples-radiocarbon-dating/ "Webinar gratuito sulle ossa").
## Costo della datazione al radiocarbonio
Utilizzare questo [modulo di contatto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/costi-datazione-carbonio.htm) per richiedere informazioni sui prezzi della datazione al radiocarbonio. Per richiedere un preventivo, indicare valuta, numero di campioni, servizio AMS richiesto (Standard o Priority), materiale (ossa non scaldate, carbonizzate o cremate) e indirizzo di fatturazione.
Le tariffe includono i referti di garanzia di qualità, la calibrazione quando applicabile e l’accesso online 24/7 ai risultati e alle analisi in corso. L’estrazione del collagene o dei carbonati comporta una tariffa aggiuntiva.
---
I rapporti δ13C e δ15N vengono misurati in uno spettrometro di massa isotopica (IRMS). A seconda della qualità del materiale, potrebbe non essere possibile effettuare la misurazione del d15N su ossa carbonizzate o scaldate. Contattare il laboratorio prima di inviare ossa scaldate.
SGS Beta misura inoltre i valori %C, %N e C:N senza costi aggiuntivi su tutti i campioni ossei non cremati inviati per la **datazione al radiocarbonio**.
**Pretrattamento** – È importante comprendere i [pretrattamenti](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm#Collagen) che saranno applicati ai campioni, dal momento che influenzano direttamente il risultato delle analisi. Per le ossa, effettuiamo l’estrazione standard del collagene e offriamo, su richiesta, un trattamento aggiuntivo con [ultrafiltrazione](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-bones-ultrafiltration/ "ultra-filtration methods"). Se è necessaria l’ultrafiltrazione, contattare il laboratorio prima di inviare i campioni.
## [Selezione dei campioni – Ossa, corna, denti](#collapseOne)
**Ossa** – Scegliere campioni di osso corticale provenienti dalle ossa più grandi del corpo (femore, tibia, omero, mascella, cranio e, in alcuni casi, costole). Le ossa spugnose, come quelle delle articolazioni, le vertebre e simili, tendono a non conservarsi bene in condizioni avverse e possono contenere una quantità di collagene insufficiente per la datazione con AMS. Per conoscere le quantità di campione richieste per le ossa di uccelli e pesci, consultare il laboratorio.
Data la minore densità delle ossa degli uccelli, la quantità di collagene per grammo è molto inferiore a quella delle ossa di altri animali. Inoltre, la quantità di ossa disponibili è spesso molto ridotta. In alcuni casi in cui lo stato di conservazione delle ossa era ottimale, è stato possibile effettuare l’analisi su soli 300 milligrammi. È inoltre necessario tenere in considerazione le fonti alimentari ed eventuali altri effetti serbatoio.
**Denti** – Per i denti umani, i campioni migliori sono singoli incisivi o canini completi. Per i molari è necessario che siano presenti tutte e 4 le radici. Per i denti di animale, la quantità di campione dipende dal tipo di animale. Per i grandi mammiferi 1 dente è sufficiente. Per i piccoli animali, consultare il laboratorio prima della spedizione per definire la quantità appropriata.
**Corno** – È preferibile inviare pezzi, frammenti o trucioli di corno. Nel caso in cui i campioni siano già polverizzati, contattare il laboratorio prima di inviarli.
## [Collagene estratto](#collapseSix)
Possiamo effettuare la datazione al radiocarbonio su [collagene estratto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-al-carbonio.htm). Il materiale sarà però identificato come “sostanze organiche” (“organics”) nel report finale e non come “collagene da ossa” (“bone collagen”). Questo perché, secondo i requisiti della nostra certificazione ISO/IEC 17025:2017, se i pretrattamenti chimici e/o le estrazioni non sono stati svolti da noi, non possiamo dare questa specifica denominazione al materiale, poiché alcuni passaggi che possono influenzare la qualità del campione sono stati svolti al di fuori del nostro controllo e dei termini della nostra certificazione.
Non inserire il collagene estratto direttamente nelle buste con zip. Raccomandiamo di avvolgere il campione in un foglio di alluminio o di usare una provetta di plastica o vetro con tappo a vite, inseriti in una busta con zip.
## [Smalto](#collapseTwo)
Il contenuto organico dello smalto è troppo ridotto per l’analisi al carbonio-14. È possibile analizzare solo la frazione carbonatica. Un dente è sufficiente per la datazione con AMS.
**Importante**: è noto che, in alcuni contesti ambientali, il carbonato presente nello smalto dentale, se datato con il 14C, può restituire età imprecise a causa della contaminazione da carbonati secondari provenienti dal suolo, dall’acqua o da altre fonti. Le attuali metodologie di pretrattamento potrebbero non risolvere completamente il problema, perciò è importante tenerne conto al momento dell’interpretazione delle datazioni dei carbonati da smalto dentale. Sono stati pubblicati diversi studi riguardanti i possibili problemi legati alla datazione di questo materiale. Nella maggior parte dei casi, i risultati sono più recenti rispetto al momento del decesso dell’individuo e l’alterazione può essere significativa.
## [Ossa immerse in acqua](#collapseThree)
Per le ossa immerse in acqua o [sedimenti](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-i-sedimenti-con-l-ams.htm) umidi, consultare il laboratorio prima di inviare i campioni. L’acqua è molto efficace nel rimuovere le proteine del collagene dalle ossa, lasciando intatto solo il carbonato. È quindi possibile che, in questi casi, il contenuto di collagene delle ossa sia molto limitato.
## [Non inviare ossa polverizzate](#collapseFour)
Se le ossa sono state forate o polverizzate prima dell’invio, potrebbero non essere adatte a subire i pretrattamenti aggressivi necessari a garantire l’accuratezza dei risultati. Raccomandiamo di NON forare o polverizzare le ossa prima di inviarle al nostro laboratorio. Prima di effettuare queste operazioni è necessario rimuovere i contaminanti aderenti o invasivi, il che in molti casi richiede sia trattamenti fisici abrasivi, sia trattamenti chimici.
## [Pretrattamento ed estrazione del collagene per le ossa non cremate](#collapseFour10)
Il pretrattamento dei campioni ossei non cremati inizia con l’estrazione del collagene, ovvero il materiale utilizzato per la datazione. La valutazione della qualità viene effettuata tramite osservazione del collagene e del processo di estrazione.
Per prima cosa viene analizzata la friabilità (“morbidezza”) del campione osseo. Il materiale osseo molto morbido indica una potenziale assenza di collagene (la proteina fondamentale delle ossa, che agisce da agente rinforzante nella struttura cristallina dell’apatite).
Per determinare la qualità del collagene, il campione viene demineralizzato in una soluzione acida fredda per eliminare tutta l’apatite e i carbonati, dopo la rimozione delle superfici esterne tramite metodi chimici o fisici. Il collagene viene poi sezionato per identificare eventuali radici intrusive, che vengono rimosse con i successivi lavaggi acidi.
A questo punto, il laboratorio effettua un’accurata ispezione visiva del collagene. Se il collagene appare scarsamente conservato, il laboratorio contatta il cliente per discutere prima di procedere. Se il collagene sembra invece di buona qualità, viene applicato un lavaggio con NaOH (idrossido di sodio) per rimuovere i contaminanti organici umici ed esogeni. Questo passaggio solitamente riduce di molto la massa del collagene ma restituisce un campione pulito per la datazione al radiocarbonio. Dopo un lavaggio acido finale, il collagene viene asciugato e sottoposto a misurazione del d13C. Se il risultato è accettabile, i tecnici procedono con la datazione AMS. In caso contrario, contattano il cliente prima di procedere.
L’estrazione del collagene può essere effettuata con o senza un lavaggio basico. “With alkali” (trattamento alcalino) si riferisce al pretrattamento aggiuntivo con NaOH per assicurare l’assenza di acidi organici secondari. “Without alkali” (senza trattamento basico) indica che, a causa dello stato di conservazione non ottimale, il lavaggio con NaOH, che potrebbe comportare la perdita di tutte le sostanze organiche disponibili, non è stato effettuato.
## [Ultrafiltrazione (disponibile su richiesta)](#collapseFour11)
L’ultrafiltrazione consiste nel passaggio del collagene ad alta velocità attraverso filtri finissimi, come misura aggiuntiva per la rimozione degli acidi organici. L’ultrafiltrazione, se richiesta, comporta una tariffa aggiuntiva; contattare il laboratorio per ulteriori informazioni.
**Nota** – Non sempre l’ultrafiltrazione migliora l’accuratezza di una data radiocarbonica. Questo pretrattamento aggiuntivo “fraziona” il carbonio nel campione. Secondo la relativa teoria, che, a seconda dello stato di conservazione del collagene, potrebbe non essere sempre valida, gli acidi umici passano attraverso il filtro separandosi dal collagene. I campioni sottoposti a ultrafiltrazione hanno, in alcuni casi, prodotto date più antiche o più recenti rispetto a quelli sottoposti solo a estrazione del collagene con lavaggio alcalino. Le condizioni di sepoltura, lo stato di conservazione e l’eventuale contaminazione di ogni campione determinano l’utilità o meno di questo pretrattamento aggiuntivo.
## Datazione AMS di diversi tipi di ossa
In caso di dubbi sulla categoria in cui ricadono i campioni, è possibile inviarli direttamente al laboratorio per la **datazione al radiocarbonio**. Dopo averli analizzati, ci metteremo in contatto per discutere l’eventuale datazione e la tecnica più appropriata.
## [Ossa (scaldate)](#collapseSix2)
Le ossa sottoposte a riscaldamento a bassa temperatura (meno di 600°C) presentano spesso segni neri, blu o grigi sulla superficie esterna, che indicano che non tutti i grassi e le proteine sono stati bruciati completamente e l’osteocalcina non si è del tutto convertita in carbonato strutturale.
La quantità di calore ricevuta e le condizioni della sepoltura determinano la possibilità o meno di datare un osso con AMS. Non è possibile sapere in anticipo cosa verrà estratto da un osso scaldato. In alcuni casi, il collagene può essere disponibile e in buone condizioni. In altri casi, è possibile estrarre alcune sostanze organiche non chiaramente identificabili come collagene. Datare queste sostanze organiche residue può restituire date accettabili, ma è necessario essere cauti con la loro interpretazione.
Pretrattamento – [Estrazione del collagene, lavaggio acido/base/acido](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm)
Non viene applicata alcuna tariffa per la cancellazione di campioni ossei scaldati che risultano inadatti alla datazione in seguito al pretrattamento.
## [Ossa (completamente carbonizzate)](#collapseOne1)
Il riscaldamento ad alta temperatura può essere un evento molto utile nella storia di un campione osseo. Se la temperatura è abbastanza elevata da carbonizzare il collagene, il carbonio dell’osso diventa molto stabile, resistente alla contaminazione e facilmente rimovibile dai pretrattamenti con acidi e basi, che vengono applicati anche ai campioni di carbone.
Le ossa completamente carbonizzate, sia all’interno sia all’esterno, assomigliano a pezzi di carbone. Questi campioni sono stati carbonizzati in ambienti poveri di ossigeno, a temperature inferiori a 600°C a cui sono stati esposti per un lungo periodo. L’osteocalcina è stata rimossa dalla combustione e sono rimasti solo i grassi carbonizzati e le proteine (collagene). Questo tipo di ossa bruciate può solitamente essere datato, ma i pretrattamenti potrebbero dover essere limitati al lavaggio acido per la rimozione dei carbonati. In molti casi, sono troppo fragili per permettere un’estrazione alcalina per rimuovere gli acidi umici, che potrebbero essere presenti in abbondanza nel sito di raccolta.
La possibilità o meno di datare un osso carbonizzato al radiocarbonio dipende dal suo grado di carbonizzazione. Le ossa scaldate a basse temperature necessitano di attenzioni particolari. Le ossa contenenti proteine carbonizzate costituiscono campioni ottimali per la datazione AMS. In questo caso, il carbonio è resistente al decadimento e può essere sottoposto a pretrattamenti completi in laboratorio. Se le proteine sono parzialmente carbonizzate, sono probabilmente danneggiate e decomposte e non possono essere pretrattate completamente (o identificate come proteine) in laboratorio. Solitamente, se l’osso appare completamente bianco, non è presente collagene carbonizzato.
In genere, se l’osso appare completamente bianco non è presente collagene carbonizzato. Se invece è nero o blu, c’è una possibilità che la frazione di collagene possa essere datata. L’unico modo per averne la certezza è applicare dei pretrattamenti.
Non viene applicata alcuna tariffa per la cancellazione di campioni ossei carbonizzati che risultano inadatti alla datazione in seguito al pretrattamento.
Pretrattamento – [Lavaggio acido/base/acido forte](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm)
## [Ossa (non scaldate)](#collapseTwo3)
Un osso non scaldato viene sottoposto, per prima cosa, all’estrazione delle proteine del collagene, che costituisce il materiale più adatto per la datazione delle ossa non cremate.
La conservazione e la qualità del collagene residuo sono molto importanti e possono essere valutate durante il pretrattamento. Se la qualità del collagene è buona, il pretrattamento continua (lavaggio acido/base/acido). Se la qualità è scarsa, il laboratorio consulta il cliente per avere conferma dell’annullamento dell’analisi.
Dopo la valutazione iniziale del collagene, il materiale viene asciugato e preparato per l’analisi del rapporto carbonio-13/carbonio-12. Se il risultato è accettabile, il laboratorio procede con la datazione AMS. In caso contrario, la datazione AMS può essere cancellata su richiesta del cliente. Non viene applicata alcuna tariffa per la cancellazione di campioni ossei che risultano inadatti alla datazione in seguito al pretrattamento.
[Estrazione del collagene seguita da lavaggio acido/base/acido](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm) (ultrafiltrazione su richiesta)
## [Ossa (cremate)](#collapseTwo13)
Queste ossa sono state scaldate a temperature superiori a 600°C per un tempo sufficiente a bruciare e rimuovere tutto il collagene, i grassi e le proteine. Normalmente queste ossa sono bianche sia all’esterno sia all’interno.
Quando le ossa vengono sottoposte a temperature superiori ai 600°C, l’osteocalcina (apatite) viene convertita in carbonato strutturale, ovvero il carbonato osseo che viene datato. Il carbonato strutturale è molto resistente ai cambiamenti, non viene contaminato facilmente una volta che la cremazione è stata completata ed è perciò un materiale affidabile per la datazione AMS.
In assenza di collagene carbonizzato, è disponibile un metodo per la datazione della frazione carbonatica delle ossa cremate. Il metodo è stato pubblicato e accettato nel 2000 alla 17esima International Radiocarbon Conference. Gli studi indicano una buona correlazione tra il carbonato delle ossa riscaldate ad alta temperatura e il relativo collagene. Questo metodo dovrebbe essere utilizzato solo in assenza di collagene o di collagene carbonizzato.
Studi recenti hanno evidenziato che la resa del carbonato di diverse sezioni dell’osso può indicare un’eventuale cremazione incompleta. Per verificarlo, il carbonato viene estratto da due diverse porzioni dell’osso. Se la resa è simile, il laboratorio procede con la datazione AMS; se è diversa, il cliente può decidere di annullare l’analisi o di continuare con la datazione di entrambe le porzioni per verificare che i risultati corrispondano (al costo di due analisi separate).
Datare la frazione carbonatica delle ossa cremate è raccomandato in assenza di collagene o collagene carbonizzato. È però necessario tenere presente che la rimozione completa di eventuali contaminanti carbonatici non può essere assicurata. Se la rimozione di tutti i carbonati è avvenuta durante il processo di riscaldamento, l’ossido di calcio rimanente potrebbe aver reagito con il biossido di carbonio prodotto dal combustibile. In questo caso, è necessario tenere in considerazione un possibile effetto legno antico causato dal combustibile.
**Ti interessa la datazione U/Th o l’analisi isotopica di piombo e stronzio? Visita [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "U/Th, isotopica di piombo e stronzio").**
## Ulteriori informazioni sulla datazione al carbonio delle ossa umane
[Datazione al radiocarbonio di ossa trattate con PVA](https://www.radiocarbon.com/radiocarbon-dating-pva-contaminated-bones/)
[Componenti delle ossa](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-ams-ossa.htm#Components)
[Ciclo vitale dei campioni ossei](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-ams-ossa.htm#Time)
[Contaminazione dei campioni ossei](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-ams-ossa.htm#Sample)
[Effetti dei contaminanti sui risultati della datazione al carbonio con AMS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-ams-ossa.htm#Effect)
[Pretrattamenti fisici delle ossa nei laboratori AMS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-ams-ossa.htm#Physical)
[Pretrattamenti chimici delle ossa nei laboratori AMS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-ams-ossa.htm#Chemical)
*Ultimo aggiornamento: febbraio 2025*
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### [Datation AMS d’ossements, bois de cervidés et dentitions](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-os.htm)
**Published:** June 30, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Taille recommandée pour les échantillons (de plus petites quantités sont possibles pour les AMS – merci de [nous contacter](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-contact.htm "nous contacter"))**- bois de cervidés – 1-4 grammes
- os calcinés – 20-100 milligrammes
- os incinérés – 200 milligrammes à 4 grammes
- os non chauffés – 500 milligrammes à 4 grammes
- 1-2 dents (canine complète, incisive ou molaire avec racines attachées)
 **Services de datation au carbone**- AMS Standard – les résultats sont communiqués sous 14 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Priority – 6 jours ouvrés ou moins
 **Analyses incluses avec la datation C14 (si la taille de l’échantillon le permet)**- Bois de cervidés, dents – δ13C, δ15N (et %C, %N, et ratio C:N pour les bois de cervidés et dents non calcinés)
- os calcinés – δ13C
- os incinérés – δ13C, δ18O
- Os chauffés – δ13C
- Os non-chauffés – δ13C + δ15, %C, %N, et ratio C:N
 **Contenant recommandé**- Sacs de type Ziplock pour les ossements, bois de cervidés et dents
- Merci d’emballer le collagène extrait dans du papier aluminium ou dans un flacon en plastique ou en verre muni d’un bouchon avant de le placer dans un sac de type Ziplock
- Nous vous recommandons grandement d’envoyer vos échantillons dans de petites boîtes quand cela est possible (au lieu d’utiliser des enveloppes) pour protéger l’intégrité physique des échantillons pendant le transport.
- Nous proposons de réaliser des ultrafiltrations consécutivement aux méthodes conventionnelles d’extraction de collagène.
- Webinaire gratuit sur les os disponible sur demande (en anglais uniquement), voir un aperçu [ici](https://www.radiocarbon.com/optimal-bone-samples-radiocarbon-dating/ "Webinaire gratuit sur les os").
---
**Remarque** – Les tarifs comprennent les rapports d’assurance qualité, la calibration s’il y a lieu et l’accès Internet 24/7 aux résultats antérieurs et aux analyses en cours. Des frais supplémentaires s’appliquent pour l’extraction de collagène et de carbonate des ossements. [Obtenir un devis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/combien-coute-la-datation-carbone.htm "Obtenir un devis")
Les ratios δ13C et δ15N sont mesurés à l’aide d’un spectromètre de masse de rapport isotopique (IRMS). Il est possible que nous ne puissions pas fournir les valeurs d15N pour les os calcinés ou chauffés selon la qualité de ces derniers. Veuillez nous contacter avant d’envoyer des os chauffés.
SGS Beta fournit également les valeurs %C, %N, et C:N sans frais supplémentaire pour les os non incinérés envoyés pour datation AMS.
**Prétraitement** – Il est important de comprendre les [prétraitements](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/pretraitements-protocoles-datation-radiocarbone.htm#Collagen) appliqués aux échantillons car ils affectent directement le résultat final. Pour les os, nous réalisons des techniques conventionnelles d’extraction de collagène, puis des [méthodes d’ultrafiltration](https://www.radiocarbon.com/os-ultrafiltration-miami/ "méthodes d’ultrafiltration"), si demandé. Si vous avez besoin d’une ultrafiltration, merci de nous contacter avant d’envoyer vos échantillons.
## [Échantillonnage – ossements, dents, bois de cervidés](#collapseOne)
**Ossements** – La partie corticale est préférée, provenant des os longs (fémur, tibia, os du bras supérieur, de la mâchoire, du crâne plat et parfois les côtes). Les os spongieux comme ceux des énarthroses au niveau des articulations synoviales, des vertèbres, etc. souffrent d’une mauvaise conservation dans des conditions difficiles et risquent de ne pas fournir assez de collagène pour la datation par AMS. Pour les os d’oiseaux et arêtes de poissons, il est préférable de consulter le laboratoire pour connaître la taille recommandée pour l’échantillon.
Etant donné la faible densité des os d’oiseaux, la quantité de collagène par gramme d’os est bien inférieure à celle contenue dans un os de mammifère. Par ailleurs, la quantité disponible pour la datation d’un os d’oiseau est bien souvent très faible. Nous avons réussi à réaliser des datations radiocarbone d’échantillons d’os d’oiseaux de 300 milligrammes seulement lorsque ces derniers étaient bien conservés. Il faut également prendre en considération la source alimentaire et l’éventualité des effets réservoir.
**Dents** – Pour les dents humaines, il est préférable d’analyser une incisive ou une canine entière. Pour les molaires, il faut que les quatre racines soient attachées à la dent. Pour les dents animales, la taille de l’échantillon dépend de la taille de l’animal. Pour les grands mammifères, une dent est suffisante. Pour les petits animaux, merci de consulter le laboratoire pour connaître la taille recommandée.
**Bois de cervidés** – Gros morceaux, éclats et copeaux sont les plus adaptés pour la datation au radiocarbone. Si vos échantillons sont déjà réduits en poudre, merci de nous contacter pour en discuter.
## [Collagène Extrait](#collapseSix)
Nous acceptons le collagène extrait de l’os pour [la datation par le radiocarbone](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/a-propos-datation-carbone.htm). Cependant, ce matériau sera défini comme “matière organique” dans le rapport final au lieu de “collagène”. L’accréditation ISO/IEC 17025:2017 nous oblige de procéder ainsi lorsque SGS Beta n’a pas réalisé les prétraitements chimiques et/ou l’extraction. Nous ne pouvons pas garantir la nature du matériau original lorsque certaines étapes de l’analyse qui affectent la qualité de l’échantillon sont hors de la portée et du contrôle de notre accréditation.
Veuillez ne pas mettre le collagène extrait directement dans un sac de type Ziplock. Nous recommandons d’emballer d’abord l’échantillon dans du papier aluminium ou dans un flacon en plastique ou en verre muni d’un bouchon avant de le placer dans un sac de type Ziplock.
## [Datation de l’émail des dents](#collapseTwo)
Le contenu organique de l’émail est trop faible pour réaliser une datation carbone 14, ce pourquoi nous analysons le carbonate de la dent. Une seule dent est suffisante pour la datation par AMS.
**Avertissement**: Dans certains environnements, l’émail dentaire carbonaté, lorsqu’il est daté par le 14C, peut donner des âges inexacts en raison de la contamination par des carbonates secondaires présents dans le sol, l’eau ou d’autres sources. Si c’est le cas pour votre échantillon, il se peut que les méthodes de prétraitement actuelles ne permettent pas d’y remédier de manière adéquate. Nous vous recommandons d’en tenir compte lors de l’interprétation des résultats de datation du carbonate de l’émail des dents. Plusieurs publications évoquent les problèmes potentiels. Dans la plupart des cas, les résultats sont plus récents que la date réelle du décès, et ce biais peut être important.
## [Os ayant séjourné dans l’eau](#collapseThree)
Pour les os qui ont séjourné dans l’eau ou les [sédiments](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-sma-sediments.htm) humides, merci de consulter le laboratoire avant tout envoi. L’eau élimine les protéines de collagène, ne laissant que le carbonate. Il est donc possible que ces ossements n’aient que très peu de collagène.
## [Ne pas envoyer d’os broyés](#collapseFour)
Les os ayant été percés ou réduits en poudre avant envoi au laboratoire risquent de ne pas se prêter à un prétraitement solide permettant de garantir l’exactitude des résultats. Nous vous conseillons de NE PAS ENVOYER d’os qui ont été percés ou réduits en poudre au préalable. Les os qui ont été percés ou réduits en poudre avant envoi doivent être traités pour enlever toute trace de contamination invasive. Souvent, cela exige l’abrasion physique de l’échantillon ainsi que des prétraitements chimiques.
## [Prétraitement et extraction de collagène pour les os non incinérés](#collapseFour9)
La première étape du prétraitement pour un échantillon d’os consiste à extraire le collagène, la partie de l’os qui est datée. Ensuite le personnel examine visuellement les échantillons d’os pour constater la qualité du collagène.
La friabilité (mollesse) de l’os est ensuite testée. Un os très mou indique l’absence potentielle de collagène (la protéine de l’os basal agissant comme un “agent renforçant” au sein de la structure apatite cristalline).
Pour évaluer la qualité du collagène préservé, l’échantillon est déminéralisé dans de l’acide dilué et à froid pour éliminer la fraction apatite et les carbonates après avoir retiré physiquement ou chimiquement les surfaces extérieures. Le collagène est ensuite disséqué et inspecté pour voir si des radicelles subsistent. Les radicelles qui sont restées accrochées sont retirées à l’aide de solutions acides.
A ce stade, le laboratoire effectue un contrôle visuel approfondi de la qualité du collagène. Si le collagène est mal conservé, le laboratoire vous contacte pour en discuter avant de continuer. Si le collagène passe le cap du contrôle visuel, on applique de l’hydroxyde de sodium (NaOH) pour retirer les contaminants humiques et les contaminants exogènes organiques. Cette étape est généralement très destructive pour le collagène mais permet d’obtenir un échantillon propre pour la datation au radiocarbone. Après un bain acide final, le collagène est séché puis le ratio d13C est mesuré. Si le résultat d13C est raisonnable, nous continuons avec la datation AMS. Dans le cas contraire, nous vous contactons pour en discuter.
L’extraction de collagène peut être effectuée avec ou sans solution alcaline. “Avec solution alcaline” fait référence au prétraitement supplémentaire avec de l’hydroxyde de sodium (NaOH) afin de s’assurer de l’absence d’acides organiques secondaires. “Sans solution alcaline” fait référence à l’absence de l’étape NaOH en raison de mauvaises conditions de conservation, ce qui pourrait causer la suppression de toutes les matières organiques disponibles si cette étape était effectuée.
## [Ultrafiltration (disponible sur demande)](#collapseFour10)
L’ultrafiltration consiste à filtrer le collagène à l’aide de filtres très fins à un nombre de tours par minute élevé pour retirer davantage les acides humiques. Des frais supplémentaires s’appliquent si vous choisissez de procéder à une ultrafiltration ; merci de nous contacter pour plus de renseignements.
**Remarque** – L’ultrafiltration n’améliore pas toujours l’exactitude d’une datation au radiocarbone. Ce prétraitement supplémentaire “fractionne” le carbone présent dans l’échantillon. Selon la théorie, les acides humiques passent à travers le filtre, laissant le collagène. Selon l’état de conservation du collagène, cette théorie peut ne pas s’appliquer. Les échantillons qui ont subi une ultrafiltration produisent des dates qui peuvent être à la fois plus anciennes et plus récentes que ceux ayant subi une extraction de collagène avec solution alcaline. Les conditions d’inhumation, de conservation et de contamination d’un ossement déterminent l’utilité de ce prétraitement supplémentaire.
## Datation AMS des différents types d’ossements
En cas de doute sur la catégorie de vos échantillons, vous pouvez les envoyer à notre laboratoire de datation radiocarbone, où ils seront examinés pour savoir s’ils peuvent être soumis à datation et quelle méthode est la plus appropriée pour l’analyse.
## [Os (chauffés)](#collapseSix10)
Les os qui ont été chauffés à faible température (moins de 600°C) ont généralement des taches noires, bleues ou grises sur les surfaces extérieures ou intérieures, ce qui indique que toutes les graisses et les protéines n’ont pas été brûlées, et donc que l’ostéocalcine n’a pas été entièrement convertie en carbonates. La datation ne peut pas être pratiquée dans ce cas de figure.
Le degré de chauffe et les conditions d’inhumation détermineront si un os qui a été chauffé peut être daté par AMS. Il est impossible de prédire ce qui pourra être extrait d’un os qui a été chauffé. Il arrive qu’il reste du collagène qui convienne à une datation. En d’autres occasions, il est possible de récupérer de la matière organique sans pouvoir identifier celle-ci comme étant du collagène. L’analyse de ces “matières organiques résiduelles ” peut donner des datations acceptables, mais il convient de les interpréter avec prudence.
**Prétraitement** – [Extraction de collagène, bain acide/alcalin/acide](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/pretraitements-protocoles-datation-radiocarbone.htm#Collagen)
Aucun frais d’annulation ne s’applique s’il s’avère qu’un os chauffé ne peut pas être daté une fois les prétraitements terminés.
## [Os (entièrement calcinés)](#collapseSix11)
Une cuisson à haute température peut s’avérer utile pour un échantillon d’os. Si la température est assez élevée pour calciner le collagène, le carbone de l’os sera très stable, résistant aux contaminations et pourra être facilement retiré par des traitements complets à l’aide de solutions acides et alcalines, comme on le ferait pour un échantillon de charbon.
Les os qui sont entièrement calcinés à l’intérieur et à l’extérieur ressemblent à des morceaux de charbons, résultat d’une carbonisation sur une longue période, dans un environnement faible en oxygène à moins de 600°C. L’ostéocalcine a été brûlée laissant les graisses et les protéines (collagène) calcinées. Une datation peut être effectuée mais le prétraitement peut être restreint à une lixiviation acide pour éliminer les carbonates. Bien souvent ces os sont trop fragiles pour permettre des extractions alcalines afin de retirer les acides humiques présents en abondance sur les lieux de collecte.
Le degré de calcination détermine si un os calciné est susceptible de donner une date radiocarbone ou non. Les os ayant été chauffés à de faibles températures font l’objet de considérations particulières. Les os contenant des protéines calcinées peuvent être très bons pour la datation AMS. Dans ce cas, le carbone résiste à la désintégration et peut être totalement prétraité au laboratoire. Si la protéine est partiellement calcinée, celle-ci est probablement endommagée et susceptible de se désintégrer. Elle ne peut alors être complètement prétraitée (ou identifiée comme protéine) au laboratoire.
De façon générale, un os blanchi indique l’absence de collagène calciné. Il en subsiste dans un échantillon d’os noir ou bleu, et peut être extrait pour datation. Seul un prétraitement préliminaire permet de s’en assurer.
S’il s’avère qu’un os calciné ne peut pas être daté une fois les prétraitements terminés, aucun frais d’annulation n’est facturé.
**Prétraitement** – [Bain complet acide/alcalin/acide](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/pretraitements-protocoles-datation-radiocarbone.htm)
## [Os (non chauffés)](#collapseSix2)
Un os qui n’a pas été chauffé est prétraité par extraction des protéines de collagène. C’est le matériau le plus fiable qui peut être daté pour les os non incinérés.
La conservation et la qualité du collagène sont très importantes. Ces éléments peuvent être examinés lors du prétraitement. Si la qualité du collagène est bonne, le prétraitement continue (bains acides/alcalins/acides). Si la qualité du collagène est mauvaise, le laboratoire consulte le client pour confirmer l’annulation de l’analyse.
Après l’examen initial du collagène, celui-ci est séché en vue de l’analyse du ratio Carbone-13/Carbone-12. Si le résultat de l’analyse est acceptable, le laboratoire procède à la datation AMS. Si le résultat d13C est mauvais, la datation AMS peut être annulée sur demande du client. S’il s’avère qu’un os ne peut pas être daté une fois les prétraitements terminés, aucun frais d’annulation n’est facturé.
[Extraction de collagène suivi d’un bain acide/alcalin/acide](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/pretraitements-protocoles-datation-radiocarbone.htm) (ultrafiltration sur demande)
## [Os (incinérés)](#collapseOne1)
Ce sont les os qui ont été chauffés au-delà de 600°C pendant un temps suffisant pour brûler tout le collagène, les graisses et les protéines. Ils sont généralement de couleur blanche, y compris à l’intérieur s’ils sont brisés en plusieurs morceaux.
À partir de 600°C, l’ostéocalcine (apatite) des os est convertie en carbonate, qui sera soumis à la datation. Il est très résistant au changement et peu sensible à la contamination après la crémation, et constitue donc une source fiable pour la datation AMS.
En l’absence de collagène calciné, il existe une méthode pour la datation des fractions de carbonates dans les os incinérés. Elle a été publiée et acceptée en 2000 dans le cadre de la 17ème conférence internationale sur le radiocarbone. Les études montrent un bon accord entre les carbonates des os chauffés à haute température et les charbons associés. Cette méthode ne doit être tentée qu’en l’absence de collagène (calciné ou non).
Des études récentes ont également montré que les carbonates provenant de sections distinctes des os peuvent témoigner d’une crémation incomplète. Le laboratoire testera dans ce cas deux sections afin de vérifier qu’elles présentent des contenus similaires avant de procéder à la datation AMS. Autrement, le client peut demander l’annulation de l’analyse ou continuer avec deux tests, un pour chaque section, et vérifier que les âges obtenus concordent (coût de deux analyses).
Il est recommandé de dater la fraction de carbonates des os incinérés en l’absence de collagène (calciné ou non). Toutefois, il faut être prudent car le retrait complet des carbonates contaminants ne peut être garanti. Si tous les carbonates ont été supprimés lors de la cuisson, l’oxyde de calcium restant peut avoir réagi avec le dioxyde de carbone du combustible. Dans ce cas, il faut prendre en considération l’éventualité de l’effet vieux bois du combustible.
**Vous êtes intéressé par la datation U-Th, les isotopes Pb ou l’analyse du rapport Sr? N’hésitez pas à visiter [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "U-Th dating, Pb isotopes, Sr ratio analysis").**
## Plus d’informations sur la datation de l’os par AMS
[Datation radiocarbone d’os enduits de PVA (Polyacétate de Vinyle)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/datation-pva-contamination-os/)
[Composition d’un os](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/ams-carbone-os.htm#Components)
[Échelle de temps des échantillons d’os](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/ams-carbone-os.htm#Time)
[Contamination des échantillons d’os](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/ams-carbone-os.htm#Sample)
[Effets des contaminants sur les résultats de la datation AMS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/ams-carbone-os.htm#Effect)
[Prétraitement physique des os dans un laboratoire AMS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/ams-carbone-os.htm#Physical)
[Prétraitement chimique des os dans un laboratoire AMS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/ams-carbone-os.htm#Chemical)
*Dernière mise à jour de la page: février 2025*
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### [Datación por AMS de huesos, cuernos y dientes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-huesos.htm)
**Published:** June 5, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tamaño de muestra recomendado (es posible enviar muestras más pequeñas para datación por AMS – por favor [contáctenos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/contacto.htm "contáctenos"))**- Cuernos – 1-4 gramos
- Huesos carbonizados – 20-100 miligramos
- Huesos incinerados – 200 milligramos–4 gramos
- Huesos sin carbonizar – 500 milligramos–4 gramos
- 1-2 dientes (caninos, incisivos o molares completos con raíces adheridas)
 **Servicios de datación por carbono**- AMS Standard – Los resultados se entregan en 14 días laborables o menos
- AMS Priority – 6 días laborables o menos
 **Análisis incluidos con la datación por C14 (si el tamaño de la muestra lo permite)**- Cuernos, dientes – δ13C, δ15N(mediciones adicionales de %C, %N, y C:N en cuernos y dientes sin carbonizar)
- Huesos carbonizados – δ13C
- Huesos incinerados – δ13C, δ18O
- Huesos expuestos al calor – δ13C
- Huesos no expuestos al calor – δ13C + δ15N, %C, %N y C:N
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Bolsa con cierre zip para huesos, cuernos y dientes
- Para el colágeno extraído utilice papel de aluminio o viales de plástico/vidrio con tapa de rosca antes de meter la muestra en la bolsa con cierre zip
- Le recomendamos enviar sus muestras en pequeñas cajas y no en sobres para evitar que las muestras sean aplastadas durante el envío.
- Ofrecemos ultrafiltración después de la aplicación de los métodos convencionales de extracción de colágeno
- Webinario gratuito sobre huesos disponible a petición (inglés), vista previa [aquí](https://www.radiocarbon.com/optimal-bone-samples-radiocarbon-dating/ "Webinario gratuito sobre huesos").
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**Nota** – Nuestras tarifas incluyen informes con garantía de calidad, calibraciones de calendario (cuando sea aplicable) y acceso perpetuo a resultados anteriores o análisis pendientes a través de nuestra web. La extracción de colágeno o carbonato óseo genera cargos adicionales. [Solicite un presupuesto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/cuanto-cuesta-la-datacion-por-carbono.htm "Solicite un presupuesto")
Las relaciones δ13C y δ15N se miden utilizando un espectrómetro de masas de relaciones isotópicas (IRMS). Es posible que no podamos proporcionar mediciones de δ15N para huesos expuestos al calor o carbonizados ya que esto depende de la calidad de la muestra. Por favor, contáctenos antes de enviar huesos que hayan estado expuestos al calor.
SGS Beta también proporciona mediciones de %C, %N y C:N sin costo adicional para huesos no incinerados enviados para datación por AMS.
**Pretratamiento** – Es importante entender el [pretratamiento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/pretratamiento-protocolos.htm#Collagen) aplicado a las muestras ya que afecta directamente al resultado final. Para muestras óseas, ofrecemos las técnicas convencionales de extracción de colágeno y, si lo solicita, la [ultrafiltración](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-bones-ultrafiltration/ "ultrafiltración") posterior. Si usted requiere ultrafiltración, por favor póngase en contacto con nosotros antes de enviar sus muestras.
## [Selección de muestras: huesos, dientes y cuernos ](#collapseOne)
**Huesos** – Un buen hueso cortical se obtiene de los huesos más largos del cuerpo (fémur, tibia, húmero, mandíbula, placas craneales y, a veces, costillas). Los huesos esponjosos como las rótulas, las cavidades óseas, las vértebras y huesos similares, no suelen conservarse bien en condiciones adversas y pueden no contener colágeno suficiente para la datación por AMS. Para huesos de pájaros y peces, por favor consulte al laboratorio para determinar el tamaño de muestra requerido.
Debido a la baja densidad de los huesos de pájaro, la cantidad de colágeno por unidad de gramo es mucho más baja que la de los huesos de otros animales. De igual forma, la cantidad de huesos de pájaro disponible es usualmente muy baja. Los intentos de fechar muestras de huesos de pájaro de tan sólo 300 miligramos han sido exitosos cuando la conservación es buena. Se debe dar consideración también a la fuente de alimentación y a la posibilidad de efectos reservorios.
**Dientes** – En el caso de dientes humanos, preferimos incisivos o caninos enteros. Si envía un diente molar, éste debe conservar las cuatro raíces. En el caso de dientes de animales, la cantidad de muestra depende del animal. Si la muestra es de un gran mamífero, un diente es suficiente. Sin embargo, si la muestra procede de animales pequeños, consulte con el laboratorio cuál sería la cantidad adecuada.
**Cuernos** – Trozos, virutas y astillas son el mejor material para datación por radiocarbono. Si sus muestras ya están pulverizadas, por favor comuníquese con nosotros para discutir las opciones.
## [Colágeno extraído](#collapseSix)
Aceptamos colágeno extraído de huesos para la [datación por radiocarbono](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/sobre-carbono-datacion.htm). Sin embargo, el material será descrito como “material de origen orgánico” en el informe final y no como “colágeno óseo” debido a que la certificación ISO 17025 sólo nos permite testificar sobre el material datado si nosotros aplicamos los pretratamientos químicos y/o extracciones. Esto se debe a que determinadas etapas del pretratamiento que afectan a la calidad de la muestra están fuera de nuestro control y del alcance de nuestra certificación.
No meta el colágeno extraído directamente en bolsas con cierre zip. Le recomendamos envolver la muestra en papel de aluminio o introducirla en un vial de plástico o cristal con tapa de rosca antes de meterla en la bolsa con cierre zip.
## [Esmalte dental](#collapseTwo)
El contenido de materia orgánica del esmalte dental es demasiado bajo para un análisis de carbono-14, por lo que para datarlo analizamos la fracción de carbonato. Un diente es suficiente para dataciones por AMS.
**Exención de responsabilidad**: Es bien sabido que en ciertos entornos ambientales, el esmalte dental carbonatado, al ser analizado a través de carbono-14, puede arrojar edades inexactas debido a la contaminación de carbonatos secundarios presentes en el suelo, el agua u otras fuentes. Si esto ha ocurrido con su muestra, es posible que las metodologías actuales de pretratamiento no aborden adecuadamente este problema. Tenga en cuenta esto al interpretar las fechas de carbonato de esmalte dental. Varios estudios discuten los posibles problemas. En la mayoría de los casos, los resultados son más recientes que el momento real del fallecimiento, y este sesgo puede ser significativo.
## [Huesos sumergidos en agua](#collapseThree)
En el caso de huesos sumergidos en agua o en [sedimentos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/ams-datacion-sedimentos.htm) húmedos, por favor consulte al laboratorio antes de enviar sus muestras. El agua es muy efectiva en la lixiviación de las proteínas de colágeno del hueso, dejando solamente el carbonato óseo, por lo que es posible que los huesos contengan muy poco colágeno.
## [No envíe huesos pulverizados](#collapseFour)
Los huesos que han sido perforados o pulverizados antes de su envío al laboratorio pueden no responder bien a un pretratamiento completo que garantice la precisión de los resultados. NO recomendamos el envío de este tipo de muestras. Los huesos que se hayan perforado o pulverizado antes del envío deben limpiarse para eliminar cualquier contaminante adherido o invasivo presente antes de la perforación o pulverización. Esto suele requerir tratamientos de abrasión física de la superficie y tratamientos químicos.
## [Pretratamiento y extracción de colágeno para huesos no incinerados](#collapseFour10)
El pretratamiento de huesos no incinerados comienza con la extracción de colágeno, que es el material a ser datado. La evaluación de calidad se apoya en la observación visual del colágeno y su extracción.
Primero se realiza una prueba de friabilidad (“suavidad”) de la muestra. El material óseo muy suave sugiere la posible ausencia de la fracción de colágeno (la proteína del hueso basal actúa como un “agente de refuerzo” dentro de la estructura de apatita cristalina).
Para evaluar la calidad del colágeno conservado, la muestra es desmineralizada en ácido diluido o frío para eliminar toda la apatita y el carbonato tras la remoción física o química de las superficies exteriores expuestas. Posteriormente el colágeno es diseccionado e inspeccionado en busca de raicillas. Cualquier raicilla presente será removida durante la reposición de las soluciones ácidas.
En esta etapa, el laboratorio llevará a cabo una inspección visual de la calidad del colágeno. Si el colágeno se encuentra en un mal estado de conservación, el laboratorio se pondrá en contacto con usted antes de proceder al análisis. Si el colágeno pasa la inspección visual, aplicamos hidróxido de sodio (NaOH) para remover los contaminantes orgánicos húmicos y exógenos. Usualmente este paso es altamente destructivo para el colágeno, pero proporciona una muestra limpia para la datación por radiocarbono. Después de un baño ácido final, el colágeno se seca y se realiza la medición de δ13C. Si el resultado de δ13C es aceptable, procedemos con la datación por AMS. Si no lo es, nos comunicaremos con usted antes de continuar.
La extracción de colágeno puede hacerse con o sin álcali. “Con álcali” implica la aplicación de un pretratamiento adicional con NaOH para asegurar la ausencia de ácidos orgánicos secundarios. “Sin álcali” implica la no aplicación de NaOH debido a las malas condiciones de conservación, las cuales podrían resultar en la remoción de todo el material orgánico disponible si este paso se lleva a cabo.
## [Ultrafiltración (previa solicitud)](#collapseFour11)
La ultrafiltración consiste en filtrar el colágeno a través de filtros ultrafinos a altas revoluciones por minuto como medida adicional para remover los ácidos húmicos. La ultrafiltración conlleva cargos adicionales; por favor comuníquese con nosotros para mayores detalles.
**Nota** – La ultrafiltración no siempre mejora la precisión de una fecha de radiocarbono. Este pretratamiento adicional “fracciona” el carbono en la muestra. La teoría dice que los ácidos húmicos pasarán a través del filtro, dejando al colágeno detrás. Sin embargo, dependiendo del estado de conservación del colágeno, esta teoría no siempre es aplicable. Las muestras sometidas a ultrafiltración han demostrado generar fechas que pueden ser tanto más antiguas como más recientes que las generadas después de la extracción de colágeno con álcali. Las condiciones únicas de entierro, preservación y conservación de un hueso determinarán la utilidad de este pretratamiento adicional.
## Datación por AMS de diferentes tipos de huesos
Si no está seguro sobre la categoría a la que pertenecen sus muestras óseas, por favor envíe las mismas a nuestro laboratorio. Las examinaremos y le informaremos si pueden datarse y por cuál método.
## [Huesos (expuestos a calor)](#collapseSix2)
Los huesos que han estado expuestos a calentamiento de baja temperatura (inferior a 600°C) usualmente exhiben manchas negras, azules o grises en su superficie externa o interna, lo cual indica que no todas las grasas y proteínas se han quemado y, por lo tanto, la osteocalcina no se ha convertido por completo en carbonato estructural.
El grado de calentamiento y las condiciones del entierro determinarán si un hueso expuesto al calor puede ser datado por AMS. No hay manera de predecir que se podrá recuperar de un hueso expuesto al calor. En ocasiones puede existir colágeno disponible para datación. En otras ocasiones, puede recuperarse material orgánico, pero el mismo no puede identificarse como colágeno. El análisis de estos “residuos orgánicos óseos” puede generar fechas de radiocarbono aceptables, pero se debe tener cuidado en su interpretación.
Pretratamiento [Extracción de colágeno, baño ácido/álcali/ácido](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/pretratamiento-protocolos.htm "pretratamiento")
No se aplicarán cargos por cancelación si un hueso expuesto al calor resulta inadecuado para su datación después de los pretratamientos.
## [Huesos (totalmente carbonizados)](#collapseOne1)
El calentamiento a temperatura elevada puede ser un acontecimiento útil en la historia de una muestra ósea. Si fue lo suficientemente alto para carbonizar el colágeno, el carbono en el hueso será muy estable, resistente a la contaminación, y fácilmente removible por medio de tratamientos completos con ácido y álcali, como los que serían aplicados a una muestra de carbón vegetal.
Los huesos que están completamente carbonizados por dentro y por fuera se asemejan a un pedazo de carbón vegetal. Usualmente estos huesos han sido carbonizados en ambientes con bajo nivel de oxígeno y temperaturas menores a 600°C durante un largo periodo de tiempo. La osteocalcina ha sido quemada, dejando solamente grasas y proteínas (colágeno) carbonizados. Este tipo de huesos quemados normalmente pueden ser datados, pero los pretratamientos podrían limitarse a la aplicación de lixivia ácida para remover los carbonatos. Muchas veces son demasiado frágiles para realizar extracciones con álcali que remuevan los ácidos húmicos que pueden abundar en el área de recolección.
El grado de carbonización determinará si un hueso carbonizado generará una fecha de radiocarbono o no. Los huesos que han sido expuestos a bajas temperaturas requieren consideraciones especiales. Los huesos con proteínas carbonizadas pueden ser muy buenas muestras para datación por AMS. En este caso, el carbono es resistente al deterioro y puede ser plenamente pretratado en el laboratorio. Si la proteína está parcialmente carbonizada, probablemente esté dañada y sea altamente susceptible al deterioro. En la mayoría de los casos no puede ser pretratada íntegramente (o identificada como proteína) en el laboratorio.
Generalmente, cuando el hueso es blanco por completo el colágeno carbonizado no se encuentra disponible. Si el hueso es blanco o azul, puede ser posible datarlo utilizando un remanente carbonizado de colágeno. La única manera de saberlo es realizando algún pretratamiento.
No se aplican cargos de cancelación si el hueso carbonizado se considera no apto para datación después de los pretratamientos.
Pretratamiento – [Baño intensivo de ácido/álcali/ácido](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/pretratamiento-protocolos.htm)
## [Huesos (no expuestos a calentamiento)](#collapseTwo3)
Un hueso que no ha sido expuesto a calentamiento es pretratado por medio de la extracción de las proteínas de colágeno, el material más confiable para datación en huesos no incinerados.
La preservación y calidad del colágeno almacenado es muy importante. Esto puede evaluarse durante el pretratamiento. Si la calidad del colágeno es buena, el pretratamiento continúa (baños de ácido/álcali/ácido). Si la calidad del colágeno es mala, el laboratorio consulta con el cliente la posible cancelación del análisis.
Después de la evaluación inicial del colágeno, éste es secado para realizar la medición de la razón Carbono-13/Carbono-12. Si el resultado del análisis es aceptable, el laboratorio procede a la datación por AMS. Si no lo es, la datación por AMS puede cancelarse a solicitud del cliente. No se aplican cargos de cancelación si el hueso se considera no apto para datación después de los pretratamientos.
La [extracción de colágeno seguida de un baño ácido/álcali/ácido](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/pretratamiento-protocolos.htm) (ultrafiltración a solicitud)
## [Huesos (incinerados)](#collapseTwo15)
Se trata de huesos que han sido expuestos a temperaturas mayores a 600°C por un tiempo suficientemente largo como para quemar todo el colágeno, las grasas y las proteínas. Estos huesos suelen ser de color blanco; y si se parten, son completamente blancos por dentro también.
Cuando los huesos son sometidos a temperaturas mayores a 600°C, la osteocalcina (apatita) del hueso se convierte en carbonato estructural. Este carbonato óseo es datado. El carbonato estructural es muy resistente al cambio y no se contamina fácilmente una vez que la incineración ha ocurrido, por lo que ha demostrado ser un buen material para datación por AMS.
En ausencia de colágeno carbonizado, existe un método para la datación de la fracción de carbonato en huesos incinerados. Este método fue aceptado y publicado en el año 2000 en la XVII Conferencia Internacional de Radiocarbono. Los estudios muestran una buena concordancia entre el carbonato óseo en huesos altamente calentados y el carbón relacionado. Este método sólo debe llevarse a cabo en ausencia de colágeno, carbonizado o no.
Estudios recientes también revelan que la cantidad de carbonato extraída a partir de diferentes partes del hueso puede ser indicativa de una incineración incompleta. Para probar esto, se realiza la extracción de carbonato en dos partes del hueso. Si los resultados son similares, el laboratorio procede con la datación por AMS. Si la cantidad de carbonato es diferente, el cliente podrá cancelar el análisis o continuar con la datación por AMS de ambas partes para comprobar si la edad es la misma (se aplica el costo de dos análisis).
La datación de la fracción de carbonato en huesos incinerados es recomendada cuando no existe colágeno o colágeno carbonizado. Sin embargo, se debe proceder con cuidado ya que no se puede garantizar la eliminación completa de los carbonatos contaminantes. Si durante el proceso de calentamiento se hubiera logrado la eliminación de todos los carbonatos, el óxido de calcio remanente pudiera haber reaccionado con el dióxido de carbono del combustible. En este caso, la posibilidad de un efecto de la madera antigua derivado del combustible debe tomarse en consideración.
**¿Te interesa la datación por U-Th, los isótopos de Pb o el análisis de ratios de Sr? Visita [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "U-Th dating, Pb isotopes, Sr ratio analysis").**
## Más Información sobre la datación de huesos por AMS
[Datación por Radiocarbono de Huesos con PVA](https://www.radiocarbon.com/radiocarbon-dating-pva-contaminated-bones/)
[Componentes de un Hueso](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-ema-huesos.htm#Components)
[Cinética de Crecimiento de Muestras de Hueso](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-ema-huesos.htm#Time)
[Contaminación de Muestras de Hueso](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-ema-huesos.htm#Sample)
[Efecto de Contaminantes en los Resultados de Datación por EMA](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-ema-huesos.htm#Effect)
[Pretratamiento Físico de Huesos en Laboratorios de EMA](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-ema-huesos.htm#Physical)
[Pretratamiento Químico de Huesos en Laboratorios de EMA](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-ema-huesos.htm#Chemical)
*Última actualización de la página: Febrero de 2025*
---
### [碳酸鹽的穩定同位素測試 (δ13C 與 δ18O)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/oxygen-isotopes.htm)
**Published:** June 24, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **測試時間**- 14個工作天
 **推薦的容器**- 夾鏈袋（如果樣品很小或在運輸過程中可能被壓碎，則放入鋁箔中）
- 請用小盒子而非信封寄送以保護樣品。
- 我們僅提供碳酸鹽的雙同位素測量 (d13C + d18O)。
- 我們不提供單一種同位素測量（僅d13C或僅d18O）。
---
對於只需要穩定同位素分析，而不需放射性碳定年的碳酸鹽樣品，SGS Beta實驗室只接受已準備好進行測量的樣品。
**申請測試** – 請使用此[線上表格](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/ "申請單")。
**結果** – d13C (± 0.3 ‰ 相對於 VPDB), d18O (± 0.3 ‰ 相對於 VPDB)
## 穩定同位素分析價格
為了提供您合適的價格，請讓我們知道材料類型。如需正式報價單，請在 [此表格](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "contact form")中註明每種材料類型的樣品數量以及付款機構的詳細訊息。
## d13C + d18O 分析的推薦樣品量
以下是同時測量 **simultaneous d13C + d18O**的最小樣品量建議，可能並不適用於所有情況。如果您對樣品的適合度與重量有疑問，請與我們聯絡。
**材料類型** **所需的最小樣品量** 珊瑚 2 毫克 有孔蟲（已預處理） 1 毫克 魚耳石 1 毫克 介形類 2 毫克 翼足類 2 毫克 貝殼和其他碳酸鹽 2 毫克 凝灰岩（石灰石） 2 毫克 **樣品必須已經準備好進行測量（pH 中性、清潔和乾燥）。** ---
### 您也可能對以下測試有興趣：
碳酸鹽的放射性碳定年 – d13C 和 d18O 測量已包括在內，無需額外費用。
- [珊瑚](https://www.radiocarbon.com/radiocarbon-dating-coral/)
- [有孔蟲](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-forams.htm)
- [魚耳石](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-fish-otoliths/)
- [翼足類](https://www.radiocarbon.com/c14-dating-pteropods/)
- [貝殼和3](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-shells.htm)
**Isobar Science的碳酸鹽分析服務**
- 貝殼、珊瑚和其他碳酸鹽的[硼同位素](https://isobarscience.com/boron/sample-types/)分析
- 已預處理的有孔蟲、貝殼、珊瑚和其他碳酸鹽的[](https://isobarscience.com/strontium/sample-types/)[鍶同位素比](https://isobarscience.com/strontium/sample-types/)測量
- 貝殼、珊瑚和地殼碳酸鹽的[鈾-釷定年](https://isobarscience.com/u-th/sample-types/)
Isobar實驗室，是SGS Beta實驗室的子公司，專門從事地質年代學、地球化學指紋識別和環境來源追蹤的複雜同位素測試服務。
*最後更新2026年02月*
---
### [탄산염의 안정 동위원소 분석 (δ13C 과 δ18O)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/oxygen-isotopes.htm)
**Published:** February 2, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **분석 시간**- 14영업일
 **권장 포장 용기**- 지퍼백 (시료가 적거나 운송 중 부서질 가능성이 있으면 알루미늄 포일에 담습니다.)
- 시료 보호를 위해 봉투 대신 작은 상자에 시료를 담아 보냅니다.
- 탄산염 시료에 대해 두 동위원소 분석 서비스만 제공합니다. (d13C + d18O)
단일 동위원소 분석 (d13C 혹은 d18O only) 만은 제공하지 않습니다.
---
SGS Beta 연구소는 방사성탄소 연대측정과 관련되지 않은 안정 동위원소 분석 서비스는 분석 준비가 되어 있는 시료 만 제공합니다.
**시료 제출** – 이 온라인 상의 [data sheet](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/ "온라인") 를 사용합니다.
**결과 값** – d13C (± 0.3 ‰ relative to VPDB), d18O (± 0.3 ‰ relative to VPDB)
## 안정 동위원소 분석 비용
시료 종류를 알려주시면 해당되는 가격을 알려드립니다. 정식 견적서를 원하시면, 시료 종류와 수, 지불 기관의 이름 및 주소를 [이 양식](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "이 양식") 에 기재합니다.
## d13C + d18O 분석을 위한 적정 시료 크기
The following are minimum size recommendations for 동시 **d13C + d18O 분석**을 위한 최소 권장 시료 량은 충분치 않을 수도 있습니다. 시료의 적합성 및 무게에 관한 질문이 있으시면 연락 주시기 바랍니다.
**시료 종류****최소 시료 량**산호2 mg유공충 (pre-extracted)1 mg어류의 이석1 mg각종 갑각 동물 류2 mg익종류2 mg조개 껍질 & 다른 탄산염2 mgTufa (석회석)2 mg**시료는 반드시 분석 준비가 되어 있어야 합니다. (pH 중립, 깨끗하고 건조 상태).**---
### 다음 사항들에 관심이 있을 수 있습니다:
탄산염의 방사성탄소 연대측정 – d13C 와 d18O 분석 무료 포함
- [산호](https://www.radiocarbon.com/radiocarbon-dating-coral/)
- [유공충](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-forams.htm)
- [어류의 이석](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-fish-otoliths/)
- [익종류](https://www.radiocarbon.com/c14-dating-pteropods/)
- [조개껍질 및 CaCO3](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-shells.htm)
**탄산염 시료를 위한Isobar Science 서비스**
- [붕소 동위원소 분석](https://isobarscience.com/boron/sample-types/) 조개 껍질, 산호, 그 외 탄산염
- [스토론튬 비](https://isobarscience.com/strontium/sample-types/) 분석 추출 전 상태의 유공충, 조개 껍질, 산호, 그 외 탄산염
- [우라늄-토륨 연대측정](https://isobarscience.com/u-th/sample-types/) 조개 껍질, 산호, 탄산염 표면
Isobar Science 는 SGS Beta 연구소의 자회사로, 지질 연대학, 지질 화학적 지문, 환경 소재 추적을 위한 복잡한 동위원소 분석 서비스에 특화되어 있습니다.
*페이지 최신 업데이트: 2026년 2월*
---
### [Análise de isótopos estáveis de carbonatos (δ13C e δ18O)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/isotopos-oxigenio.htm)
**Published:** September 25, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Prazo de entrega**- 14 dias úteis
 **Embalagem recomendada**- Saco plástico com fecho zip (se a amostra é muito pequena ou frágil, embrulhe-a em alumínio antes de colocá-la dentro do saco)
- Por favor, utilize uma pequena caixa de papelão, em vez de envelope, para proteger as amostras durante o transporte
- O serviço de análises isotópicas em carbonatos é apenas oferecido em conjunto (δ13C e δ18O)
Não realizamos a medição de um único isótopo neste tipo de amostra (como δ13C only ou δ18O, separadamente)
---
Serão aceitas apenas amostras prontas para a análise (que não requerem pré-tratamento) para medições isotópicas avulsas, isto é, que não sejam relacionadas à datação por radiocarbono.
**Envio** – Por favor, preencha este [formulário eletrônico de dados](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/ "d13cd15n data sheet").
****Resultados**** – δ13C (± 0.3 ‰ relativo a VPDB), δ18O (± 0.3 ‰ relativo a VPDB)
## Preço da análise de isótopos estáveis
Por favor indique qual é o material das amostras para que possamos informar o preço correto. Para obter uma cotação formal, use [este formulário](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "contact form") para enviar uma mensagem com o nome e o endereço da instituição pagante, além da quantidade de amostras.
## Pesos recomendados de amostras para a análise de δ13C e δ18O analysis
Os seguintes pesos são recomendações mínimas para a **medição simultânea de δ13C e δ18O**, e podem não ser suficientes para todos os casos. Por favor, entre em contato se tem dúvidas se a sua amostra ou seu peso são adequados.
**Material** **Peso mínimo requerido** Corais 2 mg Foraminíferos (pré-extraídos) 1 mg Otólitos de peixe 1 mg Ostracóides 2 mg Pterópodes 2 mg Conchas e outros carbonatos 2 mg Tufa calcária (calcário) 2 mg **As amostras devem estar prontas para a análise (limpas, secas e com pH neutro).** ---
### **Isto também pode lhe interessar:**
O serviço de datação radiocarbônica de carbonatos inclui medições de δ13C e δ18O sem custo adicional
- [Corais](https://www.radiocarbon.com/radiocarbon-dating-coral/)
- [Foraminíferos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/datacao-ema-foraminiferos.htm)
- [Otólitos de peixe](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-fish-otoliths/)
- [Pterópodes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/c14-dating-pteropods/)
- [Conchas e CaCO3](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-conchas.htm)
**Serviços para carbonatos do Isobar Science**
- [](https://isobarscience.com/boron/sample-types/)[Análise de isótopos de boro](https://isobarscience.com/boron/sample-types/) de conchas, corais e outros carbonatos
- [](https://isobarscience.com/strontium/sample-types/)[Razão de estrôncio](https://isobarscience.com/strontium/sample-types/) medida em foraminíferos pré-extraídos, conchas, corais e outros carbonatos
- [](https://isobarscience.com/u-th/sample-types/)[Datação por urânio-tório](https://isobarscience.com/u-th/sample-types/) de conchas, corais e crostas carbonáticas
O Isobar Science é subsidiário do SGS Beta e é especializado em serviços isotópicos complexos para geocronologia, mapeamento geoquímico e rastreamento de fontes ambientais.
*Última atualização:* Februar 2026
---
### [Analisi degli isotopi stabili (δ13C e δ18O) sui carbonati](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/isotopi-ossigeno.htm)
**Published:** September 25, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tempi di consegna dei risultati**- 14 giorni lavorativi
 **Contenitore consigliato**- Bustine con zip (avvolgere prima in un foglio di alluminio i campioni molto piccoli e/o che potrebbero subire danni durante la spedizione)
- Inviare i campioni in scatole rigide (invece di utilizzare buste imbottite) per preservarne l’integrità.
- Effettuiamo solo analisi combinate (d13C + d18O) sui carbonati.
Non offriamo il servizio di analisi di un singolo isotopo (solo d13C o solo d18O) su questo tipo di campioni.
---
**Invio campioni** – Utilizzare [questo modulo online](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/ "questo modulo online").
**Risultati** – d13C (± 0.3 ‰ rispetto a VPDB), d18O (± 0.3 ‰ rispetto a VPDB)
## Tariffe per l’analisi degli isotopi stabili
Per preparare il preventivo corretto, abbiamo bisogno di sapere qual è il tipo di materiale da analizzare. Per richiedere un preventivo formale, indicare in [questo modulo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "questo modulo") il numero di campioni da analizzare per ogni tipo di materiale e i dati di fatturazione dell’ente che effettuerà il pagamento.
## Quantità di materiale raccomandata per d13C + d18O
Quelle che seguono sono quantità minime raccomandate per la **misurazione simultanea di d13C e d18O** e potrebbero non essere sempre sufficienti. Contattare il laboratorio in caso di dubbi sull’idoneità o sul peso dei campioni.
**Materiale** **Quantità minima richiesta** Corallo 2 mg Foraminiferi (pre-estratti) 1 mg Otoliti di pesce 1 mg Ostracodi 2 mg Pteropodi 2 mg Conchiglie e altri carbonati 2 mg Tufo (calcare) 2 mg **I campioni devono essere pronti per la misurazione (a pH neutro, puliti e asciutti).** ---
### Argomenti correlati:
Datazione al radiocarbonio dei carbonati – l’analisi di d13C e d18O è inclusa senza costi aggiuntivi
\- [Corallo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/radiocarbon-dating-coral/)
\- [Foraminiferi](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-ams-foraminiferi.htm)
\- [Otoliti di pesce](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-fish-otoliths/)
\- [Pteropodi](https://www.radiocarbon.com/c14-dating-pteropods/)
\- [Conchiglie e CaCO3](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-le-conchiglie-al-carbonio.htm)
**Servizi di Isobar Science per i carbonati**
\- [Analisi degli isotopi del boro](https://isobarscience.com/boron/sample-types/) per conchiglie, coralli e altri carbonati
\- Analisi [del rapporto isotopico dello stronzio](https://isobarscience.com/strontium/sample-types/) per foraminiferi pre-estratti, conchiglie, coralli e altri carbonati
\- [Datazione uranio-torio](https://isobarscience.com/u-th/sample-types/) per conchiglie, coralli e incrostazioni calcaree
Isobar Science, una società sussidiaria di SGS Beta, è specializzata in analisi isotopiche complesse per la geocronologia, il fingerprinting geochimico e il tracciamento delle fonti ambientali.
*Ultimo aggiornamento: febbraio 2026*
---
### [Análisis de isótopos estables en carbonatos (δ13C y δ18O)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/isotopicas-oxigeno.htm)
**Published:** September 25, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tiempo de entrega de resultados**- 14 días laborales
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Bolsas con cierre zip (envuelva la muestra en papel de aluminio si es pequeña o si puede ser aplastada durante el envío)
- Recomendamos que envíe sus muestras en cajas pequeñas siempre que sea posible (en vez de utilizar sobres) para proteger la integridad física de las muestras.
- Solo proporcionamos mediciones de dos isótopos (d13C + d18O) en carbonatos.
No ofrecemos mediciones de un sólo isótopo (solo d13C o solo d18O) en este tipo de muestras.
---
SGS Beta SOLAMENTE aceptará muestras ya preparadas para su análisis para mediciones de isótopos estables, no junto con la datación por radiocarbono.
**Envío** – Por favor utilice este [formulario en línea](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/ "d13cd15n data sheet").
**Resultados** – d13C (± 0.3 ‰ relativo al VPDB), d18O (± 0.3 ‰ relativo al VPDB)
## Coste del análisis de isótopos estables
Para proporcionarle el precio adecuado, por favor indique el tipo de material. Si necesita un presupuesto, por favor indique en [este formulario](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "este formulario") el número de muestras por tipo de material y el nombre y dirección de facturación de la institución pagadora.
## Tamaños de muestra recomendados para el análisis d13C + d18O
Las siguientes son recomendaciones de tamaño mínimo para **mediciones simultáneas de d13C + d18O** pueden no ser suficientes en todos los casos. Póngase en contacto con nosotros si tiene dudas sobre la idoneidad o el peso de su muestra.
**Material** **Tamaño mínimo requerido** Corales 2 mg Foraminíferos (pre-extraídos) 1 mg Otolitos de peces 1 mg Ostrácodos 2 mg Pterópodos 2 mg Conchas y otros carbonatos 2 mg Toba calcárea 2 mg **Las muestras deben estar preparadas para su análisis (pH neutro, limpias y secas).** ---
### También le puede interesar:
Datación por radiocarbono de carbonatos – las mediciones d13C y d18O están incluidas sin coste adicional
- [Corales](https://www.radiocarbon.com/datacion-radiocarbono-corales/)
- [Foraminíferos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-ema-foraminiferos.htm)
- [Otolitos de peces](https://www.radiocarbon.com/por-que-datar-por-radiocarbono-los-otolitos-de-peces/)
- [Pterópodos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/datacion-c14-pteropodos/)
- [Conchas y CaCO3](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-conchas.htm)
**Servicios ofrecidos por Isobar Science para carbonatos**
- [Análisis de isótopos de boro](https://isobarscience.com/boron/sample-types/) de conchas, corales y otros carbonatos
- Medición de la [relación de estroncio](https://isobarscience.com/strontium/sample-types/) de foraminíferos, conchas, corales y otros carbonatos pre-extraídos
- [Datación uranio-torio](https://isobarscience.com/u-th/sample-types/) de conchas, corales y concrecciones de carbonato
Isobar Science, laboratorio subsidiario de SGS Beta, se especializa en análisis de isótopos complejos para geocronología, caracterización geoquímica y detección de origen ambiental.
*Última actualización de la página: Febrero de 202*6
---
### [Stabile Isotopenanalyse von Karbonaten (δ13C und δ18O)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/sauerstoff-isotope.htm)
**Published:** September 25, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Lieferzeit**- 14 Werktage
 **Empfohlenes Behältnis**- Wiederverschließbare Plastikbeutel (bitte kleine und/oder zerbrechliche Proben zusätzliche in aluminiumfolie verpacken)
- Bitte senden Sie Ihre Proben in Paketen und nicht in Umschlägen, um die Proben vor Schäden während des Versands zu bewahren.
- Wir bieten nur Dual-Isotopen-Messungen (d13C + d18O) von Karbonaten an.
- Wir bieten keine Einzel-Isotopen-Messungen (nur d13C oder nur d18O) für diesen Probentyp an.
---
SGS Beta akzeptiert NUR messbereite Proben für die stabile Isotopen-Analyse, die nicht in Verbindung mit der Kohlenstoff-14-Datierung steht.
**Versand** – Bitte verwenden Sie dieses [Online-Formular](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/ "data sheet").
**Ergebnisse** – d13C (± 0.3 ‰ relativ zu VPDB), d18O (± 0.3 ‰ relativ zu VPDB)
## Kosten für eine Analyse stabiler Isotope
Um Ihnen die entsprechenden Preise zukommen zu lassen, teilen Sie uns bitte die Materialart mit. Für formelle Kostenvoranschläge geben Sie bitte in [diesem Formular](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "diesem Formular") die Anzahl der Proben je Materialart, sowie den Rechnungsnamen und die Adresse der zahlenden Institution an.
## Empfohlene Probenmengen für eine d13C + d18O-Analyse
Die folgenden Empfehlungen sind Mindestgrößen für **gleichzeitige d13C + d18O Messungen** und möglicherweise nicht in jedem Fall ausreichend. Bitte kontaktieren Sie uns, wenn Sie Zweifel an der Eignung oder dem Gewicht Ihrer Probe haben.
**Material** **Benötigte Mindestmenge** Korallen 2 mg Foraminiferen (bereits extrahiert) 1 mg Fisch Otolithen 1 mg Ostrakoden 2 mg Pteropoden 2 mg Muscheln & andere Karbonate 2 mg Tuff (Kalkstein) 2 mg **Die Proben müssen messbereit sein (pH-neutral, sauber und trocken)** ---
### Folgendes könnte Sie ebenfalls interessierten:
Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung von Karbonaten – d13C und d18O-Messungen sind ohne zusätzliche Kosten enthalten
- [Korallen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/radiocarbon-dating-coral/)
- [Foraminiferen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-foraminiferen.htm)
- [Fisch Otolithen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-fish-otoliths/)
- [Pteropoden](https://www.radiocarbon.com/c14-dating-pteropods/)
- [Muscheln und CaCO3](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-schalen.htm)
**Isobar Science Service für Karbonate**
- [Analyse der Bor-Isotope](https://isobarscience.com/boron/sample-types/) von Muscheln, Korallen und anderen Karbonaten
- [Strontium-Verhältnis](https://isobarscience.com/strontium/sample-types/) Messung von bereits extrahierten Foraminiferen, Muscheln, Korallen und anderen Karbonaten
- [Uranium-Thorium-Datierung](https://isobarscience.com/u-th/sample-types/) von Muscheln, Korallen und Karbonatkruste
Isobar Science ist eine Tochtergesellschaft von SGS Beta, die sich auf komplexe Isotopendienste für Geochronologie, geochemische Fingerabdrücke und die Verfolgung von Umweltquellen spezialisiert hat.
*Letzte Aktualisierung der Seite: Februar 2026*
---
### [穩定碳同位素和氮同位素測試（δ13C及δ15N）](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/dietary-isotopic-analysis.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 ****樣品尺寸要求因材料而異（見下文）****
 **測試天數**- 14個工作日
 **推薦包裝**- 夾鏈袋(若樣品量很小，或於運送途中容易破損，請先以鋁箔紙包裝)
- 請您使用堅固的小纸盒寄送您的樣品，而不要使用信封寄送，這樣能够防止您的樣品在運輸途中被壓碎。
---
預處理 – 除了骨頭以外，所有申請用於穩定同位素分析的樣品都必須事先準備好至可以進行測量（pH中性、清潔和乾燥）的狀態。只有提交用於穩定同位素分析的骨骼樣本已包含膠原蛋白提取物（用於非火化的骨頭）或碳酸鹽提取物（用於火化的骨頭）等前處理。
**送交樣品** – 請使用此[線上表格](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/ "線上表格")。
[需要報價單](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "需要報價單")
---
## 只進行d13C分析的推薦樣品量
以下是進行d13C測試的最小樣品量建議，可能並不適用於所有情況。如果您對樣品的適合度或重量有疑問，請與我們聯絡。
**樣品內容****最小樣品量(已經前處理的d13C樣品)\***骨頭 / 牙齒 / 鹿茸 / 炭化骨頭0.5 mg木炭0.5 mg動物糞便1 mg毛髮2 mg昆蟲 (甲殼質)2 mg皮革2 mg有機沉積物 / 腐植質10 mg植物 / 種子2 mg孢粉（萃取物）4 mg紡織品2 mg木頭2 mg*\*前處理完成的樣品必須是pH中性、乾淨而且乾燥的。*
## 可進行d13C + d15N分析的樣品
SGS Beta實驗室針對**未燃燒過的骨頭** 使用同位素比質譜儀(IRMS)進行 d13C + d15測試。
所需樣品量: 2毫克已前處理完成的樣品
報告結果: d13C (± 0.3 ‰ 相對於VPDB), d15N (± 0.5 ‰ 相對於空氣-N2), %C, %N 以及 C:N 值。
**以下樣品請先與實驗室聯繫確認:**
- 毛髮材料、魚骨（含耳石）、藻類、軟組織、無脊椎動物、水生昆蟲、浮游生物、魚飼料、魚糞。
- 已前處理完成的樣品量 = 2 毫克
**目前不接受的樣品種類:**
- 植物、種子、有機沉積物以及木頭。
- 根據樣品的品質，我們可能無法提供木炭或燃燒過的骨頭之 d15N測試
請在送樣前與我們聯絡確認實驗室可以接受您的 d13C + d15N測試委託。
**我們提供的其他測試服務:**
- [隨碳-14定年提供的免費穩定同位素分析(樣品量充足時提供)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/required-carbon-dating-sample-sizes.htm)
- [碳酸鹽的d13C 與d d18O分析](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/oxygen-isotopes.htm)
- [水DIC的d13C 分析](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/water-analysis.htm)
*相關主題: 2023年2月*
---
### [炭素安定同位体と窒素安定同位体 (δ13C・δ15N)を測定する](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/dietary-isotopic-analysis.htm)
**Published:** March 30, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 ****必要な試料のサイズは物質の種類によって異なります。（下記参照）****
 **納期**- 14営業日
 **推奨容器**- ジップロックバッグ（試料が小さい場合、あるいは輸送中に破壊されそうな場合はアルミホイルに包んでからバッグに入れて下さい）
- お送りいただく際は輸送時の試料破壊を防ぐため封筒ではなく丈夫な小箱などを用いてください。
---
**前処理** – 骨試料を除き、安定同位体分析用の試料はすべて測定可能な状態でお送りください(pH中性, クリーンで乾燥状態)。安定同位体分析のみ必要な骨試料(火葬骨を除く)につきましては、コラーゲン抽出または、炭酸塩抽出(火葬骨)を行います。
[お見積りはこちらから](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "お見積りはこちらから")
---
## d13C分析のみの場合の試料推奨量
以下はd13C 分析のための最小量です。場合によっては量が不足する可能性があります。 試料量、試料の分析適正についてわからないことがありましたらご連絡ください。
**サンプルの種類****必要最小量(前処理の行ってあるd13C用試料) \***骨 / 歯 / つの / 炭化骨0.5 mg炭化物0.5 mg糞化石1 mg髪2 mg昆虫 (キチン)2 mg革2 mg有機堆積物 / ユッチャ10 mg植物 / 種子2 mg花粉4 mg繊維2 mg木材2 mg*\* 前処理を行ってある試料はクリーンで乾燥状態、pH は中性でなければなりません。*
## d13C + d15N 分析のための試料
SGS Betaは火葬されていない骨試料の **d13C + d15N** 分析を同位体質量分析(IRMS)によって行っています。
必要試料量: 前処理後2 mg
結果: d13C (± 0.3 ‰ relative to VPDB), d15N (± 0.5 ‰ relative to air-N2), %C, %N および C:N 比
**以下の試料もケースバイケースで分析可能です:**
- 髪, 魚の骨 (魚石も含む), 藻, 軟細胞, 無脊椎動物, 水生昆虫, プランクトン, 魚餌, 魚類排せつ物
- 必要試料量: 前処理後2 mg
**現在対応できない試料:**
- 植物, 種子, 有機堆積物, 木
- 試料の状態によって炭化した骨、燃焼した骨の d15N 測定が不可能な場合があります。
d13C + d15N 分析が可能かどうか、試料をお送りいただく前にご相談ください。
**こちらのサービスもご興味あるかもしれません:**
- [Carbon-14 年代測定に含まれている安定同位体分析サービス (試料量が十分な場合)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/required-carbon-dating-sample-sizes.htm)
- [炭酸塩のd13C および d18O 分析](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/oxygen-isotopes.htm)
- [水の DICのd13C 分析 ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/water-analysis.htm)
*最終更新：2023年2月*
---
### [Medição de isótopos estáveis de carbono e nitrogênio (δ13C e δ15N)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/analise-isotopica-dietetica.htm)
**Published:** August 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **As recomendações de tamanho de amostra variam segundo o material (mais informações abaixo)**
 **Prazo de entrega**- 14 dias úteis
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Saco plástico com fecho zip (embrulhar amostras pequenas em alumínio para evitar esmagamento durante transporte)
- Recomendamos que o material seja enviado em uma pequena caixa (em vez de envelope) para proteger a integridade física das amostras.
---
**Pré-tratamento** – Com a exceção de material ósseo, todas as amostras enviadas para análise de isótopos estáveis deverão estar prontas para as medições (pH neutro, limpas e secas). O serviço inclui a extração de colágeno em ossos não cremados, ou extração de carbonato ossos cremados, para amostras ósseas enviadas para análise de isótopos estáveis.
**Envio** – Por favor use este [formulário eletrônico](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/ "formulário eletrônico").
[Solicite um orçamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "Solicite um orçamento")
---
## Tamanhos recomendados de amostras para análise avulsa de d13C
Os tamanhos de amostras aqui recomendados para d13C são mínimos, mas podem não ser suficientes em alguns casos. Por favor, entre em contato se tiver dúvidas sobre a viabilidade do peso de sua amostra.
**Material****Tamanho mínimo recomendado (amostras pré-tratadas para análise de d13C) \***Osso / dentes / chifre / osso queimado0.5 mgCarvão0.5 mgEsterco1 mgPelo2 mgInsetos (quitina)2 mgCouro2 mgSedimento orgânico / gyttja10 mgPlantas / sementes2 mgPólen4 mgTêxtil2 mgMadeira2 mg*\* Amostras pré-tratadas deverão estar limpas e secas, com pH neutro*
## Materiais para análise de d13C + d15N
O SGS Beta realiza análises de **d13C + d15N em ossos não cremados** com espectrometria de massas de razões isotópicas (IRMS).
Peso de amostra requerido: 2 mg após pré-tratamento
Resultados: d13C (± 0.3 ‰ relativo a VPDB), d15N (± 0.5 ‰ relativo a air-N2), e valores de %C, %N e C:N
**O laboratório também aceita os seguintes materiais, de acordo com cada caso:**
- Pelo ou cabelo, osso de peixe (inclusive otólitos), alga, tecido macio, invertebrados, insetos aquáticos, plânctons, ração e fezes de peixe
- Amostra requerida: 2 mg após pré-tratamento
**Materiais atualmente não aceitos:**
- Plantas, sementes, sedimentos orgânicos e madeira
- Pode não ser possível produzir resultados de d15N para ossos queimados ou carbonizados, dependendo da qualidade da amostra.
Por favor, contate-nos antes de enviar amostras para confirmar se o laboratório pode aceitá-las para análises de d13C + d15N.
**Você também poderá se interessar por nossos outros serviços:**
- [Datação por Carbono-14 com análises isotópicas gratuitas (se a amostra permitir)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-requisitos-amostras.htm)
- Análises de [d13C e d18 para carbonatos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/isotopos-oxigenio.htm)
- Análise de [d13C para CID em água](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/analises-agua.htm)
*Última atualização: fevereiro de 2023*
---
### [Misurazione degli isotopi stabili del carbonio e dell'azoto (δ13C e δ15N)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/analisi-isotopica-dieta.htm)
**Published:** July 22, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **La quantità di materiale richiesta varia a seconda del tipo di campione (vedi tabella)**
 **Tempi di consegna**- 14 giorni lavorativi
 **Contenitore consigliato**- Bustine con zip (avvolgere prima in un foglio di alluminio i campioni molto piccoli e/o che possono essere polverizzati durante la spedizione)
- Si raccomanda di inviare i campioni in scatole rigide quando possibile (invece di utilizzare buste imbottite) per preservarne l’integrità.
---
## Costo dell’analisi degli isotopi stabili
Per [richiedere un preventivo formale](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "requesting for a formal quotation/estimate"), indicare il numero di campioni per ogni tipo di materiale e l’indirizzo di fatturazione dell’ente che effettuerà il pagamento.
**Pretrattamento** – Ad eccezione delle ossa, tutti i campioni inviati per l’analisi degli isotopi stabili devono essere pronti per la misurazione (a pH neutro, puliti e asciutti). La tariffa per l’analisi degli isotopi stabili su campioni ossei include l’estrazione del collagene (per ossa non cremate) o l’estrazione dei carbonati (per ossa cremate).
**Invio dei campioni** – Usare questo [modulo online](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/ "modulo online").
[Richiedi un preventivo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "Richiedi un preventivo")
---
## Quantità di materiale raccomandata per la sola analisi del d13C
Quelle che seguono sono quantità minime raccomandate per la misurazione del d13C e potrebbero non essere sempre sufficienti. Contattare il laboratorio in caso di dubbi sull’idoneità o sul peso dei campioni.
**Materiale****Quantità minima richiesta (per i campioni già pretrattati per il d13C) \***Osso / Denti / Corno / Osso carbonizzato0.5 mgCarbone0.5 mgSterco1 mgPeli2 mgInsetti (chitina)2 mgCuoio2 mgSedimento organico / Gyttja10 mgPiante / Semi2 mgPolline4 mgTessuti2 mgLegno2 mg*\* I campioni pretrattati devono essere a pH neutro, puliti e asciutti*
## Materiali per l’analisi di d13C + d15N
SGS Beta offre l’analisi di **d13C + d15N per le ossa non cremate** tramite spettrometria di massa isotopica (IRMS).
Quantità richiesta: 2 mg dopo il pretrattamento
Risultati: d13C (± 0.3 ‰ rispetto a VPDB), d15N (± 0.5 ‰ rispetto a N2 in aria), %C, %N e C:N values
**Il laboratorio può accettare questi materiali in seguito a valutazione individuale:**
- Peli, ossa di pesci (inclusi gli otoliti), alghe, tessuti molli, invertebrati, insetti acquatici, plancton, mangime per pesci e feci di pesci
- Quantità richiesta: 2,5 mg dopo il pretrattamento
**Materiali non accettati:**
- Piante, semi, sedimenti organici e legno
- A seconda della qualità del materiale, potrebbe non essere possibile effettuare la misurazione del d15N su ossa carbonizzate o scaldate.
Contattare il laboratorio prima di inviare un campione di questo tipo per verificare se può essere accettato per l’analisi di d13C e d15N.
**Servizi correlati:**
- [Datazione al carbonio-14 con analisi degli isotopi stabili gratuita (se le dimensioni lo consentono)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-radiocarbonio-campioni-dimensioni.htm)
- Analisi [di d13C e d18O sui carbonat](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/isotopi-ossigeno.htm)
- Analisi del [d13C sul DIC in acqua](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/analisi-acqua.htm)
*Ultimo aggiornamento: febbraio 2023*
---
### [Mesure des isotopes stables de Carbone et d'Azote (δ13C et δ15N)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/analyses-alimentaires-isotopiques.htm)
**Published:** July 1, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **La quantité demandée varie selon le matériau (voir ci-dessous)**
 **Temps de délivrance des résultats**- 14 jours ouvrés
 **Contenants recommandés**- Sacs Ziplock (si l’échantillon est petit ou risque d’être écrasé pendant le transport, veuillez l’emballer dans de l’aluminium)
- Nous vous recommandons grandement d’envoyer vos échantillons dans de petites boites quand cela est possible (au lieu d’utiliser des enveloppes) pour protéger l’intégrité physique des échantillons.
---
**Prétraitement** – À l’exception des os, tous les échantillons soumis à l’analyse des isotopes stables doivent être prêts à être mesurés (pH neutre, propres et secs). Les échantillons d’os envoyés uniquement pour l’analyse des isotopes stables comprennent l’extraction du collagène (pour les os non incinérés) ou l’extraction du carbonate (pour les os incinérés).
**Envoi** – Veuillez utiliser ce [formulaire en ligne](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/ "formulaire en ligne").
[Obtenir un devis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "Obtenir un devis")
---
## Taille d’échantillon recommandée pour l’analyse d13C seul
Les tailles suivantes sont des recommandations minimales pour les mesures simultanées de d13C et peuvent ne pas être suffisantes dans tous les cas. Merci de nous contacter en cas de doute sur la possibilité d’analyse ou le poids de votre échantillon.
**Matériel****Taille minimale de l’échantillon requise (pour les échantillons d13C prétraités) \***Os / Dents / Bois de cervidés / Os Brûlé0.5 mgCharbon0.5 mgExcrément1 mgCheveux2 mgInsecte (Chitine)2 mgCuir2 mgSédiment Organique / Gyttja10 mgPlante / Graine2 mgPollen4 mgTextile2 mgBois2 mg*\* Les échantillons prétraités doivent être pH neutres, propres et secs*
## Matériaux pour l’analyse d13C et d15N
SGS Beta fournit des analyses **d13C et d15N pour les os non incinérés** en utilisant un spectromètre de masse à rapport isotopique (IRMS).
Taille d’échantillon requise : 2 mg après le prétraitement
Résultats: d13C (± 0.3 ‰ par rapport au VPDB), d15N (± 0.5 ‰ par rapport à l’air-N2), valeurs %C, %N et C:N
**Le laboratoire accepte également les échantillons suivant au cas par cas :**
- Cheveux, arêtes de poisson (y compris les otolithes), algues, tissus mous, invertébrés, insectes aquatiques, planctons, aliments pour poissons et excréments de poisson
- Taille d’échantillon requise : 2 mg après prétraitement
**Matériaux non acceptés pour le moment :**
- Plantes, graines, sédiments organiques et bois
- Il se peut que nous ne soyons pas en mesure de fournir des mesures d15N pour les os calcinés ou brûlés en fonction de la qualité de l’échantillon.
Veuillez nous contacter avant l’envoi pour confirmer que vos échantillons conviennent pour les analyses d13C et d15N.
**Vous pourriez également être intéressé par d’autres services :**
- [Datation au carbone 14 avec analyse gratuite des isotopes stables (si la taille de l’échantillon le permet)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/taille-des-echantillons-radiocarbone.htm)
- Analyse [d13C and d18O pour les carbonates](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/isotopique-oxygene.htm)
- Analyse [d13C de l’eau DIC](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/analyse-eau.htm)
*Dernière mise à jour – février 2023*
---
### [Medición de isótopos estables de nitrógeno y de carbono (δ13C y δ15N)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/analisis-isotopico-dietetico.htm)
**Published:** June 5, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **El tamaño de muestra requerido depende del material (vea más abajo).**
 **Tiempo de entrega de resultados**- 14 días laborables
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Bolsas con cierre zip (envuelva la muestra en papel de aluminio si es pequeña o puede ser aplastada durante el envío)
- Le recomendamos que envíe sus muestras en pequeñas cajas siempre que sea posible (en vez de utilizar sobres) para proteger la integridad física de las muestras.
---
**Pretratamiento** – A excepción de los huesos, todas las muestras enviadas para medición de isótopos estables deben estar preparadas para su análisis (pH neutro, limpias y secas). El análisis de isótopos estables en muestras de hueso ya incluye la extracción de colágeno (para huesos no incinerados) o la extracción de carbonato (para huesos incinerados).
**Envío** – Por favor utilice este [formulario en línea](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/ "formulario en línea").
[Solicite un presupuesto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "Solicite un presupuesto")
---
## Tamaños de muestra recomendados para análisis de d13C
Las siguientes son recomendaciones de tamaño mínimo para el análisis de d13C y pueden no ser suficientes en todos los casos. Por favor, contacte con nosotros si tiene dudas sobre la viabilidad o el peso de su muestra.
**Material****Tamaño mínimo requerido (muestras pretratadas para d13C) \***Hueso / Dientes / Cuerno / Hueso quemado0.5 mgCarbón vegetal0.5 mgEstiércol1 mgPelo2 mgInsecto (quitina)2 mgCuero2 mgSedimento orgánico / gyttja10 mgPlantas / semillas2 mgPolen4 mgTextiles2 mgMadera2 mg*\* Las muestras pretratadas deben tener un pH neutro, estar limpias y secas*
## Materiales para el análisis d13C + d15N
SGS Beta proporciona análisis de **d13C + d15N para huesos no incinerados** utilizando un espectrómetro de masas de relaciones isotópicas (IRMS).
Tamaño de muestra requerido: 2 mg (después del pretratamiento)
Resultados: d13C (± 0.3 ‰ relativo al VPDB), d15N (± 0.5 ‰ relativo al N2 atmosférico) y mediciones de %C, %N y C:N
**El laboratorio también acepta las siguientes muestras caso por caso:**
- Cabello, espinas de pez (incluyendo otolitos), algas, tejidos blandos, invertebrados, insectos acuáticos, plancton, alimento para peces o heces de pez
- Tamaño de muestra requerido: 2 mg (después del pretratamiento)
**Materiales no aceptados por el momento:**
- Plantas, semillas, sedimentos orgánicos y madera
- Es posible que no podamos proporcionar mediciones de d15N en huesos carbonizados o quemados según la calidad de la muestra.
Por favor comuníquese con nosotros antes del envío para confirmar que el laboratorio aceptará su muestra para el análisis de d13C + d15.
**También le pueden interesar los siguientes servicios:**
- [Datación por radiocarbono con análisis de isótopos estables incluído (si el tamaño de muestra lo permite)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/arqueologia-requisitos-muestras.htm)
- Análisis de [d13C y d18O para carbonatos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/isotopicas-oxigeno.htm)
- Análisis de [d13C en el DIC del agua](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/analisis-de-agua.htm)
*Última actualización de la página: Febrero de 2023*
---
### [Stabile Isotope von Karbon und Stickstoff messen (δ13C und δ15N)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/dietatisch-isotopische-analyse.htm)
**Published:** September 22, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Die benötigten Probenmengen je nach Material (siehe unten)**
 **Lieferzeit**- 14 Werktage
 **Empfohlenes Behältnis**- Wiederverschließbare Plastikbeutel (bitte kleine und/oder zerbrechliche Proben zusätzliche in Aluminiumfolie verpacken)
- Bitte senden Sie Ihre Proben in Paketen und nicht in Umschlägen, um die Proben vor Schäden während des Versands zu bewahren.
---
**Vorbehandlung** – Mit Ausnahme von Knochen, müssen alle Proben, die für eine stabile Isotopen-Analyse eingereicht wurden, messbereit sein (pH-neutral, sauber und trocken). Knochenproben, die nur zur stabilen Isotopen-Analyse eingereicht werden, umfassen eine Kollagen-Extraktion (für nicht Leichenbrand) oder eine Karbonat-Extraktion (für Leichenbrand).
**Versand** – Bitte verwenden Sie dieses [Online-Formular.](https://myportal.betalabservices.com/s/login/)
[Angebot anfordern](https://www.radiocarbon.com/stable-isotope-analysis-cost.htm "Angebot anfordern")
---
## Empfohlene Probenmenge nur für die d13C-Analyse
Die folgenden Empfehlungen sind Mindestmengen für **d13C + d15N Analysen**-Messungen und möglicherweise nicht in jedem Fall ausreichend. Bitte kontaktieren Sie uns, wenn Sie Zweifel an der Eignung oder dem Gewicht Ihrer Probe haben.
**Material****Erforderliche Mindestprobenmenge (für vorbehandelte d13C-Proben) \***Knochen / Zähne / Geweih / verkohlter Knochen0.5 mgHolzkohle0.5 mgDung1 mgHaar2 mgInsekt (Chitin)2 mgLeder2 mgOrganisches Sediment / Gyttja10 mgPflanzen / Samen2 mgPollen4 mgTextilien2 mgHolz2 mg*\* Vorbehandelte Proben müssen pH-neutral, sauber und trocken sein*
## Materialien für die d13C + d15N-Analyse
SGS Beta bietet **d13C + d15N-Analysen für nicht eingeäscherte Knochen** mit einem Isotopenverhältnis-Massenspektrometer (IRMS).
Erforderliche Probenmenge: 2 mg nach der Vorbehandlung
Ergebnisse: d13C (± 0.3 ‰ relativ zu VPDB), d15N (± 0.5 ‰ relativ zu Luft-N2), %C, %N und C:N-Werte
**Im Einzelfall akzeptiert das Labor auch diese Proben:**
- Haarmaterial, Fischknochen (einschließlich Otolithen), Algen, Weichgewebe, Wirbellose, Wasserinsekten, Plankton, Fischfutter und Fischkot
- Erforderliche Probenmenge: 2 mg nach der Vorbehandlung
**Derzeit nicht akzeptierte Materialien:**
- Pflanzen, Samen, organische Sedimente und Holz
- Abhängig von der Probenqualität können wir möglicherweise keine d15N-Messungen für verkohlte oder verbrannte Knochen bereitstellen.
Bitte kontaktieren Sie uns vor der Einreichung, um zu bestätigen, dass das Labor Ihre Probe für d13C + d15N-Analysen akzeptiert.
**Unsere weiteren Dienstleistungen könnten Sie auch interessieren:**
- [Kohlenstoff-14-Datierung mit kostenloser stabiler Isotopenanalyse (wenn die Probenmenge dies zulässt)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/probenanforderung-kohlenstoff-14.htm)
- [d13C und d18O-Analyse für Karbonate](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/sauerstoff-isotope.htm)
- [d13C-Analyse von Wasser DIC](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/wasseranalysen.htm)
*Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: Februar 2023*
---
### [貝殼、珊瑚及碳酸鈣樣品的放射性碳定年](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-shells.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **建議樣品量 (若樣品量較少 – 請 [聯繫我們](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 7-100 毫克 – 實驗室提供預處理
- 3-6.5 毫克 – 不需實驗室提供預處理
 **碳定年服務和測試週期**- AMS標準測試 – 14個工作日或更少
- AMS優先測試 – 6個工作日或更少
- AMS極速測試 – 2-3個工作日
 **碳14定年 附帶免費分析** - δ13C, δ18O (樣品充足時)
 **推薦包裝**- 夾鏈袋(若樣品量很小，或於運送途中容易破損，請先以鋁箔紙包裝)
- 請您使用堅固的小纸盒寄送您的樣品，而不要使用信封寄送，這樣能够防止您的樣品在運輸途中被壓碎。
- 請您提供採樣地點的 [DeltaR / DeltaRErr (當地碳庫校正)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/m) 以便我們能對您的樣品的測試结果進行最合適的年代校正。
---
**請注意** – 費用包含同位素比質譜儀 (IRMS) d13C和d18O測量、測試報告、年代校正（對於可校正的樣品）以及全天候網頁查詢服務。 [需要報價單](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "需要報價單")
**預處理** – 由於 [預處理](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Etch) 將直接影響到定年结果，所以我們歡迎您聯絡我們共同討論預處理方法或要求我們在預處理之後（開始測試之前）與您聯繫。
**珊瑚的預處理** – AMS定年在預處理後需要至少 3 毫克的珊瑚樣品。然而，我們建議您寄送 50-100 毫克的乾淨樣品。（基於品質控制措施，有時候需要重覆分析確認结果，對客戶而言，這是免費提供的）。大部分貝殼、珊瑚以及其他碳酸鹽樣品都會進行打磨，把外部磨掉，再經過酸蝕後會得到較纯淨的碳酸鹽，這一步驟大約會損失多達10-30%的樣品重量，有時甚至更多，最终留下最合適的碳酸鹽進行定年。
**粉末狀碳酸鹽** – 請注意，暴露於大氣中的二氧化碳 (CO2) 可能會影響其放射性碳年齡。事實證明粉末狀碳酸鹽由於具有非常大的表面積可吸收大氣中的二氧化碳。如果樣品的年齡很老（大於20000年），長期暴露於空氣中可能會因為某些未知因素導致结果更偏向於現代。
當需要透過鑽孔或研磨樣品（尤其是那些被懷疑年齡超過20000年非常多的樣品）的特定區域獲取碳酸鹽，我們建議鑽孔在惰性氣體（像N2、Ar等）環境中進行，樣品需要儲存在非常小的試劑瓶，並且立即寄送给我們。如果樣品不是非常老（小於20000年），則不需要在惰性氣體的環境中進行。然而， 粉末狀碳酸鹽仍然需要儲存在小試劑瓶中以防止其暴露於空氣中。粉末狀碳酸鹽不宜保存太長的時間。
**報告** – 根據要求，測試結果可標示為常規放射性碳年齡、現代碳百分比、現代百分數、Delta-14C (D14C)或 Δ14C。
## [如何查詢DeltaR / DeltaRErr值](#collapseFive)
免責聲明：本視頻託管於第三方網站中，可能包含廣告。
## [貝殼的放射性碳定年](#collapseOne)
貝殼常寄送到加速器質譜（AMS）實驗室進行 [放射性碳定年](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/about-carbon-dating.htm "放射性碳定年")。寄送到加速器質譜實驗室進行碳14定年的貝殼材料中，有很大一部分是軟體動物貝殼。
對貝殼進行放射性碳定年不太容易，因為有許多因素會導致結果不確定。美國物理化學家Willard Libby是放射性碳定年技術的先驅，他認為貝殼是放射性碳定年效果最不好的材料。
貝殼可分為海洋類、河口類或河流類。 AMS實驗室分析員需要知道他們正在分析的貝殼類型，以確定可能存在的污染物，以及去除污染物的方法。
## [貝殼的成分](#collapseSix)
貝類生物在貝殼生長時，需要獲取生物圈中的碳。科學研究顯示，貝類生物從海洋或陸地植物獲取有機碳，從海水的碳酸氫鈉、大氣的二氧化碳或淡水的碳酸氫鈉中獲取無機碳。
貝殼由碳酸鈣晶體沉積，進而形成有機基體。有機基體是一種稱為貝殼硬蛋白的蛋白質。這種蛋白質僅構成貝殼的一小部分，因此放射性碳定年過程中所需要的樣品是無機的部分。
雖然碳酸鹽是無機質，但是由於它的形成需要從生物圈中吸收碳14，因此仍然可以進行定年。碳酸鹽在貝殼中常以礦物文石的形式存在，儘管有些貝殼是文石和方解石的混合，但如牡蠣殼的其他貝殼，仍多為方解石。
使用貝殼的碳酸鹽成分會產生一些問題，因為該物質可溶解，且會與其環境進行同位素或化學成分的交換。當貝殼與它周圍土壤中的酸交換碳時，貝殼的碳14比率會發生改變，因而放射性碳年齡也會變化。這種碳交換通常會影響貝殼的外層。
另一方面，再結晶甚至可以影響貝殼的內層。隨著文石轉化為方解石，這種現象也會改變碳14的比率。當貝殼與近代方解石交換碳時，通常會發生再結晶現象。
## [貝殼的碳庫效應](#collapseTwo)
---
免責聲明：本視頻託管於第三方網站中，可能包含廣告。
有兩種碳庫效應和貝殼的放射性碳定年有關 — [海洋效應](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/marine-reservoir-effect.htm "海洋效應")和硬水效應。由於這些效應的存在，必須對貝殼的放射性碳定年結果進行年齡補償評估。
海洋效應是海洋地表水和深層水緩慢混合的結果。大氣層和生物圈之間透過二氧化碳的快速碳交換，與大氣和海洋之間的碳交換並不完全一樣。
大氣和地表水之間達到二氧化碳平衡相對較快。然而，地表水與深層水的碳交換速度卻非常緩慢，以至於從地表水吸入的二氧化碳的碳14含量，和從深水釋放出的二氧化碳的碳14含量，可能處於放射性碳衰變的不同階段。研究顯示，碳14在大氣中的停留時間為6年到10年不等，而碳14在海洋的停留時間則可能長達幾千年。
湧升流是另外一種稀釋地表水的放射性碳含量的現象。在世界某些地區，特別是赤道地區，深層水向上移動。這種現象通常肇始於信風，具有緯度依賴性。海岸線形狀、當地的氣候、當地的風向，以及海洋底部的地形也是形成湧升流的影響因素。深水的緩慢混合以及上湧意味著，大洋表層水的放射性碳年齡與大氣（中的放射性碳年齡）有明顯的相關性。
淡水貝殼可能不會受到海洋效應的影響，但它們很容易受到硬水效應的影響，硬水效應是遠古碳酸鈣溶解產生的鈣離子現象。雖然硬水效應的大小與鈣離子的數量無直接關係，但是鈣離子的存在與碳14的損耗正好一致。由於湖泊或河流流經石灰石或泥灰等物質，帶入溶於淡水資源的古老碳酸鈣，使得樣品看起來比實際年齡更古老。有時候會對同一區域中，還存活著的貝殼樣品進行定年，看看測試結果是近代還是更老。根據不同的因素，這種偏差可以有幾十年到幾百年的誤差。
富含碳酸鹽的淡水注入口（如入海口），如海洋類貝殼沉積在此處，也會受到硬水效應的影響。如果有機體一直生活在碳酸鹽豐富的地區（例如白堊地），那麼，如蝸牛殼的陸地貝殼也會受到硬水效應的影響。
加速器質譜實驗室的分析員必須了解，可能影響任何特定貝殼類樣品的碳庫效應，這樣他們就可以知道需要的年齡補償。加速器質譜實驗室假設放射性碳含量一直沒有變化，並透過測量同一地點收集到的同一種類的已知年齡貝殼來量化海洋和硬水效應，這些已知年齡貝殼是在1950和1960年代、核子試爆之前收集的。
## [當地碳庫校正 (DeltaR / DeltaRErr)](#collapseThree)
DeltaR / DeltaRErr值僅適用於海洋碳酸鹽樣品。
根據海洋碳酸鹽的年齡，所有的海洋碳酸鹽樣品會自動套用200-500年的校正（如全球海洋碳庫校正）。該自動校正代表放射性碳年齡會比實際年齡年輕，這是由於大氣中的現有二氧化碳與海洋中的二氧化碳，需要200-500年才能達到平衡。
DeltaR / DeltaRErr值校正會套用在，已經經過全球海洋碳庫校正的樣品。該值由客戶提供，我們會在已校正的年齡基礎上再進行加減。備註：一個負數的DeltaR 將使定年年齡變老（通常認為淡水會稀釋全球海洋碳庫的平均值）。
## [貝殼樣品的污染](#collapseFour)
將樣品送交給加速器質譜實驗室進行碳14定年前，需考慮的因素之一是有機體吸收碳時的當地環境。 [加速器質譜實驗室](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-lab.htm "加速器質譜實驗室")分析員必須知道貝殼類樣品可能接觸到的污染物種類。
任何含碳物質，於接觸後改變貝殼類樣品的碳14含量，都可視做污染物。這意味著，碳酸鈣、土壤腐植物質，以及土壤二氧化碳都是潛在的污染物。進行放射性碳定年的貝殼類樣品中，最常見的污染物肇因於同位素交換和再結晶。
加速器質譜實驗室在進行碳14定年之前需進行預處理，以去除所有可能導致結果不準確的污染物。
## [加速器質譜實驗室對貝殼的預處理](#collapseSix2)
可用 [酸蝕](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Etch)、鹼溶液中超音波處理或是不做預處理。
如果樣品量足夠，實驗室通常會酸蝕一半的貝殼外部，以去除任何潛在的次級碳酸鹽。挑選樣品時，請將這點納入考慮。通常，樣品量越多，就越有機會得到更好的測試結果。
貝殼在碳定年之前進行的物理 [預處理](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm "預處理")，不使用任何化學品，以及縮小樣品尺寸，設法去除貝殼的所有可見污染物。
用牙鑽和砂紙去除貝殼的外層，分離出用來進行加速器質譜放射性碳定年的分析物：文石。再結晶的方解石，即污染物，是白色的白堊質，容易用鑽去除。
加速器質譜實驗室分析員在研缽和杵中粉碎貝殼類樣品，以增加進行預處理之前的表面面積。
加速器質譜實驗室採用的化學預處理是，用稀酸（通常是鹽酸HCl）清洗貝殼，去除貝殼的部分外層和方解石成分。
對於非常小的樣品或微量樣品，我們通常只能進行輕微的酸蝕，甚至不做酸蝕處理。假如樣品存在附著物或者腔洞，可能需要用到超音波處理。
參考文獻 :
Sheridan Bowman, Radiocarbon Dating: Interpreting the Past (1990), University of California Press
**對鈾釷(U-Th)定年，硼同位素或鍶同位素比分析有興趣? 請參閱 [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "U-Th dating, Boron isotopes, Sr ratio analysis")。**
最後更新2022年10月
---
### [貝、サンゴ、炭酸塩(CaCO3)の放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-shells.htm)
**Published:** March 30, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **試料の必要量(推奨量) (より少ない量でも測定可能です – 詳細はご連絡ください [ご連絡先](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-contact.htm "ご連絡先"))**- 7-100 mg – 試験所で前処理が可能
- 3-6.5 mg – 試験所で前処理が不可能
 **炭素年代測定サービスの種類**- AMS Standard（通常の納期） – 米国のラボで試料受領後14営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Priority (特急) – 米国のラボで試料受領後6営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Time Guide (超特急) – 米国のラボで試料受領後3～4営業日で結果をご報告いたします。 (骨または堆積物では対応不可）
 **C14年代測定に含まれて いる分析サービス** - δ13C, δ18O (試料量が十分な場合)
 **お薦めする試料の容器**- ジップロックバッグ（試料が小さい場合、あるいは輸送中に破壊されそうな場合はアルミホイルに包んでからバッグに入れて下さい）
- お送りいただく際は輸送中の試料の破損を防ぐため封筒ではなく丈夫な小箱などを用いてください。
- より正確な較正のためローカルリザーバー効果がおわかりになる場合は [DeltaR / DeltaRErr](https://www.radiocarbon.com/m) を お知らせください。
---
**注記** – 炭素安定同位体(d13C)分析、酸素安定同位体(d18O)分析、品質管理レポート(QA Report)、 暦年代較正、 24/7 アクセスのウェブデータベースによる結果の閲覧は価格に含まれています。 [お見積りはこちらから](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "お見積りはこちらから")
**試料の前処理** – 調査の目的に応じた最適な試料の選択と [前処理](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Etch) を行うためにいつでもご連絡ください。 試料の前処理後（前処理前）に、弊社からのご連絡のお約束も歓迎いたします。
**サンゴ試料の前処理** – AMSによる年代測定では、前処理後3mg以上のサンゴが必要ですが、試料の洗浄を積極的に行えるように (また品質管理プログラムに鑑み必要に応じ再測定が可能になるように)、50-100mgの試料をお送りいただくことをお薦めいたします。 貝、サンゴ、その他炭酸塩の試料の場合、プライマリーで状態の良い部分だけを測定できるように、物理的な削磨、酸によるエッチングを行います。 その結果、初期重量の10%-30%、もしくはそれ以上の重量が失われます。
**粉状(パウダー)の炭酸塩** – 大気中の二酸化炭素(CO2)にさらされることは放射性炭素年代結果に影響を与える可能性があります。粉状の炭酸塩は、空気に触れる面積が大きいため大気CO2を吸収することがわかっています。 試料が古いことが予想される場合(>20ky)は長い間大気にさらされた粉状の炭酸塩試料の年代は若くシフトする可能性があります。
ドリルなどによる削磨、またはパウダーにする必要がある場合は（>20kyのような古い試料では特に注意が必要です）、作業を不活性ガス(N2,Arなど)中で行い、試料採取後なるべく小さなバイアルに入れてすぐにお送りください。 20kyより新しいことが予想されるような試料では不活性ガス中での作業は必要ありませんが、できるだけ大気との接触を避けるためになるべく小さなバイアルで保存しすぐにお送りください。 粉状(パウダー)の炭酸塩を長く保存することはお薦めできません。
**結果のご報告** – 年代はConventional Radiocarbon Ageをご報告いたします。 必要な場合は percent modern carbon (pMC), fraction modern (fM), Delta-14C (D14C) または Δ14C のご報告も可能ですのでお申し付けください。
## [貝の放射性炭素年代測定](#collapseOne)
貝試料はAMSによる [放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/about-carbon-dating.htm "放射性炭素年代測定") 用の試料としてよく用いられています。 そのうちほとんどが軟体動物の貝(mollusk shells)です。
真の年代に影響を与える可能性のある要因がたくさんあるため、そのC14年代測定は必ずしも容易ではありません。 アメリカの物理学者で放射性炭素年代測定のパイオニア、ウイリアム・リビー博士は、その難しさを早くから指摘していました。
貝試料は、海域、汽水域、陸域のものに分類されます。 考えられる潜在的なコンタミネーションを取り除くために、試料がどの環境に生息していたものか知ることは分析機関にとって重要です。
## [貝試料の組成](#collapseSix)
貝は環境圏から貝殻を形成するために炭素を取り込みます。貝は有機炭素を海生または陸生の植物から取り込み、無機炭素を海水・淡水の重炭酸または大気中の二酸化炭素から取り込みます。
貝はconchiolinというタンパク質に炭酸カルシウムの結晶として形成されます。 conchiolinタンパク質は貝のわずか数%を形成しているだけなので、貝の年代測定には無機炭素を用います。 無機ではありますが、炭酸塩はその形成において生物圏のC14を取り込みますので年代測定が可能です。 貝の無機炭素は通常アラゴナイトかアラゴナイトとカルサイトの混合です。カキのような貝はカルサイトが占めます。
貝の炭酸塩は同位体交換や化学交換を起こしやすいため注意が必要です。例えば周囲の土壌中の炭素と貝の炭酸塩が交換した場合は年代値に影響を及ぼします。 このような交換は特に貝の表面でおこりやすいです。一方再結晶は、貝の内部までも影響します。アラゴナイトからカルサイトへの変換はC14濃度を変化させます。再結晶は通常、貝がモダンカルサイトと炭素交換することによって起きます。
## [貝のリザーバー効果について](#collapseTwo)
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免責事項:この動画はサードパーティーのサービスを利用しているため広告が表示されることがあります。
貝の放射性炭素年代測定で考慮しなければならないリザーバー効果は、 [海洋リザーバー効果](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/marine-reservoir-effect.htm "marine effect") とハード・ウォーター(Hard Water)効果です。年代の最終的な算出には年代のオフセットの評価が必須となります。
海洋リザーバー効果は、表層の海水と深層の海水がゆっくり混合することによって生じます。 大気圏と生物圏の二酸化炭素経路による炭素交換の速度と、大気圏と海洋におけるそれは異なります。
大気と表層海水の二酸化炭素平衡は比較的速く達成される一方、表層海水と深層海水における二酸化炭素交換は非常にゆっくりです。 表層海水と深層海水では放射性炭素の減衰においてすでに違うステージにあります。大気圏でのC14のレジデンス・タイムは6年～10年程度であるのに対し、海洋におけるそれは1000年オーダーです。
湧昇流は表層海水のC14濃度を薄めるもうひとつの要因です。 湧昇流は緯度によって異なる現象で貿易風によって起こります。海岸地形、気候の違い、海底地形の違いなども湧昇流の要因です。 深層水のゆっくりした混合と湧昇流によって、表層海水と大気ではC14年代に違いが生じます。
淡水域の貝は海の影響は受けませんが、ハード・ウォーター(Hard Water)効果の影響を受ける可能性があります。 ハード・ウォーター(Hard Water)効果とは、非常に古い炭素を含むカルシウム炭酸塩の溶解によってもたらされるカルシウムイオンによる影響です。 カルシウムイオンの量によってそのC14の希釈効果を補正することができません。 淡水にライムストーンなどに帰する古いCaCO3が溶け込むことによって、試料の見かけ年代が古くなります。 この効果によってモダンであるはずの現生の貝の年代が古く出るという事例があります。その効果の程度は、数十年から数百年になる可能性がありあます。
ハード・ウォーター(Hard Water)効果は炭酸塩に富む淡水のフラックスが大きい地域の海生の貝についても考慮しなければ成らない場合があります。
貝試料のC14年代測定では、年代のオフセットを見積もるために、可能性のあるリザーバー効果はすべて把握しておく必要があります。核実験の影響がない「1950年～1960年以前の、同じ地域・同じ種の、年代のわかっている貝」の年代測定によって年代のオフセットを決定する必要があります。
## [ローカル・リザーバー効果 (DeltaR / DeltaRErr)](#collapseThree)
DeltaR / DeltaRErr は海洋性の炭酸塩試料のみに用いられます。
海洋性の炭酸塩試料の年代に応じて、 200年から500年の補正 (グローバルなリザーバー効果)が自動的に適用されます。 この自動的な補正値は、現代の大気中二酸化炭素を海洋が取り込み平衡状態になるまで200年から500年かかることを意味します。
DeltaR / DeltaRErr 補正はグローバル・リザーバー効果を行った上で行います。 DeltaR / DeltaRErrをお知らせいただければ、その値を加算または減算した上で暦年代の較正を行います。
注記: DeltaR は年代を古くします。 (典型的には淡水による希釈のため)
## [貝試料におけるコンタミネーション](#collapseFour)
ローカルな環境の違いにより、組織が炭素をどのように定着させるかという点はAMS年代測定を行う前に考慮しなければならない点です。 [AMS lab](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-lab.htm "AMS lab") はどのようなタイプのコンタミネーションがあるか把握する必要があります。 貝試料と接触し、C14濃度を変化させる可能性のある全ての炭素化合物が、コンタミネーションの要因となります。 炭酸塩、土壌のフミン酸、土壌CO2など様々な要因が考えられます。 同位体交換と再結晶が貝試料のコンタミネーションの要因として一番多いものです。 年代測定の際、これらのコンタミネーションを前処理によって可能な限り除去します。
## [AMS 試験所における貝試料の前処理](#collapseSix2)
酸によるエッチング (acid [etch](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Etch) ), アルカリによる超音波洗浄、無処理のどれかです。
試料量が十分な場合は、二次的な炭酸塩を取り除くため半分以上エッチングします。 試料の選択にはこのことを考慮してください。 試料量が多いほど、前処理を積極的に多く行えるので良い結果が得られる機会が増えます。
物理的な [前処理](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm "前処理") は薬品を使用せずに、目視できるコンタミネーションを削磨します。これによって試料のサイズが減少します。
ドリルやカーボランダム を用いてアラゴナイトを分離するまで表面を取り除きます。カルサイトは再結晶で年代測定に適しません。 カルサイトは白くもろいため容易に落とすことができます。
さらなる前処理を行うため、粉砕して表面積を増やします。
主要な化学処理の方法は、通常塩酸による洗浄を行い、貝試料の外部とカルサイト成分を落とします。
試料量が非常に少ないものに対しては、軽いエッチングのみ、またはエッチングを行わないことがあります。付着物がある場合には、アルカリによる超音波洗浄を行うことがあります。
参照資料:
Sheridan Bowman, Radiocarbon Dating: Interpreting the Past (1990), University of California Press
**U-Th 年代測定、Boron 同位体や Sr 同位体比分析に興味がおありですか？ [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "U-Th dating, Boron isotopes, Sr ratio analysis") をご訪問ください**
*最終更新：2022年10月*
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### [조개껍질, 산호, 탄산염의 방사성탄소 연대측정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-shells.htm)
**Published:** February 1, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **권장 시료 크기 (소량 크기도 가능 – [문의바람](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-contact.htm "문의바람"))**- 7-100 밀리 그램 – 전처리 서비스 제공됨
- 3-6.5 밀리 그램 – 전처리 서비스 제공 안됨
 **서비스 종류**- AMS 일반 – 14 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 특급 – 6 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 타임 가이드 – 2-3 영업일 이내 결과 보고
 **C14 연대측정 시 포함된 분석** - δ13C, δ18O (충분한 시료인 경우)
 **권장 용기**- 지프 백 (작거나 운송 중 부서질 수 있는 시료들은 알루미늄 포일로 포장)
- 시료를 보내주실 때 봉투 대신 작은 박스에 담아 보내야 운송 중 시료들이 부스러지는 것을 방지할 수 있습니다.
- 시료 채취 장소의 [DeltaR / DeltaRErr (localized reservoir correction)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/m) 을 알려주시면 연대측정 결과에 대한 가장 적절한 달력 보정을 제공할 수 있습니다.
---
**참고 사항** – 연대측정 요금에는 다음 사항들이 포함되어 있습니다. 별도의 동위원소 비율 질량 분석기 \[isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS)\]을 이용한 d13C 과 d18O 측정, 품질 보증 보고서 (quality assurance reports), 필요시 달력 보정, 이전 분석 결과 및 분석 과정을 보실 수 있는 웹 사이트 이용권(24시간 이용 가능). [견적 요청하기](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "견적 요청하기")
**전처리 과정** – [전처리](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Etch) 과정은 최종 측정 결과에 직접적인 영향을 미치기 때문에 전처리 과정을 이해하는 것이 중요합니다. 사전 처리에 대해 상담을 원하시거나, 사전 처리 후 (그리고 연대 측정 전에) 본 연구소로부터 연락을 받기 원하시면 언제든지 연락 바랍니다.
**산호의 전처리 과정** – 실제 AMS 연대측정하는데 필요한 량은 전처리 후 약 3 밀리그램입니다. 하지만 연대측정 전 철저한 청결과 (추가 비용없이 측정 결과 확인에 필요한 다른 분석) 을 위해 약 50 – 100 밀리그램 보내주실 것을 권장합니다. 대부분의 조개 껍질, 산호초, 그 외 다른 탄산염 시료들은 표면과 표면에 붙어있는 다른 탄산염 물질을 제거하기 위해 심하게 긁어서 청소한 다음, 총 무게의 10-30% 이상을 없애기 위해 산 부식을 합니다. 그래야 좋은 원래의 탄산염으로 연대측정 할 수 있습니다.
**가루 상태의 탄산염** – 대기중에 있는 이산화탄소에 노출이 되었다면 연대측정 결과에 영향을 미칠 수 있습니다. 보통 탄산염 가루는 공기와 접촉하는 표면적이 넓어지기 때문에 대기중에 있는 이산화탄소를 흡수한다고 알려져 있습니다. 만약 샘플이 상당히 오래되었다면 (>20ky) 대기중에 오랜 기간 노출로 인해 미지의 상태에서 젊게 결과가 나올 가능성도 있습니다.
특정 지역에서 ( 특히 2만년 이상된 것이라고 추정하시는 경우) 구멍을 뚫거나 가루를 내서 탄산염 시료를 추출해야 할 경우에는 불활성 개스 (inert gas, 질소나 이르곤 개스)로 구멍을 내서 야주 작은 병에 담아 즉시 실험실로 보내시길 바랍니다. 그렇게 오래되지 않은 시료의 경우 (2만년 이하), 구태여 불활성 개스로 작업하실 필요는 없습니다만, 탄산염 가루는 반드시 작은 병에 담아서 대기와의 접촉을 피하게 하셔야 합니다. 그리고 오랫동안 보관하고 있으면 안됩니다.
**보고 내용** – Conventional Radiocarbon Age, percent modern carbon (pMC), fraction modern (fM), Delta-14C (D14C) 혹은 요청에 의해 Δ14C 들이 보고서에 기재됩니다.
## [해양 시료 보정을 위한 델타값](#collapseFive)
면책조항: 이 비디오는 제3자의 사이트에 올렸으며, 광고가 포함되어 있습니다.
## [조개껍질의 방사성탄소 연대측정](#collapseOne)
연대측정([radiocarbon dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/about-carbon-dating.htm "radiocarbon dating")) 하기 위해 종종 가속기 질량 분석기(AMS) 연구소로 조개 껍질을 보내는데, 연대측정하기 가장 좋은 조개껍질은 연체 동물의 껍질입니다.
조개껍질의 연대 측정은 쉽지 않습니다; 불확실한 결과가 나오게 하는 요소들이 너무 많기 때문입니다. 방사성탄소 연대측정 기술의 선구자인 미국인 물리 화학자 Willard Libby 박사는 조개 껍질이 연대측정하기에 가장 어려운 물질이라는 것을 예견했습니다.
조개껍질은 해양, 강 하구, 강어귀에서 온 것으로 분류할 수 있습니다. 연대측정 연구소의 연구자들은 잠재적인 오염 물질이 무엇이고, 그것들을 어떻게 제거해야 할지 알기 위해서 어디에서 나온 어떤 종류의 조개 껍질인지 알아야 합니다.
## [조개껍질의 구성물질](#collapseSix)
조개류는 자연에서 온 탄소로 껍질을 만듭니다. 과학적 연구에 의하면 조개류는 해양 식물이나 육상 식물에서 유기질 탄소를 만들며, 바닷물에 있는 탄산수소염 (Bicarbonate), 공기에 있는 이산화탄소, 민물에 있는 탄산수소염에서 무기질 탄소를 만듭니다.
껍질은 유기질 덩어리에 탄산 칼슘 결정체가 퇴적하여 생기는데, 이 유기질 덩어리는 콘키오린 (Conchiolin)이라 불리는 단백질입니다. 이 단백질은 껍질의 아주 작은 일부이다 보니 연대측정 과정에서 필요한 시료들은 무기질 부분입니다.
무기질이지만, 탄산염은 연대 측정이 가능합니다. 왜냐하면 탄산염의 구성 자체가 자연에서 온 탄소 14가 들어있기 때문입니다. 껍질에 있는 탄산염은 일반적으로 미네랄 아라고나이트 (Mineral aragonite) 형태이고, 일부 껍질들은 아라고나이트와 방해석 (Calcite)이 섞여 있는 형태이며, 굴 껍질과 같은 것들은 대부분 방해석 형태입니다.
껍질의 구성물인 탄산염으로 연대 측정을 하게 되면 문제가 있을 수 있습니다. 왜냐하면 이 탄산염은 물에 녹으며, 어쩌면 주변 물질과 동위 원소 교환이나 화학적 교환을 했을지도 모르기 때문입니다. 껍질이 주변 토양에 있는 산과 탄소를 교환하게 되면, 껍질의 탄소 14 비율과 방사성 탄소 연대가 바뀝니다. 이 탄소 교환은 주로 껍질 외부에 영향을 끼칩니다.
반면에 재결정은 껍질의 내부 층에 영향을 줄 수 있습니다. 이 현상은 아라고나이트가 방해석으로 바뀌면서 같이 일어나는데, 이것 역시 탄소 14 비율을 변화시킵니다. 재결정은 껍질이 현대의 방해석과 탄소를 교환할 때 일어납니다.
## [조개껍질의 리저버 효과 (Reservoir Effect) ](#collapseTwo)
---
면책조항: 이 비디오는 제3자의 사이트에 올렸으며, 광고가 포함되어 있습니다.
조개껍질의 방사성탄소 연대측정과 관련된 두 가지 요소 또는 리저버 효과가 있습니다- 해양 영향 ([marine effect](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/marine-reservoir-effect.htm "marine effect"))와 경수 영향 (hard water effect)입니다. 이런 영향들로 인해 조개껍질의 연대측정 결과에 대해서는 반드시 연대 상쇄 평가를 해야 합니다.
해양 영향이란 표면과 바닷속 심층에 있는 해수가 천천히 섞이면서 생깁니다. 이산화탄소 진로를 통한 대기권과 생명체 간의 탄소 교환 속도는 대기권과 해양간의 탄소 교환 속도와 서로 다릅니다.
대기권과 표면 해수 사이 이산화탄소의 평형이 비교적 빠르게 일어나지만, 표면 해수는 심층 해수와의 이산화탄소의 교환 속도는 상당히 느립니다. 표면 해수에서 들어오는 이산화 탄소와 심층 해수에서 빠져 나가는 이산화탄소에서 탄소 14 성분은 다른 상태의 방사선탄소 반감기에 있을 수 있습니다. 연구에 따르면 탄소 14가 대기권에 남아있는 기간은 6년에서 10년 사이인 반면에 해양에 남아있는 기간은 수천 년이라고 합니다.
심층 해수의 용승은 또 다른 현상으로, 표면 해수의 방사성 탄소 함량을 희석시킵니다. 적도 지역과 같은 지구 특정 지역에서 심층 해수는 위로 솟구치는 현상이 있는데, 이 현상은 위도에 따라 다르며, 무역풍 때문에 일어납니다. 용승이 일어나는 또 다른 원인으로는 해안선의 형태, 지역 기후와 바람, 해양의 바닥 지형 등 입니다. 심층 해수의 느린 혼합과 용승은 해양 표면 해수가 이미 대기권에 반해 명확한 방사성탄소 연대를 가지고 있다는 것을 의미입니다.
민물 조개껍질은 해양 영향과는 상관없지만 경수 영향– 언제 생긴 것인지 모르는 아주 오래된 탄산 칼슘이 녹아 생긴 칼슘 이온의 존재-에는 민감합니다. 경수 영향의 크기와 칼슘 이온 량의 연관성이 직접적이지 않지만, 칼슘 이온이 있다는 것은 탄산 14 감소와 정확히 일치합니다. 이러한 경수 영향은 실제보다 오래된 연대측정 결과를 보여줍니다. 석회석이나 이화토와 같은 호수나 강가에서 흘러 들어온 물질들에서 오래된 탄산 칼슘 (CaCO3)이 녹기 때문입니다. 결과가 오래된 것으로 나오는지, 어리게 나오는지 알아보기 위해 같은 지역에 있는 살아있는 조개 껍질을 연대 측정해 보기도 합니다. 여러 요인에 의해서 수 십 년에서 수백 년 오차가 생길 수 있습니다.
경수 영향은 강 하구와 같이 탄산염이 많이 함유된 민물 유입 지역에 있는 해양성 조개 껍질에도 영향을 미칩니다. 달팽이 껍질 같이 육상에서 자란 껍질 역시 그 생명체가 탄산염이 풍부한 지역에서 먹고 자랐을 경우에 경수 영향을 받을 수 있습니다.
AMS 연구소 분석가들은 주어진 조개껍질 시료에 영향을 미치는 이런 리저버 효과들에 대해서 잘 알고 있어야 하며, 그래서 연대 편차 상쇄가 필요하다는 것을 잘 알아야 합니다. AMS 연구소는 50, 60년대에 핵 무기 실험 전에 동일 지역에서 수집한 같은 종으로 연대가 알려진 조개 껍질의 연대를 측정하고, 같은 종들에서 방사선탄소 함유량 변화가 없다는 가정하에 해양 영향과 경수 리저버 영향을 가늠해 봅니다.
## [지역 리저버 교정 (DeltaR / DeltaRErr)](#collapseThree)
DeltaR / DeltaRErr 값은 해양성 탄산염에만 사용합니다.
해양성 탄산염의 나이에 따라, 200년-500년 교정 (즉 전지구적 해양 리저버 교정)을 모든 해양성 탄산염에 자동적으로 적용합니다. 이 지동 교정은 방사성연대 측정결과가 더 최근 것이라는 것을 의미하는데, 이유는 대기에 있는 현재의 이산화탄소가 해수에 섞여 평형을 이루는데 200-500년 걸린다는 사실 때문입니다.
DeltaR / DeltaRErr 교정은 전지구적 해양 리저버 교정으로 교정을 마친 시료에 추가로 적용합니다. 고객이 제공한 값에서 이미 교정한 연대를 빼거나 더합니다. 참고사항 – 마이너스로 표시되는 부정 값인 DeltaR은 연대가 오래된 것으로 만듭니다. (전지구 해양의 평균치에서 민물로 희석된다는 전형적인 가정에 따라).
## [조개껍질의 오염 ](#collapseFour)
방사성탄소 연대측정 시료의 선택 전 탄소를 받아 들이는 생명체의 주변 환경은 여러 생각해야할 요소 중 하나입니다. [AMS lab](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-lab.htm "AMS lab") 연구소 분석가들은 조개껍질 시료들에 노출되는 여러 종류의 오염 물질 종류에 대하여 잘 알고 있어야 합니다.
조개껍질 시료에 접촉하자마자 시료의 탄소 14 함유량을 변화시킬 수 있는 탄소를 가지고 있는 물질은 모두 오염 물질입니다. 이것은 탄산 칼슘, 땅의 부식 산 물질과 이산화탄소 모두 잠재적 오염 물질이라는 것을 의미합니다. 방사성탄소 연대측정에 있어 조개껍질 시료의 가장 일반적인 오염 물질은 동위 원소 교환과 재결정이 만들어 놓은 오염 물질들 입니다.
AMS 연구소는 방사성탄소 연대측정에 앞서 부정확한 결과로 이끌 수 있는 모든 잠재적 오염 물질들을 전처리 과정을 통해 사전 처리합니다.
## [조개 껍질의 사전처리](#collapseSix2)
[산 부식](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Etch), 알카리에서 음파처리 혹은 전처리 생략.
충분한 시료를 보내주시면 저희 연구소는 외부 껍질 반 정도를 벗겨내어 추가로 생겼을지도 모를 탄산염을 제거합니다. 따라서 시료를 충분히 보내주실수록 더 좋을 결과를 얻으실 확률이 높아집니다.
방사성탄소 연대측정 전, 조개 껍질의 물리적인 [사전처리](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm "사전처리") o는 일체의 화학물질을 사용하지 않으면서 시료의 크기 또한 줄어들게 하지 않으면서 눈에 보이는 오염 물질을 제거하는 것입니다.
AMS 방사성탄소 연대측정 분석 물질인 아라고나이트 (aragonite)를 분리하기 위해 드릴과 연마지 (Carborundum Paper)로 외피를 제거합니다. 재결정된 즉 오염 물질인 방해석은 분필과 같은 흰색으로 드릴로 쉽게 제거할 수 있습니다.
추가 전처리 전 표면적을 늘리기 위해 시료를 절구통에 넣고 빻아 가루로 잘게 만듭니다.
화학적 전처리는 껍질의 외부와 방해석 구성물을 제거하기 위해 희석된 산인 염산으로 세척합니다.
극소량 시료의 경우, 부식 (etch)에 제한적이거나 전혀 못할 수도 있습니다. 부착되어 있는 물질 그리고/혹은 구멍이 있을 경우, 음파처리를 하기도 합니다.
Reference:
Sheridan Bowman, Radiocarbon Dating: Interpreting the Past (1990), University of California Press
**U-Th 연대측정, Boron or Sr 동위원소 분석에 관심 있나요? [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "U-Th dating, Boron isotopes, Sr ratio analysis") 참조하세요.**
*관련 자료: 2022년 10월*
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### [Datação por radiocarbono de conchas, corais e CaCO3](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-conchas.htm)
**Published:** August 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tamanho de amostra recomendado (favor consultar sobre amostras menores)**- 7 – 100 miligramas – pré-tratamento aplicado no laboratório
- 3 – 6,5 miligramas – sem pré-tratamento aplicado no laboratório
 **Serviços de datação por carbono**- AMS Standard – resultados reportados em 14 dias úteis ou menos
- AMS Priority – 6 dias úteis ou menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 dias úteis
 **Análises inclusas à datação por 14C** - δ13C, δ18O (se amostra for suficiente)
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Saco plástico com fecho, estilo Ziplock (embrulhar amostras pequenas em alumínio para evitar esmagamento durante transporte)
- Recomendamos que o envio das amostras seja realizado em pequenas caixas sempre que possível (em vez de usar envelopes) para proteger a integridade física das amostras.
- Favor indicar o [DeltaR / DeltaRErr apropriado (correção de reservatório localizado)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/m) referente à região onde a amostra foi coletada para que possamos fazer a calibração de calendário mais apropriada ao resultado.
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**Obs** – As taxas incluem medições d13C e d18O, feitas utilizando um espectrômetro de massa de razão isotópica (IRMS); relatórios de garantia de qualidade, calibração de datas quando aplicável, e acesso online 24/7 para os resultados antigos e análises pendentes. [Solicite um orçamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/quanto-custa-datacao-radiocarbono.htm "Solicite um orçamento")
**Pré-tratamento** – É importante compreender os [pré-tratamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-pretratamento-protocolos.htm#Etch) aplicados às amostras, visto que os mesmos afetam diretamente o resultado final. Fique à vontade para entrar em contato conosco para discutir sobre os pré-tratamentos ou solicitar que entremos em contato depois que os mesmos tenham sido feitos (e antes da datação).
**Pré-tratamento para corais** – A datação AMS requer um mínimo de 3 miligramas após o p-re´tratamento. Entretanto, nós recomendamos que 50 a 100 miligramas sejam enviadas, para permitir uma limpeza profunda antes da datação (e repetir análises se necessário, para confirmar resultados baseados em medidas de controle de qualidade, sem custo adicional ao cliente). A maioria das conchas, [corais](https://www.radiocarbon.com/radiocarbon-dating-coral/) e outros materiais de carbonato é limpa por abrasão física para remover as superfícies exteriores e quaisquer materiais aderentes de carbonato e, em seguida, o material é tratado com ácido para remover pelo menos de 10 a 30% de seu peso total, de modo que apenas o carbonato primário de boa qualidade seja datado.
**Pó de carbonatos** – Por favor, note que a exposição ao dióxido de carbono (CO2) pode afetar os resultados de datação por radiocarbono. Tem sido demonstrado que os carbonatos em pó absorvem CO2 atmosférico devido à sua grande área de superfície. Se o material é bastante antigo (> 20000 anos), é possível que a exposição a longo prazo ao ar pode distorcer os resultados na direção a idade recente por um grau desconhecido.
Quando é necessário extrair carbonatos por perfuração ou trituração, áreas específicas do material (especialmente daqueles que talvez sejam muito antigos – com mais de 20.000 anos), recomenda-se que a perfuração seja realizada sob um gás inerte (tal como o N2, Ar, etc. ), que o material seja colocado em frascos pequenos e enviado ao laboratório sem demora. Se os materiais não forem muito antigos (menos de 20.000 anos), não é necessário fazer a extração com um gás inerte. No entanto, os carbonatos pulverizados devem ser colocados em frascos pequenos, de modo a limitar a exposição do material à atmosfera. Os carbonatos pulverizados não devem ser armazenados por longos períodos de tempo.
**Relatórios** – Resultados disponíveis como Idade radiocarbônica convencional , moderna por cento de carbono (PMC), fração moderna (FM), Delta-14C (D14C) ou Δ14C mediante solicitação.
## [Datação por Radiocarbono de Conchas](#collapseOne)
Os laboratórios de espectrometria de massa com aceleradores (EMA) freqüentemente recebem conchas para a [datação por radiocarbono](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/sobre-carbono-datacao.htm "datação por radiocarbono"). Uma grande proporção das conchas enviadas aos laboratórios de EMA para datação por carbono 14 é concha de moluscos.
Não é fácil fazer a datação de conchas por radiocarbono; há muitos fatores que causam incertezas aos resultados. O físico químico americano Willard Libby, um pioneiro da tecnologia de datação por radiocarbono, previu que as conchas são feitas do material menos eficaz para a datação por radiocarbono.
As conchas podem ser categorizadas em conchas marinhas, estuarianas ou fluviais. Os técnicos dos laboratórios de EMA precisam saber que tipo de concha está sendo analisada para que possam determinar os possíveis contaminantes e os métodos que precisam ser usados para removê-los.
## [Componentes de uma Concha](#collapseSix)
Os mariscos obtêm carbono da biosfera para a construção da concha. De acordo com estudos científicos, os mariscos obtêm carbono orgânico de plantas marinhas ou terrestres, bem como carbono inorgânico de bicarbonato de águas oceânicas, dióxido de carbono atmosférico ou bicarbonato de águas doces. As conchas são formadas pela deposição de cristais de carbonato de cálcio em uma matriz orgânica, a qual é uma proteína conhecida como conchiolin. Esta proteína representa apenas uma pequena percentagem da concha e, por esse motivo, a amostra necessária para a datação por radiocarbono é a porção inorgânica.
Apesar de ser inorgânico, o carbonato pode ser datado pois a sua formação envolve a incorporação de carbono 14 da biosfera. O carbonato presente em conchas costuma estar na forma de mineral aragonita, embora algumas conchas sejam uma amálgama de calcita e aragonita, enquanto outras, tais como as conchas de ostras, são formadas principalmente de calcita.
O uso do componente de carbonato da concha apresenta problemas porque a substância é solúvel e pode fazer intercâmbios com o meio ambiente, isotópica ou quimicamente. Quando a concha faz trocas de carbono com os ácidos do solo ao seu redor, asua razão de carbono 14 e, portanto, a sua idade de radiocarbono, é alterada. Esta troca de carbono geralmente afeta o exterior da concha.
A recristalização, por outro lado, pode afetar até mesmo as camadas internas de uma concha. Este fenômeno, acompanhado da conversão de aragonita a calcita, também altera a relação de carbono 14. A recristalização costuma ocorrer quando a concha faz trocas de carbono com a calcita moderna.
## [Efeito Reservatório em Conchas](#collapseTwo)
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Aviso legal: Este vídeo está hospedado em um site de terceiros e poderá conter publicidade.
Existem duas fontes de efeito reservatório relevantes à datação de conchas por radiocarbono – o [efeito marinho](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/marinho-reservatorio-efeito.htm "efeito marinho") e o efeito de água dura. A avaliação de compensação de idade deve ser realizada nos resultados de datação de conchas por radiocarbono devido a esses efeitos. O efeito marinho é uma consequência da mistura lenta de águas de superfície e profundas nos oceanos. A rápida troca de carbono entre a atmosfera e a biosfera através do trajeto de dióxido de carbono não é exatamente a mesma que entre a atmosfera e os oceanos.
O equilíbrio de dióxido de carbono entre a atmosfera e as águas de superfície é alcançado de forma relativamente rápida. Porém, as águas de superfície fazem trocas de dióxido de carbono com águas mais profundas numa proporção tão lenta que o conteúdo de carbono 14 do dióxido de carbono entrante das águas de superfície e o dióxido de carbono expelido pelas águas profundas já podem estar em diferentes etapas de decomposição do radiocarbono. Estudos mostram que o tempo de residência do carbono 14 na atmosfera varia entre 6 e 10 anos, enquanto que o tempo de residência do carbono 14 nos oceanos pode levar milhares de anos.
A ressurgência é outro fenômeno que dilui o conteúdo de radiocarbono das águas de superfície. Em determinadas partes do mundo e, especialmente na região equatorial, as águas profundas se deslocam em direção à superfície. Este fenômeno depende da latitude e ocorre em consequência dos ventos alísios. O formato da linha costeira, o clima local, o vento e a topografia do fundo do oceano também contribuem à ressurgência. A mistura lenta e a ressurgência das águas profundas significa que as águas de superfície dos oceanos já têm uma idade de radiocarbono aparente relativa à atmosfera.
As conchas de água doce podem não ser afetadas pelo efeito de reservatório marinho, mas são suscetíveis ao efeito de água dura – a presença de íons de cálcio resultantes da dissolução de carbonato de cálcio de idade infinita. A presença de íons de cálcio coincide com o esgotamento de carbono 14, embora a magnitude do efeito de água dura não seja diretamente correlacionada à quantidade de íons de cálcio. Esse efeito faz com que as idades das amostras pareçam mais antigas do que realmente são devido à incorporação de CaCO3 mais antigo dissolvido na fonte de água doce e proveniente de substâncias como calcário ou marga por onde passa o lago ou córrego.
Às vezes, isso é testado datando-se conchas vivas na mesma área para verificar se as mesmas produzem resultados recentes ou mais antigos. Esta propensão pode ser da ordem de algumas décadas até centenas de anos, dependendo de diferentes fatores.
O efeito de água dura também pode afetar conchas marinhas depositadas em áreas onde há um influxo de água doce com alto teor de carbonato, tal como na desembocadura de rios. As conchas terrestres, tais como as conchas de caracol, também são afetadas pelo efeito da água dura nos casos em que o organismo tenha se alimentado em áreas com alto teor de carbonato, tais como os terrenos calcários.
Os técnicos dos laboratórios de EMA devem ser informados sobre os efeitos de reservatório que podem afetar as amostras de concha para que possam determinar as compensações de idade necessárias. Os laboratórios de EMA quantificam os efeitos de reservatório marinho e de água dura,presumindo que não houve nenhuma mudança no conteúdo de radiocarbono e datando conchas com idades conhecidas da mesma espécie e da mesma localidade que tenham sido coletadas antes dos testes de armas nucleares das décadas de 50 e 60.
## [Correção de Reservatório Localizado (DeltaR / DeltaRErr)](#collapseThree)
O valor DeltaR / DeltaRErr só é utilizado para os carbonatos marinhos.
Dependendo da idade do carbonato marinho, uma correção de 200 a 500 anos (ou seja, a correção global de reservatório marinho) é aplicada automaticamente a todos os carbonatos marinhos. Esta correção automática significa que a data de radiocarbono se torna mais recente devido ao fato de que leva de 200 a 500 anos para que o dióxido de carbono contemporâneo encontrado na atmosfera seja incorporado e distribuído (equilibrado) através da coluna de água oceânica.
Uma correção DeltaR / DeltaRErr é aplicada à amostra que já passou pela correção global do efeito de reservatório marinho. O valor fornecido pelo cliente é subtraído ou acrescentado à esta idade já corrigida. Nota: Um valor negativo DeltaR resultará em uma data mais antiga (tipicamente presumindo a diluição de água doce a partir da média marinha global).
## [Contaminação em Conchas](#collapseFour)
O ambiente local de um organismo que assimila carbono é um dos fatores a serem considerados antes de submeter a amostra à datação por radiocarbono pela técnica de espectrometria de massa com aceleradores. Os técnicos dos [laboratórios de EMA](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/beta-laboratorio.htm "laboratórios de EMA") devem conhecer os tipos de contaminantes aos quais as amostras de concha possam ter sido expostas.
Qualquer substância que contém carbono e que pode alterar o conteúdo de carbono 14 de uma concha através do contato é um contaminante. Isso significa que o carbonato de cálcio, os materiais húmicos e o dióxido de carbono provenientes do solo são possíveis contaminantes. Os contaminantes mais comuns em amostras de concha destinadas à datação por radiocarbono são os causados por trocas isotópicase recristalização.
Os laboratórios de EMA fazem pré-tratamentos antes da datação por carbono 14 para retirar todos os contaminantes possíveis que possam levar a resultados imprecisos.
## [Pré-tratamento de Conchas em Laboratórios de EMA](#collapseSix2)
Ou um [condicionamento ácido](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-pretratamento-protocolos.htm), sonicação em alcalino , ou nenhum pré-tratamento. Havendoa material suficiente, o laboratório normalmente condiciona a metade externa do invólucro para eliminar qualquer carbonato secundário potencial. Por favor, considere isso quando selecionar suas amostras. Geralmente, quanto mais material fornecido a melhor chance de dar bons resultados.
O [pré-tratamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-pretratamento-protocolos.htm "pré-tratamento") de conchas antes da datação por carbono inclui a retirada de todos os contaminantes visíveis, sem usar quaisquer produtos químicos ou a diminuição do tamanho da amostra.
A camada exterior da concha é removida com uma broca e papel lixa para isolar a aragonite – o analito para a datação por radiocarbono pela técnica EMA. A calcita que recristalizou, constituindo-se em um contaminante, é branca e calcária e pode ser facilmente removida com uma broca.
Os pré-tratamentos químicos empregados pelos laboratórios de EMA incluem a lavagem das conchas com ácido diluído, geralmente ácido clorídrico (HCl), para remover uma porção da parte exterior da concha e os componentes de calcita.
No caso de amostras muito pequenas ou minúsculas, podemos estar limitados a uma erosão muito menor ou nenhuma corrosão Em casos de material aderente e / ou a presença de cavidades, sonificações podem ser realizadas.
Referências:
Sheridan Bowman, Radiocarbon Dating: Interpreting the Past (1990), University of California Press
**Quer saber mais sobre datações por U-Th, isótopos de boro ou análises de Sr? Visite [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "U-Th dating, Boron isotopes, Sr ratio analysis").**
*Última atualização: outubro de 2022*
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### [Datazione al radiocarbonio di conchiglie, corallo e CaCO3](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-le-conchiglie-al-carbonio.htm)
**Published:** July 22, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Quantità raccomandata (può essere inferiore per AMS – [contattare il laboratorio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/contatti.htm "contact us"))**- 7-100 milligrammi – Il laboratorio può effettuare un pretrattamento
- 3-6,5 milligrammi – Nessun pretrattamento in laboratorio
 **Servizio di datazione al carbonio**- AMS Standard – i risultati sono pronti entro 14 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Priority – entro 6 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 giorni lavorativi
 **Analisi gratuite con Datazione C14** - δ13C, δ18O (se le dimensioni lo consentono)
 **Contenitore consigliato**- Bustine con zip (i campioni molto piccoli e/o che possono frantumarsi durante la spedizione devono prima essere avvolti in un foglio di alluminio)
- Per preservare l’integrità dei campioni, è consigliabile inviarli in una scatola rigida, invece di utilizzare una busta imbottita.
- Includere i valori [DeltaR / DeltaRErr (correzione dell’effetto serbatoio locale)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/m) relativi all’area di raccolta per consentire la calibrazione agli anni di calendario più appropriata per il risultato.
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**Nota** – Le tariffe includono la misurazione di d13C e d13O, effettuata tramite spettrometro di massa isotopica (IRMS), i report di garanzia di qualità, la calibrazione agli anni di calendario (dove applicabile) e l’accesso online 24/7 alle analisi in corso e ai risultati. [Richiedi un preventivo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/costi-datazione-carbonio.htm "Richiedi un preventivo")
**Pretrattamento** – È importante comprendere i [pretrattamenti](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm#Etch) che saranno applicati ai campioni, dal momento che questi influenzano direttamente il risultato delle analisi. È possibile contattarci per discutere i pretrattamenti oppure richiedere di essere contattati dopo la loro applicazione (e prima della datazione).
**Pretrattamento per il corallo** – Per la datazione AMS sono necessari solo 3 milligrammi di [corallo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/radiocarbon-dating-coral/) già pretrattato. Raccomandiamo però, quando possibile, di inviarne 50-100 milligrammi, per consentire una pulizia aggressiva prima della datazione (e, se necessario, la ripetizione delle analisi per confermare i risultati, come da nostra procedura di garanzia di qualità, senza costi aggiuntivi per il cliente). La maggior parte delle conchiglie, dei coralli e degli altri materiali carbonatici vengono prima puliti tramite abrasione fisica, che rimuove la superficie esterna ed eventuali carbonati aderenti, quindi sottoposti a morsura per rimuovere almeno il 10%-30% del peso totale: questo garantisce che solo il carbonato primario venga analizzato.
**Carbonati in polvere** – L’esposizione al biossido di carbonio (CO2) atmosferico può influire sui risultati della datazione al carbonio. È stato provato che i carbonati in polvere assorbono il CO2 atmosferico a causa della loro superficie estesa. Se il materiale è piuttosto antico (>20 mila anni), è possibile che un’esposizione prolungata all’atmosfera possa generare una deviazione non quantificabile verso il presente.
Se è necessario estrarre i carbonati perforando o polverizzando una parte del campione (in particolare le parti più antiche, 20 mila anni o più), è consigliabile effettuare la perforazione in atmosfera di gas inerte (ad esempio N2, Ar, ecc.). Il materiale deve poi essere conservato in fiale molto piccole e spedito al laboratorio rapidamente. Se i materiali sono più recenti (<20 mila anni) non è necessaria l’estrazione con gas inerte. In ogni caso, i materiali carbonatici polverizzati dovrebbero essere conservati in fiale molto piccole per limitare l’esposizione all’atmosfera. Non dovrebbero inoltre essere conservati per lunghi periodi.
**Report** – I risultati possono essere riportati come età radiocarbonica convenzionale, percentuale di carbonio moderno (pMC), frazione moderna (fM), Delta-14C (D14C) o Δ14C su richiesta.
## [Conchiglie – Datazione al radiocarbonio](#collapseOne)
Le conchiglie sono un materiale comune per i laboratori che si occupano di [datazione al radiocarbonio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-al-carbonio.htm "radiocarbon dating") tramite spettrometria di massa con acceleratore (AMS). La maggior parte delle conchiglie inviate ai laboratori AMS è rappresentata da conchiglie di molluschi.
Datare le conchiglie al carbonio-14 non è un’operazione semplice: esistono diversi fattori che possono influenzare i risultati. Il chimico e fisico americano Willard Libby, pioniere della tecnologia della datazione al radiocarbonio, predisse che le conchiglie sarebbero state il materiale per cui questo metodo di analisi si sarebbe rivelato meno efficace.
Le conchiglie possono essere marine, fluviali o di estuario. Gli analisti dei laboratori AMS devono conoscere il tipo di conchiglia con cui lavorano, in modo da identificare i potenziali contaminanti e determinare il metodo migliore per rimuoverli.
## [Componenti di una conchiglia](#collapseSix)
I molluschi ricavano il carbonio per la costruzione delle conchiglie dalla biosfera. Secondo alcuni studi scientifici, i molluschi estraggono carbonio organico da piante marine o terrestri e carbonio inorganico dal bicarbonato presente nell’acqua dell’oceano, dall’anidride carbonica nell’atmosfera o dal bicarbonato nell’acqua dolce.
Le conchiglie si formano per deposizione di cristalli di carbonato di calcio su una matrice organica, ovvero una proteina chiamata conchiolina. Dal momento che la conchiolina costituisce solo una piccola percentuale del guscio, è la componente inorganica a essere analizzata durante il processo di datazione al radiocarbonio.
Anche se inorganico, il carbonato può comunque essere datato perché la sua formazione ha comportato l’incorporazione di carbonio-14 dalla biosfera. Il carbonato presente nelle conchiglie è di solito sotto forma di aragonite, anche se alcune presentano sia aragonite sia calcite, mentre altre, come le ostriche, contengono principalmente calcite.
L’analisi del carbonato della conchiglia presenta alcuni problemi, poiché si tratta di una sostanza solubile che può effettuare scambi chimici o isotopici con l’ambiente. Quando una conchiglia scambia carbonio con gli acidi del terreno circostante, il rapporto di carbonio-14 della conchiglia e quindi la sua età radiocarbonica vengono alterati. Questo scambio di carbonio colpisce solitamente la parte esterna della conchiglia.
La ricristallizzazione, invece, può influenzare anche gli strati interni. Questo fenomeno, insieme alla conversione dell’aragonite in calcite, altera il rapporto di carbonio-14. La ricristallizzazione si verifica quando la conchiglia scambia carbonio con della calcite moderna.
## [Effetto serbatoio sulle conchiglie](#collapseTwo)
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Avvertenza: questo video è ospitato su un sito esterno e potrebbe contenere pubblicità.
Esistono due tipi di effetto serbatoio (o “effetto reservoir”) che possono influenzare la datazione al radiocarbonio delle conchiglie: l’[effetto serbatoio marino](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/effetto-di-reservoir-marino.htm "marine effect") e l’effetto acqua dura. A causa di questi effetti, è necessario effettuare una valutazione compensativa dei risultati della datazione al radiocarbonio delle conchiglie.
L’effetto serbatoio marino è una conseguenza della lenta miscelazione tra le acque superficiali e profonde degli oceani. Il rapido scambio di carbonio tra l’atmosfera e la biosfera attraverso il ciclo dell’anidride carbonica non è esattamente identico al processo che si verifica tra l’atmosfera e gli oceani.
L’equilibrio di anidride carbonica tra l’atmosfera e le acque di superficie viene raggiunto in tempi relativamente brevi. Le acque superficiali, tuttavia, scambiano anidride carbonica con quelle più profonde molto lentamente. Infatti, il carbonio-14 dell’anidride carbonica proveniente dalla superficie e quello della CO2 proveniente dalle acque profonde potrebbero già trovarsi in stadi diversi del processo di decadimento del radiocarbonio. Alcuni studi hanno dimostrato che il tempo di permanenza del carbonio-14 nell’atmosfera oscilla tra 6 e 10 anni, mentre negli oceani può raggiungere le migliaia di anni.
La risalita di acque profonde (upwelling) è un altro fenomeno che contribuisce a diluire il radiocarbonio delle acque di superficie. In alcune zone, in particolare nella regione equatoriale, le acque profonde tendono a spostarsi verso l’alto. Questo fenomeno dipende dalla latitudine ed è causato dagli alisei. Anche la forma della costa, la topografia del fondale oceanico, il vento e il clima locali contribuiscono alla risalita di acque profonde. La lenta miscelazione e la risalita delle acque profonde fanno sì che le acque superficiali degli oceani presentino un’età radiocarbonica apparente relativa all’atmosfera.
Le conchiglie d’acqua dolce non sono influenzate dall’effetto serbatoio marino, ma possono essere soggette all’effetto acqua dura, causato dalla presenza di ioni calcio risultanti dalla dissoluzione di carbonato di calcio di età non finita. La presenza di ioni calcio coincide con l’esaurimento del carbonio-14, nonostante l’importanza dell’effetto acqua dura non sia direttamente correlata alla quantità di ioni calcio. I campioni che hanno subito questo effetto appaiono più antichi di quanto siano, perché hanno incorporato CaCO3 antico, disciolto nell’acqua dolce da sostanze presenti nel calcare o nella marna attraverso cui laghi e fiumi si muovono. In certi casi, questo effetto può essere identificato datando conchiglie viventi che provengono dalla stessa area per verificare se la loro età è quella attuale o appare più antica. Questa deviazione, che è influenzata da diversi fattori, può essere nell’ordine di poche decine o diverse centinaia di anni.
L’effetto acqua dura può interessare anche le conchiglie marine depositate in aree che presentano un afflusso di acqua dolce ricca di carbonato, come le foci dei fiumi. Anche le conchiglie terrestri, come i gusci di lumaca, possono subire l’effetto acqua dura se l’organismo si è nutrito in ambienti ricchi di carbonato, ad esempio un terreno calcareo.
Gli analisti dei laboratori AMS devono conoscere gli effetti serbatoio che possono influire sull’analisi di una conchiglia, in modo da poter applicare le necessarie compensazioni dell’età. I laboratori AMS quantificano l’effetto serbatoio marino e l’effetto acqua dura supponendo che il contenuto di radiocarbonio non sia variato e datando conchiglie di età nota, della stessa specie, provenienti dalla stessa area e raccolte prima dei test sulle armi nucleari avvenuti tra gli anni ’50 e ’60.
## [Correzione dell’effetto serbatoio locale (DeltaR / DeltaRErr)](#collapseThree)
Il valore DeltaR / DeltaRErr viene applicato solo ai carbonati marini.
A seconda dell’età del carbonato, a tutti i campioni viene applicata una correzione che va da 200 a 500 anni (ovvero la correzione dell’effetto serbatoio marino globale). L’applicazione di questa correzione riduce l’età radiocarbonica, perché sono necessari da 200 a 500 anni prima che l’anidride carbonica moderna presente nell’atmosfera sia incorporata e distribuita nella colonna d’acqua oceanica.
Oltre alla correzione dell’effetto serbatoio globale, al campione viene applicata anche la correzione DeltaR / DeltaRErr. Il valore, fornito dal cliente, viene sottratto o aggiunto all’età già corretta. Nota: Un valore DeltaR negativo aumenta l’età del campione (si presume una diluizione con acqua dolce rispetto alla media globale dell’acqua marina).
## [Contaminazione nelle conchiglie](#collapseFour)
L’ambiente locale di un organismo che assimila carbonio è uno dei fattori da prendere in considerazione prima di sottoporre il campione alla datazione al radiocarbonio con AMS. Gli analisti dei [laboratori AMS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/archeologia-lab.htm "AMS lab") devono conoscere i contaminanti a cui le conchiglie possono essere state esposte.
Qualsiasi sostanza contenente carbonio che possa modificare, per contatto, il contenuto di carbonio-14 di una conchiglia è da considerarsi un contaminante. Questo significa che il carbonato di calcio, i materiali umici e l’anidride carbonica presenti nel suolo sono potenziali contaminanti. Le contaminazioni più frequenti per le conchiglie destinate alla datazione al radiocarbonio sono quelle causate dallo scambio isotopico e dalla ricristallizzazione.
I laboratori AMS effettuano dei pretrattamenti prima della datazione al carbonio-14 per rimuovere tutti i possibili contaminanti che potrebbero portare a risultati imprecisi.
## [Pretrattamenti sulle conchiglie nei laboratori AMS](#collapseSix2)
[Lavaggio acido](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm), sonicazione basica o nessun pretrattamento.
Se il materiale inviato è sufficiente, il laboratorio solitamente rimuove la porzione esterna della conchiglia per eliminare i carbonati secondari potenzialmente presenti. Generalmente, più il campione è grande maggiore è la probabilità di ottenere buoni risultati.
I [pretrattamenti](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm "pretreatment") fisici applicati alle conchiglie prima della datazione al carbonio includono la rimozione di tutti i contaminanti visibili, senza l’utilizzo di prodotti chimici, e la riduzione delle dimensioni del campione.
Lo strato esterno della conchiglia viene rimosso con un trapano e con carta al carburo di silicio per isolare l’aragonite – l’analita per la datazione al radiocarbonio con AMS. La calcite ricristallizzata, considerata un contaminante, è bianca, gessosa e può essere facilmente rimossa con un trapano.
Successivamente, gli analisti del laboratorio AMS frantumano i campioni in un mortaio per incrementarne la superficie prima di applicare ulteriori pretrattamenti.
I pretrattamenti chimici utilizzati dai laboratori AMS includono il lavaggio delle conchiglie con acido diluito, solitamente acido cloridrico (HCl), necessario a rimuovere la parte esterna della conchiglia e la calcite.
Se i campioni sono molto piccoli, può essere necessario rimuovere una porzione molto ridotta di materiale o lasciare il campione integro. Se sono presenti dei materiali aderenti o delle cavità, può essere effettuata la sonicazione.
Riferimenti: Sheridan Bowman, Radiocarbon Dating: Interpreting the Past (1990), University of California Press
**Ti interessa la datazione U/Th o l’analisi isotopica di boro e stronzio? Visita [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "U-Th dating, Boron isotopes, Sr ratio analysis").**
*Ultimo aggiornamento: ottobre 2022*
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### [Datation radiocarbone de coquillages, corail, CaCO3](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-coquilles.htm)
**Published:** July 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Taille recommandée pour les échantillons (de plus petites quantités sont possibles pour les AMS – merci de [nous contacter](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-contact.htm "nous contacter"))**- 7-100 milligrammes – Le laboratoire fournit un prétraitement
- 3-6,5 milligrammes – Aucun prétraitement n’est prévu
 **Services de datation au carbone**- AMS Standard – les résultats sont communiqués sous 14 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Priority – 6 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 jours ouvrés
 **Analyses incluses avec la datation C14** - δ13C, δ18O (si la taille de l’échantillon le permet)
 **Contenants recommandés**- Sacs Ziplock (si l’échantillon est petit ou risque d’être écrasé pendant le transport, veuillez l’emballer dans de l’aluminium)
- Nous vous recommandons grandement d’envoyer vos échantillons dans de petites boites quand cela est possible (au lieu d’utiliser des enveloppes) pour protéger l’intégrité physique des échantillons.
- Merci de nous fournir les valeurs [DeltaR / DeltaRErr (correction localisée du réservoir)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/m) du site où l’échantillon a été prélevé pour que nous puissions appliquer l’étalonnage le plus adapté à l’âge.
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**Nota** – Nos tarifs incluent les mesures d13C et d18O (réalisées dans un spectromètre de masse de rapport isotopique – IRMS), un rapport d’assurance qualité, le calendrier de calibration (lorsqu’applicable), un accès Internet 24h/24 aux résultats de datation passés, ainsi que vos analyses en cours. [Obtenir un devis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/combien-coute-la-datation-carbone.htm "Obtenir un devis")
**Prétraitement** – Il est important de comprendre la nature des prétraitements qui seront appliqués à l’échantillon, car ils ont une influence directe sur le résultat final. N’hésitez pas à nous contacter pour en discuter. Vous pouvez également demander à ce qu’on vous recontacte une fois le prétraitement appliqué (avant la datation).
**Prétraitement pour le corail** – la datation AMS nécessite uniquement 3 milligrammes de [corail](https://www.radiocarbon.com/radiocarbon-dating-coral/) après prétraitement. Toutefois, nous recommandons d’envoyer 50-100 milligrammes afin de permettre un nettoyage en profondeur avant la datation (et pouvoir si nécessaire répéter les analyses en vue de confirmer les résultats selon nos mesures de contrôle qualité, sans frais supplémentaires pour le client). La plupart de coquilles, de coraux ou d’autres matériaux à base de carbonate sont d’abord nettoyés par l’abrasion physique afin de retirer les couches extérieures ainsi que des carbonates accrochés et ensuite lavés à l’acide, ce qui retire approximativement 10-30% ou plus du poids brut et ne laisse que le carbonate primaire pour la datation.
**Carbonates en poudre** – Merci de noter que l’exposition au dioxyde de carbone (CO2) atmosphérique peut affecter les résultats de datation au radiocarbone. Il a été montré que les carbonates en poudre vont absorber du CO2 atmosphérique à cause de leur très grande surface disponible. Si le matériel est assez vieux (> 20 000 ans), il est possible qu’une exposition de longue durée à l’atmosphère puisse biaiser le résultat vers un âge plus récent, dans une proportion inconnue.
Quand il est nécessaire d’extraire des carbonates par forage ou pulvérisation de zones spécifiques du matériel à dater (spécialement pour ceux supposés très anciens, supérieurs à 20 000 ans), nous recommandons que le forage soit réalisé dans une atmosphère composée d’un gaz inerte (comme le N2, l’Ar, etc.), et que l’échantillon soit entreposé dans de très petits flacons, et nous soit envoyé sans délai. Si l’échantillon n’est pas très vieux (< 20 000 ans), l’extraction sous atmosphère inerte n’est pas nécessaire. Toutefois, les carbonates en poudre doivent toujours être entreposés dans de petits flacons, pour limiter au maximum l’exposition à l’atmosphère, et ne doivent pas être stockés sur des périodes prolongées.
**Rapport d’analyses** – Les résultats peuvent être communiqués comme suit : âge radiocarbone conventionnel, pourcentage de carbone moderne (pMC), fraction moderne (fM), Delta-14C (D14C) ou Δ14C sur demande.
## [La Datation des coquilles par le radiocarbone](#collapseOne)
Les laboratoires de [datation radiocarbone](a-propos-datation-carbone.htm "datation radiocarbone") par spectrométrie de masse par accélérateur (AMS) reçoivent souvent des coquilles à analyser. Une grande proportion est constituée de coquillages de mollusques.
Les coquilles ne sont pas faciles à dater, car plusieurs facteurs induisent des incertitudes sur les résultats. Le physicien et chimiste américain Willard Libby, pionnier des techniques de datation, a prédit qu’elles seraient les matières les moins efficaces pour la datation.
Elles peuvent être d’origine marine, estuarienne, fluviale, etc. Les analystes des laboratoires AMS ont besoin de connaître le type afin d’établir la liste des contaminants possibles et déterminer les méthodes adéquates pour les éliminer.
## [Composants d’une coquille](#collapseSix)
Les coquilles fixent le carbone de l’atmosphère lors de la constitution de l’enveloppe. D’après les études scientifiques sur le sujet, les mollusques et les crustacés capturent le carbone d’origine organique à partir des plantes marines et terrestres, et le carbone inorganique à partir du bicarbonate contenu dans l’océan et l’eau douce ainsi que le dioxyde de carbone atmosphérique.
Les coquilles sont formées par le dépôt de cristaux de carbonate de calcium à une matrice organique formée d’une protéine appelée conchyoline. Elle ne représente qu’une infime partie de l’enveloppe, d’où l’intérêt de se concentrer sur la partie inorganique pour la datation au radiocarbone.
Même s’il est inorganique, le carbonate peut être daté car il se forme en incorporant le carbone 14 de la biosphère. Le carbonate présent dans les coquilles est généralement sous forme d’aragonite, bien qu’on trouve parfois des mélanges d’aragonite et de calcite, ou encore, comme dans le cas des huîtres, des structures majoritairement à base de calcite.
Le fait d’utiliser les carbonates présente quelques inconvénients à cause de leur grande solubilité, et des échanges isotopiques ou chimiques avec l’environnement peuvent se produire, par exemple avec les acides des sols environnants. Le contenu en carbone 14 est altéré, ainsi que l’âge radiocarbone correspondant. Ces altérations laissent habituellement des traces sur l’extérieur du coquillage.
Les couches internes quant à elles peuvent être affectées par des phénomènes de recristallisation, s’accompagnant de conversions d’aragonite en calcite. Ils sont dus à des échanges avec de la calcite moderne, conduisant là-aussi à la modification du contenu carbone 14.
## [Effet réservoir et coquillages](#collapseTwo)
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Avertissement : cette vidéo est hébergée sur un site tiers et peut contenir de la publicité.
Il y a deux effets source ou réservoir pertinents pour la datation radiocarbone des coquillages : l’[effet réservoir marin](effet-reservoir-marin.htm "effet réservoir marin") et l’effet eau dure. Des corrections doivent être apportées en décalant les âges pour les prendre en compte.
L’effet réservoir marin est une conséquence des mélanges lents entre les eaux en surface et les eaux profondes dans les océans. Elles ont un rythme différent, comparé aux échanges entre atmosphère et biosphère par la voie du dioxyde de carbone.
L’équilibre du dioxyde de carbone entre l’atmosphère et les eaux de surface est atteint assez vite, mais la diffusion vers les eaux profondes est beaucoup plus lente, et les carbones 14 provenant des deux régions ne correspondent pas aux mêmes temps de désintégration. Des études montrent que le temps de résidence du radiocarbone dans l’atmosphère varie de 6 à 10 ans, tandis que celui du radiocarbone océanique peut être de plusieurs milliers d’années.
L’upwelling (phénomène de remontée des eaux) contribue lui aussi à diluer le contenu radiocarbone des eaux de surface. Dans certaines parties du globe, et particulièrement en région équatoriale, les eaux profondes remontent lorsque l’eau de surface est poussée par les vents marins forts, comme les alizés sous certaines latitudes. La forme du littoral, le climat local, les vents et la topographie des fonds océaniques influent sur le phénomène. Le mélange lent et l’upwelling impliquent que l’eau de surface a un âge relatif apparent par rapport à l’atmosphère.
Les coquillages en eau douce ne sont pas concernés par les effets précédents, mais sont sensibles à l’effet eau dure. Il est dû à la présence d’ions calcium suite à la dissolution du carbonate de calcium d’âge infini, et coïncide avec l’épuisement du carbone 14, bien que l’ampleur du phénomène ne soit pas corrélée à la quantité initiale d’ions. A cause de cet effet, certains échantillons apparaissent plus vieux qu’en réalité en raison de l’incorporation de CaCO3 ancien qui a été dissous dans la source d’eau douce à partir de substances telles que le calcaire ou la marne que le lac ou les courants ont déplacées. Cela peut être testé en datant des coquilles vivantes dans la même région pour voir si elles donnent des résultats modernes ou plus anciens. Cette différence peut être de l’ordre de quelques décennies à plusieurs siècles selon les facteurs impliqués.
L’effet eau dure peut également affecter les coquillages marins déposés dans les zones où il y a un afflux de carbonate d’eaux douces, comme dans les embouchures de fleuves, et les coquilles terrestres, comme celles des escargots, s’ils se sont nourris dans des régions riches en carbonates.
Les analystes des laboratoires AMS doivent connaître les effets réservoir pouvant influer sur les échantillons de coquilles pour appliquer les corrections nécessaires. Les effets de réservoir marins et d’eau dure sont quantifiés en supposant qu’il n’y a pas eu de changement dans le contenu radiocarbone, et en se livrant à la datation de coquilles de même espèce et de même provenance, d’âge connu et collectées avant les essais nucléaires des années 1950 et 1960.
## [Correction Réservoir Localisée (DeltaR / DeltaRErr)](#collapseThree)
La valeur DeltaR / DeltaRErr s’applique uniquement aux carbonates d’origine marine.
Une correction globale de réservoir marin allant de 200 ans à 500 ans est appliquée automatiquement, en fonction de l’âge de l’échantillon, à tout carbonate d’origine marine. Cette correction automatique rajeunit l’âge radiocarbone de l’échantillon afin de prendre en compte le délai de 200 à 500 ans nécessaire pour le dioxyde de carbone moderne d’infiltrer et se distribuer dans les colonnes d’eau de mer.
Une correction DeltaR / DeltaRErr est appliquée à l’échantillon après la correction globale. La valeur fournie par le client est ajoutée et/ou soustraite de l’âge auquel la correction globale de réservoir marin a été appliquée. Note: Un DeltaR négatif rendra la date plus âgée (supposant généralement une dilution par de l’eau douce à partir de la moyenne marine globale).
## [Contamination des coquilles](#collapseFour)
L’environnement des organismes qui assimilent le carbone est un des facteurs à considérer avant la soumission des échantillons à un [laboratoire AMS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-datation-radiocarbone.htm "laboratoire AMS") pour la datation radiocarbone, afin de connaître le type de contaminants potentiels.
Toute substance carbonée pouvant altérer le contenu en carbone 14 des coquilles est un contaminant potentiel. Ceci inclut le carbonate de calcium, les matériaux humiques des sols et le dioxyde de carbone des sols. Les cas les plus communs sont ceux causés par échange isotopique et recristallisation.
Les laboratoires AMS soumettent les échantillons à des prétraitements afin d’éliminer tous les contaminants possibles avant la datation.
## [Prétraitement des coquilles dans les laboratoires AMS](#collapseSix2)
[Bain acide](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/pretraitements-protocoles-datation-radiocarbone.htm), sonication alcaline ou aucun prétraitement.
Lorsqu’il y a suffisamment de matériau, le laboratoire décape la moitié extérieure de la coquille pour éliminer tout carbonate secondaire éventuel. Veuillez prendre ceci en considération lorsque vous sélectionnez vos échantillons. En règle générale, plus votre échantillon est important, plus vos résultats ont de chances d’être satisfaisants.
Un prétraitement [physique](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/pretraitements-protocoles-datation-radiocarbone.htm "physique") est appliqué aux coquilles, ce qui retire tous les contaminants visibles sans utiliser de produits chimiques, et réduit la taille de l’échantillon.
La couche externe est retirée avec une perceuse et du papier carborundum pour isoler l’aragonite (qui sera soumise à la datation). La calcite qui a recristallisé, et est considérée comme un contaminant, est blanche et crayeuse et est facilement retirée mécaniquement.
Les échantillons sont écrasés dans un mortier avec un pilon pour augmenter la surface totale pour les traitements suivants.
Les prétraitements chimiques consistent en un lavage avec de l’acide dilué, généralement de l’acide chlorhydrique (HCl), pour retirer l’extérieur de la coque et les calcites.
En cas de très petits échantillons, l’abrasion devra être mineure, voire inexistante. Dans le cas de matériau adhérant et/ou en présence de cavités, nous pouvons réaliser une sonication.
Références:
Sheridan Bowman, Radiocarbon Dating: Interpreting the Past (1990), University of California Press
**Vous êtes intéressé par la datation U-Th, les isotopes du bore ou l’analyse du rapport Sr? N’hésitez pas à visiter [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "U-Th dating, Boron isotopes, Sr ratio analysis").**
*Dernière mise à jour de la page : octobre 2022*
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### [Datación por radiocarbono de conchas, coral y CaCO3](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-conchas.htm)
**Published:** June 5, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tamaño de muestra recomendado (es posible enviar muestras más pequeñas para datación por AMS – por favor [contáctenos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/contacto.htm "contáctenos"))**- 7-100 miligramos – El laboratorio realiza pretratamiento
- 3-6.5 miligramos – Sin pretratamiento del laboratorio
 **Servicios de datación por carbono**- AMS Standard – Los resultados se entregan en 14 días laborables o menos
- AMS Priority – 6 días laborables o menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 días laborables
 **Análisis incluidos con la datación por C14** - δ13C, δ18O (si el tamaño de la muestra lo permite)
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Bolsas con cierre zip (envuelva la muestra en papel de aluminio si es pequeña o si puede ser aplastada durante el envío)
- Le recomendamos que envíe sus muestras en pequeñas cajas siempre que sea posible (en vez de utilizar sobres) para proteger la integridad física de las muestras.
- Por favor, indique el valor de [DeltaR / DeltaRErr apropiado (corrección por efecto reservorio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/m) y correspondiente a la región donde se tomó la muestra para que poder realizar la calibración de calendario de sus resultados.
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**Nota** – Nuestro precio incluye mediciones de d13C y de d18O realizadas en un espectrómetro de masas de relaciones isotópicas (IRMS), informes de garantía de calidad, calibración de calendario (si aplicable), y acceso electrónico permanente a los resultados previos y a los análisis que estén en curso. [Solicite un presupuesto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/cuanto-cuesta-la-datacion-por-carbono.htm "Solicite un presupuesto")
**Pretratamiento** – Es importante entender el [pretratamiento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/pretratamiento-protocolos.htm#Etch) previo aplicado a las muestras ya que afecta directamente al resultado final. No dude en ponerse en contacto con nosotros para discutir sobre el pretratamiento o solicite que le contactemos una vez el pretratamiento haya finalizado (y antes de la datación).
**Pretratamiento para corales** – la datación por AMS sólo requiere 3 miligramos de [coral](https://www.radiocarbon.com/datacion-radiocarbono-corales/) tras el pretratamiento. No obstante, recomendamos que sean enviados 50-100 miligramos para permitir que se realice una limpieza agresiva antes de la datación (y se repitan los análisis, si fuese necesario, para confirmar los resultados siguiendo mediciones de control de calidad, sin coste adicional para el cliente).
La mayoría de conchas, corales y otros materiales de carbonato se limpian por abrasión física para eliminar las superficies exteriores y cualquier otro material carbonatado adherido, y luego se tratan con ácido para eliminar aproximadamente el 10%-30% o más del peso total con el fin de asegurar que sólo se data el carbonato primario.
**Carbonatos Pulverizados** – Por favor, tenga en cuenta que la exposición al dióxido de carbono atmosférico (CO2) puede afectar a los resultados de la datación por radiocarbono. Se ha demostrado que los carbonatos en polvo absorben CO2 atmosférico debido a un área de superficie muy grande. Si el material es bastante antiguo (> 20.000 años), es posible que su exposición a la atmósfera por tanto tiempo genere un resultado más reciente del real con un grado de error desconocido.
Cuando es necesario extraer carbonatos mediante la perforación o pulverización de áreas específicas del material (especialmente en materiales supuestamente muy antiguos con más de 20.000 años), se recomienda que la perforación se realice en una atmósfera de gas inerte (como N2, Ar, etc.) y que el material se almacene en viales muy pequeños y sea enviado al laboratorio inmediatamente. Si los materiales no son tan antiguos (< 20.000 años), la extracción en presencia de un gas inerte no es necesaria. Sin embargo, los carbonatos en polvo deben almacenarse igualmente en pequeños viales con el fin de limitar la exposición a la atmósfera. Los Carbonatos pulverizados no deben ser almacenados durante largos períodos de tiempo.
**Informe** – Los resultados pueden comunicarse como Edad Radiocarbónica Convencional, porcentaje de carbono moderno (pMC), fracción moderna (fM), Delta14C (D14C) o Δ14C, bajo solicitud.
## [Datación radiocarbónica de conchas](#collapseOne)
Frecuentemente, los laboratorios de espectrometría de masa con aceleradores (AMS) reciben conchas para su [datación radiocarbónica](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/sobre-carbono-datacion.htm "datación por radiocarbono"). Una gran parte de las conchas que recibimos son conchas de moluscos.
La datación radiocarbónica de conchas no es fácil, ya que existen muchos factores que contribuyen a la incertidumbre de los resultados. El físico químico estadounidense Willard Libby, un pionero de la tecnología de datación por radiocarbono, ya predijo que las conchas son el material menos eficaz para su datación por radiocarbono.
Las conchas pueden ser clasificadas en conchas marinas, de estuario o fluviales. Los técnicos de los laboratorios de AMS necesitan saber qué tipo de concha está siendo analizada para poder determinar los posibles contaminantes y los métodos que deben utilizarse para eliminarlos.
## [Componentes de una concha](#collapseSix)
Los moluscos obtienen carbono de la biosfera para la construcción de la concha. Según estudios científicos, los moluscos obtienen carbono orgánico a partir de plantas marinas o terrestres, y el carbono inorgánico a partir del bicarbonato del agua oceánica, del dióxido de carbono atmosférico o del bicarbonato de agua dulce.
Las conchas se forman por deposición de cristales de carbonato de calcio en una matriz orgánica, una proteína conocida como conquiolina. Esta proteína sólo representa un pequeño porcentaje de la concha y, por lo tanto, la muestra necesaria para la datación por radiocarbono es la fracción inorgánica.
A pesar de ser inorgánico, se puede datar el carbonato, ya que su formación implica la incorporación de carbono 14 de la biosfera. El carbonato presente en conchas suele tomar la forma del mineral aragonito, aunque algunas conchas son una amalgama de calcita y aragonito, mientras que otras, tales como las conchas de ostras, están formadas principalmente de calcita.
El uso de la fracción de carbonato de la concha presenta problemas porque el material es soluble y puede realizar intercambios químicos o isotópicos con su entorno. Cuando una concha realiza intercambios de carbono con los ácidos del suelo a su alrededor, la razón de carbono 14 de la concha y, por lo tanto, su edad radiocarbónica, cambia. Este intercambio de carbono por lo general afecta la parte exterior de la concha.
La recristalización, sin embargo, puede incluso afectar las partes internas de una concha. Este fenómeno, junto con la conversión de aragonito a calcita, también cambia la relación de carbono 14. La recristalización suele ocurrir cuando la concha hace intercambios de carbono con la calcita moderna.
## [Efecto reservorio en conchas](#collapseTwo)
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Exención de responsabilidad: Este video está alojado en un sitio externo y puede contener publicidad.
Existen dos tipos de efectos reservorios relevantes a la datación radiocarbónica de conchas: el [efecto marino](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/marino-reserva-efecto.htm "efecto marino") y el efecto del agua dura. La evaluación de la compensación de edad debe realizarse sobre los resultados de la datación radiocarbónica de conchas debido a estos efectos.
El efecto marino es una consecuencia de la mezcla lenta de aguas de superficie y profundas en los océanos. El intercambio rápido de carbono entre la atmósfera y la biosfera a través de la ruta de dióxido de carbono no es exactamente la misma que entre la atmósfera y los océanos.
Se consigue el balance de dióxido de carbono entre la atmósfera y las aguas de superficie de forma relativamente rápida. Sin embargo, las aguas de superficie hacen intercambios de dióxido de carbono con aguas más profundas en una proporción tan lenta que el contenido de carbono 14 del dióxido de carbono entrante de las aguas de superficie y el dióxido de carbono expulsado por las aguas profundas ya pueden estar en diferentes etapas de descomposición de radiocarbono. Estudios muestran que el tiempo de residencia del carbono 14 en la atmósfera varía entre 6 y 10 años, mientras que el tiempo de residencia del carbono 14 en los océanos puede tomar miles de años.
Las surgencias es otro fenómeno que diluye el contenido de radiocarbono de las aguas superficiales. En determinadas partes del mundo, especialmente en la región ecuatorial, las aguas profundas se mueven en dirección a la superficie. Este fenómeno depende de la latitud y es una consecuencia de los vientos alisios. El formato de la línea costera, el clima local, el viento y la topografía del fondo del océano son factores que también contribuyen a la generación de surgencias. La mezcla lenta y las surgencias de aguas profundas significan que las aguas superficiales de los océanos ya tienen una edad radiocarbónica aparente relativa a la atmósfera.
Las conchas de agua dulce pueden no resultar afectadas por el efecto de reservorio marino, pero son susceptibles al efecto del agua dura (la presencia de iones de calcio resultantes de la disolución del carbonato de calcio de edad infinita). La presencia de iones de calcio coincide con la disminución del carbono 14, aunque la magnitud del efecto del agua dura no esté directamente relacionada con la cantidad de iones de calcio. Este efecto hace que la edad de las muestras parezca más antigua de lo que es debido a la incorporación de CaCO3 más antiguo disuelto en la fuente de agua dulce y proveniente de sustancias como caliza o marga en el curso de un río o presentes en un lago.
A veces se pone esto a prueba datando conchas vivas en la misma área para comprobar si producen resultados recientes o más antiguos. Esta tendencia puede estar en el orden de décadas a cientos de años, dependiendo de diferentes factores.
El efecto del agua dura también puede afectar conchas marinas depositadas en las zonas donde hay una afluencia de agua dulce con alto contenido de carbonato, tal como en la desembocadura de los ríos. Las conchas terrestres, tales como las conchas de caracol, también son afectadas por el efecto del agua dura cuando el organismo haya comido en áreas con un alto contenido de carbonato, tales como tierras calizas.
Los técnicos de los laboratorios de AMS deben ser informados sobre los efectos de reservorio que pueden afectar las muestras de concha para que puedan determinar las compensaciones de edad requeridas. Los laboratorios de AMS cuantifican los efectos de reservorio marino y agua dura, suponiendo que no hubo ningún cambio en el contenido de radiocarbono y datando conchas con edades conocidas de la misma especie y la misma localidad que han sido recogidas antes de los ensayos de armas nucleares en los años 50 y 60.
## [Corrección de reservorio localizado (DeltaR / DeltaRErr)](#collapseThree)
Sólo se utiliza el valor DeltaR / DeltaRErr para los carbonatos marinos.
Dependiendo de la edad del carbonato marino, se aplica automáticamente una corrección de 200 a 500 años (es decir, la corrección global de reservorio marino) a todos los carbonatos marinos. Esta corrección automática significa que la fecha de radiocarbono se convierte en una fecha más reciente debido al hecho de que toma 200 a 500 años para que el dióxido de carbono contemporáneo encontrado en la atmósfera sea integrado y distribuido (equilibrado) a través de la columna de agua del océano.
La corrección del valor DeltaR / DeltaRErr se aplica a muestras a las que ya se les ha aplicado la corrección global del efecto reservorio marino. El valor proporcionado por el cliente es sustraído o añadido a esta edad ya corregida. Nota: Un valor DeltaR negativo resultará en una fecha más antigua (suponiendo normalmente la disolución de agua dulce a partir de la media marina global).
## [Contaminación en conchas](#collapseFour)
El entorno local de un organismo que asimila carbono es uno de los factores a tener en cuenta antes de enviar la muestra para la datación por radiocarbono con la técnica de espectrometría de masa con aceleradores. Los técnicos de los [laboratorios de AMS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-laboratorio.htm "laboratorios de EMA ") deben conocer los tipos de contaminantes a los que las muestras de concha pueden haber sido expuestas.
Cualquier sustancia que contiene carbono y puede cambiar el contenido de carbono 14 de una concha a través del contacto es un contaminante. Esto significa que el carbonato de calcio, los materiales húmicos y el dióxido de carbono del suelo son posibles contaminantes. Los contaminantes más comunes en las muestras de concha destinadas a la datación por radiocarbono son los causados por intercambios isotópicos y recristalización.
Los laboratorios de AMS realizan los pretratamientos antes de la datación por carbono-14 para eliminar todos los posibles contaminantes puedan llevar a resultados inexactos.
## [Pretratamiento de conchas en laboratorios de AMS](#collapseSix2)
Puede aplicarse [tratamiento ácido](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/pretratamiento-protocolos.htm) o sonicación en álcali, o no realizarse pretratamiento alguno.
Si la cantidad de material es suficiente, el laboratorio normalmente aplica un tratamiento ácido en la mitad exterior de la concha para eliminar cualquier carbonato secundario. Por favor tome en cuenta lo anterior al seleccionar sus muestras. En general, entre mayor sea la cantidad de material proporcionado, mayores serán las posibilidades de entregar buenos resultados.
El [pretratamiento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/pretratamiento-protocolos.htm "pretratamiento") de conchas antes de la datación por carbono incluye la eliminación de todos los contaminantes visibles, sin la necesidad de utilizar productos químicos o la reducción del tamaño de la muestra.
La parte externa de la concha se elimina con un taladro y papel de lija para aislar el aragonito (el analito datado por AMS). La calcita que ha recristalizado (de color blanco y aspecto de tiza) se considera un contaminante y puede ser fácilmente eliminada con un taladro.
Los técnicos del laboratorio trituran las muestras de concha en un mortero para aumentar la superficie de la muestra antes del pretratamiento.
El pretratamiento químico empleado incluye el lavado de conchas con ácido diluido, generalmente ácido clorhídrico (HCl), para eliminar una porción de la parte exterior de la concha y los componentes de calcita.
En el caso de muestras muy pequeñas o diminutas, podríamos estar limitados a aplicar un tratamiento ácido menor o a no realizar tratamiento alguno. Si hay material adherido y/o presencia de cavidades, puede llevarse a cabo la sonicación.
Referencias:
Sheridan Bowman, Radiocarbon Dating: Interpreting the Past (1990), University of California Press
**¿Te interesa la datación por U-Th, los isótopos de boro o el análisis de ratios de Sr? Visita [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "U-Th dating, Boron isotopes, Sr ratio analysis").**
*Última actualización de la página: Octubre de 2022*
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### [Radiokarbondatierung Schalenweichtiere, Korallen und CaCO3](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-schalen.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Empfohlene Probenmengen (geringere AMS Mengen sind möglich – bitte [kontaktieren Sie uns](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/beta-kontakt.htm "kontaktieren Sie uns"))**- 7-100 Milligramm – Das Labor bietet eine Vorbehandlung
- 3-6,5 Milligramm – Keine Laborvorbehandlung möglich
 **Kohlenstoff-Datierungsdienste**- AMS Standard – Ergebnisse werden innerhalb von 14 Werktagen oder weniger berichtet
- AMS Priority – 6 Werktage oder weniger
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 Werktage
 **Analysen enthalten mit C14 Datierung** - δ13C, δ18O (falls Probenmenge ausreichend)
 **Empfohlenes Behältnis**- Wiederverschließbare Plastikbeutel (bitte kleine und/oder zerbrechliche Proben zusätzliche in aluminiumfolie verpacken)
- Bitte senden Sie Ihre Proben in Paketen und nicht in Umschlägen, um die Proben vor Schäden während des Versands zu bewahren.
- Bitte geben Sie den zugehörigen [DeltaR / DeltaRErr (örtlich eingegrenzte Reservoir Korrektur)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/m) für das Gebiet der Probennahme an, damit wir für das Ergebnis die angemessene Kalender Kalibrierung vornehmen können.
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**Hinweis** – Die Gebühren beinhalten d13C und d18O-Messungen (mittels Massenspektrometers für die Isotopenmessung – IRMS), Qualitätssicherungsberichte, Kalenderkalibrierung (wenn anwendbar) und den 24/7 Internetzugriff auf vorherige Ergebnisse und ausstehende Analysen. [Angebot anfordern](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/was-kosten-carbon-datierungen.htm "Angebot anfordern")
**Vorbehandlung** – Es ist wichtig die [Vorbehandlung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-vorbehandlungsprotokolle.htm#Etch) , die auf eine Probe angewendet wird zu kennen, da diese das Endergebnis direkt beeinträchtigen kann. Sie können sich gerne mit uns in Verbindung setzen, um mit uns über die Vorbehandlung zu diskutieren oder uns bitten, dass wir uns mit Ihnen nach der Vorbehandlung (und vor der Datierung) in Verbindung setzen.
**Vorbehandlung von Korallen** – für die AMS-Datierung sind nur 3 Milligramm [Korallen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/radiocarbon-dating-coral/) nach der Vorbehandlung nötig. Wir empfehlen jedoch 50 – 100 Milligramm einzusenden, sodass eine aggressive Reinigung vor der Datierung möglich ist und um die Analyse wiederholen zu können, falls dies zur Bestätigung der Ergebnisse im Rahmen unserer Qualitätskontrolle notwendig ist (für den Kunden entstehen hierbei keine zusätzlichen Kosten). Die meisten Muscheln, Korallen und andere Karbonat Materialien werden durch physikalischen Abrieb gesäubert, um die äußeren Oberflächen, anhaftendes Material und Karbonat zu entfernen. Danach wird die Probe mit Säure behandelt, um ca. 10-30% ihres Gesamtgewichts zu entfernen, sodass nur das primäre Karbonat datiert wird.
**Pulverförmiges Karbonat** – Bitte beachten Sie, dass der Kontakt mit atmosphärischem Kohlendioxid (CO2) die Radiokarbon Ergebnisse beeinflussen kann. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass Pulverförmiges Karbonat atmosphärisches CO2 aufgrund der sehr großen Oberfläche absorbieren. Wenn das Material alt (> 20 ky) ist, ist es möglich, dass langfristiger Kontakt mit der Atmosphäre das Ergebnis in eine jüngere Richtung verzerrt, der genaue Grad der Verzerrung ist hierbei unbekannt.
Wenn es notwendig ist Karbonate durch Bohren oder Mahlen bestimmter Bereiche des Materials (besonders Bereiche, die im Verdacht stehen sehr alt zu sein – mehr als 20 ky) zu extrahieren, empfehlen wir, die Bohrungen mit Inertgas (wie N2, Ar, etc.) vorzunehmen und das Material dann in sehr kleinen Fläschchen aufzubewahren und es uns unverzüglich zukommen zu lassen. Wenn die Materialien nicht sehr alt (<20 ky) sind, ist die Extraktion mit Inertgas nicht erforderlich. Allerdings sollten die pulverförmigen Karbonate in kleinen Fläschchen aufbewahrt werden, sodass diese der Atmosphäre nur begrenzt ausgesetzt werden. Pulverförmige Karbonate sollten nicht für längere Zeit gelagert werden.
**Berichterstattung** – Ergebnisse können auf Anfrage als “Conventional Radiocarbon Age” (konventionelles Radiokarbonalter), “percent modern carbon” – kurz pMC (Prozent moderner Kohlenstoff), “fraction modern” – kurz fM (moderne Fraktion), Delta-14C (D14C) oder Δ14C berichtet werden.
## [Radiokohlenstoff Datierung von Schalenweichtieren](#collapseOne)
Schalenweichtiere werden sehr oft zur [Radiokohlenstoff Datierung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/uber-karbon-datierung.htm "Radiokohlenstoff Datierung") an Beschleuniger Massenspektrometrie (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry – AMS) Laboratorien eingesandt. Ein großer Anteil der Schalenweichtiere, die zur C-14 Datierung an AMS Labors geschickt werden, sind Mollusken-Schalen.
Schalenweichtiere können nur schwer einer Radiokohlenstoff Datierung unterzogen werden; es gibt sehr viele Faktoren, die zu Unsicherheiten bei den Ergebnissen führen können. Der amerikanische physikalische Chemiker Willard Libby, ein Pionier auf dem Gebiet der Radiokohlenstoff Datierungstechnologie, prognostizierte, dass Schalenweichtiere die am wenigsten geeigneten Materialien für eine Radiokohlenstoff Datierung seien.
Schalenweichtiere können in drei Kategorien eingeteilt werden: im Meer vorkommend, in Mündungsgebieten vorkommend und in Flüssen vorkommend. Die Analysten in den AMS Labors müssen die Art des zu untersuchenden Schalenweichtiers kennen, um mögliche Verunreinigungen festzustellen und um Methoden zu
deren Entfernung bestimmen zu können.
## [Zusammensetzung eines Schalenweichtiers](#collapseSix)
Schalenweichtiere nehmen zur Schalenbildung Kohlenstoff aus der Biosphäre auf. Gemäß wissenschaftlicher Studien nehmen Schalenweichtiere organischen Kohlenstoff aus Meeres- oder Landpflanzen und anorganischem Kohlenstoff aus dem Meerwasser Bikarbonat, atmosphärischem Kohlendioxid oder Süßwasserkarbonaten auf.
Schalen werden durch die Einlagerung von Kalziumkarbonat Kristallen in eine organische Matrix gebildet. Dieses Protein nennt man Conchiolin. Dieses Protein macht nur einige wenige Prozent der Schale aus, daher wird für das Radiokohlenstoff Datierungsverfahren eine Probe des anorganischen Anteils benötigt.
Obwohl anorganisch, ist das Karbonat noch datierbar, da bei seinem Aufbau C-14 aus der Biosphäre aufgenommen wurde. Das in einer Schale enthaltende Karbonat besteht üblicherweise aus dem Mineral Aragonit, obwohl manche Schalen eine Mischung aus Aragonit und Kalzit sind, während andere, wie Austernschalen, zumeist aus Kalzit bestehen.
Die Verwendung der Karbonatkomponente des Schalenweichtiers führt zu Problemen, da die Substanz löslich ist und ein isotopischer oder chemischer Austausch mit der Umgebung möglich ist. Wenn ein Schalenweichtier Kohlenstoff mit Bodensäuren, die es umgeben austauscht, dann wird das C-14 Verhältnis der Schale (und damit das Radiokohlenstoff Alter) verändert. Dieser Kohlenstoff-Austausch beeinflusst in der Regel nur das Äußere des Schalenweichtiers.
Rekristallisierung hingegen kann auch die inneren Schichten eines Schalenweichtiers beeinflussen. Dieses Phänomen und die Umwandlung von Aragonit in Kalzit verändert ebenfalls das C-14 Verhältnis. Rekristallisierung erfolgt in der Regel, wenn das Schalenweichtier Kohlenstoff mit modernem Kalzit austauscht.
## [Reservoir Effekte bei Muscheln](#collapseTwo)
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Haftungsausschluss: Dieses Video wird auf der Website Dritter bereit gestellt und kann Werbung enthalten.
Für die Radiokohlenstoff Datierung von Schalen sind zwei Quellen- oder Reservoireffekte wichtig – der [Meereseffekt](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/meer-reservoir-effekt.htm "Meereseffekt") und der Wasserhärteeffekt. Wegen dieser Effekte müssen Alterskorrekturen und Evaluierungen an Radiokohlenstoff Datierungsergebnissen von Schalen vorgenommen werden.
Der Meereseffekt ist die Folge aus der langsamen Vermischung von Oberflächenwasser und Tiefenwasser der Meere. Der schnelle Austausch von Kohlenstoff zwischen der Atmosphäre und der Biosphäre über das Kohlendioxid geschieht auf genau die gleiche Weise, wie zwischen der Atmosphäre und den Ozeanen.
Das Kohlendioxid Gleichgewicht zwischen der Atmosphäre und dem Oberflächenwasser wird relativ schnell erreicht. Das Oberflächenwasser tauscht Kohlendioxid mit Tiefenwasser in einer so langsamen Rate aus, dass der C-14 Gehalt des vom Oberflächenwasser eingebrachten Kohlendioxids und das vom Tiefenwasser abgegebene Kohlendioxid sich schon in unterschiedlichen Stadien des Radiokohlenstoff Zerfalls befinden können. Studien zeigen, dass die Verweildauer von C-14 in der Atmosphäre zwischen 6 und 10 Jahre beträgt, die Verweildauer von C-14 in den Ozeanen aber Tausende von Jahren andauern kann.
Der Auftrieb des Tiefenwassers, der den Radiokohlenstoff Gehalt des Oberflächenwassers verdünnt, ist ein weiteres Phänomen. In bestimmten Bereichen auf dem Globus, insbesondere in der äquatorialen Region, bewegt sich Tiefenwasser nach oben. Dieses Phänomen ist vom Breitengrad abhängig und tritt als Folge der Passatwinde auf. Küstenform, örtliches Klima, Wind und die Topographie des Meeresbodens tragen auch zum Auftrieb von Tiefenwasser bei. Die langsame Vermischung und der Auftrieb von Tiefenwasser bedeuten, dass das Oberflächenwasser der Meere ein apparentes Radiokohlenstoff Alter relativ zur Atmosphäre aufweist.
Süßwasser Schalen sind nicht vom Meeresreservoir Effekt betroffen, aber anfällig für den Wasserhärte Effekt – das Vorhandensein von Kalziumionen, die sich aus dem Verfall von unendlich altem Kalziumkarbonat ergeben. Die Präsenz von Kalziumionen geht mit dem Abbau von C-14 einher, obwohl der Umfang des Wasserhärte Effektes nicht unmittelbar mit der Menge der Kalziumionen in Zusammenhang steht. Dieser Effekt hat zur Folge, dass die Datierungen von Proben älter ausfallen, als diese tatsächlich sind. Aufgrund der Einlagerung von älterem CaCO3, dass sich in Süßwasserquellen von Substanzen wie Kalkstein oder Mergel bildet, durch die sich Seen oder Ströme bewegen. Dies wird manchmal dadurch geprüft, indem lebenden Schalentiere aus dem gleichen Gebiet datiert werden, um ermitteln zu können, ob diese moderne oder ältere Ergebnisse produzieren. Abhängig von verschiedenen Faktoren kann dieser Einfluss wenige Jahrzehnte oder mehrere hundert Jahre ausmachen.
Der Wasserhärte Effekt kann auch Meeresschalen beeinflussen, die in Bereichen abgelagert waren, in denen es einen Zufluss von karbonatreichem Süßwasser, wie in Flussmündungen, gibt. Bodenschalen, wie Schneckenhäuser, werden ebenfalls vom Wasserhärte Effekt betroffen sein, wenn sich der Organismus auf karbonatreichen Gebieten, wie kalkhaltigen Böden, ernährt hat. Die AMS Laboranalysten müssen die Reservoir Effekte, die eine zu untersuchende Schalenprobe beeinflussen könnten, kennen, damit sie die Alterskorrektur ermitteln können. AMS Labore quantifizieren die Meerwasser und Wasserhärte Effekte durch die Annahme, dass es keine Veränderung im Radiokohlenstoff Gehalt gegeben hat und durch die Datierung von Schalen mit einem bekannten Alter derselben Art und derselben Örtlichkeit, die vor den Nuklearwaffentests in den 1950er und 1960er Jahren gesammelt wurden.
## [Lokalisierte Reservoir Korrektur (DeltaR / DeltaRErr)](#collapseThree)
Der DeltaR / DeltaRErr Wert wird nur für marine Karbonate verwendet.
Abhängig vom Alter der marinen Karbonate, wird für alle marinen Karbonate automatisch eine Korrektur von -200 bis -500 Jahre (z.B. globale Meeresreservoir Korrektur) vorgenommen. Diese automatische Korrektur bedeutet, dass das Radiokohlenstoff Alter zeitlich verjüngt wird, da es aktuell 200-500 Jahre dauert, bis das in der Atmosphäre vorhandene Kohlendioxid von den Wasserschichten der Ozeane aufgenommen und verteilt (ausgeglichen) wird.
Eine DeltaR / DeltaRErr Korrektur wird für eine Probe angewendet, die schon mit der globalen Meeresreservoir Korrektur berichtigt wurde. Der Wert, der vom Kunden zur Verfügung gestellt wird, wird von diesem schon berichtigten Alter subtrahiert oder addiert. Hinweis: Ein negativer DeltaR Wert macht die Datierung älter (vorausgesetzt Süßwasser Verdünnung basierend auf dem globalen Meeresdurchschnitt).
## [Verunreinigungen bei Schalen](#collapseFour)
Die örtliche Umgebung eines Kohlenstoff assimilierenden Organismus ist einer der Faktoren, der vor der Beschleuniger Massenspektrometrie Radiokohlenstoff Datierung einer Probe beachtet werden muss. Die [AMS Labor](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/radiokohlenstoff-labor.htm "AMS lab") Analysten müssen erfahren, welchen potentiellen Kontaminationsquellen Schalenproben ausgesetzt gewesen sein konnten.
Jede Kohlenstoff enthaltende Substanz, die durch den Kontakt den C-14 Gehalt einer Schalenprobe verändern kann, wird als Kontaminant betrachtet. Dies bedeutet, dass Kalziumkarbonat, humitisches Material und Bodenkohlendioxid mögliche Verunreiniger sind. Die stärksten Verunreiniger von Schalenproben für eine Radiokohlenstoff Datierung sind diejenigen, die durch einen Isotopenaustausch oder eine Rekristallisierung verursacht wurden.
AMS Labors nehmen vor der C-14 Datierung Vorbehandlungen vor, um alle möglichen Verunreiniger, die zu ungenauen Ergebnissen führen können, zu entfernen.
## [Vorbehandlung von Schalen in AMS Labors](#collapseSix2)
[Säureätzung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-vorbehandlungsprotokolle.htm#Etch), Beschallung in Alkali oder keine Vorbehandlung.
Wenn ausreichend Material vorliegt, entfernt das Labor im Rahmen der Säureätzung normalerweise den äußeren Teil des Schalenweichtiers, um potentielle sekundäre Karbonate zu eliminieren. Bitte beachten Sie dies bei der Auswahl Ihrer Proben. Generell sichert eine größere Probenmenge die Qualität der Ergebnisse.
Die physikalische [Vorbehandlung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-vorbehandlungsprotokolle.htm "Vorbehandlung") von Schalen vor der Kohlenstoffdatierung beinhaltet die Entfernung aller sichtbaren Verunreinigungen der Schalen, ohne Chemikalien zu verwenden oder die Größe der Probe zu reduzieren.
Die äußere Schicht der Schale wird mit einem Bohrer oder Karbor und Papier entfernt, um das Aragonit – das Analyt für die AMS Radiokohlenstoff Datierung – zu isolieren. Kalzit, das rekristallisiert ist und daher eine Verunreinigung ist, ist weiß und kalkartig und kann leicht durch Bohren entfernt werden.
Die AMS Labormitarbeiter zerkleinern in einem Mörser die Schalenproben mit einem Stößel, um die Oberfläche vor den weiteren Vorbehandlungen zu vergrößern.
Die von AMS Labors angewendete chemische Vorbehandlung besteht aus dem Waschen der Schalen mit Dünnsäure, allgemein Salzsäure (HCl), um einen Teil der äußeren Schale und die Kalzitkomponenten zu entfernen.
Wenn Sie sehr kleine Schalenweichtiere einsenden, können wir eventuell keine oder nur geringfügige Säurevorbehandlungen vornehmen. Falls Material der Probe anhaftet oder Aushöhlungen vorliegen, wird eine Beschallung durchgeführt.
Verweise:
Sheridan Bowman, Radiocarbon Dating: Interpreting the Past (1990), University of California Press
**Interessiert an U-Th-Datierung, Bor-Isotopen oder Sr-Verhältnis-Analyse? Besuchen Sie: [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "U-Th dating, Boron isotopes, Sr ratio analysis").**
*Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: Oktober 2022*
---
### [種子、穀物及植物的放射性碳定年](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-seeds.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **建議樣品量（若樣品量較少，請 [聯繫我們](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 3-100 毫克 (AMS定年)
 **碳定年服務和測試週期**- AMS標準測試 – 14個工作日或更少
- AMS優先測試 – 6個工作日或更少
- AMS極速測試 – 2-3個工作日
 **碳14定年 附帶免費分析**- δ13C
 **推薦包裝**- 用鋁箔將種子與穀物包好，放入袋子，然後再放入標示的夾鏈袋中。
- 請您使用堅固的小纸盒寄送您的樣品，而不要使用信封寄送，這樣能够防止您的樣品在運輸途中被壓碎。
---
**請注意** – 費用包含質量保證報告、日曆校準（在允許的情況下）以及24小時全年無休的線上系統，可查詢測試結果和待測樣品。 [需要報價單](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "需要報價單")
**預處理** – [預處理](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) 的過程將直接影響最终的測試结果。當樣品屬於種子或穀物等小樣品時，預處理最主要目的是透過完全預處理以去除二次碳的污染。
實驗室很難判斷測試所需要的具體樣品量。即使是乾燥重量也是相對的，實驗室在操作中時常會遇到乾燥樣品在烤箱中以110 ºC的溫度烘乾一晚後，樣品重量减少了15%。一般在預處理後，根據樣品的種類、保存條件以及含水量等多種原因，樣品的大小會減少30-70%。
**挑選樣品** – 當為進行放射性碳定年挑選樣品時，您可將是否炭化作為一個重要標準。對於定年而言，10毫克的的炭化穀物與10 毫克的未炭化穀物差别是很大的。炭化讓樣品可保存良好並能夠通過預處理中的鹼處理。
對於 [AMS定年](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm)，我們一般建議寄送20 毫克樣品，因為很多時候寄來的樣品都會附著許多沉積物或其他物質，這些都必須在測試前清除。
## [寄送包裝](#collapseSix)
您可以將種子、穀物或植物樣品用鋁箔紙或塑膠管裝好後，再裝入夾鏈袋內。一個夾鏈袋只放一個樣品，以避免運送過程中因破損而互相污染。
## [小樣品的放射性碳定年](#collapseTwo)
以下是針對微小樣品的幾種處理方法：
1 – 完全預處理（酸/鹼/酸洗）
在該過程中，整個樣品將被破壞。若預處理後樣品量不足以進行測試，則實驗室會將樣品暫時保留，等待客戶寄送補充樣品。若客戶無法寄送更多的種子或穀物，則測試將取消。
2 – 謹慎的預處理
我們會十分謹慎地進行有限度的酸和鹼預處理，從而保證能有足夠的量進行測試。
3 – 跳過鹼處理步驟
我們可以直接跳過鹼洗預處理。當次級腐植酸/腐植物不會造成影響時，可採用此方法。
4 – 無預處理
除非在某些十分特殊的情況下，我們一般不推薦該方法。
若種子或穀物樣品的保存狀況良好，乾燥且無任何沉積物粘附在上面，4毫克應足以進行AMS定年。
預處理之後，如果實驗室可得到1.8毫克的樣品，則可進行標準AMS測試。若樣品量是在1.3 – 1.8毫克之間，實驗室將無法使用燃燒所釋放的CO2來計算δ13C值。
實驗室不分析極細小的樣品（如預處理後的可用碳不足200微克），這是由於AMS機器本身的作用，可能會造成測試結果的不確定誤差。
*圖片來源：Rasbak（經CC BY-SA 3.0許可）*
---
### [種子、穀物、植物の放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-seeds.htm)
**Published:** March 30, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **サンプルの推奨量（より少量でのAMS測定も可能です。詳細は [お問合せ下さい](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-contact.htm "お問合せ下さい"))**- 3-100 ミリグラム(AMS年代測定)
 **炭素年代測定サービスの種類**- AMS Standard（通常の納期） – 米国のラボで試料受領後14営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Priority (特急) – 米国のラボで試料受領後6営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Time Guide (超特急) – 米国のラボで試料受領後3～4営業日で結果をご報告いたします。 (骨または堆積物では対応不可）
 **C14年代測定に含まれて いる分析サービス**- δ13C
 **推奨容器**- サンプルをアルミホイルに包んで袋に入れ、ラベルをしたジップロップバッグに入れて下さい。
- お送りいただく際は輸送時の試料破壊を防ぐため封筒ではなく丈夫な小箱などを用いてください。
---
**注記** – 料金には、品質管理レポート、適応可能な場合は暦年代較正、既出結果への24/7アクセス、測定保留に係る経費が含まれています。 [お見積りはこちらから](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "お見積りはこちらから")
**前処理** – 最終結果に直接影響を与えるため、サンプルに施される [前処理](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) について理解していただくことが重要です。種子や穀物のような小さいサンプルの場合、二次的な炭素の汚染に備えた完全な前処理を行えるかどうか常に配慮しています。
ラボが必要とするサンプル量を厳密に把握することは困難です。通常、“乾燥重量”でさえも関係しています。摂氏110度のオーブンに一晩入れておいたサンプルが15％軽くなることは珍しくありません。通常前処理後、サンプル量は種別や保存状態、水分の含有などの条件次第で、30～70％減少します。
**サンプルの選別** – 放射性炭素年代測定のためにラボにサンプルを送付する際、炭化しているかどうかが非常に重要になります。10ミリグラムの炭化した穀物は炭化していない10ミリグラムのサンプルとは非常に異なります。炭化していることは、良い保存状態のための、また前処理で使用されるアルカリによる化学的攻撃に耐え得るための有用な手段となります。
[AMS年代測定](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm) の際には、測定前に取り除かなくてはならない付着した堆積物や他の物質がサンプルに含まれていることが多いため、通常20ミリグラムのサンプル量を推奨しています。
## [送付に使う容器](#collapseSix)
チャック付きプラスティックバッグに入れる前に、種子、穀物、植物はアルミホイルかプラスティックのチューブに格納して下さい。送付中に壊れてサンプルが混ざることがないよう、サンプル毎に別々のチャック付きプラスティックバッグに入れて下さい。
## [微量のサンプルの放射性炭素年代測定](#collapseTwo)
微量のサンプルに対しては複数のアプローチ方法があります
1－完全な前処理（酸/アルカリ/酸洗浄）
前処理プロセスで、サンプル全体が破壊されます。もし前処理後に残っているサンプル量が十分でない場合、お客様から補完のためのサンプルのをご提出いただけるまで分析を中断します。もしお客様から追加の種子あるいは穀物をお送りいただけない場合は、分析はキャンセルとなります。
2－注意深く行う前処理
サンプル量が十分残るように注意して酸やアルカリによる前処理を限定して行います。
3－アルカリ処理をスキップ
アルカリ処理をスキップすることが出来ます。これは、二次的なフミン酸/腐食した破片が汚染要因とならない場合に有効です。
4－前処理を行わない
極端なケースを除いて、全く前処理を行わないことは通常推奨されておりません。
もし、種子あるいは穀物の保存状態が良く、乾燥しており、付着物が一切なければ、AMS年代測定には4ミリグラムあれば十分なはずです。
前処理後、1.8ミリグラムのサンプルがあれば、通常のAMS測定となります。1.8ミリグラム以下1.3ミリグラム以上の場合は、燃焼の際に発生するCO2由来のδ13C比の個別測定が出来ないかもしれません。
AMS装置内部の影響で、不確定なエラーを結果に加えてしまうかもしれないため、極小サイズのサンプル（例：前処理後200マイクログラム炭素以下）の分析は行っておりません。
*画像著作権: Rasbak (CC BY-SA 3.0のライセンスに基づき使用許諾されます)*
---
### [씨앗, 곡식 알갱이, 식물체의 방사성탄소 연대측정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-seeds.htm)
**Published:** February 1, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **권장 시료 크기 (소량 크기도 가능 – [문의바람](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-contact.htm "문의바람"))**- 3-100 밀리그램 (AMS 연대측정법)
 **서비스 종류**- AMS 일반 – 14 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 특급 – 6 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 타임 가이드 – 2-3 영업일 이내 결과 보고
 **C14 연대측정 시 포함된 분석**- δ13C
 **권장 용기**- 알루미늄 호일로 포장한 후에 지프백에 넣는다.
- 시료를 보내주실 때 봉투 대신 작은 박스에 담아 보내야 운송 중 시료들이 부스러지는 것을 방지할 수 있습니다.
---
**참고 사항** – 요금에는 다음 서비스들이 포함됩니다. 품질 확인 보고서 (QA reports). 보정값, 지난 보고서와 현 분석 과정을 보실 수 있는 24/7 웹 사용권한. [견적 요청하기](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "견적 요청하기")
**전처리** – 최종 결과에 직접적인 영향을 미치기 때문에 전처리([pretreatment](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid))의 이해가 중요합니다. 씨앗이나 곡식 알갱이와같은 작은 시료들의 경우, 가장 커다란 관심사는 이차 탄소 오염을 완전히 제거살 수 있는 완전한 전처리를 할 수 있는지 여부입니다.
실험실 입장에서 정확히 얼마의 양이 필요한지 말씀 드리기 어렵습니다. “건조한 상태의 무게”라는 것 조차 상대적일 수 있습니다. 마른 시료들을 오븐에 110도로 밤새 놓아 두면 약 15%의 무게가 줄어들기도 합니다. 일반적으로 샘플의 종류, 보관 상태, 습도 등 여러 요인에 따라 전처리 후 시료의 크기는 대략 30-70%가 줄어듭니다.
**시료의 선택** – 연대측정을 위한 시료를 선택하실 경우, 탄화 여부 즉 숯이 되어 있는지 여부가 가장 중요한 요인이라는 것을 기억해 두시기 바랍니다. 탄화된 씨앗 10 밀리그램은 탄화되지 않은 10 밀리그램과의 엄청난 차이가 납니다. 탄화가 되었다는 것은 전처리 과정 중 사용하는 알카리의 영향을 받는 화학물질에 대해 저항성이 있고, 보존 상태를 유지해준다는 것을 의미합니다.
[AMS 연대측정](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm) 을 위해, 대부분 경우 많은 토양이나 다른 물질들이 붙어있어 이것들을 제거해야 하는 관계로 20 밀리그램 정도의 시료를 보내주실 것을 권장합니다.
## [운송 용기 ](#collapseSix)
시료들을 알루미늄 포일에 싸거나 플라스틱 튜브에 넣은 다음 지퍼백에 담습니다. 혹시 운송중 파손이 있을 수 있으므로 별도의 지퍼백으로 넣어 보냅니다.
## [소량 시료의 방사성탄소 연대측정](#collapseTwo)
극소량 시료 취급 방법에는 여러가지가 있습니다. :
1 – 완전 전처리 과정 (산/알칼리/산 세척)
시료 전부가 파손될 수 있습니다. 전처리 후, 시료의 양이 충분치 못하면, 고객이 여분의 시료를 추가로 보내주실 때까지 분석은 중단됩니다. 여분의 시료가 없어서 보내주지 못하면, 분석은 취소되며.
2 – 주의를 요하는 전처리
분석에 필요한 만큼 시료의 량을 유지하기 위해 아주 조심스럽게 산/알칼리 전처리 합니다.
3 – 알카리 전처리 생략
알카리 세척을 생략하기도 합니다. 이차적 부식산/부패한 조각들에 큰 문제가 없다고 판단될 경우에 행합니다.
4 – 전체 전처리 과정 생략
일반적으로 아주 특수한 경우에만 전체 전처리 과정을 생략합니다.
씨앗이나 곡식 알갱이의 보존 상태가 아주 좋으며, 건조 상태이고 아무런 퇴적물이 붙어있지 않는 경우, 4 밀리그램이면 연대측정하기에 충분합니다.
전처리 후 1.8 밀리그램 시료라면 정상적인 AMS 연대측정을 실시하며, 1.3 – 1.8 밀리그램이라면 연소 시 발생하는 이산화탄소에서 별도의 δ13C 비율을 측정 못할 수도 있습니다.
극소량 시료(예를 들어 전처리 후, 200 마이크로 그램 이하의 탄소만 있을 경우)의 경우 분석을 할 수 없습니다. 이유는 결과에 영향을 미치는 중간 물질이 AMS 기계 자체 안에서 생겨 영향을 줄 수 있기 때문입니다.
*이미지 크레딧: Rasbak (면허 보유 CC BY-SA 3.0)*
*관련 자료: 2022년 10월*
---
### [Datare semi, grani e piante con il radiocarbonio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-ams-semi.htm)
**Published:** July 22, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Quantità raccomandata (può essere inferiore per AMS – si prega [di contattarci](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/contatti.htm "contact us"))**- 3-100 milligrammi (AMS)
 **Servizio di datazione al carbonio**- AMS Standard – i risultati sono pronti entro 14 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Priority – entro 6 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 giorni lavorativi
 **Analisi gratuite con Datazione C14**- δ13C
 **Contenitore consigliato**- Avvolgere il materiale in un foglio di alluminio, che lo contenga come in un sacchetto, prima di metterlo in una bustina con zip.
- Si raccomanda di inviare i campioni in scatole rigide quando possibile (invece di utilizzare buste imbottite) per preservarne l’integrità durante la spedizione.
---
**Nota** – Le tariffe includono i referti di garanzia di qualità, la calibrazione quando applicabile e l’accesso online 24/7 ai risultati e alle analisi in corso. [Richiedi un preventivo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/costi-datazione-carbonio.htm "Richiedi un preventivo")
**Pretrattamento** – È importante comprendere i [pretrattamenti](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm#Acid) che saranno applicati ai campioni, dal momento che questi influenzano direttamente il risultato delle analisi. Per i campioni molto piccoli come semi e grani, si tiene in considerazione soprattutto la possibilità di applicare un pretrattamento completo per eliminare la contaminazione da carbonio secondario.
È difficile stabilire la quantità esatta di materiale necessaria per l’analisi di ogni singolo campione. Anche il “peso secco” è relativo: infatti non è raro che un campione già asciutto subisca una riduzione di peso del 15% quando viene posto in un forno a 110°C per una notte. In seguito al pretrattamento, il peso si riduce del 30-70% a seconda del tipo di campione, dello stato di conservazione, del contenuto di umidità, ecc.
**Selezione dei campioni** – Durante la selezione dei campioni da inviare al laboratorio per la datazione al carbonio, bisogna considerare che la carbonizzazione ha una grande importanza. Esiste una grande differenza tra dieci milligrammi (10 mg) di semi carbonizzati e 10 mg di semi non carbonizzati. La carbonizzazione conserva il materiale e conferisce grande resistenza all’attacco chimico delle basi utilizzate per il pretrattamento.
Per la [datazione AMS](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/spettrometro-di-massa-con-acceleratore.htm), si raccomanda l’invio di 20 mg quando sono presenti in grande quantità sedimenti aderenti o altri materiali che devono essere rimossi prima della datazione.
## [Contenitore per la spedizione](#collapseSix)
I semi, i grani o le piante possono essere posti in un foglio di alluminio o un cilindro di plastica da inserire in una busta con zip. Si prega di utilizzare una bustina diversa per ogni campione, in modo da prevenire contaminazioni in caso di rottura del contenitore durante la spedizione.
## [Datazione al radiocarbonio di piccoli campioni](#collapseTwo)
Esistono diversi modi per trattare campioni molto piccoli:
1 – Pretrattamento completo (lavaggio con acido/base/acido)
L’intero campione viene distrutto durante il procedimento. Se dopo il pretrattamento la quantità di materiale rimasta è insufficiente, l’analisi viene sospesa fino all’invio da parte del cliente di materiale aggiuntivo. Se ciò non è possibile, l’analisi è annullata.
2 – Pretrattamento limitato
Viene applicato un trattamento acido/base limitato per mantenere una quantità di campione sufficiente per l’analisi.
3 – Pretrattamento senza lavaggio basico
È possibile eliminare il lavaggio basico. Questa opzione può essere idonea in casi in cui non siano presenti acidi umici secondari o detriti in decomposizione.
4 – Nessun pretrattamento
Non è generalmente raccomandato non effettuare il pretrattamento, ad eccezione di alcuni casi particolari.
Se i semi o i grani sono ben conservati, asciutti e privi di sedimenti aderenti, 4 mg dovrebbero essere sufficienti per la datazione AMS.
Se dopo il pretrattamento sono disponibili almeno 1,8 mg di materiale, il laboratorio effettuerà una misurazione AMS standard. Se il peso del campione è compreso tra 1,8 e 1,3 mg, potrebbe non essere possibile misurare separatamente il rapporto δ13C sulla CO2 generata al momento della combustione.
Il laboratorio non analizza campioni estremamente piccoli (meno di 200 microgrammi di carbonio residuo dopo il pretrattamento) poiché lo spettrometro stesso (AMS) potrebbe provocare errori indeterminati.
*Immagine di: Rasbak (licenza CC BY-SA 3.0)*
---
### [Datation par le radiocarbone de graines, semences et plantes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-semences.htm)
**Published:** July 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Taille recommandée pour les échantillons (de plus petites quantités sont possibles pour les AMS – merci de [nous contacter](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-contact.htm "nous contacter"))**- 3-100 milligrammes (AMS)
 **Services de datation au carbone**- AMS Standard – les résultats sont communiqués sous 14 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Priority – 6 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 jours ouvrés
 **Analyses incluses avec la datation C14**- δ13C
 **Contenants recommandés**- Emballez ces échantillons dans une feuille de papier aluminium afin de créer un récipient puis placez-les dans un sac de type Ziplock étiqueté.
- Nous vous recommandons grandement d’envoyer vos échantillons dans de petites boites quand cela est possible (au lieu d’utiliser des enveloppes) pour protéger l’intégrité physique des échantillons pendant le transport.
---
**Nota** – Les tarifs comprennent les rapports d’assurance qualité, la calibration s’il y a lieu et l’accès Internet 24/7 aux résultats antérieurs et aux analyses en cours. [Obtenir un devis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/combien-coute-la-datation-carbone.htm "Obtenir un devis")
**Prétraitement** – Il est important de comprendre la nature des [prétraitements](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/pretraitements-protocoles-datation-radiocarbone.htm#Acid) qui seront appliqués à l’échantillon, car ils ont une influence directe sur le résultat final. Quand il s’agit de petits échantillons comme des graines ou semences, nous cherchons toujours à pouvoir appliquer tous les prétraitements nécessaires pour éliminer la contamination par carbones secondaires.
Il est difficile de déterminer exactement combien de matériel le laboratoire va avoir besoin pour chaque échantillon. Même le « poids sec » est une notion relative. Il n’est pas inhabituel pour le laboratoire d’observer une perte de 15% du poids original de l’échantillon simplement en le passant dans un four à 110 degrés durant une nuit. Généralement, après les prétraitements, la taille de l’échantillon a réduit de 30 à 70%, dépendant de plusieurs facteurs comme l’espèce de l’échantillon, sa conservation, son taux d’humidité, etc.
**Selection de l’échantillon** – Quand vous sélectionnez les échantillons à envoyer au laboratoire pour une datation au radiocarbone, merci de noter que la carbonisation a une importance significative. Dix milligrammes (10mg) de graines carbonisées est un échantillon très différent de 10mg de graines non carbonisées. La carbonisation joue un rôle important dans la préservation et la résistance aux attaques chimiques des produits alcalins utilisés dans les prétraitements.
Pour [la datation par AMS](http://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm), nous recommandons généralement 20 mg d’échantillon lorsque l’échantillon envoyé inclut beaucoup de sédiments adhérents aux graines, ou tout autre matériel devant être retiré de l’échantillon avant la datation.
## [Conteneurs pour l’envoi](#collapseSix)
Vous pouvez placer les grains ou plantes dans une feuille d’aluminium ou dans des tubes en plastiques avant de les mettre dans les sacs Ziplock. Merci de mettre chaque échantillon dans des sacs Ziplock séparés pour éviter un éventuel mélange pendant l’envoi en cas de dommage sur le colis.
## [Datation au radiocarbone sur des petits échantillons](#collapseTwo)
Il y a plusieurs moyens d’approcher les très petits échantillons:
1 – Prétraitement complet (rinçages acide/alcalin/acide)
L’échantillon entier sera détruit durant le processus. S’il n’y a pas suffisamment d’échantillon restant après les prétraitements, l’analyse est mise en attente jusqu’à ce que le client envoie du matériel complémentaire. Si le client ne peut pas envoyer plus de graines ou semences, l’analyse sera annulée.
2 – Prétraitements précautionneux
Nous appliquerons très précautionneusement des prétraitements acides et alcalins limités, afin de garder suffisamment d’échantillon pour réaliser la mesure.
3 – Etape alcaline non appliquée
Nous pouvons supprimer les rinçages alcalins. Ce cas de figure se produit quand les acides humiques secondaires / débris en décomposition ne sont pas un facteur de contamination.
4 – Pas de prétraitement
L’absence totale de prétraitement n’est généralement pas recommandée à part dans des cas extrêmes.
Si les grains ou semences sont bien préservés, secs et sans sédiments y adhérants, 4 mg devraient être suffisants pour une datation par AMS.
Apres les prétraitements, si le laboratoire a 1,8 mg d’échantillon, nous pourrons réaliser une datation AMS standard. Si le poids de l’échantillon est inférieur à 1,8 mg mais supérieur à 1,3 mg, le laboratoire ne pourra peut-être pas reporter un ratio δ13C à partir du CO2 généré au moment de la combustion.
Le laboratoire n’analyse pas les échantillons extrêmement petits (c.f. quand le poids du carbone disponible après les prétraitements est inférieur à 200 microgrammes) car il peut y avoir des effets dans la machine AMS elle-même qui ajoutent des erreurs indéterminées sur les résultats.
*Crédit: Rasbak (licence CC BY-SA 3.0)*
---
### [Datación por radiocarbono de semillas, granos y plantas](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-ema-semillas.htm)
**Published:** June 5, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tamaño de muestra recomendado (es posible enviar muestras más pequeñas para datación por AMS – por favor [contáctenos](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/contacto.htm "contáctenos"))**- se necesitan 3-100 mg (datación por AMS)
 **Servicios de datación por carbono**- AMS Standard – Los resultados se entregan en 14 días laborables o menos
- AMS Priority – 6 días laborables o menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 días laborables
 **Análisis incluidos con la datación por C14**- δ13C
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Envolver en papel de aluminio antes de meterlas en una bolsa con cierre zip etiquetada.
- Le recomendamos que envíe sus muestras en pequeñas cajas siempre que sea posible (en vez de utilizar sobres) para proteger la integridad física de las muestras durante su envío.
---
**Nota** – Nuestras tarifas incluyen informes con garantía de calidad, calibraciones de calendario (cuando sea aplicable) y acceso perpetuo a resultados anteriores o análisis pendientes a través de nuestra web. [Solicite un presupuesto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/cuanto-cuesta-la-datacion-por-carbono.htm "Solicite un presupuesto")
**Pretratamiento** – Es importante entender el [pretratamiento](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/pretratamiento-protocolos.htm#Acid) previo aplicado a las muestras ya que afecta directamente al resultado final. En el caso de muestras pequeñas como semillas y granos, nuestra mayor preocupación es poder realizar el pretratamiento completo para eliminar la contaminación con carbono secundario.
Es difícil saber con exactitud la cantidad de muestra que el laboratorio va a necesitar. El peso de las “muestras secas” suele ser relativo. No es inusual que el peso de una muestra seca se reduzca en 15% cuando se coloca en un horno durante la noche a una temperatura de 110ºC. Después del pretratamiento, el tamaño de la muestra disminuye en torno al 30%-70%, dependiendo de muchos factores relacionados como el tipo, la conservación, y el contenido de humedad de la especie en cuestión, entre otros.
**Selección de muestras** – Al seleccionar las muestras que se enviarán al laboratorio para su datación radiocarbónica, por favor tenga en cuenta que el grado de quemado de las mismas tiene una gran importancia. Diez miligramos (10 mg) de granos carbonizados es una muestra muy diferente a una de 10 mg de granos no carbonizados. El grado de quemado actúa como un vehículo importante para la conservación y resistencia al ataque ácido con álcali que se efectúa durante el pretratamiento.
Para realizar la [datación por AMS](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/acelerador-masa-espectrometria.htm), solemos recomendar 20 mg de muestra, ya que a menudo el material enviado incluye muchos sedimentos adheridos y otros materiales que deben ser retirados de la muestra antes de su datación.
## [Recipiente para envío](#collapseSix)
Por favor, coloque los granos, y las semillas o plantas en papel de aluminio o en tubos de plástico antes de meterlos en su bolsa. Asimismo, coloque cada una de las muestras en una bolsa con cierre para evitar que las muestras se mezclen durante el transporte, en caso de rotura.
## [Datación por radiocarbono de muestras pequeñas](#collapseTwo)
Hay varias maneras de tratar con muestras muy pequeñas:
1 – Pretratamiento completo (lavado con ácido/álcali/ácido)
La muestra será completamente destruida durante el proceso. Si la cantidad de muestra después del pretratamiento es insuficiente, el análisis se detiene hasta que el cliente pueda enviar muestras suplementarias. Si el cliente no puede enviar más semillas o granos, el análisis será cancelado.
2 – Pretratamiento cuidadoso
Con el fin de no reducir la muestra a una cantidad insuficiente para su análisis, se aplica un pretratamiento muy cuidadoso con ácido y álcali.
3 – Omitir la etapa del álcali
Podemos omitir la etapa del lavado alcalino. Esto es eficaz en situaciones en las que los ácidos húmicos secundários o desechos en descomposición no son un factor.
4 – Sin pretratamiento
Con la excepción de algunos casos extremos, por lo general no se recomienda que no se realize ningún pretratamiento.
Si las semillas y los granos están bien preservados, secos y no tienen ningún sedimento adherido a ellos, 4 mg deberán ser suficientes para la datación por AMS.
Si después del pretratamiento el laboratorio cuenta con 1,8 mg de muestra se podrá realizar una datación estándar por AMS. Si la muestra pesa entre 1,3 mg y 1,8 mg, es posible que el laboratorio no pueda obtener la proporción separada de δ13C del CO2 generado en el momento de la combustión.
El laboratorio no analiza muestras extremadamente pequeñas (es decir, cuando el carbono disponible después del pretratamiento es inferior a 200 microgramos) porque pueden generarse reacciones dentro de la máquina de EMA que provocan errores indeterminados en el resultado.
*Crédito de la imagen: Rasbak (autorizada bajo la licencia CC BY-SA 3.0)*
---
### [Radiokarbon Datierung von Samen, Körnern und Pflanzenresten](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-samen.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Empfohlene Probenmengen (geringere AMS Mengen sind möglich – bitte [kontaktieren Sie uns](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/beta-kontakt.htm "kontaktieren Sie uns"))**- 3-100 Milligramm (AMS)
 **Kohlenstoff-Datierungsdienste**- AMS Standard – Ergebnisse werden innerhalb von 14 Werktagen oder weniger berichtet
- AMS Priority – 6 Werktage oder weniger
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 Werktage
 **Analysen enthalten mit C14 Datierung**- δ13C
 **Empfohlenes Behältnis**- Bitte in aluminiumfolie wickeln, um Materialverlust zu vermeiden, und in einen beschrifteten, wiederverschließbaren Beutel geben.
- Bitte senden Sie Ihre Proben in Paketen und nicht in Umschlägen, um die Proben vor Schäden während des Versands zu bewahren.
---
**Hinweis** – Die Gebühren beinhalten Qualitätssicherungsberichte, ggf. Kalenderkalibrierung und rund um die Uhr verfügbaren Webzugriff auf frühere Ergebnisse und ausstehende Analysen. [Angebot anfordern](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/was-kosten-carbon-datierungen.htm "Angebot anfordern")
**Vorbehandlung** – Es ist wichtig die [Vorbehandlung](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-vorbehandlungsprotokolle.htm#Acid), die an Proben durchgeführt wird zu verstehen, da diese unmittelbar das Endergebnis beeinflusst. Kleine Proben wie z.B. Samen oder Körner versuchen wir immer einer vollständigen Vorbehandlung zu unterziehen, um eine sekundäre Kohlenstoff Kontamination ausschließen zu können.
Exakt zu bestimmen wie viel Probenmaterial unser Labor benötigt ist schwierig. Sogar das “Trockengewicht” ist in der Regel relativ. Es ist nicht ungewöhnlich für unser Labor eine Gewichtsreduktion der Probe von 15% zu beobachten, nachdem die Probe über Nacht bei 110°C im Ofen getrocknet wurde. Gewöhnlich verringert sich die Probenmenge um 30-70% nach abgeschlossener Vorbehandlung. Der genaue Wert hängt von vielen Faktoren ab, wie z.B. der Art der Probe, Konservierung, Feuchtigkeitsgehalt etc.
**Probenauswahl** – Bitte beachten Sie, dass Verkohlung eine große Rolle bei der Auswahl der Probe spielt. Zehn Milligramm (10 mg) verkohlter Körner ist im Vergleich zu 10 mg nicht verkohlter Körnern eine vollkommen unterschiedliche Probe. Verkohlung wirkt als starkes Vehikel für Konservierung und Resistenz gegenüber Alkali Behandlungen, die während der Vorbehandlung eingesetzt werden.
Für die [AMS Datierung](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/massen-beschleunigung-spektrometrie.htm) empfehlen wir in der Regel eine Probenmenge von 20 mg, da eingesendetes Probenmaterial oft anhaftendes Sediment, oder andere Materialien beinhaltet, die vor der Datierung entfernt werden müssen.
## [Transportbehälter](#collapseSix)
Sie können die Samen, Körner, oder Pflanzenreste in aluminiumfolie oder Plastikröhrchen verpacken und dann in einen wiederverschließbaren Plastikbeutel geben. Bitte verpacken Sie jede Probe getrennt in einen separaten Plastikbeutel, damit eine Vermischung der Proben während des Transports verhindert werden kann.
## [Radiokarbon Datierung von kleinen Proben](#collapseTwo)
Bei der Vorbehandlung von sehr kleinen Proben gibt es mehrere Methoden:
1 – Komplette Vorbehandlung (Säure/Alkali/Säure Bäder)
Die gesamte Probe wird während dieses Prozesses zerstört. Sollte nach der Vorbehandlung ungenügend Probenmaterial vorhanden sein, wird die Analyse angehalten und Sie haben die Möglichkeit weiteres Material einzusenden. Wenn es nicht möglich ist weitere Samen oder Körner zu senden, wird die Analyse abgebrochen.
2 – Vorsichtige Vorbehandlung
Wir werden sehr vorsichtig und eingeschränkt Säure Alkali Prozesse anwenden, um die Probenmenge nicht zu stark zu reduzieren, damit die Probe gemessen werden kann.
3 – Alkali Schritt überspringen
Wir überspringen die Alkali Vorbehandlung. Dies ist besonders effektiv in Szenarien, in denen sekundäre Huminsäuren und zerfallene Ablagerungen ausgeschlossen werden können.
4 – Keine Vorbehandlung
Keine Vorbehandlung ist nur in Extremfällen zu empfehlen.
Wenn die Samen oder Körner gut erhalten und trocken sind sowie kein anhaftendes Sediment aufweisen, sollten 4 mg für eine AMS Datierung ausreichen.
Wenn unserem Labor nach der Vorbehandlung mindestens 1,8 mg der Probe zur Verfügung stehen, wird ein Standard AMS Datum ermittelt. Falls die Menge kleiner als 1,8 mg, aber größer als 1,3mg ist, können wir eventuell kein separates δ13C Verhältnis berichten, welches auf dem während der Verbrennung entstehenden CO2 basiert.
Unser Labor analysiert keine extrem kleinen Proben (d. h. wenn die Menge an verfügbarem Kohlenstoff nach der Vorbehandlung geringer ist als 200 Mikrogramm), da das Ergebnis aufgrund von Einflüssen innerhalb der AMS Maschine selbst unbestimmte Fehler enthalten kann.
*Bildquelle: Rasbak (lizenziert nach CC BY-SA 3.0)*
*Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: Oktober 2022*
---
### [孢粉的AMS定年](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-pollen.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **建議樣品量（若樣品量較少，請 [聯繫我們](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 5-15 毫克（pH 值中性、乾燥和已經去除碳酸鹽）
 **碳定年服務和測試週期**- AMS標準測試 – 14個工作日或更少
- AMS優先測試 – 6個工作日或更少
- AMS極速測試 – 2-3個工作日
 **碳14定年 附帶免費分析**- δ13C
 **推薦包裝**- 離心管
- 請您使用堅固的小纸盒寄送您的樣品，而不要使用信封寄送，這樣能够防止您的樣品在運輸途中被壓碎。
- 實驗室只接受已萃取的孢粉定年。
---
**請注意** – 費用包含質量保證報告、日曆校準（在允許的情況下）以及24小時全年無休的線上系統，可查詢測試結果和待測樣品。 [需要報價單](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "需要報價單")
**預處理** – 實驗室不進行預處理。送達的樣品必須為”可直接進行測試”。
**孢粉** – 對於孢粉樣品，我們不進行萃取工作。 我們建議您可寄送5-15毫克的孢粉萃取物（不含任何沉積物）。對於孢粉萃取，我們建議您参考“Brown et al. (1989): Radiocarbon Dating of Pollen by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. Quaternary Research 32: 205-212”。
**樣品必須是中性 (pH 6-8)** – 萃取物不可為酸性，否則無法進行AMS定年。若樣品量足夠，會使用一小部份樣品進行中性測試。如測試結果為酸性，則會以去離子水洗滌以達中性pH值；但洗滌過程可能導致樣品量減少。
**推薦包裝** – 您可以使用带瓶蓋的離心管（1.5-3cc）作為盛裝孢粉萃取物的容器，然後將瓶子放入標示的夾鏈袋中。因為快遞使用的自動分揀機會將信封捲入，所以我們建議您使用小纸盒寄送樣品（避免使用信封），以避免樣品在運輸途中被壓壞。
## 孢粉萃取物AMS定年
根據碳含量，實驗室一般需要5-15毫克的孢粉萃取物（乾燥後重量）。請注意，您需確保樣品中的碳酸鹽（CaCO3）已被完全清除，以保証在燃燒前樣品量不會再减少。
偶爾，實驗室會收到標示為＂孢粉＂的樣品，但顯微鏡觀察後卻發現許多其他物質，如沈積物、纖維和植物物質，這樣一來，實驗室會詢問您是否仍要進行定年；若確認定年，則測試報告中的分析物會被標示為＂有機物質＂，而非＂孢粉＂。
*相關主題: 2023年3月*
---
### [花粉のAMS年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-pollen.htm)
**Published:** March 30, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **試料の必要量(推奨量) (より少ない量でも測定可能です – 詳細はご連絡ください [ご連絡先](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-contact.htm "ご連絡先"))**- 5-15 mg (完全にpHが中性, 炭酸塩除去の前処理が行われていて乾燥状態のもの)
 **炭素年代測定サービスの種類**- AMS Standard（通常の納期） – 米国のラボで試料受領後14営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Priority (特急) – 米国のラボで試料受領後6営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Time Guide (超特急) – 米国のラボで試料受領後3～4営業日で結果をご報告いたします。 (骨または堆積物では対応不可）
 **C14年代測定に含まれて いる分析サービス**- δ13C
 **お薦めする試料の容器**- マイクロ遠心チューブ
- お送りいただく際は輸送時の試料破壊を防ぐため封筒ではなく丈夫な小箱などを用いてください。
- 花粉試料は抽出済みのものに限ります。
---
**注記** – 料金には、品質管理レポート、適応可能な場合は暦年代較正、既出結果への24/7アクセス、測定保留に係る経費が含まれています。 [お見積りはこちらから](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "お見積りはこちらから")
**前処理** – ラボでは前処理を行っておりません。花粉の試料はそのままで分析可能な状態でご提出下さい。
**花粉の抽出につきまして** – SGS Beta では花粉の抽出を行っていません。 5-15 mg のあらかじめ抽出された花粉をお送りください。花粉の抽出については次の論文が参考になります。 Brown et al. (1989): Radiocarbon Dating of Pollen by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. Quaternary Research 32: 205-212.
**試料は中性(pH 6-8) でなければいけません** – AMS年代測定は抽出された花粉が酸性では不可能です。サンプル量が十分な場合は試料が中性かどうかのテストを行います。試料が酸性だった場合は、脱イオン水で中性になるまで洗浄します。この段階で試料の量が減少することがあります。
**お薦めする試料の容器、包装** – 抽出済みの花粉試料は1.5-3cc のマイクロ遠心チューブに入れてください。 マイクロ遠心チューブはそれぞれ個別にジップロックバッグに入れてください。 お送りいただく際は輸送時の試料破壊を防ぐため封筒ではなく丈夫な小箱などを用いてください。
## 抽出済み花粉のAMS年代測定
試料の炭素含有量により異なりますが通常5-15 mg の抽出された花粉が必要です (おおよその乾燥重量)。試料を燃焼させる前に試料量がさらに減少することがないよう、炭酸塩 (CaCO3) を完全に除去してあることが重要となります。
“花粉”として提出された試料でも顕微鏡で確認すると、堆積物、繊維、植物などの物質が混入していることがあります。その場合は分析を進めるか、またはキャンセルするかどうかのご確認をさせていただきます。もし分析を進める場合は、レポート上の分析対象物名称は“花粉”ではなく“有機物”とさせていただきます。
*最終更新：2023年3月*
---
### [Datação por AMS de Pólen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/datacao-ema-polen.htm)
**Published:** August 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tamanho de amostra recomendado (favor consultar sobre amostras menores)**- 5 – 15 miligramas (pH totalmente neutro, seco e pré-tratado para remover carbonatos)
 **Serviços de datação por carbono**- AMS Standard – resultados reportados em 14 dias úteis ou menos
- AMS Priority – 6 dias úteis ou menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 dias úteis
 **Análises inclusas à datação por 14C**- δ13C
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Tubo de microcentrífuga
- Recomendamos que o envio das amostras seja realizado em pequenas caixas sempre que possível (em vez de usar envelopes) para proteger a integridade física das amostras durante o seu transporte.
- O laboratório só aceita pólen extraído.
---
**Obs** – As taxas incluem laudos de controle de qualidade, calibração calendárica (quando aplicável) e acesso 24/7 a resultados anteriores e análises em curso. [Solicite um orçamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/quanto-custa-datacao-radiocarbono.htm "Solicite um orçamento")
**Pré-tratamentos** – Pré-tratamentos em laboratório não são possíveis. As amostras de pólen deverão ser enviadas “prontas para análise”.
**Pólen Extraído** – Não fazemos a extração de pólen. Se você deseja extrair grãos de pólen para datação, precisaremos entre 5 e 15 mg de pólen extraído livre de quaisquer sedimentos. A seguinte publicação fornece boas informações sobre a extração de pólen – Brown et al. (1989): Radiocarbon Dating of Pollen by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. Quaternary Research 32: 205-212.
**A amostra deverá ser neutra (pH 6-8)** – O extrato não pode ser ácido para que seja possível realizar a datação por AMS. Quando há uma quantidade suficiente da amostra, uma pequena porção é testada para garantir a neutralidade. Se o extrato for ácido, ele é enxaguado com água deionizada para se obter um nível de pH neutro. No entanto, uma perda na massa da amostra pode ocorrer durante esse processo.
**Embalagem Recomendado** – Você pode usar tubos de microcentrífuga com tampa de pressão (volume de 1,5-3 cc) como recipientes do pólen extraído. Para o transporte, coloque os tubos em sacos rotulados, separados e com fecho zip. Também recomendamos que envie as suas amostras em pequenas caixas sempre que possível (em vez de usar envelopes almofadados) para proteger a integridade física das amostras durante o seu transporte. O equipamento utilizado pelos serviços postais para classificar envelopes inclui geralmente rolos automatizados que podem danificar as amostras.
## Datação por EMA de Pólen Extraído
O laboratório normalmente precisa de 5-15 mg de pólen extraído (peso seco aproximado) para a datação, dependendo do teor de carbono. É importante garantir que todos os carbonatos (CaCO3) tenham sido totalmente removidos para que não haja uma redução ainda maior da massa antes da combustão da amostra.
Ocasionalmente, o laboratório recebe amostras identificadas como “pólen”, mas, quando vistas pelo microscópio, verifica-se que são constituídas de vários componentes, como sedimentos, fibras, e matéria orgânica de plantas. Em tais casos, o laboratório consulta o cliente quanto a proceder ou cancelar a análise. Se a análise for levada adiante, o material analisado será listado no relatório de resultados como “matéria orgânica” em vez de “pólen”.
*Última atualização: março de 2023*
---
### [Datation par AMS du pollen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-ams-pollen.htm)
**Published:** July 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Taille recommandée pour les échantillons (de plus petites quantités sont possibles pour les AMS – merci de [nous contacter](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-contact.htm "nous contacter"))**- 5-15 milligrammes (pH complètement neutre, sec et prétraité pour éliminer les carbonates)
 **Services de datation au carbone**- AMS Standard – les résultats sont communiqués sous 14 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Priority – 6 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 jours ouvrés
 **Analyses incluses avec la datation C14**- δ13C
 **Contenants recommandés**- Tubes pour microcentrifugation
- Nous vous recommandons grandement d’envoyer vos échantillons dans de petites boites quand cela est possible (au lieu d’utiliser des enveloppes) pour protéger l’intégrité physique des échantillons pendant le transport.
- Le laboratoire accepte exclusivement du pollen préalablement extrait.
---
**Nota** – Les tarifs comprennent les rapports d’assurance qualité, la calibration s’il y a lieu et l’accès Internet 24/7 aux résultats antérieurs et aux analyses en cours. [Obtenir un devis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/combien-coute-la-datation-carbone.htm "Obtenir un devis")
**Prétraitement** – Les prétraitements en laboratoire ne sont pas possibles. Les échantillons de pollen doivent être prêts à être analysés lors de l’envoi.
**Pollen Extrait** – Nous ne pratiquons pas l’extraction du pollen. Si vous souhaitez faire analyser du pollen, il faut prévoir 5 à 15 mg de pollen extrait et libre de tout sédiment. Nous recommandons comme lecture de référence sur ce sujet l’œuvre de Brown et al (1989): Radiocarbon Dating of Pollen by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. Quaternary Research 32: 205-212.
**L’échantillon doit être neutre (pH 6-8)** – L’extrait ne doit pas être acide pour que la datation AMS soit possible. Lorsque suffisamment de matériau est disponible, une petite portion est testée pour garantir la neutralité. Si l’extrait est acide, il est alors rincé avec de l’eau désionisée pour obtenir un pH neutre. Toutefois, une réduction de la masse de l’échantillon peut se produire au cours de ce processus.
**Emballage Recommandé** – Vous pouvez utiliser des tubes pour microcentrifugation munis de bouchons en plastique (volume de 1,5 à 3 cc) comme conteneur pour les pollens extraits. Merci alors de placer les tubes dans des sacs de type Zyplock séparés et annotés pour le transport. Nous vous recommandons également d’envoyer vos échantillons dans de petites boites quand cela est possible ( à la place d’enveloppes) pour protéger l’intégrité physique des échantillons pendant l’envoi. L’équipement utilisé par les services postaux fait passer les enveloppes à travers un système de rouleaux lors du tri automatique du courrier.
## Datation par AMS de pollen extrait
Le laboratoire a généralement besoin de 5-15 mg de pollen extrait (poids sec approximatif) pour la datation selon la teneur en carbone. Il est important de vérifier que tous les carbonates (CaCO3) ont été complètement retirés afin qu’il n’y ait pas de réduction de masse supplémentaire avant la combustion de l’échantillon.
Il arrive que le laboratoire reçoive des échantillons répertoriés comme étant du pollen, mais lors de l’examen au microscope, ces derniers s’avèrent contenir beaucoup de composants tels que des sédiments, fibres et matériaux végétaux. Dans de tels cas, le laboratoire vous demande alors si vous souhaitez continuer ou annuler l’analyse. Si vous décidez de continuer, le matériau analysé sera identifié comme “matériau organique” et non “pollen” dans le rapport d’analyses.
*Dernière mise à jour de la page: mars 2023*
---
### [Datación por AMS de polen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-ema-polen.htm)
**Published:** June 5, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tamaño de muestra recomendado (es posible enviar muestras más pequeñas para datación por AMS – por favor [contáctenos](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/contacto.htm "contáctenos"))**- 5-15 miligramos (pH completamente neutro, seco y pretratado para eliminar carbonatos)
 **Servicios de datación por carbono**- AMS Standard – Los resultados se entregan en 14 días laborables o menos
- AMS Priority – 6 días laborables o menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 días laborables
 **Análisis incluidos con la datación por C14**- δ13C
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Tubo de microcentrifugación
- Le recomendamos que envíe sus muestras en pequeñas cajas siempre que sea posible (en vez de utilizar sobres) para proteger la integridad física de las muestras durante su envío.
- El laboratorio sólo acepta polen extraído.
---
**Nota** – Nuestras tarifas incluyen informes con garantía de calidad, calibraciones de calendario (cuando sea aplicable) y acceso perpetuo a resultados anteriores o análisis pendientes a través de nuestra web. [Solicite un presupuesto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/cuanto-cuesta-la-datacion-por-carbono.htm "Solicite un presupuesto")
**Pretratamiento** – Los pretratamientos de laboratorio no son posibles. Las muestras de polen deben ser enviadas “listas para el análisis”.
**Polen extraído** – No realizamos la extracción de polen. Si usted desea extraer y enviar el polen para su datación, tenga en cuenta que necesitaremos entre 5-15 mg de polen extraído libre de sedimentos. La siguiente publicación ofrece buenas orientaciones sobre la extracción de polen “Brown et al. (1989): Radiocarbon Dating of Pollen by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. Quaternary Research 32: 205-212″.
**La muestra debe ser neutral (pH de 6 a 8)** – El extracto no debe ser ácido para que la datación por AMS sea posible. Cuando se cuenta con suficiente material, una pequeña porción será examinada para verificar su neutralidad. Si el extracto es ácido, será tratado con agua desionizada para obtener un nivel de pH neutral. Sin embargo, es posible que ocurra una pérdida de masa de la muestra durante el proceso.
**Embalaje recomendado** – Puede utilizar tubos de microcentrífuga con tapa a presión (1,5-3 cc en volumen) como recipientes del polen extraído. Para el envío, coloque los tubos en bolsas de cierre zip separadas y etiquetadas. También le recomendamos que envíe sus muestras en pequeñas cajas siempre que sea posible (en lugar de usar sobres acolchados) para proteger la integridad física de las muestras durante su transporte. El equipamiento utilizado por los servicios de correos para clasificar los sobres suele incluir rodillos automatizados que pueden dañar las muestras.
## Datación por AMS de polen extraído
El laboratorio usualmente requiere entre 5 y 15 mg de polen extraído (peso en seco aproximado) para la datación dependiendo del contenido de carbono. Es importante asegurar que todos los carbonatos (CaCO3) sean completamente removidos para que no haya una mayor pérdida de masa antes de la combustión de la muestra.
En ocasiones el laboratorio recibe muestras catalogadas como “polen” que al ser observadas en el microscopio contienen varios componentes como sedimento, fibras y material vegetal. En estos casos, el laboratorio le pedirá decidir si desea proceder o cancelar el análisis. Si desea proceder, el material analizado será presentado como “material orgánico” en lugar de “polen” en el informe de resultados.
*Última actualización de la página: Marzo de 2023*
---
### [AMS Datierung von Pollen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-pollen.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Empfohlene Probenmengen (geringere AMS Mengen sind möglich – bitte [kontaktieren Sie uns](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/beta-kontakt.htm "contact us"))**- 5-15 Milligramm (vollständig pH-neutral, trocken und vorbehandelt, um Karbonate zu entfernen)
 **Kohlenstoff-Datierungsdienste**- AMS Standard – Ergebnisse werden innerhalb von 14 Werktagen oder weniger berichtet
- AMS Priority – 6 Werktage oder weniger
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 Werktage
 **Analysen enthalten mit C14 Datierung**- δ13C
 **Empfohlenes Behältnis**- Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen
- Bitte senden Sie Ihre Proben in Paketen und nicht in Umschlägen, um die Proben vor Schäden während des Versands zu bewahren.
- Das Labor akzeptiert nur extrahierte Pollen.
---
**Hinweis** – Die Gebühren beinhalten Qualitätssicherungsberichte, ggf. Kalenderkalibrierung und rund um die Uhr verfügbaren Webzugriff auf frühere Ergebnisse und ausstehende Analysen. [Angebot anfordern](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/was-kosten-carbon-datierungen.htm "Angebot anfordern")
**Vorbehandlung** – Labor-Vorbehandlungen sind nicht möglich. Pollen-Proben müssen Analyse-fertig eingesandt werden.
**Extrahierte Pollen** – Wir nehmen keine Pollenextraktionen vor. Wenn Sie Pollenkörner für die Datierung extrahieren möchten, benötigen wir rund 5-15 mg der extrahierten Pollen, diese müssen frei von jeglichen Ablagerungen sein. Eine gute Referenz für die Pollenextraktion ist das Werk von Brown et al. (1989): Radiocarbon Dating of Pollen by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. Quaternary Research 32: 205-212.
**Proben müssen neutral (pH 6-8) sein, um eine AMS** – Datierung zu ermöglichen, sollte das Extrakt keine sauren Wert aufweisen. Wenn ausreichend Probenmaterial zur Verfügung steht, wird die Neutralität an einer kleinen Teilprobe verifiziert. Falls das Extrakt im sauren Bereich liegt, wird es mit de-ionisiertem Wasser gespült, um einen pH-neutralen Wert zu erzielen. Der Verlust von Probenmaterial ist jedoch möglich.
**Empfohlene Verpackung** – Sie können Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen (1,5-3CC in Volumen) mit Kunststoffschnappdeckeln als Behälter für extrahierte Pollen verwenden. Verpacken Sie die Röhrchen in separate Druckverschlussbeutel und beschriften Sie diese. Außerdem empfehlen wir die Proben als Paket (nicht als Brief) zu versenden, um die Unversehrtheit der Proben während des Transports zu gewährleisten. Umschläge und Briefe durchlaufen bei der Post während des automatischen Sortierungsprozesses Walzen, welche die Proben beschädigen können.
## AMS Datierung von extrahierten Pollen
Das Labor benötigt für die Datierung üblicherweise 5-15 mg extrahierte Pollen (ungefähres Trockengewicht), abhängig vom Kartongehalt. Es ist wichtig sicherzustellen, dass alle Karbonate (CaCO3) vollständig entfernt wurden, um eine weitere Reduktion der Masse vor der Verbrennung der Probe zu vermeiden.
Das Labor erhält manchmal als “Pollen” bezeichnete Proben, die im Rahmen der mikroskopischen Untersuchung verschiedene Komponenten wie Sediment, Fasern und Pflanzenmaterialien aufweisen. In diesem Fall setzt sich das Labor mit Ihnen in Verbindung, sodass Sie weitere Instruktionen geben oder die Probe stornieren können. Wenn die Analyse durchgeführt wird, wird das Ergebnis als “organisches Material” anstatt als “Pollen” berichtet.
*Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: März 2023*
---
### [紡織品的AMS定年](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-textiles.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **建議樣品量（若樣品量較少，請 [聯繫我們](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 20-100 毫克
 **碳定年服務和測試週期**- AMS標準測試 – 14個工作日或更少
- AMS優先測試 – 6個工作日或更少
- AMS極速測試 – 2-3個工作日
 **碳14定年 附帶免費分析**- δ13C
 **推薦包裝**- 夾鏈袋(若樣品量很小，或於運送途中容易破損，請先以鋁箔紙包裝)
- 請您使用堅固的小纸盒寄送您的樣品，而不要使用信封寄送，這樣能够防止您的樣品在運輸途中被壓碎。
- SGS Beta實驗室只接收以學術研究為目的的紡織品進行定年。
---
**請注意** – 費用包含質量保證報告、日曆校準（在允許的情況下）以及24小時全年無休的線上系統，可查詢測試結果和待測樣品。 [需要報價單](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "需要報價單")
**預處理** – 由於 [預處理](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) 將直接影響到定年結果。所以我們歡迎您聯絡我們共同討論預處理方法或要求我們在預處理之後（開始測試之前）與您聯繫。由於實驗室在時間和資源方面的成本較高，所以即使取消了測試，仍會收取溶解萃取和提取纖維素等預處理步驟的費用。
---
大多數擁有紡織品樣品的研究人員都想要保存好樣品，並且盡可能寄送最小的樣品量。由於 [加速器質譜（AMS）定年](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm "Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) dating") 需要的樣品量很小，因此這種定年方法是最適合紡織品的放射性碳定年技術。
## 所有的紡織品都可以準確定年嗎？
保存完好、結構良好、且沒有經過任何防腐材料處理的紡織樣品可以提供準確的結果，而使用添加劑或防腐劑的紡織樣品的放射性碳年齡則會產生偏差。
為確保寄送的紡織品可以定年，請描述紡織品，或將高解析度照片email至SGS Beta實驗室，以進行初步評估。
## 建議樣品量
SGS Beta實驗室需要20-100毫克的紡織品進行放射性碳定年。此樣品量近似於一張郵票的大小。它可以是一條非常薄的紡織帶，甚至可取自損壞的紡織區域。如果無法獲得這樣的樣品大小，我們實驗室也可以接受更少的樣品量，但是在這種情況下，實驗室將無法大膽的在預處理過程中去除太多的污染物。
## SGS Beta實驗室關於紡織品AMS定年的規定
SGS Beta實驗室不接收具有其他價值或貴重物品的紡織品進行定年，除非是由以下單位寄出且付款：經公認的政府機構、主要博物館、將紡織品作為多學科學術之部分研究的其他官方機構。
您可以透過專業的考古學家送交您的樣品，他會評估您的樣品是否適用放射性碳定年。
相關主題: 2022年10月
---
### [繊維のAMS放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-textiles.htm)
**Published:** March 30, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **試料の必要量(推奨量) (より少ない量でも測定可能です – 詳細はご連絡ください [ご連絡先](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-contact.htm "ご連絡先"))**- 20-100 mg
 **炭素年代測定サービスの種類**- AMS Standard（通常の納期） – 米国のラボで試料受領後14営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Priority (特急) – 米国のラボで試料受領後6営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Time Guide (超特急) – 米国のラボで試料受領後3～4営業日で結果をご報告いたします。 (骨または堆積物では対応不可）
 **C14年代測定に含まれて いる分析サービス**- δ13C
 **お薦めする試料の容器**- ジップロックバッグ（試料が小さい場合、あるいは輸送中に破壊されそうな場合はアルミホイルに包んでからバッグに入れて下さい）
- お送りいただく際は輸送中の試料の破損を防ぐため封筒ではなく丈夫な小箱などを用いてください。
- Beta Analytic でお引き受けできるのは、学術調査目的の試料に限ります。
---
**注記** – 料金には、品質管理レポート、適応可能な場合は暦年代較正、既出結果への24/7アクセス、測定保留に係る経費が含まれています。 [お見積りはこちらから](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "お見積りはこちらから")
**試料の前処理** – 調査の目的に応じた最適な試料の選択と [前処理](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) を行うためにいつでもご連絡ください。 試料の前処理後（前処理前）に、弊社からのご連絡のお約束も歓迎いたします。 有機溶媒処理、セルロース抽出は時間がかかり、使用する薬品、資材も高コストなため、年代測定をキャンセルされた場合も前処理料金が発生いたします。
---
布など繊維の年代測定を行う場合、試料が貴重なものであることが多いので、可能な限り少量での測定を望まれる方がほとんどです。 そのため繊維試料の測定には微量試料での測定が可能な [AMS法](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm "Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) dating") が適していま
## すべての繊維試料において正確な年代測定が可能でしょうか?
保存状態が良く、構造がしっかりしており、保存処理が行われていない試料は正確な年代測定が可能です。 薬品処理や保存処理がされている試料は正確な年代測定ができません。
繊維の精確な年代測定が可能かどうかご心配な場合は、試料をお送りいただく前に、詳細な素性および保存状態を、可能であれば高解像度の写真を添えてお知らせください。
## 推奨する試料の量
通常20mg～100mgの繊維試料が必要です。 これはおおよそ、切手と同じぐらいの大きさです。 薄い切れ端、いたんだ部分からの採取も可能です。 これより少ない量でも測定可能ですが、コンタミネーションを取り除くための前処理を完全に行えない場合があります。
## SGS Beta における繊維試料の年代測定に関する制限
お引き受けできるのは、政府機関、博物館、大学、その他公的機関から提供される学術調査目的の試料のみです。
最終更新：2022年10月
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### [직물류의 AMS 연대측정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-textiles.htm)
**Published:** February 1, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **권장 시료 크기 (소량 크기도 가능 – [문의바람](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-contact.htm "문의바람"))**- 20-100 밀리그램
 **서비스 종류**- AMS 일반 – 14 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 특급 – 6 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 타임 가이드 – 2-3 영업일 이내 결과 보고
 **C14 연대측정 시 포함된 분석**- δ13C
 **권장 용기**- 지프 백 (작거나 운송 중 부서질 수 있는 시료들은 알루미늄 포일로 포장)
- 시료를 보내주실 때 봉투 대신 작은 박스에 담아 보내야 운송 중 시료들이 부스러지는 것을 방지할 수 있습니다.
- 저희 Beta 연구소는 종합적 학문 연구 과정의 일부가 아니라면, 섬유류의 연대 측정 서비스를 제공하지 않습니다.
---
**참고 사항** – 요금에는 다음 서비스들이 포함됩니다. 품질 확인 보고서 (QA reports). 보정값, 지난 보고서와 현 분석 과정을 보실 수 있는 24/7 웹 사용권한. [견적 요청하기](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "견적 요청하기")
**전처리 과정** – 전처리 과정은 최종 측정 결과에 직접적인 영향을 미치기 때문에 전처리 과정을([pretreatment](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid)) 이해하는 것이 중요합니다. 전처리 과정 대해 상담을 원하시거나, 전처리 후 (그리고 연대측정 전에) 본 연구소로부터 연락 받기 원하시면 언제든지 연락 바랍니다. 시간과 물자가 많이 들어 솔벤트 추출(solvent extraction )과 셀루로스 추출(cellulose extraction)전처리 과정에는 설사 연대측정을 중간에 취소하셔도 비용이 부과됩니다.
---
대부분의 직물류 연구자들은 본인이 직물을 보관하기를 원하며, 될 수 있으면 적은 량의 시료를 보내고자 합니다. 따라서 이에 가장 적절한 방사성탄소 연대측정 기술은 아주 소량의 시료만 필요한 [Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) dating (가속기 질량분석법)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm "Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) dating (가속기 질량분석법)") 연대측정 기술입니다.
## 모든 직물이 정확하게 연대측정 되냐의 여부
좋은 보존 상태와 형태, 어떤 보존 물질로도 처리되지 않은 직물류 시료의 연대측정 결과는 정확합니다. 첨가제나 보존제가 묻어있는 시료의 방사성탄소 연대측정 결과가 엉터리일 가능성이 많습니다.
정확한 연대 측정을 하시려면, 사전 조사를 위해 본 연구소로 자세한 섬유 명세서와 고화질 사진을 보내주시기 바랍니다.
## 적절한 시료 량
연대측정을 위해서는 20-100 mg이 필요합니다. 대략 우표 크기 정도입니다. 손상된 곳에서 채집하셔도 됩니다. 이정도 시량 량이 어려우시면, 저희 SGS Beta 연구소는 더 소량의 시료로도 작업이 가능하지만 전처릭 과정 중 오염 물질을 공격적으로 제거하지 못할 수도 있습니다.
## 연구소의 직물류 연대측정에 관한 규정
저희 연구소는 종합적인 학문 연구 활동의 일환으로 조사 활동을 하고 있는 정부 기관, 박물관, 다른 공적 기관이 시료를 제출하거나 결제자가 아니면 직물류나 가격을 매길 수 없는 귀중품에 대해 연대측정 서비스를 제공하지 않습니다.
만약 시료들이 방사선탄소 연대측정에 적합한지 여부를 확인해 줄 수 있는 전문 고고학자를 통해 시료를 제출하시면 가능합니다.
*관련 자료: 2022년 10월*
---
### [Datazione con AMS di tessuti](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-i-tessuti-con-l-ams.htm)
**Published:** July 22, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Quantità raccomandata (può essere inferiore per AMS – si prega [di contattarci](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/contatti.htm "contact us"))**- 20-100 milligrammi
 **Servizio di datazione al carbonio**- AMS Standard – i risultati sono pronti entro 14 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Priority – entro 6 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 giorni lavorativi
 **Analisi gratuite con Datazione C14**- δ13C
 **Contenitore consigliato**- Bustine con zip (avvolgere prima in un foglio di alluminio i campioni molto piccoli e/o che possono essere polverizzati durante la spedizione)
- Si raccomanda di inviare i campioni in scatole rigide quando possibile (invece di utilizzare buste imbottite) per preservarne l’integrità.
- SGS Beta non effettua la datazione di tessuti, a meno che questa sia parte di un processo di ricerca multidisciplinare.
---
**Nota** – Le tariffe includono i referti di garanzia di qualità, la calibrazione quando applicabile e l’accesso online 24/7 ai risultati e alle analisi in corso. [Richiedi un preventivo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/costi-datazione-carbonio.htm "Richiedi un preventivo")
**Pretrattamento** – È importante comprendere i [pretrattamenti](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm#Acid) che saranno applicati ai campioni, dal momento che questi influenzano direttamente il risultato delle analisi. È possibile contattarci per discutere i pretrattamenti oppure richiedere di essere contattati dopo la loro applicazione (e prima della datazione). A causa dei costi elevati in termini di tempo e risorse sostenuti dal laboratorio, le tariffe per l’estrazione con solventi e l’estrazione della cellulosa saranno addebitate anche se il campione viene cancellato.
---
La maggior parte dei ricercatori che dispongono di campioni di tessuti vogliono preservarli, inviandone la minima quantità possibile. Per questo motivo, la tecnica di datazione al radiocarbonio più appropriata per i tessuti è la [datazione con AMS (spettrometria di massa con acceleratore)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/spettrometro-di-massa-con-acceleratore.htm "Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) dating") data la ridotta quantità di campione necessaria per questo metodo.
## Tutti i tessuti possono essere datati con precisione?
I campioni di tessuto ben conservati, con una buona struttura e non trattati con materiali conservanti generano risultati precisi. I campioni prelevati da un tessuto trattato con additivi o conservanti generano un’età radiocarbonica falsa.
Per assicurarsi che il campione sia databile, si prega di inviare per email al laboratorio una descrizione del tessuto o una foto ad alta risoluzione che consenta una valutazione preliminare.
## Quantità raccomandata
Inviare 20-100 milligrammi di tessuto per la datazione al radiocarbonio, che corrispondono approssimativamente alle dimensioni di un francobollo. Il campione può essere una striscia molto sottile oppure venire raccolto da un’area danneggiata. Il laboratorio può anche analizzare campioni di dimensioni inferiori, ma potrà applicare pretrattamenti meno aggressivi per la rimozione dei contaminanti.
## Politica di SGS Beta sulla datazione dei tessuti con AMS
Il laboratorio non esegue la datazione di tessuti o altri oggetti di valore elevato o inestimabile, a meno che il pagamento e l’invio del campione siano effettuati da un ente statale, da un museo o da un altro istituto riconosciuto che stia studiando i materiali all’interno di un processo di ricerca multidisciplinare.
È possibile inviare il materiale tramite un archeologo professionista, che dichiari che il campione è adatto per la datazione al radiocarbonio.
*Ultimo aggiornamento: ottobre 2022*
---
### [AMS Datierung von Textilien](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-textilien.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Empfohlene Probenmengen (geringere AMS Mengen sind möglich – bitte [kontaktieren Sie uns](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/beta-kontakt.htm "kontaktieren Sie uns"))**- 20-100 Milligramm
 **Kohlenstoff-Datierungsdienste**- AMS Standard – Ergebnisse werden innerhalb von 14 Werktagen oder weniger berichtet
- AMS Priority – 6 Werktage oder weniger
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 Werktage
 **Analysen enthalten mit C14 Datierung**- δ13C
 **Empfohlenes Behältnis**- Wiederverschließbare Plastikbeutel (bitte kleine und/oder zerbrechliche Proben zusätzliche in aluminiumfolie verpacken)
- Bitte senden Sie Ihre Proben in Paketen und nicht in Umschlägen, um die Proben vor Schäden während des Versands zu bewahren.
- SGS Beta nimmt keine Datierung vor, sofern es sich nicht um eine Probe handelt, die Teil eines multidisziplinären Forschungsverfahrens ist.
---
**Hinweis** – Die Gebühren beinhalten Qualitätssicherungsberichte, ggf. Kalenderkalibrierung und rund um die Uhr verfügbaren Webzugriff auf frühere Ergebnisse und ausstehende Analysen. [Angebot anfordern](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/was-kosten-carbon-datierungen.htm "Angebot anfordern")
**Vorbehandlung** – Es ist wichtig die [Vorbehandlung](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-vorbehandlungsprotokolle.htm#Acid), die auf eine Probe angewendet werden zu kennen, da diese das Endergebnis direkt beeinträchtigen können. Sie können sich gerne mit uns in Verbindung setzen, um mit uns über die Vorbehandlung zu diskutieren oder uns bitten, dass wir uns mit Ihnen nach der Vorbehandlung (und vor der Datierung) in Verbindung setzen. Aufgrund des hohen Zeitaufwands und der Ressourcenbelastung, fallen Gebühren für eine Lösemittel- und Zelluloseextraktion auch an, wenn Radiokarbonanalysen abgebrochen werden.
---
Die meisten Wissenschaftler möchten nur so wenig Textilmaterial wie möglich einsenden, um die Probenquelle bestmöglich zu erhalten. Daher ist die [Massenbeschleuniger Spektrometrie (AMS) Datierung](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/massen-beschleunigung-spektrometrie.htm "Massenbeschleuniger Spektrometrie (AMS) Datierung") für Textilien die geeignetste Radiokohlenstoff Datierungstechnik, da bei dieser Methode auch kleine Probenmengen verwendet werden können.
## Können alle Textilien genau datiert werden?
Textilproben, die gut erhalten sind, eine gute Struktur haben und nicht mit Konservierungsmitteln behandelt wurden, werden genaue Ergebnisse liefern. Proben, die von Textilien genommen werden, die mit Additiven oder Konservierungsmittel behandelt wurden, ergeben ein verfälschtes Radiokohlenstoff Alter.
Um sicherzustellen, dass die Textilprobe datiert werden kann, senden Sie bitte per E-Mail eine Beschreibung oder hochauflösende Fotos an unser Labor, damit wir eine Vorabevaluierung vornehmen können.
## Empfehlungen bzgl. Probengröße
Schicken Sie 20-100 Milligramm der Textilie zur Radiokarbondatierung. Das ist ungefähr die gleiche Größe wie eine Briefmarke. Die Probe kann aus einem sehr dünnen Streifen oder einem beschädigten Bereich entnommen werden. Wenn diese Probengröße nicht möglich ist, kann unser Labor auch mit weniger arbeiten, jedoch können wir dann während der Vorbehandlung nicht so aggressiv beim Entfernen von Verunreinigungen vorgehen.
## SGS Beta Geschäftsbedingungen für die AMS Datierung von Textilien
Unser Labor nimmt keine Datierungen von Textilien vor, es sei denn, sie sind von einer anerkannten Regierungsbehörde, einem großen Museum oder einer anderen Regierungsstelle eingesandt und bezahlt worden, die die Materialien als Teil eines multidisziplinären wissenschaftlichen Verfahrens untersuchen.
Sie können Ihre Probe durch einen professionellen Archäologen einsenden lassen, der dann eine Beurteilung vornimmt, ob Ihre Probe für eine Radiokohlenstoffdatierung geeignet ist.
*Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: Oktober 2022*
---
### [土器付着物の放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-pottery.htm)
**Published:** March 30, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **試料の必要量(推奨量) (より少ない量でも測定可能です – 詳細はご連絡ください [ご連絡先](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 10-100 mg の炭化した土器付着物(食物残渣) (土器片をお送りいただく場合のサイズは付着物の状況、厚さによります。
 **炭素年代測定サービスの種類**- AMS Standard（通常の納期） – 米国のラボで試料受領後14営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Priority (特急) – 米国のラボで試料受領後6営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Time Guide (超特急) – 米国のラボで試料受領後3～4営業日で結果をご報告いたします。 (骨または堆積物では対応不可）
 **C14年代測定に含まれて いる分析サービス**- δ13C
 **お薦めする試料の容器**- ジップロックバッグ（試料が小さい場合、あるいは輸送中に破壊されそうな場合はアルミホイルに包んでからバッグに入れて下さい）
- お送りいただく際は輸送中の試料の破損を防ぐため封筒ではなく丈夫な小箱などを用いてください。
- 土器片をお送りいただいた場合は付着物の採取をこちらで行います
---
**注記** – 料金には、品質管理レポート、適応可能な場合は暦年代較正、既出結果への24/7アクセス、測定保留に係る経費が含まれています。 [お見積りはこちらから](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "お見積りはこちらから")
**試料の前処理** – 調査の目的に応じた最適な試料の選択と [前処理](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) を行うためにいつでもご連絡ください。 試料の前処理後、弊社からのご連絡のお約束も歓迎いたします。
## 土器付着物の採取
土器片をお送りいただき、こちらで年代測定用の付着物を採取した後、土器片をお返しすることも歓迎いたします。 その際はそのむねデータシートに記載していただくようお願いいたします。 特にご指示が無い場合は年代測定が終了した後、土器片は廃棄いたします。 試料の返却にいての一般的な事項は [試料の保管と余剰試料の返却について](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/sample-return-policy.htm "Beta Analytic's Policy on Returning Excess Samples") のページをご参照ください。
## [土器の年代測定の3つの方法](#collapseOne)
****SGS Beta でお薦めする順に3つの方法を記載いたします。******1- 土器内側表面に付着した炭化食物残渣を測定**
土器の内側表面に付着した炭化食物残渣は土器が使用された最後の年代にもっとも近い可能性があるので一番のお薦めです。
一般的にスス状の物質よりも、小さくともある程度のかたまりの状態のものを採取する必要があります。 採取したものがスス状であったり、非常に薄い場合は、上層部の堆積物や地下水中の二次的な炭素の混入の可能性のあるフミン酸を除去するためのアルカリ洗浄が困難または不可能な場合があります。
**2- 土器に付着した”バルク有機物”の測定**
土器の内側から炭化食物残渣を採取できない場合は、土器に付着した ”バルク有機物” を測定するのが2番目の選択肢です。 ”バルク有機物”は、粘土、混和材など土器の使用中から埋蔵中において土器に付随するすべての有機物を意味します。
”バルク有機物” の年代は、有機物が土器の使用年代と同時代であれば比較的正確な年代、もしくは”最小年代” （少なくとも得られたC14年代より若くはない）を得られます。 フミン酸の移動のため二次的な若い炭素が測定対象の有機物に混入した場合は、土器の使用年代より若いC14年代値となります。
**3- 抽出可能な焼き戻しした物質（tempering agents）の年代測定**
有機物が炭化している場合、あるいは燃焼の際の温度が焼失を引き起こす程高温ではない場合に、焼き戻しした有機物（organic tempering agents）の測定が可能です。
貝殻の気化は燃焼の温度が摂氏600度以下の場合影響を受けることはありません。温度が摂氏600度を超えた場合は、炭酸塩は分離され、二酸化炭素（CO2）として炭素を排出します。冷却の際、そこにあるCO2から炭酸塩が再形成されます。このCO2がオリジナルのCO2である場合は、貝殻の炭素の内容に影響はありません。しかしながら泥からCO2が取り込まれた場合は、再形成された炭酸塩は泥の年代を反映します。もし泥が燃焼の時よりも古いものだった場合は、炭酸塩の年代は同様に燃焼の時よりも古くなります。もしCO2が燃料から取り込まれた場合は、貝殻の年代は燃料の年代を反映します。またこうした場合は、再形成された炭酸塩の均一性を考慮しなくてはなりません。複数のCO2源から異なるフラグメント（断片）が形成されている可能性があります。
注記 – もし土器付着物の年代測定についてご不明な点がありましたら試料の送付前にご連絡ください。
再生時間: 1 分, 52 秒
免責事項:この動画はサードパーティーのサービスを利用しているため広告が表示されることがあります。
## [コンタミネーション（試料の汚染）が真の年代に与える影響](#collapseSix)
[放射性炭素年代測定](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/about-carbon-dating.htm "放射性炭素年代測定") では新しい炭素(またはC14濃度が高い)炭素の混入が年代を新しくする大きなバイアスとなります。 いっぽう古い炭素(またはC14濃度が低い)炭素の混入に関しては新しい炭素の混入ほどの大きな影響がありあません。
## [土器から採取したスス状物質の放射性炭素年代測定](#collapseTwo)
しっかりとした厚みのある炭化残渣もしくはススを土器から胎土が混じることなく採取することができれば年代測定が可能です。 アルカリ処理を行うことができるかどうかは残渣、ススの強度によります。
土器の使用年代との関係は残渣、ススの起源に依存します。もし海洋性の食物の煮炊きなどに使用されたとすると正確な年代決定のためには”リザーバー効果”の補正が必要となります。 また、古木や木の古い部分（土器使用年代に対して）が燃焼に用いられたとすると、使用年代より古い結果となることが予想されます。
放射性炭素年代は、測定対象となる物質が最後にCO2と交換した時を示します。 木では、年輪の一番外側、小枝、種実などの年代に相当します。 例えば200年の樹齢のある木の年輪の年代は一番外側と一番中心では200年の年代差があるということになります。 よって年代の正確さは、燃焼に用いられた木がもともと木のどの部分であったかとうこととも関係します。 もちろん人工の汚染物質の混入も年代に影響を与えます。
*最終更新： 2022年10月*
---
### [도자기의 방사성탄소 연대측정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-pottery.htm)
**Published:** February 1, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **권장 시료 크기 (소량 크기도 가능 – [문의바람](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-contact.htm "contact us")) 연소된 음식 잔여물 10-100 밀리그램 ( 조각 크기는 탄화 잔여물의 두께에 따라 다름 )**- 연소된 음식 잔여물 10-100 밀리그램 ( 조각 크기는 탄화 잔여물의 두께에 따라 다름 )
 **서비스 종류**- AMS 일반 – 14 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 특급 – 6 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 타임 가이드 – 2-3 영업일 이내 결과 보고
 **C14 연대측정 시 포함된 분석**- δ13C
 **권장 용기**- 지프 백 (작거나 운송 중 부서질 수 있는 시료들은 알루미늄 포일로 포장)
- 시료를 보내주실 때 봉투 대신 작은 박스에 담아 보내야 운송 중 시료들이 부스러지는 것을 방지할 수 있습니다.
- 본사 실험실에서 도자기 파편에서 음식 잔여물 추출 작업을 할 수 있습니다.
---
**참고 사항** – 요금에는 다음 서비스들이 포함됩니다. 품질 확인 보고서 (QA reports). 보정값, 지난 보고서와 현 분석 과정을 보실 수 있는 24/7 웹 사용권한. [견적 요청하기](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "견적 요청하기")
**전처리** – 연구의 성격이나 목적을 알려주시면 시료의 적절한 선택과 [전처리](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) 과정을 통해 더 나은 연대측정이 가능합니다. 연
대측정과 관련하여 여러 옵션들을 의논드리기 위해 전처리 마친 후 연락을 요청하실 수도 있습니다.
## 연대측정을 위한 도자기의 잔여물 추출 작업
본 실험실은 고객의 요청이 있을 경우, 도자기의 잔여물 추출작업을 하고 그 도자기 파편을 돌려드립니다. 돌려받기를 원하시면 데이터시트에 알려주시기 바랍니다. 그러지 않으시면 분석 작업 완료 후 폐기합니다. 시료 반환에 대해 더 알고 싶으시면 시료 보관 및 반환( [Sample Retention and Return of Excess Materials](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/sample-return-policy.htm "Beta Analytic's Policy on Returning Excess Samples")) 페이지를 참조하시기 바랍니다.
## [도자기의 3가지 연대측정 방법 ](#collapseOne)
****다음 순서는 SGS Beta 연구소가 선호하는 방법 순입니다.******1- 내부 표면의 탄화된 상태의 음식 잔여물로 연대 측정.**
연대 측정 연구소는 도자기 파편 내부 표면에서 추출한 연소된 음식 잔여물로 연대 측정하는 것을 선호하는데, 그 이유는 이것들이 마지막 사용했던 시점을 가장 잘 보여줄 수 있기 때문입니다.
일반적으로 연소된 음식 잔여물은 녹청 형태로 그을음 가루 형태보다는 덩어리로 떼어낼 수 있습니다. 너무 얇아서 그을음 가루 형태로 떼어낼 수 밖에 없다면, 덮여있는 퇴적물이나 표면 혹은 지하수와 상호 접촉해서 생긴 부식 산 제거를 위한 알칼리 처리가 어렵습니다. (전혀 불가능하지는 않음).
**2 – 음식 이나 액체를 담는 용기에서 유기질을 흡수하고 타다 남은 진흙에서 여러 유기질로 이루어진 다량의 유기질 조각들의 연대 측정.**
연소된 음식 잔여물을 표면에서 추출할 수 없는 경우, 다량의 유기질 조각으로 연대 측정하는 것이 그 다음으로 좋습니다. 이 다량의 유기질 조각은 흙이나 사용 중 뭔가를 담아 두기 위해 사용했을 지도 모르는 그릇에서 나온 모든 종류의 유기질과 매장할 때까지 접촉으로 생긴 모든 유기질입니다.
이런 다량의 유기질 조각으로 연대 측정을 하게 되면, 만약 포함된 유기질과 도자기의 사용 시점이 동일하다면 연대측정 결과는 정확히 일치하거나 최소한의 결과를 보여줍니다. 이 말은 그릇이 최소한 방사성탄소 연대측정한 나이만큼 이라는 것입니다. 하지만 부식 산의 영향으로 최근의 유기물이 그릇에 끼어 들어갔다면 연대측정 결과보다 실제로는 더 오래된 것일 수도 있습니다.
**3 – 추출된 탬퍼링 에이전트 (tempering agent)의 연대측정**
유기 물질이 탄화되거나 가열 온도가 완전 타버릴 만큼 뜨겁지 않을 경우, 유기 탬퍼링 에이전트의 연대측정은 가능하다.
600°C 이하의 가열 온도로는 조개 탬퍼에 별다른 영향을 미치지 않는다. 600°C 이상일 경우, 탄산염은 분해되어 이산화탄소의 형태로 탄소를 방출한다. 냉각시키면, 주위에 있던 이산화탄소는 다시 탄산염을 형성한다. 만약 이런 이산화탄소가 원래의 이산화탄소 였다면, 조개껍질의 탄소 함량에는 별다른 영향을 미치지 않는다. 하지만 이산화탄소가 흙 속에서 온 것이라면 재형성된 탄산염은 흙의 연대 영향을 받을 것이다. 만약 이 흙이 가열 시점보다 오래된 것이라면 탄산염의 나이 또한 가열 시점보다 오래되었을 것이다. 만약 이 이산화탄소가 연료에서 온 것이라면, 조개 껍질의 연대는 연료의 연대에 영향을 받을 것이다. 또한 이런 경우에 재형성된 탄산염의 균질성을 고려해야 한다. 이렇게 다양한 이산화탄소 출처로 여러 다른 형태들을 재생할 수 있다.
참고 사항: 도자기 조각들 중 어떤 것으로 연대 측정 할지 확실하게 알지 못하신다면, 본 연구소로 샘플을 보내기 전에 미리 문의 바랍니다.
플레이 시간: 1 분, 52 초
면책조항: 이 비디오는 제3자의 사이트에 올렸으며, 광고가 포함되어 있습니다.
## [시료의 실제 나이와 오염의 영향](#collapseSix)
방사성탄소 연대측정([radiocarbon dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/about-carbon-dating.htm "radiocarbon dating")) 의 가장 심한 편견은 현대의 탄소가 탄소의 중량 면에서 그리고 방사성탄소 함량에 자꾸 더해져서 결과가 점차 최근 것으로 나오는 반면, 오래된 오염은 (혹은 아주 오래된 진흙) 어린 탄소에 의한 이차 오염이 생기지 않는 한 별로 영향을 주지 못한다는 것입니다. 오염에 의해 상당한 차이가 나려면 아주 오래된 탄소를 엄청나게 많이 받아 들여야 합니다.
## [도자기 외벽 그을음의 연대 측정](#collapseTwo)
도자기 표면에 연소된 음식 잔여물이나 그을음이 어느 정도 많이 남아있는 도자기 조각들의 경우 진흙 덩어리들이 묻어나지 않게 그을음들을 긁어낼 수 있다면 연대 측정이 가능합니다. 그을음이 얼마나 있냐에 따라 산 처리 혹은 산과 알칼리 처리 등 다양한 전처리 과정이 필요합니다.
그을음의 기원에 따라 불 사용 시점의 정확성이 결정됩니다. 만약 해양 음식 잔여물이라면 리저버 효과 (Reservoir effect)가 있으므로 반드시 보정해야만 하며, 그을음이 ‘오래된 나무’ (나무 통)에서 온 것이라면, 측정 연대가 더 오래된 것일 수도 있습니다.
방사성탄소 연대란 분석 물질이 공기와 이산화탄소를 교환하는 마지막 시간입니다. 나무의 경우, 나무의 바깥쪽 나이테, 뿌리, 잔가지, 나무 껍질, 열매 등입니다. 이런 것들은 현재의 평균 성장 상태인 반면에 나이테 중심부는 처음 나무가 자랄 때의 것입니다. 나무 껍질에서 나이테 중심부로 갈수록 나이테 하나에 일년씩 먹어갑니다. 지금 살아있는 200년 된 나무가 있다면, 껍질의 나이는 현재이지만 나이테의 중심부는 200살입니다. 따라서 나무의 어디에서 온 시료이냐에 따라서 방사성 탄소 연대측정 결과의 정확성이 결정됩니다. 또한 사람에 의한 오염원 있냐 없냐에 따라서도 결정됩니다.
*관련 자료: 2022년 10월*
---
### [Radiokohlenstoff Datierung von Keramik](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-keramik.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **SEmpfohlene Probenmengen (geringere AMS Mengen sind möglich – bitte [kontaktieren Sie uns](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/beta-kontakt.htm "kontaktieren Sie uns"))**- 10-100 mg verkohlte Rückstande (die Größe der einzusendenden Scherbe richtet sich nach der Dicke der verkohlten Rückstande)
 **Kohlenstoff-Datierungsdienste**- AMS Standard – Ergebnisse werden innerhalb von 14 Werktagen oder weniger berichtet
- AMS Priority – 6 Werktage oder weniger
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 Werktage
 **Analysen enthalten mit C14 Datierung**- δ13C
 **Empfohlenes Behältnis**- Wiederverschließbare Plastikbeutel (bitte kleine und/oder zerbrechliche Proben zusätzliche in aluminiumfolie verpacken)
- Bitte senden Sie Ihre Proben in Paketen und nicht in Umschlägen, um die Proben vor Schäden während des Versands zu bewahren.
- Wir können die Rückstände aus Keramikscherben extrahieren.
---
**Hinweis** – Die Gebühren beinhalten Qualitätssicherungsberichte, ggf. Kalenderkalibrierung und rund um die Uhr verfügbaren Webzugriff auf frühere Ergebnisse und ausstehende Analysen. [Angebot anfordern](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/was-kosten-carbon-datierungen.htm "Angebot anfordern")
**Vorbehandlung** – Bitte kontaktieren Sie uns, um Ihre Forschungsprioritäten zu eruieren und so die adäquateste Materialauswahl und [Vorbehandlung](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-vorbehandlungsprotokolle.htm#Acid) für Ihre Keramikfunde sicherzustellen. Auf Anweisung kontaktieren wir Sie gerne nach der Vorbehandlung, um Datierungsoptionen zu erörtern.
## Extraktion von Keramikrückständen für die Radiokohlenstoff Datierung
Unser Labor kann auf Wunsch des Kunden die Rückstände extrahieren und die Scherbe wieder zurücksenden. Bitte geben Sie im Datenblatt an, ob die Scherbe zurückgegeben werden muss. Andernfalls wird sie nach Beendigung der Radiokohlenstoff Datierung entsorgt. Einzelheiten finden Sie auf [SGS Beta Regeln zur Rückgabe überzähliger Proben](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/proben-ruckgabe-verfahren.htm "Beta Analytic's Policy on Returning Excess Samples").
## [Drei Verfahren für die Datierung von Keramik](#collapseOne)
****Die Verfahren sind absteigend nach SGS Beta Präferenzen aufgelistet:******1- Datierung von verkohlten Speiserückständen der inneren Oberflächen**
Unser Labor bevorzugt die Datierung von verbrannten Speiseresten aus den inneren Oberflächen einer Scherbe. Diese sind die beste Option, um ein präzises Datum, welches repräsentativ für deren letzte Verwendung ist, zu erhalten.
Im Allgemeinen müssen verbrannte Speiserückstände eine Patina sein, die aus kleinen Stücken oder Brocken besteht und nicht aus rußigem Pulver. Wenn der Rückstand sehr dünn ist, sodass nur ein rußiges Pulver entfernt werden kann, ist es schwierig (wenn nicht unmöglich) eine Alkali Vorbehandlung durchzuführen, um Huminsäuren zu entfernen, die mit dem Material aus überlagerndem Sediment oder Oberflächen- wie Grundwasser Interaktionen in Kontakt gekommen sein könnten.
**2- Datierung der gesamten, aus der Tonscherbe gewonnen Biomasse, die nicht vom Brennen beeinflusst wurde und der organischen Stoffe, die durch Aufbewahrung von Speisen und Flüssigkeiten absorbiert wurden.**
Bei Scherben, die keine vom Inneren des Gefäßes extrahierbaren, verbrannten Speisereste aufweisen, ist die zweitbeste Methode, die „gesamte Scherbenbiomasse” zu datieren. Dabei handelt es sich um das organische Material des Tons oder der Magerungsmittel und alles, was die Keramik während ihrer Verwendung enthalten hat, wie auch alle organischen Substanzen, die seit der Verschüttung mit der Scherbe in Kontakt gekommen sind.
Die Datierung der „gesamten Scherbenbiomasse” wird üblicherweise entweder ein genaues Datum liefern (wenn die enthaltenen organischen Materialien für die Zeit der Verwendung zeitgenössisch sind) oder ein „Mindestalter”-Ergebnis ergeben (d.h., dass das Gefäß mindestens so alt ist, wie das Radiokarbon-Alter angibt). Allerdings kann die Probe etwas älter sein, falls rezente organische Materialien durch mobilisierte Huminsäuren in die Keramik eingedrungen sind.
**3- Datierung der extrahierbaren Brennmaterialien**
Die Datierung von Magerungsmitteln ist möglich, wenn das organische Material entweder verkohlt ist, oder die Temperatur während des Brennvorgangs nicht hoch genug war, um dieses vollständig zu verbrennen.
Als Magerungsmittel verwendete Muschelschalen werden bei Temperaturen unter 600°C nicht beeinflusst. Bei Temperaturen über 600°C können sich die Carbonate dissoziieren, wobei der Kohlenstoff als Kohlenstoffdioxid (CO2) freigesetzt wird. Beim Abkühlen formt sich das vorhandene CO2 wieder in Kohlenstoff um. Wenn es sich bei diesem CO2 um den ursprünglichen Kohlenstoff handelt, wird der Kohlenstoffgehalt der Muschelschalen nicht beeinflusst. Sollte jedoch CO2 aus dem Lehm enthalten sein, spiegelt der umgeformte Kohlenstoff das Alter des Lehms wieder. Falls der Lehm älter ist, als der Brennzeitpunkt, wird das Kohlenstoffalter ebenfalls älter sein, als der Brennzeitpunkt. Wenn das CO2 von dem Brennstoff herrührt, wird das Alter der Muschelschalen das Alter des Brennstoffs angeben. Darüber hinaus ist in diesem Fall die Homogenität des umgeformten Kohlenstoffs zu beachten. Verschiedene Fragmente können von verschiedenen CO2-Quellen umgeformt worden sein.
HINWEIS – Wenn Sie nicht sicher sind, welche Komponenten Ihrer Keramikscherben datiert werden können, setzen Sie sich bitte mit uns in Verbindung, bevor Sie Ihre Probe an das Labor senden.
Laufzeit: 1 Minute, 52 Sekunden
Haftungsausschluss: Dieses Video wird auf der Website Dritter bereit gestellt und kann Werbung enthalten.
## [Auswirkungen von Verunreinigungen auf das wahre Alter der Probe](#collapseSix)
Die größten Abweichungen bei der [Radiokohlenstoff Datierung](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/uber-karbon-datierung.htm "Radiokohlenstoff Datierung") tendieren immer in eine jüngere Richtung, da moderner Kohlenstoff sowohl Gewicht, als auch einen radioaktiven C14 Anteil der Probe hinzufügt, ältere Verunreinigungen (oder sehr alter Ton) haben weniger Einfluss, sofern es keine sekundäre Verunreinigung durch jüngeren Kohlenstoff gegeben hat. Es braucht eine Menge von sehr altem Karbon, um einen signifikanten Unterschied bei der Verunreinigung auszumachen.
## [Radiokohlenstoff Datierung von Ruß am Keramikäußeren](#collapseTwo)
Keramikscherben, deren Oberfläche ausreichend dicke verkohlte Rückstände oder Ruß aufweist, können datiert werden, wenn die Rußschicht ohne Verunreinigung durch die darunter liegende Tonschicht abgekratzt werden kann. Abhängig von der Konsistenz des Rußes können die Vorbehandlungen unterschiedlich sein und entweder Säure- oder Säure- und Alkali-Behandlungen beinhalten.
Bei der Radiokarbon Datierung von Ruß, der vom Keramikäußeren stammt, hängt die Richtigkeit des Ergebnisses von der Quelle des Rußes ab. Falls der Ruß von Speiserückständen von Fisch/Schalenweichtieren stammt, ist der „Reservoir Effekt” zu beachten und entsprechende Korrekturen müssen vorgenommen werden. Stammt der Ruß von alten Bäumen (Baumstämmen), könnte das Datum zu alt sein.
Ein Radiokohlenstoff Datum stellt den letzten Zeitpunkt dar, zu dem das analysierte Material CO2 mit der Luft ausgetauscht hat. Bei Bäumen betrifft dies die äußeren Ringe, Wurzeln, Zweige, kleine Äste, Rinde, Nüsse, usw. Es handelt sich dabei um die vorhandenen Wachstumsmedien, wobei der innere Ring des Baums angibt, wann der Baum zu wachsen begann. Wenn man von der Rinde zurück zum Zentrum des Baumes geht, ist jeder Ring ein Jahr älter. Bei einem 200 Jahre alten, lebendigen Baum repräsentiert die Datierung der Rinde die Gegenwart und die Datierung des inneren Rings die Vergangenheit, in diesem Fall 200 Jahre, auch wenn der Baum noch lebt. Daher hängt die Richtigkeit des Radiokohlenstoff Datums davon ab, aus welchem Bereich des Baumes das Holz stammt. Es hängt auch davon ab, ob von Menschen verursachte Verunreinigungen vorliegen.
*Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: Oktober 2022*
---
### [植矽體的放射性碳定年](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-phytoliths.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **建議樣品量 (若樣品量較少 – 請 [聯繫我們](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 300 毫克 (AMS)
 **碳定年服務和測試週期**- AMS標準測試 – 14個工作日或更少
- AMS優先測試 – 6個工作日或更少
- AMS極速測試 – 2-3個工作日
 **碳14定年 附帶免費分析**- δ13C
 **推薦包裝**- 請使用帶螺旋蓋的小玻璃瓶、離心管或載玻片裝好，再放入標記好的夾鏈袋。
- 請您使用堅固的小纸盒寄送您的樣品，而不要使用信封寄送，這樣能够防止您的樣品在運輸途中被壓碎。
- 實驗室只接受植矽體萃取物。
---
**請注意** – 費用包含質量保證報告、日曆校準（在允許的情況下）以及24小時全年無休的線上系統，可查詢測試結果和待測樣品。 [需要報價單](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "需要報價單")
**預處理** – 通常實驗室不做預處理，我們只對您寄送的樣品進行測試分析。然而，我們會對子樣品中的碳酸鹽進行酸洗，或者根據指示對已知碳酸鹽進行全酸洗。
**適用樣品** – 因實驗室現在無法挑取，所以收到的植矽體應已挑取過，可直接開始分析。 假如您自行挑取，請不要使用丙酮或己烷等溶劑來蒸乾您的樣品。 乾燥前的最後步驟請使用親水性溶劑（如丙酮），而後再用過濾水（去離子水、純水、蒸餾水）重覆沖洗。
## 植矽體的AMS定年
植矽體的放射性碳定年法請参考 “2003 Piperno, Dolores R. and Karen E. Stothert; Phytolith Evidence for Early Holocene Cucurbita Domestication in Southwest Ecuador. Science 299:1054-1057.”
對於萃取後隔離出的乾淨植矽體，測試需要200-400毫克。
對於植矽體，我們所測得的數據主要是根據 :
(1) 所寄送的植矽體樣品純度
(2) 若淨植矽石無法定年，則採用與植矽體年齡相同的有機物質測試。
測試结果的精確度主要取決於送樣人所寄送樣品的完整性。
## 什麼是植矽體？
根據史密斯森國立自然歷史博物館記載，植矽體是多種植物细胞形成的微型矽石。在植物死亡腐爛後，它們仍保存良好。因為這個特點，考古學家和古生態學家們常用植矽體來判定植物在不同環境下的保存情況。美國國家科學院成員——Dolores Piperno博士被認為是最早一批在考古研究中使用植矽體的科學家之一。在她的研究中，植矽體被用來記錄熱带地區的史前農業情況。
*圖片來源：Benjamin Gadet（經CC BY-SA 3.0許可）*
---
### [プラントオパールの放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-phytoliths.htm)
**Published:** March 30, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **サンプルの推奨量（より少量でのAMS測定も可能です。詳細は [お問合せ下さい](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-contact.htm "お問合せ下さい"))**- 300 ミリグラム(AMS年代測定)
 **炭素年代測定サービスの種類**- AMS Standard（通常の納期） – 米国のラボで試料受領後14営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Priority (特急) – 米国のラボで試料受領後6営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Time Guide (超特急) – 米国のラボで試料受領後3～4営業日で結果をご報告いたします。 (骨または堆積物では対応不可）
 **C14年代測定に含まれて いる分析サービス**- δ13C
 **推奨容器**- スクリュートップバイアル、マイクロ遠心チューブ、カウンティングスライドをラベルしたジップロップバッグに入れてください。
- お送りいただく際は輸送時の試料破壊を防ぐため封筒ではなく丈夫な小箱などを用いてください。
- ラボでは、抽出されたプラントオパールのみ受け付けております。
---
**注記** – 料金には、品質管理レポート、適応可能な場合は暦年代較正、既出結果への24/7アクセス、測定保留に係る経費が含まれています。 [お見積りはこちらから](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "お見積りはこちらから")
**前処理** – 通常ラボでは前処理は行っておらず、ご提出いただいたサンプルを分析しておりますが、サブサンプルを用いて酸処理による炭酸塩のテストを行ったり、炭酸塩があると分かっている場合は、ご指示に基いて、完全な酸処理を行うこともあります。
**サンプルの選別** – プラントオパールに関しては抽出された状態でラボに送付して下さい。 ご自身で抽出する際には、アセトンやヘキサンなどの溶剤の中でサンプルが蒸発して乾くことのないようにして下さい。乾燥前の最後の段階では、高品質の水(脱イオン化水、milli-Q(超純水)、蒸留水)でよく洗浄した後、最後にアセトンのような親水性の溶剤で処理を行って下さい。
## プラントオパールのAMS年代測定
プラントオパールの放射性炭素年代測定方法については、 “2003 Piperno, Dolores R. and Karen E. Stothert; Phytolith Evidence for Early Holocene Cucurbita Domestication in Southwest Ecuador. Science 299:1054-1057”でご覧いただけます。
抽出、単離され、汚れていない状態でご提出いただいたプラントオパールは通常200-400ミリグラムで測定することが可能です。
プラントオパールの形成時間を表す年代を測定する方法は、
(1)ご提出いただいたプラントオパールの純度、あるいは
(2)純粋なプラントオパールが測定できない場合、プラントオパールと同年代の他の有機物の年代次第となります。
AMS年代測定結果への信頼性は、提出されたサンプルの完全性への信頼次第だと言えます。
## プラントオパールとは
米国スミソニアンの国立自然史博物館によると、プラントオパールとは、様々な植物の細胞内で形成される顕微鏡スケールのシリカの粒を指します。プラントオパールは植物が枯死した後でも良好な状態で保存されます。この珍しい特徴から、プラントパールは考古学者や古生態学者によって様々な場面で植物遺物を特定するために使われています。米国科学アカデミーメンバーであるのDr. Dolores Pipernoは、考古学の分野でプラントオパールを初めて用いた数少ない研究者の一人です。彼女の研究では、先史時代の熱帯エリアでの農業について記録するためにプラントオパールが用いられました。
*画像著作権: Benjamin Gadet (CC BY-SA 3.0のライセンスに基づき使用許諾されます)*
---
### [식물석 (Phytoliths)의 연대측정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-phytoliths.htm)
**Published:** February 1, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **권장 시료 크기 (소량 크기도 가능 – [문의바람](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-contact.htm "문의바람"))**- 300 밀리 그램 (AMS)
 **서비스 종류**- AMS 일반 – 14 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 특급 – 6 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 타임 가이드 – 2-3 영업일 이내 결과 보고
 **C14 연대측정 시 포함된 분석**- δ13C
 **권장 용기**- 뚜껑이 있는 바이알 병이나 튜브, 슬라이드에 넣은 후 지프백에 담는다.
- 시료를 보내주실 때 봉투 대신 작은 박스에 담아 보내야 운송 중 시료들이 부스러지는 것을 방지할 수 있습니다.
- 추출된 식물석만 가능합니다.
---
**참고 사항** – 요금에는 다음 서비스들이 포함됩니다. 품질 확인 보고서 (QA reports). 보정값, 지난 보고서와 현 분석 과정을 보실 수 있는 24/7 웹 사용권한. [견적 요청하기](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "견적 요청하기")
**전처리** – 일반적으로 저희 실험실에서는 전처리를 하지 않으며, 보내주신 시료 연대측정만 합니다. 하지만 탄산염이 있는 여부를 확인하기 위해 산세척을 하며, 탄산염이 확인되면 산세척 전과정을 지시에 따라 시행합니다.
**시료의 선택** – 식물석 시료의 경우 추출된 상태로 보내주셔야 합니다. 자체 추출하실 경우, 아세톤이나 헥사인 같은 솔벤트로 시료를 마르게 하지 않아야 합니다. 최종 단계는 아세톤과 같은 친수성 솔벤트로 처리한 다음에 마르기 전에 고급수 (탈이온, 밀리-큐, 증류)로 여러번 닦아냅니다.
## 식물석의 AMS 연대측정
식물석의 방사성 탄소 연대 측정의 방법론에 관해서는 “2003 Piperno, Dolores R.와 Karen E. Stothert; Phytolith Evidence for Early Holocene Cucurbita Domestication in Southwest Ecuador (홀로세의 초기 시대 박과 식물의 에콰도르 남부 서식화 과정 식물석 증거자료). Science 299:1054-1057″를 참고하시기 바랍니다.
완전 추출되고 깨끗하게 분리된 상태로 제출된 식물석 200-400 밀리그램을 사용해 연대측정이 통상적으로 이루어집니다.
식물석 형성 시기의 대표 연대측정을 위한 본 연구소의 방법론은:
(1) 제출된 식물석의 순도 혹은
(2) 만약 식물석의 순도가 연대 측정에 불가할 경우, 식물석과 같은 연대의 다른 유기물질 활용 여부입니다.
AMS 연대 측정 결과물은 고객의 전체 시료에 대한 신뢰도에 달려있습니다.
## 식물석 (Phytoliths)이란?
스미스소니언 국가 박물관의 자연사 (Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History)에 따르면 식물석은 여러 종류 식물의 세포에서 형성된 실리카의 미세 조각들입니다. 식물이 죽고 부식 후에도 보존 상태가 좋기 때문에 고고학자, 고 생태학자는 식물석을 이용하여 여러 내용물에서 식물의 잔유물을 식별합니다. 국립 과학 연구원 (National Academy of Sciences)의 회원인 Dolores Piperno 박사는 식물석을 이용해 고고학 연구를 했던 첫 연구자 중 한명이었습니다. 그녀의 연구과정에서 열대지역의 선사시대 농작물 기록에 식물석을 사용했습니다.
*이미지 크레딧: Benjamin Gadet (면허 보유 CC BY-SA 3.0)*
---
### [Datação por Radiocarbono de Fitólitos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/datacao-carbono-fitolitos.htm)
**Published:** August 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tamanho de amostra recomendado (favor consultar sobre amostras menores)**- 300 miligramas (para o AMS)
 **Serviços de datação por carbono**- AMS Standard – resultados reportados em 14 dias úteis ou menos
- AMS Priority – 6 dias úteis ou menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 dias úteis
 **Análises inclusas à datação por 14C**- δ13C
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Use frascos com tampas de rosca, microtubos, ou slides antes de colocá-los em um saco rotulado e com fecho zip.
- Recomendamos que o envio das amostras seja realizado em pequenas caixas sempre que possível (em vez de usar envelopes) para proteger a integridade física das amostras durante o seu transporte.
- O laboratório aceita apenas fitólitos extraídos.
---
**Obs** – As taxas incluem laudos de controle de qualidade, calibração calendárica (quando aplicável) e acesso 24/7 a resultados anteriores e análises em curso. [Solicite um orçamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/quanto-custa-datacao-radiocarbono.htm "Solicite um orçamento")
**Pré-tratamento** – Geralmente pré-tratamentos não são aplicados no laboratório; analisamo o material tal como foi enviado. No entanto, vamos testar uma sub-amostra de carbonato com uma lavagem ácida, ou mediante instrução aplicar uma lavagem ácida completa no caso de carbonatos conhecidos.
**Seleção de Amostras** – Fitólitos devem chegar já extraídos e prontos para serem analisados, já que o laboratório não tem capacidades de extração no momento. Se você fizer suas próprias extrações por favor não seque por evaporação sua amostra em solventes tais como acetona ou hexano. Os passos finais devem ser realizados com um solvente hidrofílico final, tal como acetona, seguido por várias lavagens em água de alta qualidade (desionizada, Milli-Q, destilada) antes da secagem.
## Datação por EMA de Fitólitos
A metodologia na datação por radiocarbono de fitólitos pode ser encontrada na publicação “2003 Piperno, Dolores R. and Karen E. Stothert; Phytolith Evidence for Early Holocene Cucurbita Domestication in Southwest Ecuador. Science 299:1054-1057.”
Fitólitos extraídos, isolados e puros podem ser datados rotineiramente usando de 200 a 400 miligramas.
A nossa metodologia para gerar uma data representativa da época de formação dos fitólitos depende dos seguintes fatores:
(1) A pureza dos fitólitos enviados ou
(2) A idade dos outros materiais orgânicos é a mesma dos fitólitos, quando não é possível fazer a datação dos fitólitos em sua forma pura.
A confiabilidade dos resultados de datação por EMA depende da confiança do solicitante na integridade das amostras.
## O que são fitólitos?
De acordo com o Museu Nacional de História Natural Smithsonian, fitólitos são partículas microscópicos de sílica que se formam nas células de muitos tipos de plantas. Elas permanecem bem conservadas, até mesmo depois que as plantas morrem e se decompõem. Por causa desta característica única, os fitólitos são usados pelos arqueólogos e paleoecologistas na identificação de restos de plantas em variados contextos. A Dra. Dolores Piperno, membra da Academia Nacional de Ciências, tem a reputação de ser uma das primeiras e poucas pesquisadoras a usarem fitólitos em um contexto arqueológico. Em suas pesquisas, fitólitos foram usados para documentar a agricultura pré-histórica em regiões tropicais.
*Crédito da imagem: Benjamin Gadet (sob licença CC BY-SA 3.0)*
---
### [Datation de phytolithes par radiocarbone](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-ams-phytolithes.htm)
**Published:** July 1, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Taille recommandée pour les échantillons (de plus petites quantités sont possibles pour les AMS – merci de [nous contacter](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-contact.htm "nous contacter"))**- 300 milligrammes (AMS)
 **Services de datation au carbone**- AMS Standard – les résultats sont communiqués sous 14 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Priority – 6 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 jours ouvrés
 **Analyses incluses avec la datation C14**- δ13C
 **Contenants recommandés**- Utilisez des flacons fermés par un bouchon, des tubes de micro-centrifugation ou encore des lames de comptage puis placez-les dans un sac de type Ziplock étiqueté.
- Nous vous recommandons grandement d’envoyer vos échantillons dans de petites boites quand cela est possible (au lieu d’utiliser des enveloppes) pour protéger l’intégrité physique des échantillons pendant le transport.
- Le laboratoire accepte exclusivement des phytolites extraits
---
**Nota** – Les tarifs comprennent les rapports d’assurance qualité, la calibration s’il y a lieu et l’accès Internet 24/7 aux résultats antérieurs et aux analyses en cours. [Obtenir un devis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/combien-coute-la-datation-carbone.htm "Obtenir un devis")
**Pretraitement** – En règle générale, aucun prétraitement n’est appliqué au laboratoire et nous analysons le matériel reçu dès réception. Toutefois, nous pouvons tester la présence de carbonates dans un sous-échantillon à l’aide d’un bain acide, ou appliquer un bain acide complet sur instructions en cas de présence connue de carbonates.
**Choix de l’échantillon** – Les phytolithes doivent arriver déjà extraits et prêts pour l’analyse car le laboratoire n’a à ce jour pas les moyens de réaliser l’extraction. Si vous réalisez votre propre extraction, merci de ne pas utiliser de solvant comme l’acétone ou l’hexane pour l’évaporation à sec. Les étapes finales doivent être réalisées avec un solvant hydrophile final comme l’acétone suivi par de multiples rinçages dans de l’eau haute-qualité (désionisée, milli-Q, distillée) avant le séchage.
## Datation de phytolites par AMS
La méthodologie pour la datation au radiocarbone de phytolites est décrite dans l’ouvrage “2003 Piperno, Dolores R. and Karen E. Stothert; Phytolith Evidence for Early Holocene Cucurbita Domestication in Southwest Ecuador. Science 299:1054-1057”.
Quand les échantillons de phytolithes nous parviennent extraits au préalable, isolés et propres, ils peuvent alors être datés de manière systématique en utilisant 200 à 400 mg.
Notre méthodologie pour produire une date représentative de la formation de phytolithes dépend:
(1) de la pureté des phytolithes fournis, ou
(2) de l’âge des autres matériaux organiques du même âge que les phytholithes si des phytolithes purs ne peuvent être obtenus pour la datation.
La fiabilité des résultats de la datation par AMS repose sur la certitude du client quant à l’intégrité des échantillons.
## Qu’est-ce qu’un phytolithe?
Selon le Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle Smithonian aux Etats Unis, les phytolithes sont des morceaux minuscules de silice qui se forment à l’intérieur de cellules de beaucoup de types de plantes. Ils restent intacts même après la mort et la décomposition de la plante. Pour cette raison, les phytolithes sont utilisés par les archéologues et paléoécologistes pour identifier des restes de plantes dans des contextes très variés. Le Dr. Dolores Piperno, membre de l’académie nationale des sciences est reconnue comme étant une des premières et rares chercheuses ayant utilisé des phytolithes dans un contexte archéologique. Dans ses travaux elle a su démontrer la présence d’agriculture préhistorique dans des zones tropicales.
*Crédit: Benjamin Gadet (licence CC BY-SA 3.0)*
---
### [Datación por radiocarbono de fitolitos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-carbono-fitolitos.htm)
**Published:** June 5, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tamaño de muestra recomendado (es posible enviar muestras más pequeñas para datación por AMS – por favor [contáctenos](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/contacto.htm "contáctenos"))**- 300 miligramos (AMS)
 **Servicios de datación por carbono**- AMS Standard – Los resultados se entregan en 14 días laborables o menos
- AMS Priority – 6 días laborables o menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 días laborables
 **Análisis incluidos con la datación por C14**- δ13C
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Utilizar viales con tapones de rosca, tubos de microcentrifugación, o portaobjetos antes de colocarlas en una bolsa con cierre zip etiquetada.
- Le recomendamos que envíe sus muestras en pequeñas cajas siempre que sea posible (en vez de utilizar sobres) para proteger la integridad física de las muestras durante su envío.
- El laboratorio sólo acepta fitolitos extraídos.
---
**Nota** – Nuestras tarifas incluyen informes con garantía de calidad, calibraciones de calendario (cuando sea aplicable) y acceso perpetuo a resultados anteriores o análisis pendientes a través de nuestra web. [Solicite un presupuesto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/cuanto-cuesta-la-datacion-por-carbono.htm "Solicite un presupuesto")
**Pretratamiento** – En general, el laboratorio no ejecuta el pretratamiento y analiza el material enviado directamente. No obstante, lavaremos una submuestra con ácido para determinar la presencia de carbonatos, o aplicaremos el lavado a toda la muestra si la presencia de carbonatos es conocida.
**Selección de muestras** – Los fitolitos deberían llegar ya extraídos y listos para el análisis, ya que el laboratorio no cuenta con capacidades de extracción en estos momentos. Si usted hace sus propias extracciones, por favor no evapore su muestra hasta que esté seca en solventes como acetona o hexano. Los pasos finales deberían realizarse con un solvente hidrofílico final como acetona seguido de múltiples enjuagues en agua de alta calidad (desionizada, Milli-Q, destilada) antes del secado.
## Datación por AMS de fitolitos
Puede encontrar la metodología para la datación por radiocarbono de fitolitos en la publicación “2003 Piperno, Dolores R. and Karen E. Stothert; Phytolith Evidence for Early Holocene Cucurbita Domestication in Southwest Ecuador. Science 299:1054-1057″.
Los fitolitos extraídos, aislados y puros pueden ser datados de manera rutinaria con muestras de 200 a 400 miligramos.
Nuestra metodología para generar una fecha representativa de la época de formación de los fitolitos depende de los siguientes factores:
(1) la pureza de los fitolitos enviados o
(2) que la edad de los otros materiales orgánicos sea la misma que la de los fitolitos, cuando no sea posible hacer la datación de los fitolitos en su forma pura.
La confiabilidad de los resultados de datación por AMS depende de la confianza del cliente en la composición de las muestras.
## ¿Qué son los fitolitos?
Según el Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Instituto Smithsoniano, los fitolitos son partículas microscópicas de sílice que se forman en las células de varios tipos de plantas. Estas partículas se mantienen bien conservadas, incluso después de que las plantas mueran y se descompongan. Debido a esta característica única, los fitolitos son utilizados por arqueólogos y paleoecologistas en la identificación de restos de plantas en diferentes contextos. La Dra. Dolores Piperno, miembro de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias, tiene la reputación de ser una de las primeras y pocas investigadoras en utilizar fitolitos en un contexto arqueológico. En sus investigaciones, los fitolitos fueron utilizados para documentar la agricultura prehistórica en regiones tropicales.
*Crédito de la imagen: Benjamin Gadet (autorizada bajo la licencia CC BY-SA 3.0)*
---
### [Radiokohlenstoff Datierung von Phytolithen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-phytolithe.htm)
**Published:** September 22, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Empfohlene Probenmengen (geringere AMS Mengen sind möglich – bitte [kontaktieren Sie uns](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/beta-kontakt.htm "contact us"))**- 300 Milligramm (AMS)
 **Kohlenstoff-Datierungsdienste**- AMS Standard – Ergebnisse werden innerhalb von 14 Werktagen oder weniger berichtet
- AMS Priority – 6 Werktage oder weniger
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 Werktage
 **Analysen enthalten mit C14 Datierung**- δ13C
 **Empfohlenes Behältnis**- Bitte Glasfläschchen mit Schraubverschluss, Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen oder Zählkammern verwenden und diese in separate, wiederverschließbare und beschriftete Plastikbeutel geben.
- Bitte senden Sie Ihre Proben in Paketen und nicht in Umschlägen, um die Proben vor Schäden während des Versands zu bewahren.
- Das Labor akzeptiert nur extrahierte Phytolithe
---
**Hinweis** – Die Gebühren beinhalten Qualitätssicherungsberichte, ggf. Kalenderkalibrierung und rund um die Uhr verfügbaren Webzugriff auf frühere Ergebnisse und ausstehende Analysen. [Angebot anfordern](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/was-kosten-carbon-datierungen.htm "Angebot anfordern")
**Vorbehandlung** – das Labor führt keine generellen Vorbehandlungen durch und analysiert das eingesandte Material. Wir prüfen jedoch anhand einer Teilstichprobe mittels Säurewaschung, ob Carbonat vorliegt, oder führen eine vollständige Säurewaschung durch, wenn bekannt ist, dass Carbonate vorhanden sind und dies in Auftrag gegeben wurde.
**Probenauswahl** – Phytolithe müssen dem Labor bereits extrahiert und bereit für die Analyse vorliegen, da es uns im Moment nicht möglich ist, die Extraktion im Labor vorzunehmen. Wenn Sie die Extraktion selbst durchführen, evaporieren Sie Ihre Probe nicht trocken in Lösungsmitteln wie Aceton oder Hexan. Die abschließenden Schritte sollten mithilfe eines finalen hydrophilen Lösungsmittels wie Aceton, gefolgt von mehreren Waschungen mit hochwertigem Wasser (deionisiert, destilliert, Milli-Q), erfolgen, bevor die Probe getrocknet wird.
## AMS Datierung von Phytolithen
Die Methodologie für die Radiokohlenstoff Datierung von Phytolithen kann man in “2003 Piperno, Dolores R. and Karen E. Stothert; Phytolith Evidence for Early Holocene Cucurbita Domestication in Southwest Ecuador Science 299:1054-1057” finden.
Phytolithe, die in vorextrahierter, isolierter und reiner Form zugesandt werden, können routinemäßig unter der Verwendung von 200-400 mg datiert werden.
Unsere Methode zur Ermittlung eines Datums, welches die Zeit der Bildung der Phytolithe repräsentativ wiedergibt, hängt:
(1) von der Reinheit der zur Verfügung gestellten Phytolithe ab und
(2) wenn keine reinen Phytolithe zur Verfügung stehen, vom Alter der weiteren organischen Materialien, die dasselbe Alter wie die Phytolithe aufweisen müssen.
Das Vertrauen in die Ergebnisse einer AMS Datierung hängt von dem Vertrauen des Einsenders in die Integrität der Proben ab.
## Was sind Phytolithe
Gemäß dem Smithsonian National Museum für Naturgeschichte sind Phytolithe mikroskopische Teile aus Siliziumdioxid, das sich in den Zellen vieler Pflanzenarten bildet. Sie bleiben auch nachdem die Pflanzen abgestorben und abgebaut sind, immer noch gut erhalten. Auf Grund dieser einzigartigen Eigenschaft, werden Phytolithe von Archäologen und Paläoökologen verwendet, um Pflanzenreste in unterschiedlichen Kontexten zu bestimmen. Dr. Dolores Piperno, ein Mitglied der National Academy of Sciences, wird zugeschrieben, eine der ersten wenigen Forscherinnen zu sein, die Phytolithe im archäologischen Zusammenhang verwendet hat. Die Phytolithe wurden in ihrer Forschung dazu verwendet, die prähistorische Landwirtschaft in tropischen Gebieten zu dokumentieren.
*Bildquelle: Benjamin Gadet (lizenziert nach CC BY-SA 3.0)*
---
### [泥炭的放射性碳定年](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-peat.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **建議樣品量 (若樣品量較少 – 請 [聯繫我們](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 3-100 毫克 (AMS)
 **碳定年服務和測試週期**- AMS標準測試 – 14個工作日或更少
- AMS優先測試 – 6個工作日或更少
- AMS極速測試 – 2-3個工作日
 **碳14定年 附帶免費分析**- δ13C
 **推薦包裝**- 夾鏈袋(若樣品量很小，或於運送途中容易破損，請先以鋁箔紙包裝)
- 請您使用堅固的小纸盒寄送您的樣品，而不要使用信封寄送，這樣能够防止您的樣品在運輸途中被壓碎。
- 在寄送泥炭樣品前，請聯繫實驗室。
---
**請注意** – 費用包含質量保證報告、日曆校準（在允許的情況下）以及24小時全年無休的線上系統，可查詢測試結果和待測樣品。 [需要報價單](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "需要報價單")
**預處理** – 請聯繫我們共同討論您的研究目的，以確保套用最適用於您泥炭樣品的 [預處理](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Washes) 。我們歡迎您要求我們在預處理之後與您聯繫，共同討論申請書上的定年選項。
**濕樣品** – 在您方便的前提下，您可選擇寄送濕樣品或者乾樣品。一般情况下，潮濕的樣品會更容易篩選出大化石。實驗室建議樣品量為50-100 毫克（乾燥後重量），但這只是比較保守的估計量，有時並不需要這麼多。 若寄送潮濕或冰凍的樣品，請將多餘的水分除去，用塑膠膜包裹好（如保鲜膜）以儘量减少空氣接觸，然後裝入夾鏈袋内寄送给我們。
在您寄送樣品前請聯繫我們，以便我們能够初步評估樣品量是否足夠。
## [泥炭樣品的採樣說明](#collapseOne)
泥炭樣品是碳定年十分常見的材料。他們一般由許多物質組成，包括（1）幾乎不含植物大化石卻含有豐富有機質的淤泥（淤泥炭或有機沉積物）；（2）不含泥沙但纖維清晰的植物殘留物（種子、小木炭、蘆葦、植物莖）。在很多情況下，泥炭是由難以辨認的腐爛植物殘體組成，它們一般是當地物質沉積腐爛後的混合物，或者是淤泥炭和纖維物質的混合。
在採樣之前，您需要確定您想了解的訊息，然後再根據泥炭的成分（主要是淤泥、纖維或二者混合物），決定取用哪一部分定年會更符合您的研究目的。寄至實驗室的樣品量大小也是很重要的，例如：從中心部位要取多少垂直樣品？是僅接觸還是可相變（沉積標記物的開始或結束等）？
一般而言，健全或腐爛的植物殘體是放射性碳定年的最佳材料，因為它們可進行額外的預處理（鹼萃取）以除去腐植酸。如果沒有去除，腐植酸通常會導致測試結果偏年輕。該情況是假定植物殘渣中不含任何源於上層泥炭的外來根系（細根）。
在某些情況下，視濃度而定，淤泥炭也可進行鹼處理。由於淤泥大多都是腐植酸和一些腐植質，因此鹼萃取對淤泥炭的處理效果不一定像植物材料那樣有效。
若有可能，最好還是取您所知的獨特植物殘體進行放射性碳定年。若該方法不可能或不可行，則您可選擇寄送散樣，我們會過篩、提取出所有的可用部分並進行預處理。實驗室會將適用於放射性碳定年的植物大化石相片電郵寄給客戶，再由客戶決定定年材料。
當研究人員不確定哪一部分更適合定年，他們會對纖維部分（植物大化石）以及淤泥部分分別進行測試，然後再對比結果。當研究人員不確定是否含有外來材料沉積，或不清楚該地區是否為高能沉積系統，以及淤泥是否取自於纖維材料或有纖維材料浸入，這種做法有時可幫助他們進行判斷。
如果您無法確定需要寄送多少樣品量， 您可寄送多個切片，並告知我們先測試樣品A，若不夠再加入樣品B、C、D等。這讓研究人員能以最少樣品進行測試，並獲得最精確的結果，因為在某些情況下，加入越來越多的地層樣品，所測得是數據是沉積的平均年齡，而不完全是某事件的具體發生時間。
## [泥炭樣品的預處理](#collapseSix)
泥炭樣品的預處理類似於有機沉積物，主要的不同在於，泥炭樣品可能會遇到更多的腐植酸問題。一般而言，泥炭樣品都會進行浮選、過篩（125-180目）以去除及分離有機物化石（如植物、貝殼等）。如果在足夠的樣品量中發現有機物化石，實驗室將會根據樣品類別進行預處理（通常為酸/鹼/酸）。
除非另有指示，否則我們將保留沉積物/污泥部分，完成時，我們將聯繫您確認進行放射性碳定年的部分。如果您對哪部分進行定年有特別的要求，或者是想要對兩部分都進行定年，請您在申請表中標明。
淤泥炭只能用酸洗來去除碳酸鹽 。鹼預處理是用於清除腐植酸，一般清除後會出現植物性物質。很多情況下，泥炭中都會含有糞便、沉積物或纖維部分。這些部分在預處理階段會被分離開，一般纖維部分會進行鹼預處理，而沉積物部分則不做鹼預處理
如果您知道哪部分更適合用於 [放射性碳定年](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-lab.htm "放射性碳定年")，或將兩部分都定年會更好，請在送樣單中標明。
## [泥炭的放射性碳定年](#collapseTwo)
雖然成分有很大的不同，泥炭大部分還是由有機物質組成。根據泥炭樣品的類型，實驗室有兩種定年方法：
1 – 淤泥炭
不含任何大化石的粉質泥炭在酸洗去除碳酸鹽後，以“塊狀有機沉積物”定年。有時我們也可以進行鹼提取以去除腐殖酸，但這取決於樣品大小以及粉質泥炭是否不溶於鹼。
2 – 纖維質泥炭
這些是更典型的樣品，大部分是細密淤泥和腐爛的植物殘體混合物（如含有炭化的物質和莎草、蘆葦等）。在這種情況下，一般會將纖維物質或明顯的有機物化石提取出來進行全方位的酸鹼預處理，以清除碳酸鹽和腐植酸，然後再進行定年。
無論您寄送的是何種類型的泥炭，我們都會將樣品的各個成分分離，並根據成分類型進行預處理，然後再與您聯繫，共同討論要採用哪一部分進行定年。
*最後更新2020年5月*
---
### [ピートの放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-peat.htm)
**Published:** March 30, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **試料の必要量(推奨量) (より少ない量でも測定可能です – 詳細はご連絡ください [ご連絡先](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 3-100 mg
 **炭素年代測定サービスの種類**- AMS Standard（通常の納期） – 米国のラボで試料受領後14営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Priority (特急) – 米国のラボで試料受領後6営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Time Guide (超特急) – 米国のラボで試料受領後3～4営業日で結果をご報告いたします。 (骨または堆積物では対応不可）
 **C14年代測定に含まれて いる分析サービス**- δ13C
 **お薦めする試料の容器**- ジップロックバッグ（試料が小さい場合、あるいは輸送中に破壊されそうな場合はアルミホイルに包んでからバッグに入れて下さい）
- お送りいただく際は輸送時の試料破壊を防ぐため封筒ではなく丈夫な小箱などを用いてください
- ピート試料を送付の際事前の協議をお薦めいたします。
---
**注記** – 料金には、品質管理レポート、適応可能な場合は暦年代較正、既出結果への24/7アクセス、測定保留に係る経費が含まれています。 [お見積りはこちらから](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "お見積りはこちらから")
**試料の前処理** – ピート試料の年代測定に際して調査の目的に合った [前処理](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Washes) を選択するため事前の協議をお薦めいたします。
**湿った状態の試料** – ピート試料をお送りいただく際は、湿った状態、乾燥させたもの、どちらでも大丈夫です。 ご都合のよろしい方を選択してください。 一般的には、湿った状態のほうが、試料中のマクロフォッシルなどの化石を取り出しやすいという利点があります。 試料の推奨サイズは3-100 mg (おおよその乾燥重量) ですが、それより少ない量でも測定可能です。 水分の多い試料、凍った試料をお送りいただく際は余分な水分をできるだけ除き、サランラップなどに包み空気とできるだけ触れない状態でジップロックバックに入れてください。
測定に必要な試料量について、試料をお送りいただく前のご相談を歓迎いたします。
## [ピートのサンプリング](#collapseOne)
ピートは放射性炭素年代測定によく用いられる試料種です。 しかし、試料によってその特徴が大きく異なる物質でもあります。 それは、 (1) プラントやマクロフォッシルを含まない、有機質に富んだ細粒のシルト質ピート(silty peat やorganic sediment ) から (2) シルトをほとんど含まない、繊維質に富んだ植物遺体の集合 (種子、微小炭化物、ヨシ、植物茎などを含む) というような違いがあります。 ピート試料は、シルト質と繊維に富む植物遺体などが混在おり、含まれる植物遺体は腐食が進んでおり元の物質の起源がわからないような状態のものが多いです。 試料採取の前にはまず、どのような種類の試料を見つけたいかを決めます。 そして試料の特徴（シルト質のものから繊維質に富むもの、またはその混合）に応じて、どの物質、分画がもっとも調査の目的に合っているかを決めます。 試料のサイズも考慮すべき重要な点です。 (例えば、コアから垂直方向にどれだけの量を採取したらよいかなど) 一般的には、上層から侵入した植物根などを含まない、しっかりした植物片がフミン酸の汚染をアルカリ処理によって除去できるので年代測定に適した試料です。 前処理によってフミン酸が除去できない場合は、それが年代を新しくするバイアスとして働く可能性があります。
場合によっては、試料の強度に応じてシルト質のピートもアルカリ処理を行うことが可能です。シルトは一般的に大部分のフミン酸と少量のヒューミンに構成されていますので、植物片に対して行われるアルカリ処理と同等の効果をもたらすかどうかはわかりません。
可能な場合は、知りたい年代と同時代の植物片を抽出して年代測定を行うのが一番良い方法です。 もし選別、抽出が不可能な場合は、バルクでお送りいただければ、ふるい分け、選別、抽出を行い年代測定可能なすべての試料(マクロフォッシルやsediment) について写真をつけてお知らせいたします。それを見ていただきどの種類の試料の年代測定を行うか決めていただくことができます。
もし、どの分画を測定するのがよいか決めかねる場合は、例えば、繊維質(腐食した植物遺体)とシルト両方を測定し結果を比較するのが良い方法です。 これは、植物根など侵入が疑われる場合や流動が激しく植物性の物質からシルトが何度も出入りを繰り返すような場所に有効です。
もしどれくらいの量のピートが必要かわからない場合は、複数のスライス(例えば、AからD)をお送りいただき、まずAを分析し量が不足した場合はBを追加する、それでも足りない場合はC、Dも追加する、というように測定可能な量に達するまで順次試料を追加していくという方法が可能です。こうすることによって可能な限り少量の試料で測定が行えますので、よりイベントに近い正確な年代を得ることができます。 試料の量を増やせば、それだけ年代が平均化される可能性があります。
## [ピート試料の前処理](#collapseSix)
ピートは有機堆積物(organic sediment)と同様の処理を行いますが、主な違いはピートにはフミン酸がより重要な問題となるということです。通常、フローテーションおよび125から180 micronsのフルイによる選別を行い、植物、貝などのマクロフォッシルを抽出します。 もし測定に十分なマクロフォッシルがあれば試料の種類に応じてacid/alkali/acidなどの前処理を行います。
また、堆積物、シルト、泥状の物質なども特に指示がないかぎり選択可能な測定の対象として保持します。 もし、特定の分画、試料種を測定するご希望があればその旨データシートにご記入ください。 泥状のピートの前処理は炭酸塩を取り除くための酸処理に限定されます。一般的にフミン酸を取り除くためのアルカリ処理は、植物状の物質がないと困難です。 ピートはしばしば、泥状の物質、堆積物(sediment)、繊維状の腐食植物をすべてを含んでいますが、それらは前処理の間に分離されます。 多くの場合、繊維状の物質はアルカリ処理が可能です。 堆積物はアルカリ処理を行なわずに測定を行うことが一般的です。
もし、事前にどの物質で [年代測定](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-lab.htm "radiocarbon dating")を行えばよいか（もしくは分離せずにコンビネーションで測定をしたほうがよいか）がわかる場合は、そのむねデータシートにご記入ください。
## [ピートの放射性炭素年代測定](#collapseTwo)
ピート試料は、個体差が大きいですが、おおむね有機物によって構成されています。 試料の特徴によって主に2通りの測定方法があります。:
1 – シルトに富むピート
マクロフォッシルを含まないシルト質ピートは、酸処理により炭酸塩を除去した後で、”バルク有機堆積物”としての年代測定が可能です。アルカリ処理が可能かどうかは、試料のサイズが十分であること・試料がアルカリに溶解してしまわないこと、が条件になります。
2 – 繊維質に富むピート
典型的なピート試料は、細粒のシルト、腐食の進んだ植物を含んでいる場合が多いです。(微細な炭化物、スゲ、ヨシなどを含む場合もあります。) こういった場合は、繊維状の植物もしくは、微小な植物片・炭化物などの単体で分離できるマクロフォッシルを酸・アルカリ・酸処理によって、炭酸塩・フミン酸 を除去してから測定を行うのが一般的です。 場合によっては、細粒のシルトに酸処理を行いバルク・オーガニック・カーボンを測定することも可能です。
ピートのタイプに関わらず、SGS Beta では、測定可能なすべての物質を分離し、それぞれに適切な前処理を行った上で、どの物質を測定したらよいかご相談いたします。
*最終更新：2022年10月*
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### [토탄의 방사성탄소 연대측정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-peat.htm)
**Published:** February 1, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **권장 시료 크기 (소량 크기도 가능 – [문의바람](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 3-100 밀리그램 (AMS)
 **서비스 종류**- AMS 일반 – 14 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 특급 – 6 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 타임 가이드 – 2-3 영업일 이내 결과 보고
 **C14 연대측정 시 포함된 분석**- δ13C
 **권장 용기**- 지프 백 (작거나 운송 중 부서질 수 있는 시료들은 알루미늄 포일로 포장)
- 시료를 보내주실 때 봉투 대신 작은 박스에 담아 보내야 운송 중 시료들이 부스러지는 것을 방지할 수 있습니다.
- 토탄 시료 보내기 전 실험실로 문의 바랍니다.
---
**참고 사항** – 요금에는 다음 서비스들이 포함됩니다. 품질 확인 보고서 (QA reports). 보정값, 지난 보고서와 현 분석 과정을 보실 수 있는 24/7 웹 사용권한. [견적 요청하기](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "견적 요청하기")
**전처리 과정** – 연구 목적을 사전에 알려주시면 보내주신 토탄 시료에 가장 적절하게 적용할 수 있는 [전처리](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Washes) 과정을 알 수 있습니다. 여러가지 연대측정 옵션을 의논하기 위해 전처리 과정 후 연락을 취해달라는 요청을 데이타 시트에 적어 보내셔도 좋습니다.
**젖은 상태의 시료** – 시료가 젖어있는 상태거나 마른 상태거나 편하신대로 보내 주시면 됩니다. 일반적으로 저희 연구실은 커다란 크기의 화석 추출을 위해 젖은 상태의 시료를 보내 주시는 것을 선호합니다. 보내실 시료의 량은 건조 상태로 약 3-100 밀리그램입니다. 하지만 항상 그런 것은 아닙니다. 젖어 있거나 냉동 상태의 시료를 보내실 경우 여분의 물을 빼고 플라스틱 랩으로 싸서 공기 접촉을 피한 다음, 지퍼가 달린 지퍼 백에 넣어 보내 주시면 됩니다.
샘플을 보내시기 전에 본 연구소로 연락 주시면 연대측정하기에 시료가 충분한가 여부를 판단해 드립니다.
## [토탄 시료의 샘플링 ](#collapseOne)
토탄 시료는 방사성탄소 연대측정의 흔한 물질입니다. 보통 다양한 물질들로 이루어져 있습니다. (1) 커다란 식물 화석이 약간 있거나 거의 없는 상태의 유기질이 풍부한 아주 좋은 토사 (토사에서 나온 토탄 혹은 유기질 퇴적물) (2) 토사가 거의 없는 상태의 섬유질이 풍부하게 남아있는 식물 잔류 물질 (각종 씨앗, 목탄, 갈대, 줄기 등등). 대부분의 토탄은 그 자체가 썩거나 섬유질을 가진 토사 속 토탄이 섞여 썩어서 침전된 알 수 없는 여러 물질이 섞여 있습니다.
샘플링 작업 전, 어떤 물질을 찾으려는지 결정해야 하며, 토탄의 구성 물질에 따라 (대부분 토사, 섬유질, 혹은 이들의 합성물) 고객의 연구에 가장 합당한 물질이 무엇인지 결정해야 합니다. 또한 실험실로 보낼 시료의 량도 생각해야 합니다. 즉 시료 축에서 얼마나 많이 혹은 얼마나 조금 코아에서 떼어 내야만 하는지 여부. 그리고 접한 장소 혹은 접한 면이 바뀌는 곳에서 떼어내야 하는지 여부 등등.
일반적으로 살아있거나 썩은 식물체 잔여물이 연대측정에 가장 좋은 물질입니다. 이유는 현존하는 휴믹산을 제거하기 위해 추가적인 전처리(알칼리 추출) 과정을 수월하게 할 수 있기 때문입니다. 만약 이런 휴믹 산을 제거하지 않으면, 연대 측정치가 자꾸 현대에 가까워지는 오류가 발생할 수 있습니다. 이것은 이런 식물체들이 토탄의 위 표면에서 자란 뿌리 물질들이 침투하여 포함되지 않았다는 것을 가정 하에 연대측정을 하게 됩니다.
일관성이라는 문제에 따라 일부 경우에 토사에 섞여있는 토탄은 알칼리 처리할 수 있습니다. 토사는 대부분 휴믹 산과 휴믹이기 때문에 알칼리 추출은 토사에 섞여있는 토탄의 경우 효과가 있을 수도 있고, 있지 않을 수도 있습니다.
가능하다면 현장에 묻혀있는 식물체 자체를 추출해서 바로 연대 측정 연구소로 보내는 것이 제일 좋습니다. 만약 실제적으로 이렇게 할 수 없을 때는 덩어리를 보내시면 본 연구소에서 걸러서 여러 물질들을 추출한 다음에 이 추출물을 사전처리 한 다음, 이런 사전 처리된 추출물들의 사진을 고객께 보내면, 고객께서 사진을 보고 어떤 물질로 연대측정 할 것인지 결정할 수도 있습니다.
연구자 입장에서 어떤 것으로 연대 측정을 하여야 할지 모를 경우, 대부분 연구자들은 섬유질 부분 (식물 화석)과 토사를 별도로 연대 측정하여 결과를 비교해 봅니다. 이렇게 하면 연구자들 입장에서 외부 물질이 침전되어 있는지, 활발한 침전 활동이 있는 곳인지, 토사에 섬유 물질이 끼여 들어왔는지, 빠져나갔는지에 대한 의문에 해답을 줄 수 있습니다.
어느 정도의 토탄을 보내실 지 모르실 경우, 여러 조각으로 쪼개서 보내신 다음에, 우선 A샘플로 연대 측정해 보고, 안되면 B, C, D 하는 식으로 요청하시면 됩니다. 이렇게 하면 연구자 입장에서 가장 정확한 연대 측정치를 얻기 위해 추가로 하는 양을 투입하면서 최소한의 토탄으로 연대 측정을 할 수 있습니다. 일부 경우에는 이렇게함으로써 더 정확한 결과를 보여주는 실제 사건 날짜 보다는 침전된 평균 시간 이상의 연대 결과치를 보여줄 수도 있습니다.
## [토탄 샘플 사전 처리](#collapseSix)
토탄 시료의 경우 거의 유기 퇴적물과 비슷한 과정을 거치지만 휴믹 산 처리가 가장 다른 점일 것입니다. 일반적으로 물에 부유한 다음 125-180 마이크론 채로 걸러내어 육안 식별이 가능한 대형화석(예를 들면 식물체, 조개 껍질 등등)을 분리하여 제거합니다. 만약 충분히 많은 대형화석을 발견하면 이들을 물질의 종류에 따라 전처리 합니다. (보통 산/알카리/산 처리 과정)
별다른 지시 사항이 없으면, 퇴적물/흙 부분을 보관한 다음 어떤 것으로 연대측정 할 것인지 연락 드릴 것입니다. 퇴적물로 연대측정을 하고 싶으신지, 아니면 대량물질로 연대측정하고 싶으신지, 아니면 두개 다 측정하고 싶으신지 데이터 시트에 작성하시면 됩니다.
흙이 묻어있는 토탄의 경우, 탄산염 제거를 위한 산 세척 사전 처리 과정에 한계가 있습니다. 부식 산을 완전히 제거하기 위해 하는 알칼리 사전 처리 과정은 보통 채소 물질이 있어야 하는데, 종종 토탄은 흙이 묻어 있거나 침전물 형태, 섬유 형태의 조각일 수 있습니다. 이 같은 경우, 일반적으로 사전 처리 과정에서 분리되지만 섬유조각의 경우 알칼리 사전 처리를 하며, 침전물 형태의 경우 알칼리 사전 처리를 할 수 없습니다.
만약 [방사성 탄소 연대 측정](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-lab.htm "방사성 탄소 연대 측정") 에 더 적합한 형태를 알거나 두 형태를 조합하는 방식이 더 적합하다고 판단하실 경우, 데이터 시트에 표시해주시기 바랍니다.
## [토탄의 방사성탄소 연대측정](#collapseTwo)
토탄의 구성 형태는 다양하지만 대부분 유기물로 구성되어 있습니다. 토탄 샘플 연대 측정을 위해 종류에 따라 두 가지 방법이 있습니다:
1 – 미사 형태의 토탄
어떤 화석도 없는 작은 모래 형태의 토탄은 탄산염 제거하기 위한 산처리한 “유기 토양”으로 연대 측정할 수 있습니다. 가끔 휴믹산 제거를 위해 알카리 처리를 할 수 있지만, 이는 시료의 크기에 따라 다르다. 또한 아주 고운 모래 알갱이 같은 토탄은 알카리에 녹지 않습니다.
2 – 섬유형태의 토탄
섬유 형태의 경우, 대부분의 경우 일반적인 형태로 매우 미세한 미사 토탄 복합체로 이루어졌으며, 부식된 식물에 남아 있습니다. (예를 들어, 탄화된 경우, 사초과, 갈대 등). 이와 같은 경우 일반적으로 섬유 물이나 특별한 대형화석에서 추출되며 탄산염과 부식 산을 제거하기 위해 산과 알칼리 사전 처리를 한 후에 연대 측정을 합니다.
보내주신 토탄의 종류와는 상관없이 본 연구소는 앞서 언급한 대로 사전 처리 과정을 통해 조각을 분리합니다. 또한 각 샘플에 따라 고객들이 어떤 것을 연대 측정할지 선택 여부를 조정하기 위해 고객께 연락할 것입니다.
*2022년 10월 업데이트*
---
### [Datação por Radiocarbono de Turfa](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/datacao-ema-turfa.htm)
**Published:** August 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tamanho de amostra recomendado (favor consultar sobre amostras menores)**- 3 a 100 milligramas (para o AMS)
 **Serviços de datação por carbono**- AMS Standard – resultados reportados em 14 dias úteis ou menos
- AMS Priority – 6 dias úteis ou menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 dias úteis
 **Análises inclusas à datação por 14C**- δ13C
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Saco plástico com fecho, estilo Ziplock (embrulhar amostras pequenas em alumínio para evitar esmagamento durante transporte)
- Recomendamos que o envio das amostras seja realizado em pequenas caixas sempre que possível (em vez de usar envelopes) para proteger a integridade física das amostras.
- Favor consultar o laboratório antes de enviar suas amostras de turfa.
---
**Obs** – As taxas incluem laudos de controle de qualidade, calibração calendárica (quando aplicável) e acesso 24/7 a resultados anteriores e análises em curso. [Solicite um orçamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/quanto-custa-datacao-radiocarbono.htm "Solicite um orçamento")
**O pré-tratamento** – Entre em contato conosco para discutir a natureza do seu objectivo de investigação para assegurar o [pré-tratamento](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-pretratamento-protocolos.htm#Washes "pré-tratamentos") mais adequado é aplicado à sua amostra de turfa. Você está convidado a contactar-nos após o pré-tratamento para discutir as opções para datação na folha de dados.
**Amostras Molhadas** – As turfas podem ser enviadas em estado úmido ou seco, de acordo com o que é mais conveniente ao cliente. Geralmente, o laboratório prefere que as amostras estejam úmidas, uma vez que isto pode facilitar a extração de macrofósseis. Recomenda-se o envio de 3 a 100 milligramas de amostra ao laboratório (peso aproximado da amostra seca), mas isso nem sempre é necessário. Ao enviar amostras molhadas ou congeladas, retire a água excedente e, em seguida, envolva-as em um filme plástico para limitar o contato da mesma com o ar. Coloque-as em uma sacola com fecho e envie-a ao laboratório.
Entre em contato conosco antes de enviar suas amostras para que possamos fazer um levantamento inicial e informar se você tem uma quantidade suficiente de amostra para a datação por radiocarbono.
## [Dicas de amostragem para turfa](#collapseOne)
Amostras de turfa são periodicamente enviadas para a datação por radiocarbono. Elas costumam ser compostas de uma grande variedade de materiais, que vão desde (1)sedimentos muito finos e ricos em matéria orgânica (turfa limosa ou sedimento orgânico) com muito pouco ou nenhum macrofóssil vegetal, (2) restos de plantas muito fibrosas e resistentes (sementes, pedaços de carvão, juncos e hastes) com muito pouco limo. Muitas vezes, a turfa é composta por restos de plantas em decomposição não identificados e que são essencialmente uma mistura de tudo o que foi depositado e se decompôs no local, ou uma mistura de turfa limosa com alguns materiais fibrosos.
Antes de colher a amostra, você deverá decidir o que deseja descobrir e, em seguida, dependendo da composição da turfa (principalmente limosa, principalmente fibrosa ou uma mistura), decida qual fração do material será a mais apropriada para a sua pesquisa. Também é importante considerar a quantidade de amostra a ser enviada ao laboratório – ou seja, a quantidade de amostra vertical que deverá ser retirada da parte principal e se ela deverá ser retirada apenas nos pontos de contatos ou onde há mudanças de fácies (início / separação dos marcadores de deposição, etc.)
Em geral, os restos de plantas resistentes ou decompostas são os melhores materiais para a datação por radiocarbono pois os mesmos permitem que se faça pré-tratamentos adicionais (extrações de alcali), para remover quaisquer ácidos húmicos mobilizados que estejam presentes. Caso não sejam removidos, os ácidos húmicos poderão afetar o resultado, geralmente levando a uma idade mais recente. Isso pressupõe que os restos de plantas não contêm raízes intrusivas (longarinas) que tenham crescido a partir de camadas superiores de turfa.
Em alguns casos, dependendo da consistência, a turfa limosa pode ser tratada com uma substância alcalina. Visto que o limo costuma ser composto de principalmente ácidos húmicos e algumas huminas, as extrações com substâncias alcalinas podem ou não ser tão eficazes em turfas limosas como seria com a matéria vegetal.
Sempre que possível, é melhor extrair restos de plantas que você sabe que foram depositados in situ e enviá-los para a datação por radiocarbono. Se isso não for possível ou prático, você poderá enviar a amostra inteira e, no laboratório, a mesma será peneirada para extrairmos todas as diferentes frações presentes e os devidos pré-tratamentos serão feitos. Em seguida, enviaremos fotografias ao cliente dos macrofósseis disponíveis para a datação por radiocarbono. O cliente decidirá quais materiais serão datados.
Quando os pesquisadores não têm certeza de qual é a fração que irá produzir o melhor resultado, os mesmos optam por datar a fração fibrosa (macrofóssil vegetal) e a fração limosa separadamente para comparar os resultados. Isto pode ser útil se o investigador suspeita que materiais intrusivos foram depositados ou se o sistema em questão é uma área de deposição de alta energia e/ou se o limo é transportado para dentro e para fora do material fibroso.
Se você não tem certeza de quanta turfa deve ser enviada, você poderápreparar diferentes porções da amostra como um todo e orientar-nos a datar primeiro a amostraA. Caso não seja suficiente, poderemos datar a porção B, C, D e assim por diante. Isto permite que um pesquisador analise a menor porção possível de deposição para obter a data mais precisa, visto que, em alguns casos, ao adicionarmos cada vez mais camadas, fazemos com que a idade relatada seja um período médio de deposição e não a data do evento em questão, o que representa um resultado mais preciso.
## [Pré-tratamento de Amostras de Turfa](#collapseSix)
Peats são tratados da mesma forma para sedimentos orgânicos, com a principal diferença é que os ácidos húmicos pode ser mais de um problema com amostras de turfa. Em geral, a turfa será peneirada e flutuada entre 125 a 180 micra para remover e isolar macrofósseis (planta, casca, etc.). Se macrofósseis são encontrados em quantidades suficientes, eles serão pré-tratados de acordo com o tipo de material (tipicamente ácido / alcalino / ácido).
A não ser que sejamos instruídos de outra forma, nós reteremos a fração de sedimentos / muck e após a conclusão entraremos em contato com você com opções para datação por radiocarbono. Se tiver algum pedido especial sobre a fracção que deseja datar ou se gostaria de datar ambos, por favor indique isso na folha de dados.
As turfas sujas só podem passar pelos pré-tratamentos de lavagem ácida para garantir a ausência de carbonatos. O pré-tratamento alcalino, aplicado para garantir a ausência de ácidos húmicos, geralmente requer a presença de matéria vegetal. A turfa frequentemente contém frações fibrosas, sujas e sedimentos. Elas costumam ser separadas durante o pré-tratamento. Frequentemente, as frações fibrosas recebem o pré-tratamento alcalino, ao contrário das frações com sedimentos.
Se você souber qual é a melhor fração para [análise por radiocarbono](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/beta-laboratorio.htm "análise por radiocarbono"), ou se a combinação das duas frações é a melhor opção, favor indicar isto no formulário de dados.
## [Datação por Radiocarbono de Turfa](#collapseTwo)
Apesar de ser altamente variável em sua composição, a turfa é formada principalmente de matéria orgânica. Há duas formas de datar amostras de turfa, dependendo do tipo:
1 – Turfa siltosa
Turfa siltosa sem macrofósseis podem ser datadas pelo “sedimento orgânico bruto” lavado por ácido para a remoção de carbonatos. Às vezes, podemos aplicar uma extração de álcali para remover o ácido húmico, mas isso depende do tamanho da amostra e se a turfa siltosa não for fina demais e dissolver no álcali.
2 – Turfa fibrosa
Este tipo de turfa é mais comum e costuma ser uma mistura de lodo de granulação fina e restos de plantas decompostas (ex. pedaços de materiais carbonizados, carriços, juncos, etc). Nesse caso, o material fibroso ou os diferentes macrofósseis costumam ser extraídos e recebem uma série completa de tratamentos ácidos e alcalinos para remover os carbonatos e ácidos húmicos antes de serem datados.
Independentemente do tipo de turfa enviada, isolamos a fração necessária, aplicamos o pré-tratamento adequado e, em seguida, entramos em contato com o cliente para explicar o que pode ser datado em cada amostra.
*Última atualização: *outubro de 2022**
---
### [Datation au radiocarbone de tourbe](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-ams-tourbe.htm)
**Published:** July 1, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Taille recommandée pour les échantillons (de plus petites quantités sont possibles pour les AMS – merci de [nous contacter](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-contact.htm "nous contacter"))**- 3 à 100 milligrammes (AMS)
 **Services de datation au carbone**- AMS Standard – les résultats sont communiqués sous 14 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Priority – 6 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 jours ouvrés
 **Analyses incluses avec la datation C14**- δ13C
 **Contenants recommandés**- Sacs Ziplock (si l’échantillon est petit ou risque d’être écrasé pendant le transport, veuillez l’emballer dans de l’aluminium)
- Nous vous recommandons grandement d’envoyer vos échantillons dans de petites boites quand cela est possible (au lieu d’utiliser des enveloppes) pour protéger l’intégrité physique des échantillons.
- Veuillez contacter le laboratoire avant tout envoi d’échantillon de tourbe.
---
**Nota** – Les tarifs comprennent les rapports d’assurance qualité, la calibration s’il y a lieu et l’accès Internet 24/7 aux résultats antérieurs et aux analyses en cours. [Obtenir un devis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/combien-coute-la-datation-carbone.htm "Obtenir un devis")
**Prétraitement** – Veuillez nous contacter pour discuter de l’objectif de votre recherche afin d’assurer que le meilleur [prétraitement](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/pretraitements-protocoles-datation-radiocarbone.htm#Washes) soit appliqué à votre échantillon de tourbe. N’hésitez pas à indiquer sur le formulaire si vous souhaitez que l’on vous contacte après les prétraitements pour discuter des différentes options de datation.
**Échantillons Humides** – Les échantillons de tourbe peuvent être envoyés secs ou humides, à la convenance du chercheur. Généralement, le laboratoire préfère que les échantillons soient humides car l’extraction des macrofossiles est plus efficace. Il est conseillé d’envoyer entre 3 et 100 milligrammes (poids sec approximatif), mais ce n’est pas toujours nécessaire. Lorsque vous envoyez des échantillons humides ou gelés, veuillez enlever l’excès d’eau, emballer l’échantillon dans du film plastique pour limiter le contact avec l’air, le placer dans un sac en plastique de type Ziplock et nous le faire parvenir pour l’analyse.
Veuillez nous contacter avant d’envoyer les échantillons, pour que nous puissions juger si la taille de votre échantillon est suffisante pour l’analyse.
## [Conseils pour l’échantillonnage de tourbe](#collapseOne)
Les échantillons de tourbe sont fréquemment soumis à la datation par le radiocarbone. Ils se composent de divers matériaux, qui vont de (1) vases fines et riches en matériaux organiques contenant très peu de macrofossiles ; à (2) des restes végétaux robustes et fibreux (graines, morceaux de charbon, roseaux, tiges de plantes). Souvent la tourbe se forme suite à la décomposition de restes végétaux de toutes les plantes environnant dont on ignore la nature et qui y ont été déposées ; ou elle se compose d’un mélange de limon et de matériaux fibreux.
Il est nécessaire de prélever les échantillons de tourbe en fonction de l’objectif de la recherche, qui devrait être précisée à l’avance. En fonction de la composition de la tourbe (majoritairement limon, majoritairement matériau fibreux ou un mélange des deux), déterminez quelle fraction de la matière est la plus adaptée à la réalisation de cet objectif. Il faut aussi prendre en compte la quantité d’échantillon qui est nécessaire pour l’analyse dans le laboratoire : la taille de l’échantillon vertical prélevé de la carotte de sédiment, et les zones de prélèvement (points de contact ou débuts/fin de marqueurs de dépôts).
En général, la datation est réalisée sur les restes végétaux robustes qui se prêtent à des prétraitements supplémentaires (traitements alcalins) pour enlever les acides humiques récents qui y sont présents. Si on n’enlève pas les acides humiques, l’échantillon risque d’apparaître plus récent lors de la datation. On présume que les restes végétaux ne contiennent aucune radicelle intrusive en provenance des couches plus récentes.
Dans certains cas, dépendamment de la consistance, la tourbe à base de vase peut être traitée à l’alcalin. Les extractions à l’alcalin ne sont pas toujours aussi efficaces sur le limon que pour les restes végétaux, car le limon se compose d’acides humiques et dans une quantité moins importante, d’acides humines.
Si possible, il est conseillé d’extraire les restes végétaux qui ont été déposés in situ et de nous les faire parvenir pour l’analyse. S’il n’est pas possible ou pratique de procéder ainsi, vous pouvez envoyer votre échantillon dans son état brut. D’abord nous tamiserons toutes les fractions présentes avant de les prétraiter. Ensuite, nous vous enverrons des photos des macrorestes qui sont adaptés à la datation par le radiocarbone pour que vous puissiez décider quelles parties vous souhaitez faire dater.
Lorsque le chercheur a des doutes quant à la fraction qu’il faut dater pour obtenir les résultats les plus fiables, il opte souvent pour la datation sur la fraction fibreuse (macrorestes végétaux) et le limon séparément afin de pouvoir comparer les résultats. Ceci est recommandé si le chercheur soupçonne que des matériaux intrusifs y ont été déposés ; dans une région où le taux de processus sédimentaires est très élevé ; et/ou si le limon interagit avec le matériau fibreux.
Si vous avez des doutes quant à la quantité de tourbe à envoyer, vous pouvez envoyer plusieurs couches de la carotte et préciser qu’il faut commencer l’analyse sur l’échantillon A, puis ajouter du matériau supplémentaire au fur et à mesure des échantillons B,C,D etc. Ceci permet au chercheur d’obtenir le résultat le plus précis en limitant le nombre de couches analysées pour que la date démontre un événement qui se situe dans le temps plutôt qu’une moyenne de différents âges.
## [Prétraitement des échantillons de tourbe](#collapseSix)
Les échantillons de tourbe sont traités de façon similaire aux sédiments organiques, la différence principale étant que les acides humiques peuvent s’avérer plus problématiques avec les échantillons de tourbe. En règle générale, la tourbe est mouillée puis tamisée entre 125 et 180 microns afin de retirer et d’isoler les macrofossiles (plantes, coquilles, etc). Si les macrofossiles sont en quantité suffisante, ils seront prétraités selon le type de matériau (généralement acide/alcalin/acide).
Sauf instructions contraires, nous conservons les sédiments / la fraction de terre, puis, une fois les prétraitements terminés, nous vous contactons pour vous faire part des options possibles pour la datation au radiocarbone. Si vous avez des demandes spéciales concernant la fraction que vous souhaitez dater ou si vous souhaitez dater les deux, merci de le préciser dans le formulaire.
La tourbe boueuse est prétraitée uniquement par lavage à l’acide pour garantir l’absence de carbonates. Le prétraitement alcalin pour garantir l’absence d’acide humique nécessite habituellement la présence de matériel végétal. Très souvent la tourbe contient des fractions boueuses, sédimentaires et fibreuses. Celles-ci sont généralement séparées pendant le prétraitement. La fraction fibreuse est traitée par lavage alcalin alors que la fraction sédimentaire ne l’est pas.
Si vous savez quelle fraction sera la plus adaptée à [la datation au radiocarbone](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-datation-radiocarbone.htm "la datation au radiocarbone") ou si la combinaison des deux est la meilleure option, merci de le préciser sur la fiche de données.
## [Datation de tourbe au radiocarbone](#collapseTwo)
Bien que la tourbe soit de composition variable, elle est essentiellement composée de matière organique. Deux manières de dater ces échantillons sont possibles, selon le type de tourbe:
1 – Tourbe limoneuse
Les tourbes limoneuses qui ne contiennent pas de macrofossiles peuvent être datées sur le « sédiment organique en vrac » qui a été lavé à l’acide pour éliminer les carbonates. Parfois, nous pouvons également appliquer une extraction alcaline pour éliminer l’acide humique, mais cela dépend de la taille de l’échantillon et également si la tourbe limoneuse à grains fins ne se dissout pas dans l’alcali.
2 – Tourbe fibreuse
La tourbe fibreuse est plus fréquente et la plupart du temps elle est composée d’un mélange de fine tourbe limoneuse et de restes de plantes en décomposition (par exemple des morceaux de matériel carbonisé, de joncs, de roseaux, etc.). Dans ce cas, la partie fibreuse ou les macrofossiles repérables sont extraits et subissent un traitement alcalin et un lavage à l’acide pour ôter les carbonates et les acides humiques pour ensuite être datés.
Quelque soit le type de tourbe envoyé, nous isolons toutes les fractions, les prétraitons de façon appropriée et contactons par la suite le client en lui expliquant les options de datation pour chaque échantillon.
*Dernière mise à jour de la page : *octobre 2022**
---
### [Datación por radiocarbono de turba](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-ema-turba.htm)
**Published:** June 5, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tamaño de muestra recomendado (es posible enviar muestras más pequeñas para datación por AMS – por favor [contáctenos](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/contacto.htm "contáctenos"))**- se necesitan 3-100 milligramos (análisis por AMS)
 **Servicios de datación por carbono**- AMS Standard – Los resultados se entregan en 14 días laborables o menos
- AMS Priority – 6 días laborables o menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 días laborables
 **Análisis incluidos con la datación por C14**- δ13C
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Bolsas con cierre zip (envuelva la muestra en papel de aluminio si es pequeña o si puede ser aplastada durante el envío)
- Le recomendamos que envíe sus muestras en pequeñas cajas siempre que sea posible (en vez de utilizar sobres) para proteger la integridad física de las muestras.
- Por favor, consulte al laboratorio antes de enviar sus muestras de turba
---
**Nota** – Nuestras tarifas incluyen informes con garantía de calidad, calibraciones de calendario (cuando sea aplicable) y acceso perpetuo a resultados anteriores o análisis pendientes a través de nuestra web. [Solicite un presupuesto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/cuanto-cuesta-la-datacion-por-carbono.htm "Solicite un presupuesto")
**Pretratamiento** – Por favor comuníquese con nosotros para discutir la naturaleza de su investigación y asegurar que sus muestras de turba reciban el [pretratamiento](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/pretratamiento-protocolos.htm#Washes) más apropiado. Puede solicitar que nos comuniquemos con usted después del pretratamiento para discutir las opciones de datación registradas en la hoja de datos.
**Muestras húmedas** – Las muestras de turba pueden ser enviadas húmedas o secas, lo que sea más conveniente para el cliente. En general, el laboratorio prefiere que las muestras sean húmedas ya que puede ser más fácil de extraer macrofósiles. Recomendamos que envíe muestras de 3-100 miligramos (peso en seco aproximado), pero esto no siempre es necesario. Al enviar muestras húmedas o congeladas, por favor, elimine el exceso de agua, envuelva las muestras con film transparente para limitar el contacto con el aire, colóquelas en una bolsa de plástico, y envíenoslas.
Por favor, póngase en contacto con nosotros antes de enviar sus muestras para que podamos evaluar si su muestra es suficiente para la datación radiocarbónica.
## [Consejos para la toma de muestras de turba](#collapseOne)
Las muestras de turba son materiales muy comunes para la datación por radiocarbono. Por lo general, se componen de una amplia gama de materiales, que van desde (1) limos orgánicos ricos y muy finos (turba limosa o sedimentos orgánicos) con muy poco o ningún macrofósil vegetal, a (2) restos de plantas muy robustas y fibrosas (semillas, trozos de carbón vegetal, cañas, tallos) con muy poco limo. A menudo la turba se compone de restos vegetales irreconocibles y descompuestos que son esencialmente una mezcla con muchos componentes que ha ido depositándose y descomponiéndose en un mismo lugar, o una mezcla de turba sedimentaria con algunos materiales fibrosos.
Antes de recolectar las muestras, debe decidir qué quiere investigar y luego, dependiendo de la composición de la turba (si está compuesta principalmente por limo, por material fibroso o es una mezcla), decidir qué fracción del material será el más apropiado para su investigación. También es importante tener en cuenta la cantidad de la muestra que se enviará al laboratorio, es decir, el tamaño de una muestra vertical, tomada desde el núcleo y si las muestras deben tomarse sólo en los contactos o en los cambios de facies (inicio / desplazamiento de marcadores de deposición, etc.)
En general, los restos de plantas robustas o descompuestas son los mejores materiales para la datación por radiocarbono, ya que permitirán un pretratamiento adicional (extracción alcalina) para eliminar los ácidos húmicos movilizados presentes. Si no se eliminan, los ácidos húmicos pueden modificar la edad resultante, normalmente hacia fechas más recientes. Esto supone que los restos de plantas no contienen raíces intrusivas (hilillos de raíces) que hayan crecido sobre las capas de la turba.
En algunos casos, dependiendo de la consistencia, la turba limosa puede ser tratada con álcali. Como el limo suele estar formado principalmente por ácidos húmicos y algunas huminas, las extracciones alcalinas pueden ser, o no, tan eficaces en turba limosa como en materia vegetal.
Siempre que sea posible, lo mejor es extraer restos vegetales únicos que hayan sido depositados in-situ y enviarlos para su datación radiocarbónica. Si esto no es posible o si es inconveniente, puede enviar la muestra sin cribar para que extraigamos todas las diversas fracciones presentes en el laboratorio y apliquemos el pretratamiento. Una vez finalizado este proceso le enviaremos fotografías de los macrofósiles disponibles para que usted decida qué materiales deben ser datados.
Cuando los investigadores no están seguros de con qué fracción obtendrán la mejor fecha, optan por datar el material fibroso (planta macrofósiles) y el limo por separado para comparar los resultados. Esto puede ser útil si el investigador sospecha que hay material intrusivo depositado, que la muestra pertenece a un sistema en un área de deposición de alta energía, y/o si el sedimento ha sido enjuagado para eliminar material fibroso.
Si no está seguro de la cantidad de turba que debe enviar, envíenos varios sectores del núcleo con instrucciones para, por ejemplo, datar la muestra A primero, si no fuese suficiente añadir la muestra B, C, D, etc. Esto le permitirá datar la fracción más pequeña de la deposición para obtener la fecha más precisa, ya que la adición de más capas posibles puede resultar en una edad del reporte que sea más bien un tiempo promedio de la deposición en vez de la fecha de un “evento” concreto.
## [Pretratamiento de muestras de turba](#collapseSix)
Las muestras de turba reciben un tratamiento similar al que reciben los sedimentos orgánicos, aunque en el primer caso los ácidos húmicos pueden generar complicaciones. En general, la turba es alisada y tamizada con mallas de entre 125 y 180 micras para remover y aislar los macrofósiles (plantas, conchas, etc.). Si se encuentran cantidades considerables de macrofósiles, éstos son pretratados en función del tipo de material (típicamente ácido/álcali/ácido).
A menos que nos sugiera lo contrario, retendremos la fracción de sedimento o estiércol y una vez completado el pretratamiento, nos pondremos en contacto con usted para ofrecerle opciones de datación por radiocarbono. Si usted tiene una solicitud especial con respecto a la fracción que desea analizar o si quiere que ambas fracciones sean analizadas, por favor haga las indicaciones pertinentes en la hoja de datos.
Las muestras de turba con barro sólo pueden ser pretratadas con un lavado ácido para garantizar la ausencia de carbonatos. El pretratamiento alcalino, aplicado para garantizar la ausencia de ácidos húmicos, suele requerir la presencia de materia vegetal. Las muestras de turba a menudo contienen fracciones fibrosas, de barro y y sedimentos que suelen separarse durante el pretratamiento: normalmente las fracciones fibrosas reciben el pretratamiento alcalino y las fracciones de sedimentos no.
Si sabe cuál es la mejor fracción para el [análisis por radiocarbono](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-laboratorio.htm "análisis por radiocarbono"), o si prefiere datar una combinación de las dos fracciones, por favor incluya esta información en el formulario de datos.
## [Datación radiocarbónica de turba](#collapseTwo)
Aunque es altamente variable en su composición, la turba está compuesta principalmente de materia orgánica. Hay dos formas de fechar muestras de turba, dependiendo del tipo:
1 – Turba limosa
Las muestras de turba limosa que no contienen macrofósiles pueden datarse si el análisis sea realiza en el “sedimento orgánico bruto” que ha sido lavado con ácido para remover los carbonatos. En ocasiones también podemos aplicar extracción de álcali para remover el ácido húmico, pero esto depende del tamaño de la muestra, y de si la turba limosa de grano fino no se disuelve en álcali.
2 – Turba fibrosa
Este tipo de turba es más común y suele ser una mezcla de limo de granos finos y restos de plantas descompuestas (por ejemplo, trozos de materiales carbonizados, juncos, cañas, etc.). En este caso suele extraerse el material fibroso o los diferentes macrofósiles, que reciben una serie completa de tratamientos ácidos y alcalinos para eliminar los carbonatos y ácidos húmicos antes de la datación.
Independientemente del tipo de turba enviada, aislamos la fracción necesaria, aplicamos el pretratamiento adecuado y después nos ponemos en contacto con el cliente para explicar lo que se puede fechar en cada muestra.
*Última actualización de la página: *Octubre de 2022**
---
### [Radiokohlenstoff Datierung von Torf](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-torf.htm)
**Published:** September 22, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Empfohlene Probenmengen (geringere AMS Mengen sind möglich – bitte [kontaktieren Sie uns](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/beta-kontakt.htm "contact us"))**- 3-100 Milligramm (AMS)
 **Kohlenstoff-Datierungsdienste**- AMS Standard – Ergebnisse werden innerhalb von 14 Werktagen oder weniger berichtet
- AMS Priority – 6 Werktage oder weniger
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 Werktage
 **Analysen enthalten mit C14 Datierung**- δ13C
 **Empfohlenes Behältnis**- Wiederverschließbare Plastikbeutel (bitte kleine und/oder zerbrechliche Proben zusätzliche in aluminiumfolie verpacken)
- Bitte senden Sie Ihre Proben in Paketen und nicht in Umschlägen, um die Proben vor Schäden während des Versands zu bewahren.
- Bevor sie Ihre Torfproben zusenden, sollten Sie sich von unserem Labor beraten lassen.
---
**Hinweis** – Die Gebühren beinhalten Qualitätssicherungsberichte, ggf. Kalenderkalibrierung und rund um die Uhr verfügbaren Webzugriff auf frühere Ergebnisse und ausstehende Analysen. [Angebot anfordern](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/was-kosten-carbon-datierungen.htm "Angebot anfordern")
**Vorbehandlung** – Bitte kontaktieren Sie uns, um Ihre Forschungsschwerpunkte zu eruieren und so sicherzustellen, dass die adäquateste [Vorbehandlung](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-vorbehandlungsprotokolle.htm#Washes) auf Ihre Probe angewendet wird. Sie können uns auch gerne anweisen, Sie nach der Vorbehandlung zu kontaktieren, um die auf dem Datenblatt aufgelisteten Datierungsoptionen zu besprechen.
**Feuchte Proben** – Torf kann entweder feucht oder trocken versandt werden, je nachdem was praktischer für Sie ist. Grundsätzlich bevorzugt unser Labor feuchte Proben, da die Extraktion von Makrofossilien aus feuchten Proben einfacher sein kann. Das Labor empfiehlt eine Probenmenge von 3-100 Milligramm (ungefähres Trockengewicht), diese Menge ist allerdings nicht immer erforderlich. Falls Sie uns feuchte oder gefrorene Proben zusenden möchten, entfernen Sie bitte überschüssiges Wasser und wickeln Sie die Proben in Plastik (z.B. Frischhaltefolie) ein, um den Luftkontakt zu limitieren. Bitte verpacken Sie dann die Proben in einen Druckverschlussbeutel und senden Sie uns die Proben als Paket zu.
Bitte kontaktieren Sie uns bevor Sie Ihre Proben einsenden, damit wir durch eine Erstprüfung feststellen können, ob Sie über genügend Probenmaterial für eine Kohlenstoff Datierung verfügen.
## [Tipps für die Entnahme von Torfproben](#collapseOne)
Torfproben werden sehr häufig für die Karbondatierung verwendet. Sie bestehen meist aus einer Vielzahl von Materialien, von (1) sehr feinem, organischem Schlick (schlammiger Torf oder organische Sedimente), der geringe Mengen von pflanzlichen Makrofossilien enthalten kann, bis hin zu (2) sehr faserigen und robusten Pflanzenresten (Samen, Holzkohlestücke, Schilf, Stiele) mit sehr wenig Schlick. Oft besteht Torf aus bis zur Unkenntlichkeit zerfallenen Pflanzenresten – im Wesentlichen eine Mischung aller abgelagerten und dann vor Ort zerfallenen Materialen oder eine Mischung aus schlammigem Torf und Fasermaterial.
Vor der Probenahme sollten Sie entscheiden, was Sie herausfinden möchten, um dann, basierend auf der Zusammensetzung des Torfs (hauptsächlich Schlick, Fasermaterial oder eine Mischung) entscheiden zu können, welcher im Material enthaltene Anteil sich am besten für Ihre Forschung eignet. Es ist ebenfalls wichtig, die an das Labor zu sendende Probenmenge zu beachten, z.B. wie viel oder wenig einer vertikalen Probe aus einem Kern entnommen werden sollte und ob die Proben ausschließlich aus Übergängen oder Faziesgrenzen stammen sollten (onset / offset der Ablagerungsmarker, etc.).
Grundsätzlich eignen sich die robusten oder zerfallenen Pflanzenreste am besten für die Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung, da man an Pflanzenresten zusätzliche Vorbehandlungen (Alkali-Extraktionen) vornehmen kann, um jegliche mobilisierte Huminsäuren zu entfernen. Wenn Huminsäuren nicht entfernt werden, beeinflussen diese das Alter typischerweise in eine jüngere Richtung. Dies setzt allerdings voraus, dass die pflanzlichen Überreste kein intrusives Wurzelmaterial (Stringer Wurzeln) beinhalten, welches aus darüberliegenden Torfschichten stammt.
In einigen Fällen kann schlammiger Torf abhängig von seiner Konsistenz mit Alkali behandelt werden. Da Schlick in der Regel Huminsäuren beinhaltet, sind Alkali Extraktionen nicht so effektiv wie bei Pflanzenmaterial.
Wenn möglich, sollten immer einzigartige Pflanzenreste, von denen Sie wissen, dass diese in situ abgelagert wurden, für eine Kohlenstoff Datierung extrahiert werden. Sollte dies aus praktischen Gründen nicht möglich sein, können Sie uns gerne die gesamte Probenmasse senden. Wir werden diese dann sieben und die verschiedenen Anteile extrahieren und vorbehandeln. Sie erhalten dann Fotos, auf denen Sie die Makroreste, die sich für die Datierung eignen, erkennen können. Basierend auf diesen Fotos können Sie dann auswählen, welche Teile datiert werden sollen.
Wenn Sie sich nicht sicher sind, welche Fraktion sich am besten für die Datierung eignet, empfehlen wir das Fasermaterial (pflanzliche Makrofossilien) und den Schlick separat datieren zu lassen, um dann die Ergebnisse zu vergleichen. Dies kann hilfreich sein, wenn Sie vermuten, dass intrusives Material abgelagert wurde, oder wenn das System sich in einem hochenergetischen Ablagerungsbereich befindet und/oder der Schlick in und aus dem Fasermaterial gespült wurde.
Wenn Sie nicht sicher sind, wie viel Torf Sie einsenden sollten, dann können Sie mehrere Anteile des gleichen Kerns einsenden und uns z.B. folgende Anweisungen geben: Bitte erst Probe A datieren, sollte nicht genug Material vorhanden sein, bitte Probe B, C, D usw. hinzufügen. Dies erlaubt es Ihnen den kleinstmöglichen Ablagerungsanteil zu datieren, um das akkurateste Datum zu erhalten. Da man durch die Ergebnisse einen durchschnittlichen Zeitraum und nicht das genaue Datum des eigentlich zu untersuchenden “Events” erhält, wenn dem Probenmaterial mehrere Schichten hinzugefügt werden.
## [Vorbehandlung von Torfproben](#collapseSix)
Torf wird ähnlich behandelt wie organisches Sediment; der eklatanteste Unterschied besteht darin, dass Huminsäuren in Torfproben ein größeres Problem darstellen können. Generell werden Torfproben mittels Aufschwemmung separiert und durch ein 125 bis 180 Mikron-Sieb gesiebt, um Makrofossilien (Pflanzen, Schalen, etc.) zu entfernen und zu isolieren. Wenn ausreichende Mengen an Makrofossilien vorliegen, werden diese gemäß der Art des Materials vorbehandelt (meist Säure/Alkali/Säure).
Falls keine anderweitigen Anweisungen vorliegen, bewahren wir die Sediment-/Überreste-Fraktion auf und kontaktieren Sie nach Abschluss der Vorbehandlung, um die Radiokarbondatierungs-Optionen zu besprechen. Wenn Sie im Vorhinein bestimmte Anforderungen hinsichtlich der zu datierenden Fraktion haben, oder beide Fraktionen datieren möchten, vermerken Sie dies bitte auf dem Datenblatt.
Histosol (Engl. mucky peat) wird während der Vorbehandlung lediglich in Säure gewaschen, um die Abwesenheit von Karbonaten sicherzustellen. Die vorgenommene Alkali Vorbehandlung stellt die Abwesenheit von huminen Säuren sicher, hierzu muss aber generell pflanzliches Material vorhanden sein. Torf weist sehr oft Histosol-, Sediment- und Faseranteile auf. Diese werden allgemein durch Vorbehandlungen separiert, im Gegensatz zu Sedimentanteilen wird bei Faseranteilen oft eine Alkali Vorbehandlung durchgeführt.
Wenn Ihnen bekannt ist, welche Fraktion oder Kombination zweier Fraktionen am besten für die [Radiokohlenstoff Datierung](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/radiokohlenstoff-labor.htm "radiocarbon dating") geeignet ist, geben Sie dies bitte im Datenblatt an.
## [Radiokohlenstoff Datierung von Torf](#collapseTwo)
Obwohl sehr unterschiedlich in der Zusammensetzung, besteht Torf zumeist aus organischem Material. Abhängig von der Art, gibt es zwei Wege Torfproben zu datieren:
1 – Schluffiger Torf
Schluffige Torfarten, die keine Makrofossilien enthalten, können am „bulk organic sediment“ datiert werden, das mit Säure gewaschen wurde, um Karbonate zu entfernen. Manchmal können wir auch eine Alkaliextraktion anwenden, um Huminsäure zu entfernen. Dies hängt jedoch von der Menge ab und auch davon, ob sich der feinkörnige, schlammige Torf nicht im Alkali löst.
2 – Fibröser Torf
Dieser Torf ist üblicher und zumeist sind es Mischungen aus feinkörnigem Schlick und zersetzten Pflanzenresten (z.B. verkohlte Materialien und Seggen, Ried usw.). In diesem Fall werden üblicherweise fibröses Material oder eindeutige Makrofossilien extrahiert und dem kompletten Verfahren der Säure- und Alkalibehandlungen unterzogen, um Karbonate und Huminsäuren zu entfernen. Danach folgt die Datierung.
Unabhängig von der Art des zugesandten Torfs, werden wir die vorhandenen Fraktionen isolieren, entsprechend vorbehandeln und uns dann mit Ihnen in Verbindung setzen, um festzulegen, welcher Teil der Probe datiert werden soll.
*Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: *Oktober 2022**
---
### [가죽의 C14 연대측정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-leather.htm)
**Published:** February 19, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **권장 시료 크기 (소량 크기도 가능 – [문의바람](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-contact.htm "문의바람"))**- 50-100 밀리그램 (AMS)
 **서비스 종류**- AMS 일반 – 14 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 특급 – 6 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 타임 가이드 – 2-3 영업일 이내 결과 보고
 **C14 연대측정 시 포함된 분석**- δ13C
 **권장 용기**- 지프 백 (작거나 운송 중 부서질 수 있는 시료의 경우, 알루미늄 포일로 포장)
- 시료를 보내주실 때 봉투 대신 작은 박스에 담아 보내야 운송 중 시료들이 부스러지는 것을 방지할 수 있습니다.
## C14 연대측정 비용
[비용이나 견적서가 필요한 경우](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm), 다음 정보를 알려주시기 바랍니다 – AMS 서비스 종류 (일반, 특급, 타임 가이드), 시료 개수, 지불 기관의 주소 및 연락처, 결과를 받아 보실 수 있는 기간은 일반 서비스의 경우, 미 실험실 도착 후, 14 영업일 이내이며, 더 빠른 급행 서비스도 가능합니다.
요금에는 다음 서비스들이 포함됩니다. 품질 확인 보고서 (QA reports). 보정값, 지난 보고서와 현 분석 과정을 보실 수 있는 24/7 웹 사용권한.
---
**전처리 과정** – [전처리](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) 과정은 최종 측정 결과에 직접적인 영향을 미치기 때문에 전처리 과정을 충분히 이해하는 것이 중요합니다. 전처리 과정에 대해 상담을 원하시거나, 사전 처리 후 (그리고 연대측정 전에) 본 연구소로부터 연락을 받기 원하면 언제든지 연락 바랍니다.
**시료의 선택** – 오랜 시간동안 다양한 기름 및 방부제 처리로 인해 정확한 연대측정을 위한 탄소를 찾기가 쉽지 않습니다. 고고학적 발굴 장소에서 찾은 순수 가죽은 아주 적절한 연대측정을 기대할 수 있지만, 갑옷이나 말 안장과 같은 가죽 제품은 의심되는 결과가 자주 나올 수 있습니다.
시료의 적합성과 전처리 과정을 논의하기 위해 시료 제출 전 문의바랍니다. (산-알카리 혹은 산-솔벤트 추출).
*이미지 크레딧: The Portable Antiquities Scheme (면허 보유 CC BY-SA 2.0)*
*2020년 2월 업데이트*
---
### [Datação de couro por Carbono-14](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/datacao-carbono-couro.htm)
**Published:** February 19, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Tamanho de amostra recomendado (favor consultar sobre amostras menores)**- 50 a 100 miligramas (AMS)
 **Serviços de datação por carbono**- AMS Standard – resultados reportados em até 14 dias úteis
- AMS Priority – 6 dias úteis ou menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 dias úteis
 **Análises inclusas à datação por 14C**- δ13C
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Saco plástico com fecho de ziper (embrulhar amostras pequenas em alumínio para evitar esmagamento durante transporte)
- Recomendamos o uso de pequenas caixas (em vez de envelopes) no envio das amostras para proteger a integridade física do material.
## Preços da datação por carbono-14
Para [solicitar um orçamento ou cotação](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/quanto-custa-datacao-radiocarbono.htm), por favor forneça as seguintes informações: serviço AMS requerido (Standard, Priority, Time Guide), quantidade de amostras, e endereço para faturamento da instituição pagadora. O prazo de entrega dos resultados para o serviço Standard AMS do SGS Beta é de 14 dias úteis, a contar a partir do recebimento das amostras na sede em Miami. Também oferecemos serviços mais rápidos.
As taxas incluem laudos de controle de qualidade, calibração calendárica (quando aplicável) e acesso 24/7 a resultados anteriores e análises em curso.
---
**Pré-tratamento** – É importante compreender os [pré-tratamentos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-pretratamento-protocolos.htm#Acid#Acid) aplicados às amostras, visto que os mesmos afetam diretamente o resultado final. Fique à vontade para entrar em contato para discutirmos os pré-tratamentos, ou solicitar que entremos em contato depois que os pré-tratamentos tenham sido realizados (antes da datação).
**Seleção de amostras** – O carbono para uma datação AMS exata é muitas vezes irrecuperável devido a repetidas aplicações de óleos e outros agentes de conservação ao longo do tempo. Couro inalterado de sítios arqueológicos normalmente apresenta boas datas. Artefatos de couro, como armaduras ou selas, muitas vezes produzem resultados suspeitos.
Consulte o laboratório antes de enviar amostras para discutir a adequação da amostra e os pré-tratamentos (quer seja ácido-alcalino ou ácido de extração com solvente).
*Crédito da imagem: The Portable Antiquities Scheme (sob licença CC BY-SA 2.0)*
*Última atualização: fevereiro de 2020*
---
### [Datation par AMS du cuir](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-cuir.htm)
**Published:** February 19, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Taille recommandée pour les échantillons (de plus petites quantités sont possibles pour l’AMS – merci de [nous contacter](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-contact.htm "nous contacter"))**- 50-100 milligrammes (AMS)
 **Services de datation au carbone**- AMS Standard – les résultats sont communiqués sous 14 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Priority – 6 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 jours ouvrés
 **Analyses incluses avec la datation C14**- δ13C
 **Contenants recommandés**- Sacs Ziplock (si l’échantillon est petit ou risque d’être écrasé pendant le transport, veuillez l’emballer dans de l’aluminium)
- Nous vous recommandons grandement d’envoyer vos échantillons dans de petites boites quand cela est possible (au lieu d’utiliser des enveloppes) pour protéger l’intégrité physique des échantillons.
## Tarifs de datation carbone 14
Pour les [demandes de devis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/combien-coute-la-datation-carbone.htm), veuillez nous fournir les informations suivantes – service AMS demandé (standard, priority, time guide), nombre d’échantillons et adresse de facturation. Le délai d’exécution du service AMS standard de SGS Beta est de 14 jours ouvrés à compter de la réception au siège de Miami. Des services plus rapides sont également disponibles.
Les tarifs comprennent les rapports d’assurance qualité, la calibration s’il y a lieu et l’accès Internet 24/7 aux résultats antérieurs et aux analyses en cours.
---
**Prétraitement** – Il est important de comprendre la nature des prétraitements qui seront appliqués à l’échantillon, car ils ont une influence directe sur le résultat final. N’hésitez pas à nous contacter pour en discuter. Vous pouvez également demander à ce que l’on vous recontacte une fois le prétraitement appliqué (avant la datation).
**Choix de l’échantillon** – Il est souvent impossible de récupérer du carbonate pour la datation AMS en raison des applications répétées d’huiles et autres agents de conservation subies par l’échantillon. Toutefois, les échantillons de cuir pur collectés sur les sites archéologiques donnent souvent des dates tout à fait acceptables. Les artefacts en cuir tels que les armures ou les selles donnent quant à eux souvent des résultats douteux.
Veuillez consulter le laboratoire avant tout envoi afin de déterminer si vos échantillons sont adaptés à une datation et de discuter des prétraitements (soit acide-alcalin ou acide–extraction de solvants).
*Crédit: The Portable Antiquities Scheme (licence CC BY-SA 2.0)*
*Dernière mise à jour de la page : février 2020*
---
### [Datación por Carbono-14 de cuero](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-carbono-cuero.htm)
**Published:** February 18, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Tamaño de muestra recomendado (es posible enviar muestras más pequeñas para datación por AMS – por favor [contáctenos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/contacto.htm "contáctenos"))**- 50-100 miligramos (AMS)
 **Servicios de datación por carbono**- AMS Standard – Los resultados se entregan en 14 días laborables o menos
- AMS Priority – 6 días laborables o menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 días laborables
 **Análisis incluidos con la datación por C14**- δ13C
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Bolsas con cierre zip (envuelva la muestra en papel de aluminio si es pequeña o si puede ser aplastada durante el envío)
- Le recomendamos que envíe sus muestras en pequeñas cajas siempre que sea posible (en vez de utilizar sobres) para proteger la integridad física de las muestras.
## Costos de datación por Carbono-14
Para [solicitudes de cotización](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/cuanto-cuesta-la-datacion-por-carbono.htm), por favor proporcione la siguiente información: servicio AMS requerido (standard, priority, time guide), número de muestras y dirección de facturación de la institución a cargo del pago. El tiempo de entrega de resultados para el servicio AMS Standard es de 14 días laborables contados a partir de la recepción de las muestras en el laboratorio de Miami. Contamos con servicios más rápidos.
Nuestras tarifas incluyen informes con garantía de calidad, calibraciones de calendario (cuando sea aplicable) y acceso perpetuo a resultados anteriores o análisis pendientes a través de nuestra web.
---
**Pretratamiento** – Es importante entender el [pretratamiento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/pretratamiento-protocolos.htm#Acid#Acid) previo aplicado a las muestras ya que afecta directamente al resultado final. Puede ponerse en contacto con nosotros para discutir el pretratamiento, o solicitar que le contactemos después del pretratamiento (y antes de la datación).
**Selección de muestras** – Con frecuencia, no es posible recuperar el carbono requerido para una datación precisa por AMS debido a las repetidas aplicaciones de aceites y otros preservativos a través del tiempo. El cuero no adulterado de sitios arqueológicos normalmente genera fechas de radiocarbono muy aceptables. Artefactos de cuero como armaduras o monturas suelen arrojar resultados sospechosos.
Por favor consulte con el laboratorio antes de enviar sus muestras para discutir la viabilidad de la datación así como los pretratamientos (ya sea ácido-álcali o ácido-extracción de solvente).
*Crédito de la imagen: The Portable Antiquities Scheme (autorizada bajo la licencia CC BY-SA 2.0)*
*Última actualización de la página: Febrero de 2020*
---
### [Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung von Leder](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-leder.htm)
**Published:** February 18, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Empfohlene Probenmengen (geringere AMS Mengen sind möglich – bitte [kontaktieren Sie uns](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/beta-kontakt.htm "kontaktieren Sie uns"))**- 50-100 Milligramm (AMS)
 **Kohlenstoff-Datierungsdienste**- AMS Standard – Ergebnisse werden innerhalb von 14 Werktagen oder weniger berichtet
- AMS Priority – 6 Werktage oder weniger
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 Werktage
 **Analysen enthalten mit C14 Datierung**- δ13C
 **Empfohlenes Behältnis**- Wiederverschließbare Plastikbeutel (bitte kleine und/oder zerbrechliche Proben zusätzliche in aluminiumfolie verpacken)
- Bitte senden Sie Ihre Proben in Paketen und nicht in Umschlägen, um die Proben vor Schäden während des Versands zu bewahren.
## Kohlenstoff-14 Datierungskosten
Für [Kostenvoranschläge / Angebotsanfragen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/was-kosten-carbon-datierungen.htm) geben Sie bitte die folgenden Informationen an: gewünschter AMS-Dienst (Standard, Priorität, Time-Guide), Anzahl der Proben und die Rechnungsadresse des zahlenden Instituts. Die Bearbeitungszeit für den Standard-AMS-Service von SGS Beta beträgt 14 Werktage nach Eingang in Miami. Schnellere Dienste sind ebenfalls verfügbar.
Die Gebühren beinhalten Qualitätssicherungsberichte, ggf. Kalenderkalibrierung und rund um die Uhr verfügbaren Webzugriff auf frühere Ergebnisse und ausstehende Analysen.
---
**Vorbehandlung** – Es ist wichtig die Vorbehandlungen, die auf eine Probe angewendet werden zu kennen, da diese das Endergebnis direkt beeinflussen können. Sie können sich gerne mit uns in Verbindung setzen, um mit uns über die Vorbehandlung zu diskutieren oder uns bitten, dass wir uns mit Ihnen nach der Vorbehandlung (und vor der Datierung) in Verbindung setzen.
**Probenauswahl** – Aufgrund der wiederholten Anwendung von Ölen und anderer Konservierungsstoffe, die im Laufe der Zeit aufgetragen wurden, ist es oft nicht möglich Kohlenstoff für eine akkurate AMS-Datierung zu gewinnen. Naturreines Leder aus archäologischen Fundstätten liefert oft ein sehr verlässliches Datum. Lederartefakte wie Harnische oder Sättel liefern oft fehlerverdächtige Ergebnisse.
Bitte kontaktieren Sie das Labor, bevor Sie Proben einsenden, um die Eignung und Vorbehandlungen (entweder Säure-Alkali oder Säure-Lösungsmittelextraktion) zu eruieren.
*Bildquelle: The Portable Antiquities Scheme (lizenziert nach CC BY-SA 2.0)*
*Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: Februar 2020*
---
### [地下水放射性碳定年(DIC)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **建議樣品量 (若樣品量較少 – 請 [聯繫我們](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 250 毫升 – 1 升
 **碳定年服務和測試週期**- AMS標準測試 – 14個工作日或更少
- AMS優先測試 – 6個工作日或更少
- AMS極速測試 – 2-3個工作日
 **碳14定年 附帶免費分析 (樣品充足時)**- δ13C, δ18O, δ2H
 **推薦包裝**- 請使用全新的Nalgene廣口瓶(請勿使用已裝過其他樣品的瓶子)。 請使用HDPE、LDPE或PP瓶。 短頸瓶比長頸瓶更適合，但是都可以使用。
- 不接受的樣品瓶種類 – (1)玻璃瓶、(2)可重複使用的飲料瓶或(3)輕質/低密度的塑膠瓶，因為這類瓶子可能會產生同位素效應使測量值產生偏差，從而導致報告的結果不準確。
- 除了使用指定的樣品瓶外，我們對於使用其他種類瓶子所收集的樣品進行的測試結果準確性不承擔任何責任。
- 請告知您的樣品中是否含有鹽分。
- 提供免費的網絡研討會（英文版），包含[水體的溶解態碳](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "水體的溶解態碳")及[同位素分析](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "同位素分析"), 如需觀看請直接點擊。
---
## 採樣注意事項
SGS BETA實驗室是一個天然碳14定年實驗室，我們不接受任何從靠近核電廠、商業或醫用的反應堆、工業/醫療廢棄物處理廠或排水區內採集的水樣。樣品不得在任何使用或曾經使用過，生物醫學或人工碳14標記的實驗室或環境裏儲存或處理過。
**如果您採集的水樣中碳14含量由可能超過了碳爆炸高峰值（約200pMC/2.0 F14C），請不要將此類水樣寄送給我們。**實驗室為了處理碳14含量超過200pMC的水樣，從清潔、更換設備到其他樣品所需的二次分析所產生的高達數萬美金的高額費用，將由送樣人負責。
注意:我們不接受升汞(氯化汞HgCl₂) 或者疊氮化鈉（NaN3) 處理過的水樣品，因為我們不具備處理這些有毒物質的能力。
我們不再接受添加了NaOH或其他鹼性物質的樣品。這是SrCO3 / BaCO3沉澱法的必要步驟，然而目前實驗室採用的氣體剝離法則不需要此步驟。
針對進行放射性碳定年測試的水樣品，SGS Beta將提供免費的[氧18和氘穩定同位素測試](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm)服務。我們也可以單獨提供這些測試。用於測量d18O和d2H比值的技術是同位素比質譜（IRMS）和腔體震盪光譜法（CRDS)。 [需要報價單](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "需要報價單")
## [水樣採集建議](#collapseTwo)
免責聲明：本視頻託管於第三方網站中，可能包含廣告。
本段影片節錄自SGS BETA實驗室網路研討會: [穩定同位素水文學](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "穩定同位素水文學")
## 如何採集地下水
1\. 從水源處採集水樣品。
2\. 在從水源或龍頭處開始採集樣品之前，請您先讓水流動足够的時間以確保水樣是從蓄水層直接採集。根據井的深度，這可能需要幾分鐘或者更長時間。
3\. 先用井水將瓶子内部冲洗乾淨後倒掉，然後再裝入水樣品。
4\. 盡量將水瓶裝滿，在瓶口處留少許空間以防運輸途中膨脹爆裂。
5\. 用膠带將瓶蓋封牢以防止水中的CO2流失或與大氣交換。
## 其他建議和注意事項
– 請使用不褪色的墨水筆或者防撕、防篡改標籤，標上對應的樣品编碼。
– 請測量水中的pH值並告知實驗室（非必須）。
– 水樣品不需要冷藏。
– 對於混濁的水樣，在寄送樣本之前必須使用0.7 um玻璃纖維濾紙過濾掉所有雜質。
– 採樣時不需要添加任何化學試劑。
研究顯示，將地下水長期保存在聚丙烯瓶中將會產生同位素效應1，我們建議在水樣（DIC）採集後的30天內寄送到實驗室進行測試。如果水樣需要儲存較長時間，應收集並儲存在聚丙烯腈（PAN）塑膠瓶中。
## [包裝建議](#collapseOne)
在將瓶子放入牢固的紙箱前，請用塑膠袋裝好，並用束線帶或膠帶封好，這樣可以避免瓶子破碎洩漏時，將整個紙箱弄濕。請在包裝箱內裝入填充物，以避免運送途中水瓶破碎。
我們建議您使用商業快遞或者優秀的快遞公司寄送您的樣品。請將快遞單號提供給我們，以便及時追踪樣品運送情況。
## [地下水定年的實際應用](#collapseSix)
地下水放射性碳測試可以作為監控地下蓄水層的工具，用以防止地下蓄水層被污染或者是被過度開採。與化學分析產生的理論模型以及事後的污染數據相反，放射性碳濃度分析提供的經驗數據，讓管理人員能夠事先對所管轄區域的未來作出決策，從而避免污染以及過度開發。
地下水放射性碳定年經常與古水文和化學分析結合使用。當涉及多樣測量或順序取樣時，放射性碳定年將得出最好的結果。最有效的數據來自這些對比，而不是來自絕對年齡。
對於多樣測量，取自泵裡地下水的外觀年齡不同於含水層的岩層露頭，這可以成為驗證流量的方法，同時也可以當做是過度開採的跡象。
針對特定的井，進行每6個月或12個月的順序取樣，隨著時間標繪每次水外觀年齡的任何變化。如果水的年齡變年輕了，這通常是因為開採到淺層水造成的。放射性碳定年對於即將受表層海水污染的情況，有事先預知的潛力。
更多資訊請見 [地下水的放射性碳定年](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/groundwater-carbon-dating.htm)
參考文獻 :
1\. Secular change of stable carbon isotopic ratio in groundwater samples during their storage in laboratory, Takahashi H., Handa, H., Minami, M., Aramaki T., Nakamura, T., Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2015.
**對硼同位素，鉛同位素或鍶同位素分析有興趣? 請參閱 [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "Boron, Lead or Strontium isotopes analysis")。**
#### 相關資訊:
[鹹水與高鹽度水樣品的穩定同位素 δ18O與 δD分析](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm#Reference)
[SGS Beta實驗室網路研討會 #1 – 同位素101: 穩定同位素分析導論](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/)
*最後更新2026年3月*
---
### [地下水の放射性炭素年代測定 (DIC)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm)
**Published:** March 30, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **試料の必要量(推奨量) (より少ない量でも測定可能です – 詳細はご連絡ください [ご連絡先](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-contact.htm))**- 250 mLから1 Lの水
 **炭素年代測定サービスの種類**- AMS Standard（通常の納期） – 米国のラボで試料受領後14営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Priority (特急) – 米国のラボで試料受領後6営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Time Guide (超特急) – 米国のラボで試料受領後3～4営業日で結果をご報告いたします。 (骨または堆積物では対応不可)
 **C14年代測定に含まれて いる分析サービス (試料量が十分な場合)**- δ13C, δ18O, δ2H
 **お薦めする試料の容器**- 新品の未使用の、広口ナルゲンボトル(他で使用されたボトルの再使用は不可) HDPE、LDPE、PP製のボトル。広口がない場合は細口でも可。
- 受け入れ不可のボトル -(1) ガラス製ボトル、(2) ペットボトルなど飲料水用ボトルの再使用、(3)軽量タイプの低密度プラスチックボトルなど。 これらは試料採取後、同位体効果を生じる可能性があり、不正確な結果の原因になります。
- 上述の推奨ボトル以外で提出された試料に関しては、結果に責任を負いかねます。
- サンプルに塩が含まれているかどうかをお知らせください。
- 無料のウェビナー(英語)がご覧いただけます。こちらで[水文学における](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "水文学における"), [溶存炭素の同位体](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "溶存炭素の同位体")に関する動画がプレビューできます。
---
## 重要! お引き受けできない試料
SGS Beta は通常レベルの14C年代測定研究所であり、原子力発電所、商業用または医療用原子炉、産業/医療廃棄物処分場の近く、または排水区域内から収集された水サンプルは受理できません。また、生物医学的または人工的にラベル付けされた14Cを使用したもの、もしくは、前述のC14を使用する研究室または地域で保管または処理したサンプルは受理いたしません。
**水が何らかの形で核実験起源放射性炭素のピークレベル（〜200 pMC / 2.0 F14C）を超える14C活性に高めた可能性があると疑われる場合は、測定のためにサンプルを送らないでください。**200 pMCを超える活性の水サンプルを測定した場合、他のサンプルに必要なクリーンアップ、機器の交換、および重複分析に関連する膨大なコストがかかります。前述費用は数万ドル（もしくはそれ以上）に達する可能性があり、この費用はサンプルを送付した方にコストを請求いたします。
SGS Beta では水銀（mercuric chloride, HgCl2）またはアジ化ナトリウム（sodium azide, NaN3）を添加した水の試料はお引き受けしておりません
サンプルにNaOHまたはその他のアルカリ化学物質が追加されたサンプルは受け付けていません。これは、SrCO3 / BaCO3沈殿法に必要なステップでしたが、当社の研究室で使用されているガスストリップ法とは互換性がありません。
SGS Beta では現在地下水の放射性炭素年代測定の際、 [酸素安定同位体(18O)と水素安定同位体(dD)](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm) の測定を無料でご提供できます。d18O および d2Hの分析法は、安定同位体質量分析（IRMS）およびキャビティリングダウン分光法(CRDS)です。 [お見積りはこちらから](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "お見積りはこちらから")
## 地下水の採水方法
1\. 抗口から水を採取してください。
2\. 抗口/栓から水を採取を開始する前に、帯水層の水を採取できるよう、十分な時間水を流してください。井戸の深さに応じて、この作業に数分以上かかる場合があります。
3\. 井戸の水でボトルの内部を完全に洗い流し、内容物を捨ててから再充填します。
4\. ボトルのヘッドスペースはできる限り少なくしてください。ただし、ボトルの首の部分は空のままにして、輸送中に膨張しても問題ないようにしてください。
5\. キャップ/ボトルのジョイントの周りにテープシールを貼って、水からのCO2の交換や損失を防いでください。
## その他留意点
– 試料ボトルのマーキングは後で失われないよう適切に行ってください。
– 可能であれば採水時 pH を測定しお知らせください（必ずしも必要ではありません）
– 冷蔵する必要はありません。
– 濁った水のサンプルの場合、サンプルを提出する前に、0.7ミクロンのガラス繊維ろ紙でろ過し、すべてのデブリを除去する必要があります。
– 薬品などは添加しないでください。
地下水をポリプロピレンボトルに長期間保管すると同位体効果1が誘発される可能性があることが研究により示されているため、採取後30日以内に水（DIC）サンプルを検査室に送ることをお勧めします。現在、水試料の長期間保管に適したポリアクリロニトリル（PAN）プラスチックボトルが製造中止の為 入手不可になっています。水試料は採取後できる限り速やかにお送りいただくようお願いいたします。
## [試料送付時のご提案](#collapseOne)
丈夫な箱をご用意いただき、採水ボトルを直接入れるのではなく1本ずつ厚手のプラスチックバッグに入れて密封してから箱に入れていただくことをお薦めします。
そうすることによって、万が一ボトルが破損した場合にも外箱の損傷を避けることができます。
## [地下水の年代測定の実用化](#collapseSix)
地下水の放射性炭素分析は、帯水層の汚染、過剰揚水を予防するためのモニタリングツールとして利用できる可能性があります。 理論的なモデルおよび化学分析などによる汚染が起きた後のデータを用いた解析とは違い、将来の地下水の運用方法を検討するための実証的なデータを提供することができます。
放射性炭素年代と従来の水文学的データや化学分析によるデータと併せて検討することによって、より地下水の監視を強化することが可能です。 地下水の放射性炭素年代は、複数地点での観測もしくは時間を追った連続的な観測が最も効果的です。 その際、結果を絶対年代として捉えるのではなく相対年代として、その変化を捉えることが重要です。
複数地点での観測データ（みかけ放射性炭素年代）は涵養域からの距離、採水深度によって変化しますが、地下水流動を把握し過剰揚水を裏付けることに貢献できます。
個々の井戸を数か月置きに観測し、みかけ放射性炭素年代の経時変化を追うことによって、観測対象の帯水層に他の帯水層からの混入がないかを検討することが可能です。 観測過程でみかけ年代が若くシフトする場合は、より浅い帯水層から新しい地下水を引き込んでいる可能性があります。 放射性炭素年代による地下水のモニタリングは、地下水の汚染を未然に防ぐための強力なツールのひとつとなりえます。
[地下水の放射性炭素年代測定](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/groundwater-carbon-dating.htm) についてもっと読む
参照資料:
1\. Secular change of stable carbon isotopic ratio in groundwater samples during their storage in laboratory, Takahashi H., Handa, H., Minami, M., Aramaki T., Nakamura, T., Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2015.
**ボロン、 鉛 もしくは ストロンチウム同位体比分析に興味がおありですか？ [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "Boron, Lead or Strontium isotopes analysis"). をご訪問ください**
***SGS Beta ウェビナー(Webセミナー)**
[SGS Beta ウェビナー(Webセミナー) #1 – 同位体の初歩：同位体分析に関する基礎知識](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/)*
*最終更新：2026年3月*
---
### [지하수 (DIC)의 방사성탄소 연대측정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm)
**Published:** February 1, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **권장 시료 크기 (소량 크기도 가능 – [문의바람](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-contact.htm "문의바람"))**- 250 mL – 1 L
 **서비스 종류**- AMS 일반 – 14 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 특급 – 6 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 타임 가이드 – 2-3 영업일 이내 결과 보고
 **C14 연대측정 시 포함된 분석 (충분한 시료인 경우)**- δ13C, δ18O, δ2H
 **권장 용기**- 새 일회용 목이 넓은 Nalgene 병 (다른 용도로 사용한 적이 있는 병의 재 사용은 안됨). 병의 재질은 HDPE, LDPE, 혹은 PP. 목 좁은 병이 일반적으로 넓은 병보다는 막기 편하지만 어느 것이든 사용 가능.
- 사용 불가 – (1) 유리병, (2) 재활용 음료수 병, 혹은 (3) 저 무게/저 밀도 플라스틱 병, 이유는 측정 결과의 정확성을 해치는 측정 오차를 야기하는 동위원소 효과 발생할 수 있기 때문이다.
- 위에서 언급한 것 이외의 병에 담겨 제출된 시료에 대한 측정 결과의 정확성에 대해 어떤 책임도 지지 않습니다.
- 염분이 있는 시료는 미리 알려주시기 바랍니다.
- 무료 웨비나 주문 (영어), 여기서 예고편 보기: [수리학에서의 용존 탄소](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "수리학에서의 용존 탄소"), [동위원소](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "동위원소")
---
## 시료의 적절성
SGS Beta 연구소는 천연 14C 연대측정 전문 연구소로서 핵발전소, 상업용 혹은 의학용 원자로, 공업용/의학용 폐기물 처리장, 이들 지역의 하수 지역 내 장소에서 채집한 물 시료는 취급하지 않습니다. 또한 바이오 의학용 혹은 인공 14C를 한번이라도 사용한 지역 혹은 실험실에 시료들을 보관하거나 취급해서는 안됩니다.
**만약 14C 활동 범위가 Bomb Carbon 수준이 (~200 pMC / 2.0 F14C)으로 상승하였다면, 절대 시료를 보내서는 안됩니다.** 200 pMC 이상 활동성이 있는 물 시료의 경우, 기기 분해 청소, 부속 교체, 다른 대기 시료들의 재분석에 따른 엄청난 비용이 발생합니다. 이 비용은 수천, 수만 달러가 소요될 수 있으며, 시료 제출자가 지불 책임이 있습니다.
독성 물질인 염화 제2 수은 (Mercuric chloride, HgCl2) 나 아지드화 나트륨 (sodium azide NaN3) 에 대한 적절한 폐기 시설 미비로 인해, 이 독성물질로 처리한 물 시료는 취급하지 않습니다.
시료에 NaOH나 다른 알칼리 화학 처리한 시료 역시 취급하지 않습니다. 이는 SrCO3 / BaCO3 침전 방법에 필요한 과정이지만, 우리 실험실에서 사용하는 가스 스트립 방법과는 전혀 관련이 없습니다.
SGS Beta 연구소는 물 시료의 방사성탄소 연대측정 서비스 신청 시 추가 비용없이 [Oxygen-18 and Deuterium stable isotope measurements](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm) 서비스를 제공합니다. 또한 방사성탄소 연대측정과 관계없이 별도의 독자적인 서비스 신청 가능합니다. d18O 와 d2H 비 분석에 사용되는 기기는 Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) 와 Cavity Ring-down Spectroscopy (CRDS)입니다. [견적 요청하기](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "견적 요청하기")
## [물 시료 주의사항](#collapseTwo)
면책조항: 이 비디오는 제3자의 사이트에 올렸으며, 광고가 포함되어 있습니다.
이 비디오 인용은 SGS Beta 연구소 웨비나의 일부입니다: [수문학의 동위원소 분석](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "수문학의 동위원소 분석")
## 지하수 시료 채집 방법
1\. 물이 나오는 수원에서 직접 채집합니다.
2\. 수원에서 나오는 물 채집 전, 중간에 고여있는 물들이 충분히 흘러 내리도록 합니다. 물론 수원의 깊이에 따라 몇 분 혹은 더 오랜 시간이 걸릴 수 있습니다.
3\. 흐르는 물로 병 내부를 완전히 씻어낸 다음 모두 버린 후 담기 시작합니다.
4\. 가능하면 병목부분까지 물을 채우되, 운송 중 생기질 모를 팽창을 위해 약간의 공간을 비어둡니다.
5\. 테이프로 병 입구를 잘 막아 이산화탄소의 손실이나 교환을 방지합니다.
## 기타 주의사항
– 병에 지워지지 않는 잉크나 떨어지지 않는 라벨을 이용해 샘플의 식별 번호를 적어 놓습니다.
– 샘플 채집 후 바로 pH 값을 측정해 실험실에 통보해 줍니다. (필수 사항 아님)
– 샘플을 냉장 보관할 필요는 없습니다.
– 탁한 물 시료의 경우 시료 제출 전에 0.7미크론 유리 섬유 여과지를 사용하여 이물질을 걸러내야만 합니다.
– 샘플 채집 후 어떤 화학 물질도 첨가하지 않습니다.
폴리프로필렌 병에 장시간 보관한 지하수의 경우, 동위원소 효과가 일어날 수 있다는 연구 보고서가 있습니다 1, 따라서 채집 후, 30일 이내에 발송할 것을 추천합니다. 만약 장시간 보관할 경우, Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) 플라스틱 병에 채집, 보관할 것을 권고합니다.
## [포장시 주의 사항 ](#collapseOne)
견고한 카드보드 박스에 담기 전, 각 병을 플라스틱 백에 담아 지퍼로 잠그거나 테이프로 봉합니다. 그래야 선적 중 물이 새도 박스가 터질 위험성이 없어집니다. 충분한 포장재를 이용해 선적 중 박스나 병이 깨지지 않게 주의합니다.
샘플을 미국 실험실로 보낼 때 특급 운송 업체를 이용하는 것을 권장합니다. 운송 업체명과 송장 번호를 알려주면 확인 추적이 가능합니다.
## [지하수 연대측정의 실제 응용 예](#collapseSix)
지하수의 방사성탄소 분석은 오염이나 과잉 개발 시작되기 전, 수원의 과잉 양수를 사전 감시하는 도구로 사용될 수 있습니다. 화학적 분석을 통해 사후 오염된 데이터와 이론적 모델과 대조적으로 자연상태의 방사성탄소 분석은 오염 발생 전 물이 있는 지역의 미래에 대한 의사결정하는데 “바로 사용 가능한 실증적 데이타를 제공”합니다.
지하수 방사성탄소 연대측정은 전통적인 수리학적, 화학적 분석의 기본 측정과 함께 사용합니다. 연대측정은 여러번 측정하거나 연속적으로 측정할 때 가장 좋은 결과를 얻을 수 있습니다. 단 한번의 연대가 아닌 비교를 통해서 가장 유용한 데이타를 얻습니다.
연속 측정을 통해, 수원으로부터 멀리 떨어져있는 여러 펌프들의 지하수의 연대는 유속을 증명하는 수단이 되기도 하며, 과잉 양수의 상황을 알려줍니다.
매 6개월 혹은 12개월마다 각 수원의 연속적인 시료 채취를 통한 연대측정 결과에 어떤 변화가 생겼다면, 시간에 따른 여러 가설이 가능합니다. 모니터링 단계에서 연대측정 결과가 점차 어리게 나온다면, 점차 얇아지는 수층이 늘어나기 때문일 것입니다. 방사성탄소 연대측정은 물의 표면에 막 오염이 시작되고 있다는 사전 통지 역할을 해줍니다.
[지하수 방사성탄소 연대측정](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/groundwater-carbon-dating.htm)
Reference:
1\. Secular change of stable carbon isotopic ratio in groundwater samples during their storage in laboratory, Takahashi H., Handa, H., Minami, M., Aramaki T., Nakamura, T., Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2015.
**붕소, 납 혹은 스트론튬 동위원소 분석에 관심 있나요? [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "Boron, Lead or Strontium isotopes analysis") 참조하세요.**
#### 관련 정보
[염도가 높은 물 시료의 δ18O 와 δD 안정 동위원소 분석](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/oxygen-deuterium-isotopes.htm#Reference)
[SGS Beta 연구소의 웨비나 (Webinar) #1 – 동위원소 기초편: 동위원소 분석 소개](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/)
*2026년 3월 업데이트*
---
### [Datação por radiocarbono de água subterrânea (DIC)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/aguas-subterraneas-carbono-datacao-amostragem.htm)
**Published:** August 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tamanho de amostra recomendado (favor consultar sobre amostras menores)**- 250 mililitros até um litro
 **Serviços de datação por carbono**- AMS Standard – resultados reportados em 14 dias úteis ou menos
- AMS Priority – 6 dias úteis ou menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 dias úteis
 **Análises inclusas à datação por 14C (se amostra for suficiente)**- δ13C, δ18O, δ2H
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Garrafas Nalgene boca larga de uso único, nunca antes utilizadas (NÃO DEVERÃO SER REUTILIZADAS DE OUTRAS APLICAÇÕES). As garrafas devem ser de PEAD, PEBD ou PP. Garrafas de pescoço estreito geralmente selam melhor do que garrafas de pescoço largo, mas ambas são aceitáveis.
- NÃO SERÃO ACEITAS – (1) Garrafas de vidro, (2) garrafas de água potável recicladas, ou (3) outras garrafas leves e de baixa densidade, já que permitem efetos isotópicos e podem afetar as medições, causando imprecisões nos resultados reportados.
- Não nos responsabilizamos pela precisão dos resultados das análises de amostras que tenham sido submetidas em garrafas de coleta diferentes das especificadas.
- Por favor informe-nos se sua amostra contiver sal.
- Webinars gratuitos para assistir sob demanda (em inglês), veja as prévias aqui: [carbono dissolvido](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "carbono dissolvido"), [isótopos em hidrologia](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "isótopos em hidrologia")
---
## Limitações de amostragem
O SGS Beta é um laboratório de datação por 14C de níveis NATURAIS. Não aceitamos amostras que tenham sido coletadas em regiões próximas a plantas nucleares, reatores comerciais ou médicos, áreas de descarte de rejeito industrial ou médico, ou áreas de escoamento de tais instalações. As amostras não devem ser armazenadas ou manuseadas em qualquer área laboratorial que utiliza ou que que já tenha utilizado 14C biomédico ou marcado artificialmente em qualquer momento.
**Se você suspeita que, de forma qualquer, a água pode apresentar atividades de 14C elevadas acima dos níveis de pico de carbono-bomba (~200 pMC / 2.0 F14C), NÃO SUBMETA a amostra para análise.** Amostras de água que apresentarem atividades acima de 200 pMC incorrerão em custos altos de limpeza necessária, substituição de equipamentos e análises duplicadas requeridas para outras amostras. Esses custos poderão atingir centenas de milhares de dólares, que serão COBRADOS do RESPONSÁVEL pelas amostras.
Não podemos aceitar amostras de água que foram tratadas com cloreto de mercúrio (HgCl2) ou azida de sódio (NaN3) porque não temos as capacidades de eliminação de estas substâncias tóxicas.
Não aceitamos mais amostras com adição de NaOH ou outros químicos alcalinos. Esse passo já foi necessário para o método de precipitação de SrCO3 / BaCO3, mas não é compatível com o método de dessorção utilizado pelo nosso laboratório.
SGS Beta está oferecendo [medições de oxigênio-18 e isótopo estável de deutério](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/isotopos-deuterio-oxigenio.htm) para amostras de água, sem nenhum custo adicional para amostras submetidas à datação por radiocarbono. Essas análises também podem ser encomendados de forma independente, sem datação por radiocarbono. As técnicas usadas para medir as razões de d18O e dH2 são: espectrometria de massa de razões isotópicas (IRMS); e espectroscopia por cavidade ressonante tipo ring-down (CRDS). [Solicite um orçamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/quanto-custa-datacao-radiocarbono.htm "Solicite um orçamento")
## Como coletar amostras de água subterrânea
1\. Tire a água do poço
2\. Antes de iniciar a coleta do poço / torneira, deixe a água correr pelo tempo suficientes para que a água que está sendo coletado venha diretamente do aqüífero. Dependendo da profundidade do poço, isso pode ser por alguns minutos ou mais.
3\. Deixe a água do poço fluir sobre o gargalo da garrafa, e esvazie-a para encher de novo.
4\. Encha a garrafa completamente, mas deixando o pescoço vazio para permitir a expansão do líquido durante o transporte.
5\. Coloque fita adesiva ao redor da tampa para evitar o intercâmbio ou a possível perda do CO2 da água.
## Outras recomendações
– Ponha na garrafa o número de identificação da amostra que corresponde com tinta indelével ou uma etiqueta que não possa ser removida.
– Meça o pH da amostra de água e envie-nos as informações (não obrigatório).
– Não há necessidade de refrigerar amostras de água armazenadas.
– Amostras de água turva devem ser filtradas de detritos antes do envio, com papel de filtro de fibra de vidro de 0,7 mícron.
– Não adicionar produtos químicos às amostras de água.
Há estudos que demonstram que armazenar água subterrânea por muito tempo em garrafas de polipropileno pode induzir efeitos isotópicos1, por isso recomendamos que amostras de água (carbono inorgânico dissolvido) sejam enviadas para análise no laboratório dentro de 30 dias após a coleta. Se a amostra precisar ser armazenada por mais tempo, deverá ser coletada e armazenada em garrafa de poliacrilonitrila (PAN).
## [Dicas de Embalagem](#collapseOne)
Antes de colocar as garrafas em uma caixa de papelão resistente, por favor, meta as garrafas em um saco plástico e feche o saco com um fecho tipo trava ou com fita. Assim, se qualquer uma das garrafas verte líquido durante o transporte, a água não vai danificar a caixa. Utilize uma caixa com enchimento suficiente para evitar a ruptura das garrafas durante o transporte.
Recomendamos o uso de um serviço de correio courier ou registrado urgente para enviar as amostras para o laboratório. Por favor envie-nos o número de rastreamento da sua remessa para que possamos controlar a chegada de suas amostras.
## [Aplicação prática para datação de água subterrânea](#collapseSix)
Análise de radiocarbono das águas subterrâneas pode ser uma ferramenta de monitoramento para evitar que o excesso de bombeamento do aquífero antes que este fique contaminado ou super-explorado. Ao contrário de modelos teóricos e de dados de análise química após a contaminação, a análise de radiocarbono no nível natural “oferece dados empíricos que podem ser usados” para tomar decisões sobre o futuro de distritos de água antes do dano acontecer.
A datação de radiocarbono de águas subterrâneas é usada em combinação com as medições primárias de hidrologia e análises químicas clássicas. A datação de águas subterrâneas vai produzir os melhores resultados quando envolve medições múltiplas ou amostragem seqüencial. Os dados mais úteis vêm destas comparações e não de idades absolutas.
Para várias medições, as idades aparentes de águas subterrâneas retiradas de bombas que estão em diferentes distâncias do afloramento do aqüífero pode ser um meio de verificar a taxa de fluxo e também indicam situações de excesso de bombeamento.
Para a amostragem seqüencial de um poço individual a cada seis ou doze meses, quaisquer alterações na idade aparente da água são traçados em função do tempo. Se a idade da água mostra-se cada vez mais jovem à medida que a monitorização progride, o motivo será normalmente devido a um acesso às camadas de água mais rasas. A datação por radiocarbono tem o potencial de dar um aviso prévio de contaminação iminente por águas da camada superficial.
Leia mais sobre [Datação de águas subterrâneas](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/aguas-subterraneas-carbono-datacao.htm).
Referências:
1\. Secular change of stable carbon isotopic ratio in groundwater samples during their storage in laboratory, Takahashi H., Handa, H., Minami, M., Aramaki T., Nakamura, T., Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2015.
**Quer saber mais sobre análises isotópicas de boro, chumbo ou estrôncio? Visite [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "Boron, Lead or Strontium isotopes analysis").**
#### Informações relacionadas:
[Análises de isótopos estáveis δ18O e δD para águas salinas e hipersalinas](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/isotopos-deuterio-oxigenio.htm#Reference)
[Webinário SGS Beta nº 1 – Uma introdução a análises isotópicas](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/)
*Última atualização: março de 2024*
---
### [Datazione al radiocarbonio di acqua sotterranea (DIC)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/campionamento-falde-acquifere.htm)
**Published:** July 22, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Quantità raccomandata (può essere inferiore per AMS – per campioni più piccoli, [contattare il laboratorio](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/contatti.htm "contact us"))**- da 250 millilitri a 1 litro
 **Servizio di datazione al carbonio**- AMS Standard – i risultati sono pronti entro 14 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Priority – entro 6 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 giorni lavorativi
 **Analisi gratuite con Datazione C14 (se le dimensioni lo consentono)**- δ13C, δ18O, δ2H
 **Contenitore consigliato**- Bottiglie Nalgene a bocca larga NUOVE e monouso (NON DEVONO ESSERE STATE UTILIZZATE PER ALTRI SCOPI). Le bottiglie devono essere prodotte in HDPE, LDPE o PP. Le bottiglie a collo piccolo hanno generalmente una tenuta migliore di quelle a collo grande, ma entrambe le opzioni sono accettabili.
- NON ACCETTATI – (1) Bottiglie di vetro, (2) bottiglie di acqua potabile riciclata e (3) altri tipi di bottiglie in plastica leggera/a bassa densità, che possono consentire la produzione di effetti isotopici e alterare le misurazioni, causando imprecisioni nei risultati.
- Non ci assumiamo alcuna responsabilità riguardo all’accuratezza dei risultati per campioni raccolti in contenitori diversi da quelli specificati.
- Se il campione contiene sale, informare il laboratorio.
- Webinar gratuiti disponibili su richiesta (solo in inglese), vedi anteprima qui: [Carbonio disciolto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "Carbonio disciolto"), [Isotopi in idrologia](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isotopi in idrologia")
---
## Limiti di campionamento
SGS Beta è un laboratorio di datazione al 14C a livelli NATURALI: ciò significa che non accettiamo campioni d’acqua raccolti in prossimità o nelle aree di drenaggio di centrali nucleari, reattori commerciali o medicali o siti di smaltimento di rifiuti industriali/sanitari. I campioni non devono essere conservati o preparati in nessun laboratorio o area in cui si utilizzi, OPPURE si sia mai utilizzato in passato, 14C biomedico o tracciante.
**Se c’è il sospetto che l’acqua raccolta possa presentare livelli di 14C superiori al Bomb Peak (~200 pMC / 2.0 F14C), NON INVIARE i campioni al laboratorio.** Qualsiasi campione d’acqua che produca attività superiore a 200 pMC comporterà costi elevati per tutte le operazioni di pulizia necessarie, la sostituzione dell’attrezzatura e la ripetizione delle analisi di eventuali altri campioni. Questi costi possono facilmente raggiungere le decine di migliaia di dollari e saranno ADDEBITATI alla persona che ha inviato i campioni contaminati.
Non possiamo accettare campioni d’acqua trattati con cloruro di mercurio (HgCl2) o azoturo di sodio (NaN3) perché il nostro laboratorio non è attrezzato per il corretto smaltimento di queste sostanze tossiche.
Non accettiamo più campioni d’acqua addizionati con NaOH o altre sostanze alcaline. Questo passaggio era necessario per il metodo della precipitazione SrCO3 / BaCO3, ma non è più compatibile con il metodo del gas stripping che attualmente utilizziamo.
SGS Beta offre l’analisi degli [isotopi stabili di ossigeno-18 e deuterio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/isotopi-ossigeno-deuterio.htm) sui campioni d’acqua inviati per la datazione al radiocarbonio, senza alcun costo aggiuntivo. Queste analisi possono anche essere richieste separatamente, senza datazione al radiocarbonio. Le tecniche utilizzare per misurare i rapporti d18O e d2H sono la spettrometria di massa isotopica (IRMS) e la Cavity Ring-down Spectroscopy (CRDS). [Richiedi un preventivo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/costi-datazione-carbonio.htm "Richiedi un preventivo")
## Come raccogliere campioni d’acqua di falda
1\. Raccogliere l’acqua alla testa di pozzo.
2\. Prima di iniziare la raccolta dalla testa di pozzo o dal rubinetto, lasciar scorrere l’acqua finché non è possibile raccogliere acqua proveniente direttamente dall’acquifero. A seconda del tipo di pozzo, potrebbero essere necessari diversi minuti.
3\. Riempire la bottiglia d’acqua e risciacquarla accuratamente, svuotandola prima di riempirla con il campione.
4\. Riempire la bottiglia il più possibile, lasciando però il collo vuoto per permettere una eventuale espansione durante il trasporto.
5\. Sigillare il tappo e il collo della bottiglia con del nastro sigillante per prevenire scambi o perdita di CO2.
## Altre raccomandazioni
– Riportare il numero di identificazione del campione sulla bottiglia con inchiostro indelebile o utilizzando un’etichetta non rimovibile e non alterabile.
– Misurare il pH al momento del campionamento e includerlo nelle informazioni inviate al laboratorio.
– Non è necessario refrigerare i campioni.
– I campioni di acqua torbida devono essere filtrati prima dell’invio al laboratorio con carta da filtro in fibra di vetro da 0,7 micron.
– Non aggiungere sostanze chimiche all’acqua al momento del campionamento.
Poiché alcuni studi hanno dimostrato che conservare l’acqua di falda in bottiglie di polipropilene per lunghi periodi di tempo può indurre effetti isotopici1, consigliamo di inviare i campioni di acqua (DIC) entro 30 giorni dalla raccolta. Se è necessario conservare i campioni per periodi più lunghi, le bottiglie utilizzate devono essere di poliacrilonitrile (PAN).
## [Suggerimenti per l’imballaggio](#collapseOne)
Prima di inserire le bottiglie in una scatola di cartone robusta, inserirle in una busta di plastica e sigillarla con la zip o con del nastro isolante. Nel caso in cui una bottiglia dovesse perdere, l’acqua non indebolirà la scatola. Utilizzare materiale da imballaggio sufficiente a evitare la rottura delle bottiglie durante il trasporto.
Raccomandiamo di utilizzare un corriere commerciale o un servizio di spedizione tracciabile di prima classe per inviare i campioni al laboratorio e di inviare via email il nome del corriere e il codice del pacco per permetterci di monitorare la spedizione.
## [Applicazioni pratiche della datazione al radiocarbonio delle acque di falda](#collapseSix)
L’analisi al radiocarbonio delle falde acquifere è uno strumento di monitoraggio utile a evitare che la falda si contamini a causa di uno sfruttamento eccessivo. Al contrario dei modelli teorici e delle analisi chimiche effettuate in seguito alla contaminazione, l’analisi del radiocarbonio fornisce dati empirici che possono essere utilizzati per prendere decisioni sul futuro dei distretti idrici prima che il danno sia fatto.
La datazione al radiocarbonio delle falde acquifere viene utilizzata insieme ad altre analisi idrologiche e chimiche classiche. L’analisi produrrà risultati migliori se verranno effettuate misurazioni multiple o campionamenti sequenziali. Un confronto tra diversi risultati fornisce dati più utili rispetto alle singole età assolute.
Quando si effettuano misurazioni multiple, le età apparenti dei campioni prelevati da pompe situate a distanze diverse dal punto di affioramento permettono di verificare la portata e di individuare situazioni di sovrapompaggio.
In caso di campionamento sequenziale di un singolo pozzo ogni sei o dodici mesi, l’età apparente dell’acqua viene tracciata in funzione del tempo. Se l’età si riduce col passare del tempo, la causa è spesso un’infiltrazione di acque superficiali. La datazione al radiocarbonio è in grado di dare un preavviso dell’imminente contaminazione da acqua di superficie.
Ulteriori informazioni sulla [datazione al radiocarbonio delle acque sotterranee.](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-le-falde-acquifere-al-carbonio.htm)
Riferimenti:
1\. Secular change of stable carbon isotopic ratio in groundwater samples during their storage in laboratory, Takahashi H., Handa, H., Minami, M., Aramaki T., Nakamura, T., Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2015.
**Ti interessa l’analisi isotopica di boro, piombo o stronzio? Visita [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "Boron, Lead or Strontium isotopes analysis").**
#### Informazioni correlate:
[Analisi degli isotopi stabili δ18O e δD su acque saline e ipersaline](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/isotopi-ossigeno-deuterio.htm#Reference)
[SGS Beta Webinar #1 – Introduzione agli isotopi: Nozioni di base sull’analisi isotopica](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/)
*Ultimo aggiornamento: marzo 2024*
---
### [Datation radiocarbone de l’eau souterraine (DIC)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/echantillons-datation-carbone-eaux-souterraines.htm)
**Published:** July 1, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Taille recommandée pour les échantillons (de plus petites quantités sont possibles pour les AMS – merci de [nous contacter](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-contact.htm "nous contacter"))**- de 250 millilitres à 1 litre
 **Services de datation au carbone**- AMS Standard – les résultats sont communiqués sous 14 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Priority – 6 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 jours ouvrés
 **Analyses incluses avec la datation C14 (si la taille de l’échantillon le permet)**- δ13C, δ18O, δ2H
 **Contenants recommandés**- NOUVELLES bouteilles Nalgene à usage unique et à large goulot (NE DOIVENT PAS AVOIR ÉTÉ RÉUTILISÉES). Les bouteilles doivent être fabriquées en HDPE, LDPE ou PP. Une bouteille à goulot étroit fermera généralement mieux qu’une bouteille à large goulot, mais les deux sont acceptées.
- NON ACCEPTÉES – (1) Bouteilles en verre, (2) bouteilles d’eau usagées ou (3) autres bouteilles en plastique légères / de faible densité, car elles peuvent créer des effets isotopiques et fausser les mesures, entraînant des inexactitudes dans les résultats communiqués.
- Nous déclinons toute responsabilité quant à l’exactitude des résultats des analyses pour les échantillons qui auraient été envoyés dans des bouteilles autres que celles spécifiées.
- Merci de nous indiquer si vos échantillons contiennent du sel.
- Webinaires gratuits disponibles sur demande (en anglais uniquement), voir les aperçus ici : [Carbone dissous](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "Carbone dissous"), [Isotopes en hydrologie](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isotopes en hydrologie")
---
## Limites d’échantillonnage
SGS Beta est un laboratoire de datation de C14 naturel et nous ne pouvons pas accepter les échantillons d’eau qui ont été collectés dans une zone proche d’une centrale nucléaire, de réacteurs commerciaux ou médicaux, de sites d’élimination de déchets industriels / médicaux ou de leurs zones de drainage. Les échantillons ne doivent pas avoir été stockés ou manipulés dans un laboratoire ou une zone qui utilise OU a déjà utilisé du C14 biomédical ou artificiel.
**Si vous pensez que l’eau peut avoir des activités élevées de C14 au-dessus des niveaux maximaux de “carbone bombe” (~ 200 pMC / 2.0 F14C), merci de NE PAS envoyer les échantillons.** Les échantillons d’eau qui produisent des activités supérieures à 200 pMC entraîneront des frais importants liés à tout nettoyage nécessaire, au remplacement du matériel et aux analyses supplémentaires requises. Ces frais peuvent facilement atteindre des dizaines de milliers de dollars, qui vous seront facturés en tant qu’EXPÉDITEUR des échantillons.
Nous ne pouvons pas accepter les échantillons d’eau ayant été traités avec du Chlorure de Mercure (HgCl2) ou de l’Azoture de Sodium (NaN3) car n’avons pas l’équipement nécessaire à l’évacuation de ces produits toxiques.
Nous n’acceptons plus les échantillons contenant du NaOH ou d’autres produits chimiques alcalins ajoutés à l’échantillon. Cette étape était nécessaire pour la méthode de précipitation SrCO3 / BaCO3, mais elle n’est pas compatible avec la méthode de la bande de gaz utilisée par notre laboratoire.
SGS Beta propose la [mesure des isotopes stables d’Oxygène-18 et Deutérium](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/isotopes-oxygene-deuterium.htm) pour les échantillons d’eau sans frais supplémentaires pour tout échantillon envoyé pour datation au radiocarbone. Ces analyses sont également fournies séparément, sans la datation au radiocarbone. Les techniques utilisées pour mesurer les ratios d18O et d2H sont la spectrométrie de masse à rapport isotopique (IRMS) et la spectroscopie à cavité optique (CRDS). [Obtenir un devis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/combien-coute-la-datation-carbone.htm "Obtenir un devis")
## Comment prélever un échantillon d’eau souterraine
1\. Prélevez l’eau à la tête du puits.
2\. Avant de commencer à collecter l’eau à la tête de puits ou au robinet, laisser l’eau couler suffisamment longtemps de façon à ce que l’eau collectée vienne directement de l’aquifère. Selon la profondeur du puits, cela peut prendre au minimum plusieurs minutes.
3\. Rincez la bouteille avec l’eau du puits, puis videz-la avant de la remplir à nouveau.
4\. Remplissez la bouteille au maximum tout en laissant le goulot libre afin de prendre en compte la dilatation pendant le transport.
5\. Ajoutez un joint d’étanchéité autour du bouchon afin d’éviter tout échange ou toute perte de CO2.
## Autres recommandations et rappels
– Identifiez la bouteille avec le numéro d’identification approprié à l’encre indélébile ou à l’aide d’une étiquette inviolable et non amovible.
– Mesurez le pH lors du prélèvement et indiquez-nous cette valeur (non obligatoire).
– Il n’est pas nécessaire de réfrigérer les échantillons d’eau.
– Pour les échantillons d’eau turbide, vous devez filtrer tous les débris avant de soumettre l’échantillon à l’aide d’un papier filtre en fibre de verre de 0,7 micron.
– N’ajoutez aucun produit chimique à l’eau lors du prélèvement.
Étant donné que des études ont montré que le stockage des eaux souterraines pendant de longues périodes dans des bouteilles en polypropylène peut induire des effets isotopiques1, nous recommandons que les échantillons d’eau (DIC) soient envoyés au laboratoire pour analyse dans les 30 jours suivant la collecte. Si des échantillons d’eau doivent être stockés pendant de plus longues périodes, ils doivent être collectés et stockés dans des bouteilles en plastique polyacrylonitrile (PAN).
## [Emballage recommandé](#collapseOne)
Placez les bouteilles dans un sac en plastique, fermez-le à l’aide d’une attache mono-usage ou d’un ruban adhésif, puis mettez ce dernier dans une solide boîte en carton. Si une bouteille fuit pendant le transport, l’eau n’endommagera pas le carton. Veillez à utiliser une boîte avec un emballage suffisant pour éviter la casse pendant le transport.
Nous recommandons les envois par transporteur ou les courriers suivis. Merci de nous indiquer par e-mail le transporteur ainsi que le numéro de suivi afin que nous puissions suivre l’acheminement de votre colis.
## [Application pratique de la datation au radiocarbone des eaux souterraines](#collapseSix)
L’analyse au radiocarbone des eaux souterraines peut être un outil de surveillance pour prévenir un pompage excessif de l’aquifère avant qu’il ne soit contaminé ou surexploité. Contrairement aux modèles théoriques et aux données « après-coup » relatives à la contamination issues des analyses chimiques, l’analyse au radiocarbone du niveau naturel « offre des données empiriques qui peuvent être utilisées » pour prendre des décisions sur l’avenir des réseaux d’eau avant que des dommages ne surviennent.
La datation au radiocarbone des eaux souterraines est utilisée avec des mesures primaires d’analyses hydrologiques et chimiques classiques. La datation des eaux souterraines donne les meilleurs résultats lorsqu’elle implique des mesures multiples ou un échantillonnage séquentiel. Les données les plus utiles viennent de ces comparaisons, et non des âges absolus.
Pour les mesures multiples, les âges apparents de l’eau souterraine prélevée dans des pompes qui sont à des distances différentes de l’affleurement de l’aquifère pourraient être un moyen de vérifier le débit et d’indiquer également les situations de pompage excessif.
Pour l’échantillonnage séquentiel d’un puits individuel tous les six ou douze mois, tout changement dans l’âge apparent de l’eau est tracé en fonction du temps. Si l’âge de l’eau devient plus jeune au cours de l’avancement du suivi, cela s’explique généralement par un épuisement des couches d’eau moins profondes. La datation au radiocarbone permet de prévenir une contamination imminente par les eaux de la couche de surface.
En savoir plus sur la [Datation au radiocarbone des eaux souterraines](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-eaux-souterraines.htm)
Référence:
1\. Secular change of stable carbon isotopic ratio in groundwater samples during their storage in laboratory, Takahashi H., Handa, H., Minami, M., Aramaki T., Nakamura, T., Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2015.
**Vous êtes intéressé par l’analyse des isotopes du bore, du plomb ou du strontium? N’hésitez pas à visiter [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "Boron, Lead or Strontium isotopes analysis").**
#### Plus d’informations
[Analyse d’isotopes stables δ18O et δD pour les eaux salines et hypersalines](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/isotopes-oxygene-deuterium.htm#Reference)
[Webinar SGS Beta n°1 – Introduction à l’analyse isotopique](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/)
*Dernière mise à jour de la page : mars 2024*
---
### [Datación por radiocarbono de agua subterránea (DIC)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/aguas-subterraneas-carbono-datacion-muestreo.htm)
**Published:** June 5, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tamaño de muestra recomendado (es posible enviar muestras más pequeñas para datación por AMS – por favor [contáctenos](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/contacto.htm "contáctenos"))**- 250 mililitros a 1 litro
 **Servicios de datación por carbono**- AMS Standard – Los resultados se entregan en 14 días laborables o menos
- AMS Priority – 6 días laborables o menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 días laborables
 **Análisis incluidos con la datación por C14 (si el tamaño de la muestra lo permite)**- δ13C, δ18O, δ2H
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Botellas Nalgene de boca ancha NUEVAS (NO DEBEN HABER SIDO USADAS ANTERIORMENTE PARA OTROS PROPÓSITOS). Las botellas deben estar hechas de HDPE, LDPE o PP. Una botella de cuello corto tiende a cerrar mejor que una botella de cuello largo, pero ambas son aceptables.
- NO ACEPTAMOS (1) botellas de vidrio, (2) botellas de agua potable recicladas, ni 3) otras botellas de plástico ligeras o de baja densidad, debido a que pueden ocasionar efectos isotópicos y sesgar las mediciones, generando resultados imprecisos.
- No asumimos responsabilidad por la precisión de los resultados de análisis de muestras enviadas en botellas distintas a las indicadas.
- Por favor infórmenos si sus muestras contienen sal.
- Webinarios gratuitos disponibles a petición (inglés), vista previa aquí: [Carbono disuelto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "Carbono disuelto"), [Isótopos en Hidrología](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isótopos en Hidrología")
---
## Limitaciones en el análisis de muestras
SGS Beta es un laboratorio de datación por 14C en niveles NATURALES y no puede aceptar muestras de agua recolectadas en áreas cercanas a una planta de energía nuclear, reactores comerciales o médicos, vertederos de residuos industriales/médicos; o en zonas próximas a las áreas de drenaje de estas instalaciones. Las muestras no deben ser almacenadas o manipuladas en laboratorios o áreas que utilicen O alguna vez hayan utilizado 14C biomédico o marcado artificialmente.
**Si sospecha que el agua puede tener registros de 14C superiores a los niveles más altos del carbono bomba (~200 pMC / 2.0 F14C), NO envíe las muestras para análisis.** Las muestras de agua que producen registros superiores a 200 pMC generarán costos sustanciales en términos de limpieza, reemplazo de equipo y repetición de análisis de otras muestras. Estos costos pueden ser de decenas de miles de dólares, los cuales serán COBRADOS a usted como REMITENTE de las muestras.
No podemos aceptar muestras de agua que hayan sido tratadas con cloruro de mercurio (HgCl2) o azida sódica (NaN3) debido a que no tenemos la capacidad de eliminar estas sustancias tóxicas.
Ya no aceptamos muestras que contengan NaOH u otras sustancias químicas alcalinas añadidas. Esto era necesario para el método de precipitación SrCO3 / BaCO3, pero no es compatible con el método de extracción de gas usado por el laboratorio.
SGS Beta ofrece [mediciones de isótopos estables de Oxígeno-18 y Deuterio](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/isotopos-oxigeno-deuterio.htm) para muestras de agua sin costo adicional para muestras enviadas para datación por radiocarbono. Estos análisis pueden ser también ordenados de forma individual sin datación por radiocarbono. Las técnicas utilizadas para medir las relaciones d18O y d2H son espectrometría de masas de relaciones isotópicas (IRMS) y espectroscopía de cavidad en anillo desplegable (CRDS). [Solicite un presupuesto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/cuanto-cuesta-la-datacion-por-carbono.htm "Solicite un presupuesto")
## Cómo tomar muestras de agua subterránea
1\. Tome el agua de la boca del pozo
2\. Antes de comenzar a recolectar las muestra en la boca del pozo o el grifo, deje que el agua corra por un tiempo suficiente como para que el agua recolectada provenga directamente del acuífero. Dependiendo de la profundidad del pozo, esto puede durar algunos minutos o más tiempo.
3\. Permita que el agua del pozo rebose por el cuello de la botella y vacíe ésta para volver a llenarla.
4\. Llene la botella completamente, pero dejando el cuello de la botella vacío para permitir la expansión del líquido durante el transporte.
5\. Coloque cinta adhesiva alrededor del tapón para evitar el intercambio o la pérdida de CO2 del agua.
## Otras recomendaciones
– Por favor, marque la botella con el número de identificación de la muestra que le corresponda con tinta indeleble o sobre una etiqueta inalterable y que no se pueda quitar.
– Mida el pH de la muestra de agua y envíenos la información (no obligatorio).
– No es necesario refrigerar las muestras de agua almacenadas.
– Para las muestras de agua turbia, debe filtrar cualquier desecho antes de enviar la muestra utilizando papel de fibra de vidrio de 0,7 micras.
– No añada químicos a las muestras de agua.
Debido a que algunos estudios han demostrado que almacenar agua subterránea por largos periodos de tiempo en botellas de polipropileno puede generar efectos isotópicos1, recomendamos que las muestras de agua (DIC) sean enviadas al laboratorio dentro de los 30 días posteriores a la recolección. Si las muestras de agua tienen que ser almacenadas por un periodo mayor, deben ser recolectadas y almacenadas en botellas de plástico de poliacrilonitrilo (PAN).
## [Sugerencias de embalaje](#collapseOne)
Antes de colocar las botellas en una caja de cartón resistente, por favor, meta las botellas en una bolsa de plástico y precíntela con un cierre tipo zip o con cinta adhesiva. Así, si alguna de las botellas vierte líquido durante su transporte, el agua no estropeará la caja. Por favor, utilice una caja con suficiente relleno como para evitar la rotura de las botellas durante el transporte.
Recomendamos que utilice una empresa de mensajería o un servicio de correo certificado urgente para enviar sus muestras al laboratorio. Por favor, envíenos el número de seguimiento de su envío para que podamos controlar la llegada de sus muestras.
## [Aplicación práctica de la datación de aguas subterráneas](#collapseSix)
La aplicación de la datación por radiocarbono para el análisis de las aguas subterráneas ofrece una técnica con la que predecir el exceso de bombeo de un acuífero antes de que sea contaminado o sobreexplotado. Al contrario de los modelos teóricos y de los datos a posteriori de los análisis químicos, el análisis de radiocarbono de niveles naturales “ofrece datos empíricos que pueden ser utilizados” para tomar decisiones sobre el futuro de los acuíferos antes de que el daño sea hecho. La datación por radiocarbono de aguas subterráneas se utiliza en combinación con las mediciones principales de los análisis hidrológicos y químicos clásicos y producirá los mejores resultados cuando incluya mediciones múltiples o cuando las muestras sean recolectadas de manera secuencial. Los datos más útiles proceden de comparaciones y no de edades absolutas.En el caso de múltiples mediciones, las edades aparentes de aguas subterráneas sacadas de bombas que se encuentran a diferentes distancias del afloramiento del acuífero podrían ser un medio con el que verificar la velocidad del flujo, y para señalar situaciones de bombeo excesivo.
En el caso de tomar muestras de manera secuencial en un pozo en particular cada seis o doce meses, cualquier cambio en la edad aparente del agua se representa frente al tiempo. Si la edad del agua es cada vez más joven con el tiempo, por lo general se debe a una reducción de las capas más superficiales de agua. La datación por radiocarbono tiene el potencial de dar previo aviso de contaminación inminente en las capas superficiales del agua.
Más información sobre la datación por radiocarbono de [aguas subterráneas](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/aguas-subterraneas-carbono-datacion.htm "aguas subterráneas").
Referencias:
1\. Secular change of stable carbon isotopic ratio in groundwater samples during their storage in laboratory, Takahashi H., Handa, H., Minami, M., Aramaki T., Nakamura, T., Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2015.
**¿Te interesa el análisis de isótopos de boro, plomo o estroncio? Visita [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "Boron, Lead or Strontium isotopes analysis").**
#### Información relacionada:
[Análisis de isótopos estábles δ18O y δD en aguas salinas e hipersalinas](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/isotopos-oxigeno-deuterio.htm#Reference)
[Webinar de SGS Beta #1 – Isótopos: Una introducción al análisis de isótopos estables](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/)
*Última actualización de la página: Marzo de 2024*
---
### [Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung Grundwasser (DIC)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/grundwasser-dic.htm)
**Published:** July 24, 2019
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Empfohlene Probenmengen (geringere AMS Mengen sind möglich – bitte [kontaktieren Sie uns](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/beta-kontakt.htm "contact us"))**- 250 Milliliter bis 1 Liter
 **Kohlenstoff-Datierungsdienste**- AMS Standard – Ergebnisse werden innerhalb von 14 Werktagen oder weniger berichtet
- AMS Priority – 6 Werktage oder weniger
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 Werktage
 **Analysen enthalten mit C14 Datierung (falls Probenmenge ausreichend)**- δ13C, δ18O, δ2H
 **Empfohlenes Behältnis**- NEUE Einweg-Nalgene-Flaschen mit weitem Hals (DARF NICHT FÜR ANDEREN ANWENDUNGEN VERWENDET WORDEN SEIN). Flaschen sollten aus HDPE, LDPE oder PP bestehen. Eine Flasche mit schmalem Hals verschließt im Allgemeinen besser als eine Flasche mit großem Hals, aber beides ist akzeptabel.
- NICHT AKZEPTIERT – (1) Glasflaschen, (2) recycelte Trinkwasserflaschen oder (3) andere leichte Plastikflaschen mit geringer Dichte, da sie Isotopen-Effekte ermöglichen und die Messungen verzerren können, was zu Ungenauigkeiten in den angegebenen Ergebnissen führt.
- Wir übernehmen keine Verantwortung für die Richtigkeit der Testergebnisse für Proben, die in anderen als den angegebenen Sammelflaschen eingereicht wurden.
- Bitte teilen Sie uns mit, ob Ihre Proben Salz enthalten.
- Kostenlose Webinare auf Abruf verfügbar (nur auf Englisch), siehe Vorschau hier: [Gelöster Kohlenstoff](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "Gelöster Kohlenstoff"), [Isotope in der Hydrologie](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-hydrology-webinar/ "Isotope in der Hydrologie")
---
## Limitierungen
SGS Beta ist ein Datierungslabor mit natürlichem 14C Niveau und wir können keine Wasserproben akzeptieren, die in der Nähe von Kernkraftwerken, kommerziellen oder medizinischen Reaktoren, industriellen/medizinischen Mülldeponien oder in deren Entwässerungsgebieten entnommen wurden. Die Proben dürfen nicht in Labors oder Bereichen gelagert oder gehandhabt werden, in denen jemals biomedizinisches oder künstlich gekennzeichnetes 14C verwendet wurde.
**Wenn Sie den Verdacht haben, dass das Wasser in irgendeiner Weise erhöhte 14C-Aktivitäten über den maximalen Bomben-Kohlenstoff-Spiegel (~ 200 pMC / 2.0 F14C) hat, senden Sie die Proben NICHT zum Testen ein.** Wasserproben, die eine Aktivität von mehr als 200 pMC erzeugen, verursachen umfangreiche Kosten im Zusammenhang mit erforderlichen Aufräumarbeiten, Geräteaustausch und Doppelanalysen, die für andere Proben erforderlich sind. Diese Kosten können sich leicht auf Zehntausende von Dollar belaufen, die Ihnen als Verursacher in Rechnung gestellt werden.
Wir können leider keine Wasserproben annehmen, die mit Quecksilberchlorid (HgCl2) oder Natriumazid (NaN3) behandelt wurden, da wir nicht über die nötigen Entsorgungsmöglichkeiten für diese toxischen Substanzen verfügen.
Wir akzeptieren keine Proben mehr, denen NaOH oder andere alkalische Chemikalien zugesetzt wurden. Dies war ein notwendiger Schritt für die SrCO3 / BaCO3-Fällungsmethode, ist jedoch nicht mit der von unserem Labor verwendeten Gasstreifenmethode kompatibel.
SGS Beta bietet [stabile Isotopenmessungen von Sauerstoff-18 und Deuterium](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/sauerstoff-deuterium-isotope.htm) für Wasserproben ohne zusätzliche Gebühren an, wenn Proben für eine Radiokarbon Datierung eingesendet werden. Diese Analysen können auch ohne eine Radiokarbon Datierung in Auftrag gegeben werden. Techniken zur Messung der d18O- und d2H-Verhältnisse sind Isotopenverhältnis-Massenspektrometrie (IRMS) und Cavity-Ring-Down-Spektroskopie (CRDS). [Angebot anfordern](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/was-kosten-carbon-datierungen.htm "Angebot anfordern")
## Wie Grundwasserproben nehmen
1\. Entnehmen Sie das Wasser an der Brunnenöffnung.
2\. Lassen Sie das Wasser für einige Zeit laufen, bevor Sie eine Probe dem Bohrlochkopf/Leitungshahn entnehmen, damit das gesammelte Wasser direkt aus dem Grundwasserleiter stammt. Abhängig von der Tiefe des Brunnens, kann dies mehrere Minuten oder länger dauern.
3\. Spülen Sie die Flasche mit dem Wasser vor dem Befüllen gründlich aus.
4\. Befüllen Sie die Flasche mit dem Wasser, aber lassen Sie am Flaschenhals etwas Platz, damit sich das Wasser während des Transports ausdehnen kann.
5\. Versiegeln Sie den Flaschenhals mit Klebeband, damit ein Austausch und Verlust von CO2 verhindert wird.
## Weitere Empfehlungen und Hinweise
– Bitte schreiben Sie die Proben Identifikationsnummer mit einem wasserfesten Stift und einem resistenten Etikett auf die Flasche.
– Messen Sie den pH-Wert und leiten Sie diesen an uns weiter (nicht zwingend erforderlich).
– Es ist nicht nötig die Wasserproben zu kühlen.
– Bei trüben Wasserproben müssen Sie vor dem Einreichen der Probe alle Verunreinigungen mit einem 0,7-Mikrometer-Glasfaserfilterpapier herausfiltern.
– Fügen Sie dem Wasser keine Chemikalien hinzu.
Da Studien gezeigt haben, dass die Lagerung von Grundwasser in Polypropylenflaschen über einen längeren Zeitraum Isotopeneffekte hervorrufen kann11, empfehlen wir, Wasserproben (DIC) innerhalb von 30 Tagen nach der Entnahme zum Testen an unser Labor zu senden. Wenn Wasserproben längere Zeit aufbewahrt werden müssen, sollten sie gesammelt und in Polyacrylnitril (PAN)-Plastikflaschen aufbewahrt werden.
## [Verpackungsvorschläge](#collapseOne)
Verpacken Sie die Flaschen in einer Plastiktüte und versiegeln Sie diese mit Klebeband, bevor Sie die Flaschen in einen Karton geben. Sollte eine der Flaschen während des Transports auslaufen, so wird das Wasser den Karton nicht aufweichen. Bitte verwenden Sie ausreichend Polstermaterial für den Karton, um eventuelle Schäden während des Transports zu verhindern. Wenn Sie Proben an unser Labor versenden möchten, empfehlen wir die Verwendung von kommerziellen Kurierdiensten. Bitte emailen Sie uns den Namen des Dienstleisters und die Paketnummer, damit wir Ihnen dabei helfen können das Paket zu verfolgen.
## [Praktische Anwendung der Grundwasserdatierung](#collapseSix)
Die Radiokarbonanalyse von Grundwasser kann als Überwachungsinstrument dienen, um die Überpumpung von Bewässerungssystem zu verhindern, bevor diese kontaminiert werden oder eine Übernutzung vorliegt. Im Gegensatz zu theoretischen Modellen und nachträglichen Kontaminierungsdaten durch chemische Analysen, „bietet [die Analyse des natürlichen Radiokarbon-Niveaus] empirische Daten, die verwendet werden können“, um Entscheidungen hinsichtlich der zukünftigen Nutzung von Wasserbezirken zu treffen, bevor Schäden entstehen.
Die Radiokarbondatierung von Grundwasser wird in Kombination mit den Primärmessungen der klassischen Hydrologie und chemischen Analysen verwendet. Grundwasser-Datierungen liefern die besten Ergebnisse, wenn mehrere Messungen oder eine sequentielle Probenentnahme durchgeführt werden. Die nützlichsten Daten stammen von solchen Vergleichen und nicht von absoluten Altersangaben.
Multiple Messungen von Grundwasser aus Pumpen, die in verschiedenen Abständen zu dem Grundwasserleiter stehen, ergeben apparente Altersangaben, die dazu verwendet werden können die Fließrate zu verifizieren und gegebenenfalls Indikationen hinsichtlich der Überpumpung geben.
Bei einer halb- oder jährlichen sequentiellen Probenentnahme aus einer einzelnen Quelle, können Veränderungen des apparenten Wasseralters gegen die Zeit aufgetragen werden. Wenn sich das Wasseralter im Laufe des Überwachungsprozesses verringert, sinken üblicherweise seichtere Wasserschichten in tiefere Schichten ab. Mithilfe der Radiokarbondatierung ist es möglich, die bevorstehende Kontaminierung durch Oberflächenwasser im Vorhinein abzusehen.
Weitere Informationen zu der [Radiokarbondatierung von Grundwasser](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/grundwasser-karbon-datierung.htm)
Verweise:
1\. Secular change of stable carbon isotopic ratio in groundwater samples during their storage in laboratory, Takahashi H., Handa, H., Minami, M., Aramaki T., Nakamura, T., Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2015.
**Interessiert an der Analyse von Bor-, Blei- oder Strontium-Isotopen? Besuchen Sie: [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "Boron, Lead or Strontium isotopes analysis").**
#### Zugehörige Informationen:
[δ18O und δD stabile Isotopenanalyse für salzhaltiges und hypersalzhaltiges Wasser](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/sauerstoff-deuterium-isotope.htm#Reference)
[SGS Beta Webinar Nr. 1 – Isotope: Eine Einführung in die Isotopenanalyse](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/)
*Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: März 2024*
---
### [Radiocarbon Dating Fish Otoliths](https://www.radiocarbon.com/c14-dating-fish-otoliths.htm)
**Published:** January 10, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Sample size recommended (smaller AMS sizes possible – please [contact us](http://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 5-20 milligrams (AMS)
 **Carbon Dating Services**- AMS Standard – results are reported in 14 business days or less
- AMS Priority – 6 business days or less
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 business days
 **Analyses included with Carbon-14 Dating (if sample size permits)**- δ13C, δ18O
 **Recommended container**- Wrap fish otoliths in aluminum foil to contain them in a pouch before putting them inside a labeled Ziplock bag.
- Send samples in small boxes instead of envelopes to protect the samples from being crushed during shipment.
- Please consult the lab before submission to discuss sample suitability.
## Radiocarbon Dating Costs
Please indicate the service requested (standard, priority or time guide), the number of samples and the billing address when requesting for an estimate or quotation. The lab’s standard turnaround time is 14 business days upon receipt in Miami, Florida. Faster services are also available – Priority (results reported in 6 business days) and Time Guide (results in 2-3 business days). [Request a quote](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "Request a quote")
Fees are inclusive of quality assurance reports, calendar calibration when applicable, and 24/7 web access to past results and pending analyses.
---
**Pretreatment** – It is important to understand the [pretreatment](https://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) applied to samples since they directly affect the final result.
You are welcome to include specific instructions on pretreatment (e.g. light acid etch or no pretreatment at all) or reporting.
For modern studies – Δ14C values reported upon request.
For ancient studies – radiocarbon age corrected for marine reservoir effect.
## [\[VIDEO\] How to Determine the DeltaR / DeltaRErr Value ](#collapseOne)
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
## Related Topic:
[What are fish otoliths?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-fish-otoliths/ "What are fish otoliths")
*Image credit: Matthieu Godbout (licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0)*
*Page last updated: March 2026*
---
### [糞便的放射性碳定年](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-dung.htm)
**Published:** February 6, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **建議樣品量 (若樣品量較少 – 請 [聯繫我們](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 5-100 毫克 (AMS)
 **碳定年服務和測試週期**- AMS標準測試 – 14個工作日或更少
- AMS優先測試 – 6個工作日或更少
- AMS極速測試 – 2-3個工作日
 **碳14定年 附帶免費分析**- δ13C
 **推薦包裝**- 夾鏈袋(若樣品量很小，或於運送途中容易破損，請先以鋁箔紙包裝)
- 請您使用堅固的小纸盒寄送您的樣品，而不要使用信封寄送，這樣能够防止您的樣品在運輸途中被壓碎。
## 放射性碳定年的價格
如需報價，請您將以下資訊填入[表格](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "contact Beta")中：AMS測試服務類型（標準、優先、極速）、樣品數量及帳單收件地址。SGS BETA實驗室的AMS標準測試週期為美國邁阿密實驗室收到樣品後14個工作天，您也可選擇優先服務（6個工作天）或極速服務（2-3個工作天）。
費用包含質量保證報告、日曆校準（在允許的情況下）以及24小時全年無休的線上系統，可查詢測試結果和待測樣品。
---
**預處理** – 由於 [預處理](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) 將直接影響到定年结果，所以我們歡迎您聯繫我們共同討論預處理方法，或要求我們在預處理之後（開始測試之前）與您聯繫。
請將源自周邊有機物的可能污染物，以及糞便的埋葬狀況一併提供給實驗室。舉例說明，如果您樣品來自沙漠，將取消強鹼步驟，以維持樣品品質；如果您樣品來自複雜的土壤環境，或是量不多，則建議進行完整的預處理，再做[AMS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm)定年。
糞便是由通過消化道的有機物組成，所以具高度抵抗力；然而，在某些情況下，它會對用來移除二級腐植酸的強鹼起強烈反應。除微小樣品外，對AMS分析而言，這通常不會造成問題。
## 蝙蝠糞便的碳定年
如果糞便中含有昆蟲，請確認糞便中的昆蟲是來自於蝙蝠攝食後未消化的食物，還是後來才怕進糞便中，這點至關重要：如果是未消化的食物，那麼這些昆蟲和糞便的年齡便是相同的；如果是後者，這些昆蟲的年齡相較而言會較年輕。因此，若兩者為同樣的年齡，SGS BETA實驗室就不需在預處理階段去除糞便中的昆蟲，反之如果昆蟲是在糞便形成後才爬入的，那麼牠們便會在測試前被去除。
*圖片來源：Axel Tschentscher（經CC BY-SA 4.0許可）*
*最後更新2020年2月*
---
### [糞化石の放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-dung.htm)
**Published:** February 17, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **試料の必要量(推奨量) (より少ない量でも測定可能です – 詳細はご連絡ください [ご連絡先](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-contact.htm "ご連絡先"))**- 5-100 mg (AMS)
 **炭素年代測定サービスの種類**- AMS Standard（通常の納期） – 米国のラボで試料受領後14営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Priority (特急) – 米国のラボで試料受領後6営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Time Guide (超特急) – 米国のラボで試料受領後3～4営業日で結果をご報告いたします。 (骨または堆積物では対応不可)
 **C14年代測定に含まれて いる分析サービス**- δ13C
 **お薦めする試料の容器**- ジップロックバッグ（試料が小さい場合、あるいは輸送中に破壊されそうな場合はアルミホイルに包んでからバッグに入れて下さい）
- お送りいただく際は輸送時の試料破壊を防ぐため封筒ではなく丈夫な小箱などを用いてください。
## 放射性炭素年代測定の費用
お見積りのご依頼時には、納期(standard, priority, time guide)、試料数、ご所属、ご住所をお知らせください。ベータ・アナリティックのAMS年代測定の標準納期はマイアミ試験所到着後14営業日です。特急納期のオプションもございます。(Priority 6営業日、Time Guide 3営業日)
料金には、品質管理レポート、適応可能な場合は暦年代較正、既出結果への24/7アクセス、測定保留に係る経費が含まれています。
---
**試料の前処理** – 試料の前処理について理解することは、それが最終的な年代に直接影響を与えるので非常に重要です。 [前処理のページ](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) 前処理に関するご相談、ご質問、ご要望などがございましたらいつでもご連絡ください。
サンプルの選別 – 糞化石の埋没の状況や周囲の有機物からの汚染の可能性についてラボにお知らせ下さい。例えば、もし砂漠の環境下からのサンプルであれば、サンプル量を維持するためにアルカリ処理のステップが省略できるかもしれません。もしサンプルが複雑な土壌成分からのものであったり、量が少なかったりした場合は、全ての前処理をしてからの [AMS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm)年代測定が推奨されます。
糞化石は消化管を生き延びた有機物から成っているため、耐久性があることが多いです。しかしながら、状況によっては二次的なフミン酸を取り除くために使われるアルカリに強く反応するかもしれません。これは、AMS年代測定においては、サンプルサイズが極小である場合を除き、通常問題にはなりません。
## コウモリ糞化石(バットグアノ)の炭素年代測定
糞化石(バットグアノ)の中に昆虫化石が入っている場合があります。しかしそれらがコウモリが食した後、消化されなかった残渣であるのか、もしくは後から糞に混じったものであるのかを区別する必要があります。前者であれば昆虫の年代と糞の年代は一致しますが、後者の場合は昆虫の年代が糞の年代より有意に新しくなる可能性があります。もし同じ年代のものであれば、SGS Beta は昆虫を取り除くことはしません。もし、昆虫が後から混入したものであれば、分析の前に取り除きます。
*画像著作権: Axel Tschentscher (CC BY-SA 4.0のライセンスに基づき使用許諾されます)*
*最終更新：2020年2月*
---
### [배설물 시료의 방사성탄소 연대측정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-dung.htm)
**Published:** February 7, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **권장 시료 크기 (소량 크기도 가능 – [문의바람](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-contact.htm "문의바람"))**- 5-100 밀리그램 (AMS)
 **서비스 종류**- AMS 일반 – 14 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 특급 – 6 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 타임 가이드 – 2-3 영업일 이내 결과 보고
 **C14 연대측정 시 포함된 분석**- δ13C
 **권장 용기**- 지프 백 (작거나 운송 중 부서질 수 있는 시료들은 알루미늄 포일로 포장)
- 시료 발송 시 시료의 부스러짐 방지를 위해 봉투 대신 작은 박스에 담아 발송합니다.
## C14 연대측정 비용
비용이나 견적서가 필요한 경우, 다음 정보를 알려주시기 바랍니다 – [AMS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm) 서비스 종류 (일반, 특급, 타임 가이드), 시료 개수, 지불 기관의 주소 및 연락처, 결과를 받아 보실 수 있는 기간은 일반 서비스의 경우, 미 실험실 도착 후, 14 영업일 이내이며, 급행 서비스의 경우, 6 영업일 이내이며, 타임 가이드 서비스의 경우 2-3일 이내입니다.
요금에는 다음 서비스들이 포함됩니다. 품질 확인 보고서 (QA reports). 보정값, 지난 보고서와 현 분석 과정을 보실 수 있는 24/7 웹 사용권한.
---
**전처리 과정** – [전처리](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) 과정은 최종 측정 결과에 직접적인 영향을 미치기 때문에 전처리 과정을 충분히 이해하는 것이 중요합니다. 전처리 과정에 대해 상담을 원하시거나, 사전 처리 후 (그리고 연대측정 전에) 본 연구소로부터 연락을 받기 원하면 언제든지 연락 바랍니다.
배설물이 묻혀있던 장소의 매장 조건들과 주변 지역의 유기물질로 인한 오염 가능성을 실험실에 알려주시기 바랍니다. 예를 들면 혹시 사막 지역에서 발견된 시료라면 시료 손실을 막기위한 알카리 처리를 생략할 수도 있습니다. 혹시 시료가 복잡한 흙에서 나왔으며 량이 한정되어 있다면 전처리 전과정을 해야 합니다.
배설물은 소화기에 남아있는 유기물질로 이루어진 것이기 때문에 연대측정에 상당히 좋은 시료입니다만 어떤 조건에 따라서 이차로 생긴 휴믹 산을 제거하기 위해 사용하는 알카리에 강하게 반응할 지도 모릅니다. 아주 소량의 시료인 경우를 제외하고 연대측정하는데 큰 문제는 아닙니다.
## 박쥐 구아노의 탄소 연대측정
구아노 내에 벌레가 있을 수 있는데, 박쥐가 섭취한 음식에 있다가 소화가 안되어 존재하는 것인지, 아니면 나중에 침투한 것인지 여부를 판단해야 합니다. 소화가 안되어 존재하는 것이라면 같은 연대이지만, 나중에 침입한 것이라면, 다른 연대일 가능성이 큽니다. 이점을 반드시 고려해야 합니다. 만약 같은 연대라 판단되면 전처리 과정 중 제거할 필요가 없지만, 나중에 침투한 벌레라면 분석 전 반드시 제거해야 합니다.
*이미지 크레딧: Axel Tschentscher (면허 보유 CC BY-SA 4.0)*
*2020년 2월 업데이트*
---
### [Datação de esterco por radiocarbono](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/datacao-carbono-esterco.htm)
**Published:** February 12, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Tamanho de amostra recomendado (favor consultar sobre amostras menores)**- 5 a 100 miligramas (método AMS)
 **Serviços de datação por carbono**- AMS Standard – resultados reportados em 14 dias úteis ou menos
- AMS Priority – 6 dias úteis ou menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 dias úteis
 **Análises inclusas à datação por 14C**- δ13C
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Saco plástico com fecho de zíper (embrulhar amostras pequenas em alumínio antes de colocá-las no saco, para evitar esmagamento durante transporte)
- Recomendamos que o envio das amostras seja realizado em pequenas caixas sempre que possível (em vez de envelopes) para proteger a integridade física das amostras.
## Preços da datação por radiocarbono
Por favor utilize este [formulário](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/quanto-custa-datacao-radiocarbono.htm "contact Beta") para solicitar um orçamento ou cotação. Indique a serviço AMS requerido (Standard, Priority ou Time Guide), quantidade de amostras e endereço para faturamento. O prazo para entrega de resultados do serviço Standard é de 14 dias úteis, enquanto o serviço Priority leva 6 dias ou menos. O serviço AMS Time Guide do SGS Beta apresenta resultados em 2-3 dias úteis.
As taxas incluem laudos de controle de qualidade, calibração calendárica (quando aplicável) e acesso 24/7 a resultados anteriores e análises em curso.
---
**Pré-tratamento** – É importante compreender os [pré-tratamentos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-pretratamento-protocolos.htm#Acid) aplicados às amostras, visto que os mesmos afetam diretamente o resultado final. Fique à vontade para entrar em contato para discutirmos os pré-tratamentos, ou solicitar que entremos em contato depois que os pré-tratamentos tenham sido realizados (antes da datação).
Por favor, informe ao laboratório das condições de enterramento do esterco e da probabilidade de contaminação por orgânicos circundantes. Se a sua amostra é de ambiente desértico, por exemplo, pode-se pular os passos de banho alcalino para manter a massa da amostra. Se a sua amostra é de contexto de solo complexo ou é em quantidade limitada, recomendamos os pré-tratamentos para a [análise por AMS.](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/acelerador-massa-espectrometria.htm)
O esterco tende a ser altamente resistente, uma vez que é composto de materiais orgânicos que sobreviveram ao trato digestivo. No entanto, em certas circunstâncias, pode reagir fortemente com o material alcalino utilizado para remover ácidos húmicos secundários. Com a análise por AMS, isso geralmente não é um problema, exceto no caso de amostras minúsculas.
## Datação de guano por Carbono-14
Poderá haver a presença de insetos no guano. É importante estabelecer se esses insetos são provenientes de alimentos não digeridos pelos morcegos, ou se vieram depois. Se os insetos forem não digeridos, então terão a mesma idade que o guano. Se tiverem vindo após a expulsão do esterco, podem ser significantemente mais jovens, e isso precisa ser levado em consideração. Se os insetos e o guano forem da mesma idade, o SGS Beta não precisa remover as partes de insetos durante os pré-tratamentos. Se os insetos tiverem vindo após o depósito do guano, serão removidos antes da análise.
*Crédito da imagem: Axel Tschentscher (sob licença CC BY-SA 4.0)*
*Última atualização: fevereiro de 2020*
---
### [Datazione al radiocarbonio dello sterco](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-sterco.htm)
**Published:** February 5, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Quantità raccomandata (può essere inferiore per AMS – [contattare](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/contatti.htm "contact us") il laboratorio)**- 5-100 milligrammi (AMS)
 **Servizio di datazione al carbonio**- AMS Standard – i risultati sono pronti entro 14 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Priority – entro 6 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 giorni lavorativi
 **Analisi gratuite con Datazione C14**- δ13C
 **Contenitore consigliato**- Bustine con zip (avvolgere prima in un foglio di alluminio i campioni molto piccoli e/o che potrebbero subire danni durante la spedizione)
- Inviare i campioni in scatole rigide (invece di utilizzare buste imbottite) per preservarne l’integrità.
## Costi della datazione al radiocarbonio
Indicare le seguenti informazioni in [questo modulo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/costi-datazione-carbonio.htm "contact Beta") per richiedere un preventivo: servizio AMS richiesto (Standard, Priority o Time Guide), numero di campioni e indirizzo di fatturazione completo dell’istituto che effettuerà il pagamento. I tempi di consegna del servizio Standard sono di 14 giorni lavorativi, mentre il servizio Priority richiede fino a 6 giorni lavorativi. Con il servizio Time Guide, SGS Beta consegna i dati in 2-3 giorni lavorativi.
Le tariffe includono i referti di garanzia di qualità, la calibrazione quando applicabile e l’accesso online 24/7 ai risultati e alle analisi in corso.
---
**Pretrattamento** – È importante comprendere i [pretrattamenti](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm) che saranno applicati ai campioni, dal momento che influenzano direttamente il risultato delle analisi. È possibile contattarci per discutere i pretrattamenti oppure richiedere di essere contattati dopo la loro applicazione (e prima della datazione).
Informare il laboratorio delle condizioni di giacitura dello sterco e dell’eventuale possibilità di contaminazione da parte di materiali organici adiacenti. Ad esempio, se il campione proviene da un ambiente desertico, il lavaggio basico può essere omesso per conservare la massa. Se il campione proviene da un contesto complesso o se la quantità è limitata, raccomandiamo di richiedere la [datazione AMS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/spettrometro-di-massa-con-acceleratore.htm) con pretrattamenti completi.
Lo sterco tende a essere molto resistente perché è composto da sostanze organiche non decomposte dall’apparato digerente. Nonostante questo, in alcuni casi può reagire violentemente con le sostanze basiche utilizzate per rimuovere gli acidi umici secondari. Con l’analisi AMS, questa reazione non costituisce un problema a meno che il campione sia particolarmente piccolo.
## Datazione al carbonio del guano di pipistrello
È possibile che il guano includa degli insetti. In questo caso, è importante capire se gli insetti fanno parte del cibo non digerito dai pipistrelli o se sono rimasti intrappolati nel guano successivamente alla deposizione. Nel primo caso, gli insetti hanno la stessa età del guano; nel secondo, potrebbero essere più recenti. Se i due materiali hanno la stessa età, non è necessario separarli durante i pretrattamenti. Se invece è possibile che gli insetti siano più recenti del guano, vengono rimossi prima dell’analisi.
*Immagine di: Axel Tschentscher (licenza CC BY-SA 4.0)*
*Ultimo aggiornamento: febbraio 2020*
---
### [Datación por radiocarbono de estiércol](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-carbono-estiercol.htm)
**Published:** February 4, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Tamaño de muestra recomendado (es posible enviar muestras más pequeñas para datación por AMS – por favor [contáctenos](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/contacto.htm "contáctenos"))**- 5-100 miligramos (AMS)
 **Servicios de datación por carbono**- AMS Standard – Los resultados se entregan en 14 días laborables o menos
- AMS Priority – 6 días laborables o menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 días laborables
 **Análisis incluidos con la datación por C14**- δ13C
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Bolsas con cierre zip (envuelva la muestra en papel de aluminio si es pequeña o si puede ser aplastada durante el envío)
- Por favor envíe sus muestras en pequeñas cajas y no en sobres para proteger la integridad física de las muestras.
## Costos de datación por radiocarbono
Por favor indique en este [formulario](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/cuanto-cuesta-la-datacion-por-carbono.htm "contact SGS Beta") la siguiente información al solicitar una cotización: servicio AMS requerido (standard, priority, time guide), número de muestras y dirección de facturación. El tiempo de entrega de resultados para el servicio AMS Standard es de 14 días laborables, mientras que para el servicio AMS Priority es de 6 días laborables o menos. SGS Beta entrega resultados en 2-3 días laborables cuando se solicita el servicio AMS Time Guide.
Nuestras tarifas incluyen informes con garantía de calidad, calibraciones de calendario (cuando sea aplicable) y acceso perpetuo a resultados anteriores o análisis pendientes a través de nuestra web.
---
**Pretratamiento** – Es importante entender el [pretratamiento](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/pretratamiento-protocolos.htm#Acid) previo aplicado a las muestras ya que afecta directamente al resultado final. Puede ponerse en contacto con nosotros para discutir el pretratamiento, o solicitar que le contactemos después del pretratamiento (y antes de la datación).
Por favor informe al laboratorio sobre las condiciones de entierro del estiércol y la posibilidad de contaminación por material orgánico circundante. Si su muestra proviene de un ambiente desértico, por ejemplo, la aplicación de álcali puede ser omitida para retener la masa de la muestra. Si su muestra proviene de una estructura de suelo compleja o se encuentra en cantidades limitadas, se recomienda la [datación por AMS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/acelerador-masa-espectrometria.htm) con los pretratamientos completos.
El estiércol tiende a ser muy resistente ya que está compuesto de material orgánico que ha sobrevivido al tracto digestivo. Sin embargo, en ciertas circunstancias puede reaccionar fuertemente con el álcali utilizado para remover ácidos húmicos secundarios. En el análisis por AMS esto no representa un problema, salvo en el caso de muestras muy pequeñas.
## Datación por carbono de guano de murciélago
Pueden haber insectos en el guano. Es importante determinar si los insectos en el guano son de alimentos no digeridos que los murciélagos estuvieron comiendo, o si los insectos llegaron al guano después. Si se trata de alimentos no digeridos, los bichos son de la misma edad del guano. Si llegaron después de la expulsión del guano, los bichos podrían ser considerablemente más jóvenes. Esto debe tomarse en consideración. Si son de la misma edad, SGS Beta no elimina los restos de insectos durante los pretratamientos. Si los insectos llegaron después de que el estiércol fue depositado, los restos son eliminados antes del análisis.
*Crédito de la imagen: Axel Tschentscher (autorizada bajo la licencia CC BY-SA 4.0)*
*Última actualización de la página: Febrero de 2020*
---
### [AMS Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung von Dung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-dung.htm)
**Published:** February 4, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Empfohlene Probenmengen (geringere AMS Mengen sind möglich – bitte [kontaktieren Sie uns](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/beta-kontakt.htm "contact us"))**- 5-100 Milligramm (AMS)
 **Kohlenstoff-Datierungsdienste**- AMS Standard – Ergebnisse werden innerhalb von 14 Werktagen oder weniger berichtet
- AMS Priority – 6 Werktage oder weniger
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 Werktage
 **Analysen enthalten mit C14 Datierung**- δ13C
 **Empfohlenes Behältnis**- Wiederverschließbare Plastikbeutel (bitte kleine und/oder zerbrechliche Proben zusätzliche in aluminiumfolie verpacken)
- Bitte senden Sie Ihre Proben in Paketen und nicht in Umschlägen, um die Proben vor Schäden während des Versands zu bewahren.
## Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung Kosten
Bitte geben Sie in diesem [Formular](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/was-kosten-carbon-datierungen.htm "contact SGS Beta") die folgenden Informationen an, wenn Sie einen Kostenvoranschlag oder ein Angebot anfordern – AMS-Service (Standard, Priorität oder Time-Guide), Anzahl der Proben und die Rechnungsadresse. Die Bearbeitungszeit für den Standard-Service beträgt 14 Werktage, während der Priority Service des Labors 6 Werktage oder weniger dauert. SGS Beta berichtet Ergebnisse innerhalb von 2-3 Werktagen für den AMS-Time-Guide Service.
Die Gebühren beinhalten Qualitätssicherungsberichte, ggf. Kalenderkalibrierung und rund um die Uhr verfügbaren Webzugriff auf frühere Ergebnisse und ausstehende Analysen.
---
**Vorbehandlung** – Es ist wichtig die Vorbehandlungen, die auf eine Probe angewendet werden zu kennen, da diese das Endergebnis direkt beeinträchtigen können. Sie können sich gerne mit uns in Verbindung setzen, um mit uns über die Vorbehandlung zu diskutieren oder uns bitten, dass wir uns mit Ihnen nach der Vorbehandlung (und vor der Datierung) in Verbindung setzen.
Bitte informieren Sie das Labor über die Fundbedingungen des Dungs und die Wahrscheinlichkeit von Verunreinigungen durch organische Stoffe aus der Umgebung. Wenn Ihre Probe z.B. aus der Wüste stammt, können die Alkali-Schritte übersprungen werden, sodass die Probenmasse nicht beeinträchtigt wird. Falls das Material aus einem komplexen Erdboden-Kontext stammt oder nur geringe Mengen vorliegen, empfehlen wir die [AMS-Datierung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/massen-beschleunigung-spektrometrie.htm) unter Anwendung aller Vorbehandlungen.
Dung ist üblicherweise hochresistent, da er aus organischen Materialien besteht, die den Verdauungstrakt überlebt haben. In einigen Fällen kann er jedoch stark mit Alkali reagieren, was wiederum angewendet wird, um sekundäre Huminsäuren zu entfernen. Bei der AMS-Analyse stellt dies normalerweise kein Problem dar, ausgenommen bei sehr kleinen Proben.
## Kohlenstoff-Datierung von Fledermaus Guano
Es können Insekten im Guano vorhanden sein. Es ist wichtig festzustellen, ob die Insekten im Guano aus unverdauter Nahrung stammen, die Fledermäuse fraßen, oder ob sie später in den Mist gekrochen sind. Wenn sie unverdaut sind, dann werden die das gleiche Alter wie das Guano aufweisen. Wenn die Käfer erst nach der Ausscheidung hinzugekommen sind, könnten die Käfer deutlich jünger sein. Dies muss berücksichtigt werden. Wenn sie gleich alt sind, muss SGS Beta die Käferteile während der Vorbehandlungen nicht entfernen. Wenn die Insekten nach der Ablagerung des Mistes eingedrungen sind, werden sie vor der Analyse entfernt.
## Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung Kosten
Bitte geben Sie in diesem [Formular](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/was-kosten-carbon-datierungen.htm "contact SGS Beta") die folgenden Informationen an, wenn Sie einen Kostenvoranschlag oder ein Angebot anfordern – AMS-Service (Standard, Priorität oder Time-Guide), Anzahl der Proben und die Rechnungsadresse. Die Bearbeitungszeit für den Standard-Service beträgt 14 Werktage, während der Priority Service des Labors 6 Werktage oder weniger dauert. SGS Beta berichtet Ergebnisse innerhalb von 2-3 Werktagen für den AMS-Time-Guide Service.
*Bildquelle: Axel Tschentscher (lizenziert nach CC BY-SA 4.0)*
*Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: Februar 2020*
---
### [Datation par AMS du charbon et du bois](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-charbon.htm)
**Published:** June 30, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Taille recommandée pour les échantillons (de plus petites quantités sont possibles pour les AMS – merci de [nous contacter](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-contact.htm "nous contacter"))**- 5-100 milligrammes (AMS)
- 2-4 milligrammes – Charbon de bois qui peut avoir des limites de prétraitement
 **Services de datation au carbone**- AMS Standard – les résultats sont communiqués sous 14 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Priority – 6 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 jours ouvrés
 **Analyses incluses avec la datation C14**- δ13C
 **Contenants recommandés**- Sacs Ziplock (si l’échantillon est petit ou risque d’être écrasé pendant le transport, veuillez l’emballer dans de l’aluminium)
- Nous vous recommandons grandement d’envoyer vos échantillons dans de petites boites quand cela est possible (au lieu d’utiliser des enveloppes) pour protéger l’intégrité physique des échantillons.
- Les recommandations pour la collecte de charbon sont également disponibles ci-dessous
---
**Nota** – Les tarifs comprennent les rapports d’assurance qualité, la calibration s’il y a lieu et l’accès Internet 24/7 aux résultats antérieurs et aux analyses en cours. [Obtenir un devis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/combien-coute-la-datation-carbone.htm "Obtenir un devis")
**Prétraitement** – Il est important de comprendre la nature des prétraitements qui seront appliqués à l’échantillon, car ils ont une influence directe sur le résultat final. N’hésitez pas à nous contacter pour en discuter. Vous pouvez également demander à ce qu’on vous recontacte une fois le prétraitement appliqué (avant la datation).
## Prélèvement d’échantillons de charbon à partir de sédiments
Plusieurs méthodes permettent de séparer le charbon de bois de la matrice de sédiments pour la datation:
1- Prélèvement manuel avec des pinces.
2- Séparation par flottaison, applicable à de grandes pièces qui ne sont pas incrustées dans beaucoup d’argile.
Elle est couramment utilisée pour consolider ou séparer le charbon de la matrice. Les risques de contamination sont faibles tant que l’eau ne contient aucun produit pétrochimique ou de produits organiques en suspension. Pour cette méthode, le laboratoire recommande de porter des gants chirurgicaux, et de veiller à sécher le matériau pendant 12 à 24 heures avant expédition à des températures ne dépassant pas 70°C.
3- Flottaison, puis dispersion et enfin tamisage différentiel. Cette méthode s’utilise pour des fragments de charbons dont la taille dépasse les 180 microns.
Dans le cas contraire, on parle de micro-charbon ou de suie. Le prétraitement peut être problématique dans ce cas. L’échantillon a une grande surface, et risque de se dissoudre lors du rinçage basique servant à retirer les acides humiques.
Il est possible d’isoler le “carbone noir” (particules de taille inférieure à la suie) que l’on retrouve dans les fonds marins et les lacs, en utilisant des liquides lourds et des acides forts comme l’acide fluorhydrique. SGS Beta ne le fait pas à cause des dangers inhérents à la manipulation de ces produits.
## Plus d’information sur la datation AMS du charbon
[Effet vieux bois](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/effet-vieux-bois.htm)
[Contamination du charbon ou du bois](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/charbon-bois.htm#Contamination)
[Effets de la contamination sur les résultats de la datation AMS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/charbon-bois.htm#Effect)
[Prétraitement physique du charbon](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/charbon-bois.htm#Physical)
[Prétraitement chimique du charbon](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/charbon-bois.htm#Chemical)
*Crédit: STRONGlk7 (licence CC BY-SA 3.0)*
*Dernière mise à jour de la page: mars 2026*
---
### [Datation par AMS des excréments](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-excrements.htm)
**Published:** February 5, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Taille recommandée pour les échantillons (de plus petites quantités sont possibles pour l’AMS – merci de [nous contacter](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-contact.htm "nous contacter"))**- 5-100 milligrammes (AMS)
 **Services de datation au carbone**- AMS Standard – les résultats sont communiqués sous 14 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Priority – 6 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 jours ouvrés
 **Analyses incluses avec la datation C14**- δ13C
 **Contenants recommandés**- Sacs Ziplock (si l’échantillon est petit ou risque d’être écrasé pendant le transport, veuillez l’emballer dans de l’aluminium)
- Nous vous recommandons d’envoyer vos échantillons dans de petites boites quand cela est possible (au lieu d’utiliser des enveloppes) pour protéger les échantillons.
## Tarifs de datation au radiocarbone
Veuillez indiquer les informations suivantes dans le [formulaire](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/combien-coute-la-datation-carbone.htm "contact Beta") de demande de devis – service AMS demandé (standard, priority ou time guide), le nombre d’échantillons et l’adresse de facturation. Le délai d’exécution du service standard est de 14 jours ouvrés tandis que le service priority demande 6 jours ouvrés ou moins. SGS Beta communique les résultats en 2-3 jours ouvrés pour le service AMS time guide.
Les tarifs comprennent les rapports d’assurance qualité, la calibration s’il y a lieu et l’accès Internet 24/7 aux résultats antérieurs et aux analyses en cours.
---
**Prétraitement** – Il est important de comprendre la nature des prétraitements qui seront appliqués à l’échantillon, car ils ont une influence directe sur le résultat final. N’hésitez pas à nous contacter pour en discuter. Vous pouvez également demander à ce que l’on vous recontacte une fois le prétraitement appliqué (avant la datation).
Veuillez préciser au laboratoire les conditions d’inhumation des excréments et la probabilité de contamination par les matières organiques environnantes. Si votre échantillon provient par exemple d’un environnement désertique, il est possible d’omettre les phases alcalines pour conserver la masse de l’échantillon. Si votre échantillon provient d’un contexte de sol complexe ou est en faible quantité, alors nous recommandons une [datation AMS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/spectrometrie-acceleration-masse.htm) avec prétraitements complets.
Les excréments ont tendance à être très résistants car ils sont composés de matières organiques qui ont survécu au système digestif. Toutefois, dans certains cas, ils peuvent fortement réagir à la solution alcaline utilisée pour retirer les acides humiques secondaires. Avec l’analyse AMS, cela ne représente généralement pas un problème, sauf dans le cas de très petits échantillons.
## Datation carbone 14 du guano de chauve-souris
Il peut y avoir des insectes présents dans le guano. Il est important de déterminer si les insectes proviennent de la nourriture non digérée que les chauves-souris ont mangée ou s’ils ont rampé plus tard dans les excréments. S’ils ne sont pas digérés, les insectes ont le même âge que le guano. Dans le second cas, les insectes pourraient être significativement plus jeunes. Cette donnée doit être prise en compte. S’ils ont le même âge, SGS Beta n’a pas à retirer les insectes pendant les prétraitements. Dans le second cas, ils seront retirés avant l’analyse.
*Crédit: Axel Tschentscher (licence CC BY-SA 4.0)*
*Dernière mise à jour de la page: février 2020*
---
### [Radiocarbon Dating Charcoal](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm)
**Published:** April 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Sample size recommended (smaller AMS sizes possible – please [contact us](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 5-100 milligrams (AMS)
2-4 milligrams for charcoal that may have limitations in pretreatments
 **Carbon Dating Services**- AMS Standard – results are reported in 14 business days or less
- AMS Priority – 6 business days or less
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 business days
 **Analyses included with Carbon-14 Dating**- δ13C
 **Recommended container**- Ziplock Bags (place in aluminum foil if sample is small or can be crushed during shipment)
- Please send your samples in small boxes instead of envelopes to protect the samples.
- Lab recommendations on charcoal collection from sediment matrix are found below.
## Radiocarbon Dating Prices
When requesting for an estimate or quotation, please indicate in the [form](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm) the following information – service requested or turnaround time (standard, priority or time guide), the number of samples and the billing address. The AMS standard service reports results in 14 business days while the priority service takes 6 business days or less. SGS Beta reports results in 2-3 business days for its AMS Time Guide service for charcoal.
Fees are inclusive of quality assurance reports, calendar calibration when applicable, and 24/7 web access to past results and pending analyses.
---
**Pretreatment** – It is important to understand the [pretreatment](https://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) applied to samples since they directly affect the final result. You are welcome to contact us to discuss the pretreatment or request that we contact you after the pretreatment (and prior to dating).
## [\[VIDEO\] Charcoal Sample Collection](#collapseOne)
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
## Collecting Charcoal Samples from Sediment
There are several ways to separate charcoal for dating from sediment matrix:
1- Manual picking with tweezers or micro tweezers
2- Flotation – this is applicable to larger pieces that are not encrusted in lots of clays
Water flotation is a common technique used to consolidate or separate charcoal from sediment matrix. There is little chance of actual contamination unless the water used for the flotation has petrochemicals in it or some highly organic suspension. If flotation is necessary, the lab recommends to (a) wear surgical gloves when performing the flotation, and (b) make sure to dry the material for 12-24 hours prior to shipping at temperatures not greater than 70°C.
3- Flotation followed by Dispersion then Differential Sieving – this can be used for charcoal fragments that are above 180 microns in size.
Charcoal that is less than 180 microns is sometimes referred to as “**micro-charcoal**” or more appropriately soot. Charred material that is <180 microns is problematic from the pretreatment side. The sample has a lot of surface area, and the alkali extractions used to remove humic acids many times cause the material to dissolve so that there is very little to date.
There are some ways to isolate “carbon black” (sub soot sized particles) like that which is found in marine and lake cores, but it involves heavy liquids and the use of very strong acids like hydrofluoric acid. SGS Beta does not do this as it is quite dangerous to work with HF.
## More Information on AMS Dating Charcoal
[The Old Wood Effect](https://www.radiocarbon.com/old-wood-effect.htm)
[Charcoal Sample Contamination](https://www.radiocarbon.com/charcoal-wood.htm#Contamination)
[Effect of Contamination on Carbon Dating Results ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/charcoal-wood.htm#Effect)
[Physical Pretreatment Applied to Charcoal ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/charcoal-wood.htm#Physical)
[Chemical Pretreatment Applied to Charcoal](https://www.radiocarbon.com/charcoal-wood.htm#Chemical)
*Image credit: STRONGlk7 (licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0)**Page last updated: March 2026*
---
### [Carbon Dating Cost - SGS Beta](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-cost.htm)
**Published:** August 29, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
ISO 17025-accredited radiocarbon dating laboratory SGS Beta has varied costs for the analysis of different sample types. For example, our quoted price for carbon dating bones is different from costs for dating charcoal due to pretreatments applied.
Carbon dating prices also vary depending on the service requested or turnaround time.
- AMS Standard – results are reported in 14 business days or less
- AMS Priority – 6 business days or less
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 business days (not applicable to [bones](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bones.htm))
NOTE: Materials with commercial value are not accepted, e.g. manuscripts, objects of art or other valuable or priceless items. SGS Beta does not analyze antiques, books, manuscripts or materials of a religious nature or items which are commonly sold in the antiquities markets, or materials for personal research (e.g. wood from an ancestral house, metals/coins, bones from a random dig, etc.).
---
We respond to inquiries promptly during business hours (8 AM – 5 PM EST, Monday-Friday).
To prepare an official quotation, we need the following information:
\* First Name:
\* Last Name:
\* Email:
Phone Number:
\* University/Company:
\* Your Location (Country/Region):
—Please choose an option—United StatesUnited KingdomAfghanistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAmerican SamoaAndorraAngolaAnguillaAntarcticaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaArmeniaArubaAustraliaAustriaAzerbaijanBahamasBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelgiumBelizeBeninBermudaBhutanBoliviaBosnia and HerzegovinaBotswanaBouvet IslandBrazilBritish Indian Ocean TerritoryBrunei DarussalamBulgariaBurkina FasoBurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaCape VerdeCayman IslandsCentral African RepublicChadChileChinaChristmas IslandCocos IslandsColombiaComorosCongoCongoCook IslandsCosta RicaCote d'IvoireCroatiaCubaCyprusCzech RepublicDenmarkDjiboutiDominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEquatorial GuineaEritreaEstoniaEthiopiaFalkland IslandsFaroe IslandsFijiFinlandFranceFrench GuianaFrench PolynesiaGabonGambiaGeorgiaGermanyGhanaGibraltarGreeceGreenlandGrenadaGuadeloupeGuamGuatemalaGuineaGuinea-BissauGuyanaHaitiHeard Island and McDonald IslandsHondurasHong KongHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaIranIraqIrelandIsraelItalyJamaicaJapanJordanKazakhstanKenyaKiribatiKuwaitKyrgyzstanLaosLatviaLebanonLesothoLiberiaLibyaLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMacaoMacedoniaMadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaliMaltaMarshall IslandsMartiniqueMauritaniaMauritiusMayotteMexicoMicronesiaMoldovaMonacoMongoliaMontserratMoroccoMozambiqueMyanmarNamibiaNauruNepalNetherlandsNetherlands AntillesNew CaledoniaNew ZealandNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNorfolk IslandNorth KoreaNorwayOmanPakistanPalauPalestinian TerritoryPanamaPapua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPitcairnPolandPortugalPuerto RicoQatarRomaniaRussian FederationRwandaSaint HelenaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Pierre and MiquelonSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSamoaSan MarinoSao Tome and PrincipeSaudi ArabiaSenegalSerbia and MontenegroSeychellesSierra LeoneSingaporeSlovakiaSloveniaSolomon IslandsSomaliaSouth AfricaSouth GeorgiaSouth KoreaSpainSri LankaSudanSurinameSvalbard and Jan MayenSwazilandSwedenSwitzerlandSyrian Arab RepublicTaiwanTajikistanTanzaniaThailandTimor-LesteTogoTokelauTongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyTurkmenistanTuvaluUgandaUkraineUnited Arab EmiratesUnited States Minor Outlying IslandsUruguayUzbekistanVanuatuVatican CityVenezuelaVietnamVirgin Islands, BritishVirgin Islands, U.S.Wallis and FutunaWestern SaharaYemenZambiaZimbabwe
\* State
—Please choose an option—AlabamaAlaskaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDelawareFloridaGeorgiaHawaiiIdahoIllinoisIndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaOhioOklahomaOregonPennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeTexasUtahVermontVirginiaWashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWyomingDistrict of ColumbiaPuerto RicoGuamAmerican SamoaU.S. Virgin IslandsNorthern Mariana Islands
\* Material Type:
\* Number of Samples:
\* Turnaround Time
—Please choose an option—AMS Standard (results in 14 business days or less)AMS Priority (6 business days or less)AMS Time-Guide (2-3 business days) – not applicable to bones or sediments
\* Name of Paying Institution:
\* Address of Paying Institution:
\* Currency:
—Please choose an option—USDEURGBPRMBKRWTWD
How did you hear about SGS Beta? (Optional)
—Please choose an option—Recommendation from a colleagueWebsite / search engineOnline advertisementPrinted advertisementConference / congress exhibitionReceived a call from SGS BetaReceived an email / newsletterMagazine articleWebinarOther
I agree to receive updates from SGS Beta and its subsidiaries on new services, sampling advice, and other industry news with the option to unsubscribe at any time.
---
You might also be interested in these information:
[Quality Control & Assurance](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-radiocarbon-lab2.htm "Quality Control & Assurance")
[Payment Methods & Terms](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-sample-payment.htm "Payment Methods & Terms")
[Policy on Returning Excess Samples](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sample-return-policy.htm "Policy on Returning Excess Samples")
*Page last updated: March 202*6
---
### [炭化物(charcoal)の放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm)
**Published:** March 30, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **推奨試料量 (これより少ない場合も可能 – 事前に [ご相談ください](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/beta-contact.htm "ご連絡先"))**- 5-100 mg (AMS)
- 2-4 mg の炭化物の場合、前処理に制限があります。
 **炭素年代測定サービスの種類**- AMS Standard（通常の納期） – 米国のラボで試料受領後14営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Priority (特急) – 米国のラボで試料受領後6営業日以内に結果をご報告いたします。
- AMS Time Guide (超特急) – 米国のラボで試料受領後3～4営業日で結果をご報告いたします。 (骨または堆積物では対応不可)
 **C14年代測定に含まれて いる分析サービス**- δ13C
 **お薦めする試料の容器**- ジップロックバッグ（試料が小さい場合、あるいは輸送中に破壊されそうな場合はアルミホイルに包んでからバッグに入れて下さい）
- お送りいただく際は輸送時の試料破壊を防ぐため封筒ではなく丈夫な小箱などを用いてください。
- 堆積物から炭化物を選別収集する方法をベージ下部に記載しました。
---
**注記** – 料金には、品質管理レポート、適応可能な場合は暦年代較正、既出結果への24/7アクセス、測定保留に係る経費が含まれています。 [お見積りはこちらから](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "お見積りはこちらから")
**試料の前処理** – 試料の前処理について理解することは、それが最終的な年代に直接影響を与えるので非常に重要です。 [ 前処理のページ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) 前処理に関するご相談、ご質問、ご要望などがございましたらいつでもご連絡ください。
## 堆積物から炭化物の選別収集
堆積物(sediment)から炭化物をサンプリングする方法はいくつかあります。
1- ピンセット、マイクロピンセットによるハンドピッキング
2- フローテーション – 比較的サイズの大きい炭化物で粘土に閉じ込められていないものに適用可能
水を用いたフローテーションは堆積物から炭化物を収集、選別するためによく用いられる方法です。フローテーションに用いる水が石油化学物質や懸濁有機物などでひどく汚れていない限り、試料が汚染される心配はありません。 フローテーションを行う際は、(a)実験用手袋を着用し、(b)試料の送付前に12-24時間70℃以下の温度で乾燥させることをお薦めします。
3- フローテーション、分散、フルイによる選別 – この方法は180 micron 以上の炭化物に適用可能です。
180 microns以下の炭化物はmicro-charcoalまたはススといわれます。 180 microns以下の炭化物は前処理の観点からすると問題があります。表面積が大きいので、フミン酸を取り除くためのアルカリ洗浄を繰り返し行うと試料が溶解してしまう恐れがあります。
海洋や湖沼のコアで見られるカーボンブラックを分離する方法には重液やフッ化水素酸などの強酸を用いる方法がしばしば用いられます。SGS Beta ではフッ化水素酸を用いた処理は危険なため行っておりません。
## 炭化物のAMS年代測定に関するその他の情報
[古木効果( Old Wood Effect)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/old-wood-effect.htm)
[炭化物試料のコンタミネーション](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/charcoal-wood.htm#Contamination)
[炭化物のコンタミネーションが結果に与える影響](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/charcoal-wood.htm#Effect)
[炭化物の物理的な前処理](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/charcoal-wood.htm#Physical)
[炭化物の化学的な前処理](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/charcoal-wood.htm#Chemical)
*画像著作権: STRONGlk7 (CC BY-SA 3.0のライセンスに基づき使用許諾されます)*
最終更新： 2026年3月
---
### [Datação Por Carbono de Carvão Por AMS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-carvao.htm)
**Published:** August 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tamanho de amostra recomendado (favor consultar sobre amostras menores)**- 5 a 100 miligramas (para o AMS)
- Carvão pode haver limitações de pré-tratamento – 2 a 4 miligramas
 **Serviços de datação por carbono**- AMS Standard – resultados reportados em 14 dias úteis ou menos
- AMS Priority – 6 dias úteis ou menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 dias úteis
 **Análises inclusas à datação por 14C**- δ13C
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Saco plástico com fecho, estilo Ziplock (embrulhar amostras pequenas em alumínio para evitar esmagamento durante transporte)
- Recomendamos que o envio das amostras seja realizado em pequenas caixas sempre que possível (em vez de usar envelopes) para proteger a integridade física das amostras.
- As recomendações do laboratório relacionadas à coleta de carvão a partir da matriz de sedimentos também poderão ser encontradas abaixo.
---
**Obs** – As taxas incluem laudos de controle de qualidade, calibração calendárica (quando aplicável) e acesso 24/7 a resultados anteriores e análises em curso. [Solicite um orçamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/quanto-custa-datacao-radiocarbono.htm "Solicite um orçamento")
**Pré-tratamento** – É importante compreender os [pré-tratamentos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-pretratamento-protocolos.htm#Acid) aplicados às amostras, visto que os mesmos afetam diretamente o resultado final. Fique à vontade para entrar em contato conosco para discutir sobre os pré-tratamentos ou solicitar que entremos em contato depois que os mesmos tenham sido feitos (e antes da datação).
## Coleta de Amostras de Carvão Vegetal Provenientes de Sedimentos
Há várias maneiras de separar o carvão vegetal da matriz de sedimentos, em preparação para a datação:
1 – Coletar com pinças ou mini-pinças
2 – Flutuação – isto aplica-se a pedaços maiores que não estejam incrustados em lotes de argila
A flutuação em água é uma técnica comumente usada para consolidar ou separar o carvão vegetal da matriz de sedimentos. Há pouca chance de uma real contaminação, a menos que a água utilizada para a flutuação tenha petroquímicos ou alguma suspensão altamente orgânica. Se for necessário fazer a flutação, o laboratório recomenda: (a) usar luvas cirúrgicas ao realizar a flutuação, e (b) garantir que o material seque de 12 a 24 horas em temperaturas que não passem de 70°C antes de ser enviado ao laboratório.
3 – Flutuação seguida de Dispersão e Peneiramento Diferencial – isto pode ser feito com os fragmentos de carvão vegetal com mais de 180 mícrons de tamanho.
O carvão vegetal com menos de 180 mícrons às vezes é conhecido como “micro-carvão” ou, mais apropriadamente, fuligem. O pré-tratamento de um material carbonizado com menos de 180 mícrons é problemático. A amostra tem muita área de superfície e as extrações alcalinas usadas para remover os ácidos húmicos muitas vezes fazem com que o material dissolva e acabemos com uma quantidade muito pequena para datarmos.
Há algumas maneiras de isolar o “negro de carbono” (partículas menores que a fuligem), como o que se encontra na parte central do mar ou dos lagos, mas isso envolve líquidos pesados e o uso de ácidos muito fortes como o ácido fluorídrico. A SGS Beta não faz isso, pois é muito perigoso trabalhar com estes ácidos.
## Mais informações sobre a Datação AMS de carvão
[Efeito da Madeira Antiga](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/madeira-antiga.htm)
[Contaminação de Amostras de Carvão Vegetal ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carvao-madeira.htm#Contamination)
[Efeito da Contaminação nos Resultados de Datação por Carbono](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carvao-madeira.htm#Effect)
[Pré-tratamento de Carvão Vegetal](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carvao-madeira.htm#Physical)
[Pré-tratamento Químico de Carvão Vegetal](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carvao-madeira.htm#Chemical)
*Crédito da imagem: STRONGlk7 (sob licença CC BY-SA 3.0)*
*Última atualização: março de 2026*
---
### [Datazione AMS del carbone](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-il-carbone-con-il-carbonio.htm)
**Published:** July 22, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Quantità raccomandata (può essere inferiore per AMS – [contattare il laboratorio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/contatti.htm "contact us"))**- 5-100 milligrammi (AMS), Carbone pretrattamento limitato – 2-4 milligrammi
 **Servizio di datazione al carbonio**- AMS Standard – i risultati sono pronti entro 14 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Priority – entro 6 giorni lavorativi
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 giorni lavorativi
 **Analisi gratuite con Datazione C14**- δ13C
 **Contenitore consigliato**- Bustine con zip (i campioni molto piccoli e/o che possono frantumarsi durante la spedizione devono prima essere avvolti in un foglio di alluminio)
- Per preservare l’integrità dei campioni, è consigliabile inviarli in scatole rigide quando possibile, invece di utilizzare le buste imbottite.
- Seguono i consigli del laboratorio per la raccolta di carbone dalla matrice sedimentaria.
---
**Nota** – Le tariffe includono i referti di garanzia di qualità, la calibrazione quando applicabile e l’accesso online 24/7 ai risultati e alle analisi in corso. [Richiedi un preventivo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/costi-datazione-carbonio.htm "Richiedi un preventivo")
**Pretrattamento** – È importante comprendere i [pretrattamenti](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm#Acid) che saranno applicati ai campioni, dal momento che questi influenzano direttamente il risultato delle analisi. È possibile contattarci per discutere i pretrattamenti oppure richiedere di essere contattati dopo la loro applicazione (e prima della datazione).
## Raccolta di campioni di carbone da sedimenti
Esistono diversi metodi per separare il carbone dalla matrice sedimentaria:
1 – Raccolta manuale con pinzette o micro pinzette
2 – Flottazione – adatta a frammenti di grandi dimensioni non eccessivamente incrostati di argille
La flottazione in acqua è una tecnica comunemente utilizzata per aggregare o separare il carbone dalla matrice sedimentaria. La probabilità di una contaminazione è ridotta, salvo il caso in cui l’acqua utilizzata per la flottazione contenga prodotti petrolchimici o sospensioni organiche. Se è necessario effettuare la flottazione, il laboratorio raccomanda (a) di indossare guanti chirurgici durante l’operazione e (b) di asciugare il materiale estratto a temperature inferiori a 70 °C per 12-24 ore prima della spedizione.
3 – Flottazione seguita da dispersione e setacciatura differenziale – adatta per frammenti di carbone di dimensioni superiori a 180 micron.
I frammenti di carbone di dimensioni inferiori a 180 micron vengono chiamati “micro-carbone” o più comunemente fuliggine. Il materiale carbonizzato di queste dimensioni rappresenta un problema per l’applicazione dei pretrattamenti perché presenta un’area superficiale molto estesa: le estrazioni in soluzione basica, utilizzate per rimuovere gli acidi umici, possono provocarne la dissoluzione e lasciarne una quantità molto ridotta per la datazione.
Esistono alcuni metodi per isolare il “nero di carbone” (particelle di dimensioni inferiori alla fuliggine) che si trova in molte carote di sedimenti marine e lacustri, ma richiedono liquidi pesanti e acidi forti come l’acido fluoridrico. SGS Beta non effettua queste operazioni a causa dell’elevata pericolosità dell’acido fluoridrico.
## Più informazioni sulla datazione AMS del carbone
[L’effetto legno antico](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/effetto-legno-antico.htm)
[Contaminazione dei campioni di carbone ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbone-legno.htm#Contamination)
[Effetti della contaminazione sui risultati della datazione al radiocarbonio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbone-legno.htm#Effect)
[Pretrattamenti fisici per carbone](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbone-legno.htm#Physical)
[Pretrattamenti chimici per carbone](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbone-legno.htm#Chemical)
*Immagine di: STRONGlk7 (licenza CC BY-SA 3.0)*
*Ultimo aggiornamento: marzo 2026*
---
### [Datación radiocarbónica de carbón vegetal](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-carbon.htm)
**Published:** June 5, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tamaño de muestra recomendado (es posible enviar muestras más pequeñas para datación por AMS – por favor [contáctenos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/contacto.htm "contáctenos"))**- se necesitan 5-100 miligramos (AMS)
- Carbón que puede tener limitaciones en el pretratamiento – 2-4 milligramos
 **Servicios de datación por carbono**- AMS Standard – Los resultados se entregan en 14 días laborables o menos
- AMS Priority – 6 días laborables o menos
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 días laborables
 **Análisis incluidos con la datación por C14**- δ13C
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Bolsas con cierre zip (envuelva la muestra en papel de aluminio si es pequeña o si puede ser aplastada durante el envío)
- Le recomendamos que envíe sus muestras en pequeñas cajas siempre que sea posible (en vez de utilizar sobres) para proteger la integridad física de las muestras.
- Puede consultar las recomendaciones del laboratorio sobre la recolección de muestras de carbón en una matriz de sedimentos más abajo.
---
**Nota** – Nuestras tarifas incluyen informes con garantía de calidad, calibraciones de calendario (cuando sea aplicable) y acceso perpetuo a resultados anteriores o análisis pendientes a través de nuestra web. [Solicite un presupuesto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/cuanto-cuesta-la-datacion-por-carbono.htm "Solicite un presupuesto")
**Pretratamiento** – Es importante entender el [pretratamiento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/pretratamiento-protocolos.htm#Acid) previo aplicado a las muestras ya que afecta directamente al resultado final. No dude en ponerse en contacto con nosotros para discutir sobre el pretratamiento o solicite que le contactemos una vez el pretratamiento haya finalizado (y antes de la datación).
## Recogida de muestras de carbón vegetal provenientes de sedimentos
Existen varias maneras de separar el carbón vegetal de la matriz de sedimentos para su datación:
1 – Separación manual con pinzas o micro-pinzas
2 – Flotación (aplicada a las piezas más grandes que no están incrustadas en lotes de arcilla)
La flotación en el agua es una técnica comúnmente utilizada para consolidar o separar el carbón vegetal de una matriz de sedimentos. Hay pocas posibilidades de una contaminación real, a menos que el agua utilizada para la flotación tenga petroquímicos o suspensión orgánica. Si es necesario hacer la flotación, el laboratorio recomienda: (a) usar guantes quirúrgicos durante la flotación, y (b) asegurarse de que el material se seque de 12 a 24 horas a temperaturas que no superen 70° C antes de ser enviado al laboratorio.
3 – Flotación seguida de dispersión y tamizado diferencial: efectuado con fragmentos de carbón vegetal con más de 180 micras de tamaño.
El carbón con menos de 180 micras a veces se conoce como “micro-carbono” o, más apropiadamente, hollín. El pretratamiento de un material carbonizado con menos de 180 micras es problemático. La muestra tiene un área muy grande de superficie y las extracciones alcalinas utilizadas para eliminar los ácidos húmicos muchas veces disuelven el material reduciendo la muestra a un tamaño insuficiente para su datación.
Existen maneras de aislar el “negro de carbón” (partículas más pequeñas que el hollín), como el que se encuentra en la parte central del mar o de los lagos, pero implican la utilización de líquidos pesados y el uso de ácidos muy fuertes tales como el ácido fluorhídrico. SGS Beta no trabaja con HF debido a su peligrosidad.
## Más información sobre la Datación de Carbón por AMS
[El problema de la madera antigua](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-madera-antigua.htm)
[Contaminación de muestras de carbón vegetal](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-carbon-madera.htm#Contamination)
[Efecto de la contaminación en los resultados de la datación por radiocarbono](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-carbon-madera.htm#Effect)
[Pretratamiento de carbón vegetal](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-carbon-madera.htm#Physical)
[Pretratamiento químico de carbón vegetal](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-carbon-madera.htm#Chemical)
*Crédito de la imagen: STRONGlk7 (autorizada bajo la licencia CC BY-SA 3.0)*
*Última actualización de la página: Marzo de 2026*
---
### [AMS Radiokarbon Datierung von Holzkohle](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-holzkohle.htm)
**Published:** September 22, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Empfohlene Probenmenge (kleinere AMS-Mengen möglich – [bitte kontaktieren Sie uns](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/beta-kontakt.htm "contact us"))**- 5-100 Milligramm (AMS)
- 2-4 Milligramm für Holzkohle, die Einschränkungen bei der Vorbehandlung haben kann
 **Kohlenstoff-Datierungsdienste**- AMS Standard – Ergebnisse werden innerhalb von 14 Werktagen oder weniger berichtet
- AMS Priority – 6 Werktage oder weniger
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 Werktage
 **Analysen enthalten mit C14 Datierung**- δ13C
 **Empfohlenes Behältnis**- Wiederverschließbare Plastikbeutel (bitte kleine und/oder zerbrechliche Proben zusätzliche in aluminiumfolie verpacken)
- Bitte senden Sie Ihre Proben in Paketen und nicht in Umschlägen, um die Proben vor Schäden während des Versands zu bewahren.
- Laborempfehlungen für die Entnahme von Holzkohleproben aus Sediment finden Sie ebenfalls weiter unten.
---
**Hinweis** – Die Gebühren beinhalten Qualitätssicherungsberichte, ggf. Kalenderkalibrierung und rund um die Uhr verfügbaren Webzugriff auf frühere Ergebnisse und ausstehende Analysen. [Angebot anfordern](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/was-kosten-carbon-datierungen.htm "Angebot anfordern")
**Vorbehandlung** – Es ist wichtig die Vorbehandlungen, die auf eine Probe angewendet werden zu kennen, da diese das Endergebnis direkt beeinträchtigen können. Sie können sich gerne mit uns in Verbindung setzen, um mit uns über die Vorbehandlung zu diskutieren oder uns bitten, dass wir uns mit Ihnen nach der Vorbehandlung (und vor der Datierung) in Verbindung setzen.
## Entnahme von Holzkohleproben aus Sediment
Es gibt verschiedene Wege, Holzkohle für eine Datierung aus der Sedimentmatrix zu gewinnen.
1- Manuelle Auswahl mit Pinzetten oder Mikropinzetten.
2- Aufschwemmen – anwendbar bei größeren, nicht übermäßig mit Lehm verkrusteten Stücken.
Die Wasseraufschwemmung ist eine zur Verdichtung oder Separation von Holzkohle und der Sedimentmatrix übliche Technik. Es besteht eine geringe Möglichkeit auf tatsächliche Verunreinigungen, es sei denn, das für die Aufschwemmung verwendete Wasser enthielt Petrochemikalien oder eine hochorganische Aufschlämmung. Wenn eine Aufschwemmung erforderlich ist, empfiehlt das Labor, (a) bei der Durchführung der Aufschwemmung chirurgische Handschuhe zu tragen und (b) das Material vor dem Versand für 12 – 24 Stunden bei Temperaturen von maximal 70C° zu trocknen.
3- Aufschwemmung mit nachfolgender Dispersion und Differenzialsiebung – anwendbar für Holzkohlefragmente größer als 180 Mikron.
Holzkohle, die kleiner als 180 Mikron ist, wird manchmal als „Mikroholzkohle” oder richtiger Ruß bezeichnet. Für eine Vorbehandlung ist verkohltes Material kleiner als 180 Mikron problematisch. Diese Proben weisen eine große Oberfläche auf und die zur Entfernung von Huminsäure angewendeten Alkaliextraktionen, lösen das Material oft auf, sodass nur noch wenig Material für eine Datierung zur Verfügung steht.
Es gibt verschiedene Möglichkeiten, um „Pigmentruß” (Partikel kleiner als Ruß), der z.B. in Meeres- oder Seekernen vorkommt, zu isolieren. Allerdings ist die Verwendung von Schwerflüssigkeiten und starken Säuren wie Fluorwasserstoffsäure erforderlich. SGS verwendet diese Verfahren, aufgrund der Gefahren bei der Handhabung von Fluorwasserstoffsäure, nicht.
## Weitere Informationen zur AMS Datierung von Holzkohle
[Den Altholzeffekt verstehen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/altholzeffekt-verstehen.htm)
[Probenverunreinigung von Holzkohle](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kontamination-holz.htm#Contamination)
[Auswirkung von Verunreinigungen auf Kohlenstoff Datierungsergebnisse](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kontamination-holz.htm#Effect)
[Physikalische Vorbehandlung von Holzkohle](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kontamination-holz.htm#Physical)
[Chemische Vorbehandlung von Holzkohle](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kontamination-holz.htm#Chemical)
*Bildquelle: STRONGlk7 (lizenziert nach CC BY-SA 3.0)*
Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: März 2026
---
### [AMS Dating Textiles](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-textiles.htm)
**Published:** April 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Sample size recommended (smaller AMS sizes possible – please [contact us](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 20-100 milligrams
 **Carbon Dating Services**- AMS Standard – results are reported in 14 business days or less
- AMS Priority – 6 business days or less
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 business days
 **Analyses included with Carbon-14 Dating**- δ13C
 **Recommended container**- Ziplock Bags (place in aluminum foil if sample is small or can be crushed during shipment)
- Please send your samples in small boxes instead of envelopes to protect the samples.
- SGS Beta does not undertake the dating of textiles unless they are part of a multidisciplinary scholarly process.
## Radiocarbon Dating Costs
Costs for radiocarbon dating textiles vary depending on the AMS Service (Standard, Priority or Time Guide) and whether the samples need cellulose extraction, solvent extraction, or both. Please indicate in this [form](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "contact form") the paying institution’s billing details and number samples for analysis when requesting for a formal quotation.
Fees are inclusive of quality assurance reports, calendar calibration when applicable, and 24/7 web access to past results and pending analyses.
---
**Pretreatment** – It is important to understand the [pretreatment](https://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) applied to samples since they directly affect the final result. You are welcome to contact us to discuss the pretreatment or request that we contact you after the pretreatment (and prior to dating). Due to the high cost to the laboratory in time and resources, charges for solvent extraction and cellulose extraction pretreatments are incurred even if **radiocarbon analyses** are cancelled.
Most researchers with textile samples want to preserve them and send only as little of the textile as possible. Thus, the most appropriate radiocarbon dating technique for textiles is [Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm "Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) dating") due to the small sample size required by the method.
## Can all Textiles be dated Accurately?
Textile samples that are well preserved, have a good structure, and have not been treated with any conservation materials will provide accurate results. Samples taken from textile applied with additives or preservatives will have a false radiocarbon age.
To make sure that the textile can be dated, please email to the lab a description of the textile or high-resolution photos for preliminary assessment.
## Sample Size Recommendations
Send 20-100 milligrams of textile for radiocarbon dating. This is approximately the same size as a postage stamp. This sample can be taken as a very thin strip or collected from a damaged area. If this sample size is not possible, our lab can work with less but may not be aggressive in removing contaminants during pretreatment.
## SGS Beta Policy on AMS Dating Textiles
The lab does not undertake the dating of textiles or other valuable or priceless items unless they are submitted and paid for by a recognized governmental agency, major museum, or other official agency that is investigating the materials as part of a multidisciplinary scholarly process.
You may submit your sample through a professional archaeologist, who will make an assessment if your sample is suitable for **radiocarbon dating**.
*Page Last Updated: March 2026*
---
### [Radiocarbon Dating Pottery](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-pottery.htm)
**Published:** April 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Sample size recommended (smaller AMS sizes possible – please [contact us](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 10-100 mg of burned food residue (size of shard that needs to be sent depends on the thickness of the charred residue)
 **Carbon Dating Services**- AMS Standard – results are reported in 14 business days or less
- AMS Priority – 6 business days or less
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 business days
 **Analyses included with Carbon-14 Dating**- δ13C
 **Recommended container**- Ziplock Bags (place in aluminum foil if sample is small or can be crushed during shipment)
- Please send your samples in small boxes instead of envelopes to protect the samples.
- We can extract the residue from pottery sherds.
## Carbon Dating Cost
Please let us know the turnaround time/AMS service you’ve selected (Standard, Priority or Time Guide) so we can provide you with the appropriate prices. We will need the paying institution’s billing name and address and the number of samples for analysis for [formal quotations](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "formal quotations").
Fees are inclusive of quality assurance reports, calendar calibration when applicable, and 24/7 web access to past results and pending analyses.
---
**Pretreatment** – Please contact us to discuss the nature of your research objective to ensure the most appropriate material selection and [pretreatment](https://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) of your pottery sherds. You are welcome to request that we contact you after the pretreatment to discuss options for **AMS dating**.
## Extracting Pottery Residue for Radiocarbon Dating
The lab is more than happy to extract the residue then return the sherd to clients as requested. Please make sure to indicate on the data sheet if the sherd needs to be returned. Otherwise, it will be discarded upon completion of the analysis. More details can be found on the [Sample Retention and Return of Excess Materials](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sample-return-policy.htm "SGS Beta's Policy on Returning Excess Samples") page.
## [Three Ways to Date Pottery](#collapseOne)
****The following are listed in order of SGS Beta’s preference:******1- Date the charred food residue found on the interior surfaces**
The lab prefers to date the burned food residue extracted from the interior surfaces of a sherd as this offers the best chance of a date that will be representative of the last time of usage.
In general the burned food residue has to be a patina that can be removed in small bits or chunks rather than a sooty powder. When the residue is so thin that only a sooty powder can be removed, it is difficult (if not impossible) to perform an alkali treatment to remove humic acids that may have come in contact with the material from overlying sediments or surface or ground water interactions.
**2- Date the bulk sherd organics comprised of the organics in the clay that survived the firing and absorbed organics from food or liquid storage**
For sherds that do not have any burned food residue extractable from the interior of the vessel, the next best thing is to date the “bulk sherd organics,” which are the total organic materials from the clay or tempering agents, anything the pot may have been used to hold during its usage, and any organic substances that have come into contact with the sherd since burial.
Dating the “bulk sherd organics” will typically yield either an accurate date if the included organic materials are all essentially contemporaneous to the time of use or a “minimum age” result, meaning that the pot is at least as old as the radiocarbon age indicates. However, it may be actually somewhat older if recent organic materials have been incorporated into the pot due to mobilized humic acids.
**3 – Date the extractable tempering agents**
Dating organic tempering agents is possible when the organic material is either charred or the temperature of the firing process was not hot enough to burn it away.
Shell temper will be unaffected for firing temperatures less than 600°C. If the temperature exceeds 600°C, the carbonate can dissociate, releasing its carbon as carbon dioxide (CO2). Upon cooling, any available CO2 will reform the carbonate. If this CO2 was the original CO2, then the shell carbon content is not affected. However, if CO2 is available from the clay, the reformed carbonate will reflect the age of the clay. If the clay is older than the time of firing, the carbonate age will also be older than the time of firing. If the CO2 is available from the firing fuel, the age of the shell will reflect the age of the fuel. Also, one must consider the homogeneity of the reformed carbonate in that case. Different fragments could be reformed from multiple sources of CO2.
NOTE – If you are not sure what might be dated for your pottery sherd, please contact us prior to sending your sample to the lab.
---
Duration: 1 minute, 52 seconds
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
## [Effect of Contamination on Sample’s True Age](#collapseSix)
With [radiocarbon dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm "radiocarbon dating"), the greatest bias is always in the more recent direction as modern carbon adds both carbon by weight and radioactive 14C by content whereas older contamination (or very old clay) has less of an impact unless there has not been any secondary contamination by younger carbon. It takes a lot of very old carbon to make a significant difference in contamination.
## [Radiocarbon Dating Soot from Pottery Exterior](#collapseTwo)
Pottery sherds that have sufficiently thick charred residue or soot on the surface can be dated if the soot can be scraped off without incorporation of the clay matrix underlying it. Depending on the consistency of the soot, the pretreatments may be varied allowing for either acid or acid and alkali.
Accuracy relative to the time of use of the fires will depend upon the source of the soot. If it is from marine food residues, it will have “reservoir effect” associated with it which must be corrected for. If the soot is from old trees (tree trunks) the date could be too old.
A **radiocarbon date** represents the last time the analyzed material was exchanging CO2 with the air. In trees, this is only the outer rings, roots, twigs, small branches, bark, nuts, etc. These are the present growth medium, whereas the center ring of the tree is when the tree started to grow. As you go back towards the center of the tree from the bark, every ring is one year older. If you have a 200 year-old tree that is living today, a date on the bark represents today and a date on the centermost ring represents 200 years ago even though the tree is still alive. Therefore, the accuracy of the radiocarbon date depends upon where the wood came from within the tree. It also depends upon the absence of man-made contaminants.
*Page Last Updated: March 2026*
---
### [AMS Dating Pollen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-pollen.htm)
**Published:** April 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Sample size recommended (smaller AMS sizes possible – please [contact us](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 5-15 milligrams (completely neutral pH, dry and pretreated to remove carbonates)
 **Carbon Dating Services**- AMS Standard – results are reported in 14 business days or less
- AMS Priority – 6 business days or less
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 business days
 **Analyses included with Carbon-14 Dating**- δ13C
 **Recommended container**- Microcentrifuge tubes
- Please send your samples in small boxes instead of envelopes to protect the samples from being crushed during shipment.
- The laboratory only accepts extracted pollen.
## Cost of Carbon Dating
To provide you with the appropriate prices, please let us know the AMS service/turnaround time you’ve selected (Standard, Priority or Time Guide). If you need a formal quotation, please indicate in this [form](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "contact form") the number of samples for analysis and the paying institution’s billing address.
Fees are inclusive of quality assurance reports, calendar calibration when applicable, and 24/7 web access to past results and pending analyses.
---
**Pretreatment** – Laboratory pretreatments are not possible. Pollen samples must be submitted “ready for analysis”.
**Extracted Pollen** – We do not extract pollen for AMS dating. We will need about 5-15 mg of extracted pollen free from any sediment material. A good reference for pollen extraction is the work by Brown et al. (1989): Radiocarbon Dating of Pollen by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. Quaternary Research 32: 205-212.
**Sample must be Neutral (pH 6-8)** – The extract should not be acidic for AMS dating to be possible. When enough sample is available, a small portion will be tested to ensure neutrality. If the extract is acidic, it will be rinsed with de-ionized water to achieve a neutral pH level. However, loss of sample mass may occur during this process.
**Recommended Packaging** – You can use plastic snap cap microcentrifuge tubes (1.5-3cc in volume) as container of the extracted pollen. Place the tubes in separate labeled Ziplock bags during transport. We also recommend sending your samples in small boxes whenever possible (instead of using envelopes) to protect the physical integrity of the samples during shipment. The equipment used by postal services typically run envelopes through rollers during the automated sorting process.
## AMS Dating Extracted Pollen
The laboratory typically needs 5-15 mg of extracted pollen (approximate dry weight) for dating depending on carbon content. It is important to ensure that all of the carbonates (CaCO3) have been completely removed so there is no further mass reduction prior to combustion of the sample.
Occasionally the lab receives samples identified as “pollen” but when viewed under the microscope consists of many components including sediment, fibers, and plant material. In such cases, the lab will ask you to decide whether to proceed or cancel the analysis. If you proceed, the analyzed material will be listed in the results report as “organic material” and not “pollen”.
*Page last updated: March 2026*
---
### [Radiocarbon Dating Phytoliths](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-phytoliths.htm)
**Published:** April 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Sample size recommended (smaller AMS sizes possible – please [contact us](http://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 300 milligrams (AMS)
 **Carbon Dating Services**- AMS Standard – results are reported in 14 business days or less
- AMS Priority – 6 business days or less
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 business days
 **Analyses included with Carbon-14 Dating**- δ13C
 **Recommended container**- Use vials with screw tops, microcentrifuge tubes, or counting slides before putting them inside a labeled Ziplock bag.
- Please send your samples in small boxes instead of envelopes to protect the samples from being crushed during shipment.
- The laboratory only accepts extracted phytoliths.
## Cost of Carbon Dating
Please provide the AMS service/turnaround time selected (Standard, Priority or Time Guide), the number of phytolith samples, and the name and address of the paying institution when [requesting for a formal estimate/quotation](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "requesting for a formal estimate or quotation").
Fees are inclusive of quality assurance reports, calendar calibration when applicable, and 24/7 web access to past results and pending analyses.
---
**Pretreatment** – Generally no pretreatments are applied in the lab and we analyze the submitted material. However, we will test a sub-sample for carbonate with an acid wash or, upon instruction, apply a full acid wash in the case of known carbonates.
**Sample Selection** – Phytoliths should arrive already extracted and ready for analysis as the laboratory does not have extraction capabilities at this time. If you do your own extractions please do not evaporate your sample dry in solvents such as acetone or hexane. The final steps should be performed with a final hydrophilic solvent such as acetone followed by multiple rinses in high-grade water (deionized, milli-Q, distilled) prior to drying.
## AMS Dating Phytoliths
Methodology for **radiocarbon dating phytoliths** can be found in “*2003 Piperno, Dolores R. and Karen E. Stothert; Phytolith Evidence for Early Holocene Cucurbita Domestication in Southwest Ecuador. Science 299:1054-1057.*”
Phytoliths submitted in extracted, isolated, and clean form can be routinely dated using 200-400 milligrams.
This recommended methodology to produce a date representative of the time of formation of the phytoliths is dependent on:
(1) the purity of the phytoliths submitted or
(2) the age of the other organic materials the same age as the phytoliths if pure phytolith is not possible for dating.
The confidence in the **AMS dating** results depends on the submitter’s confidence in the integrity of the samples.
## What are Phytoliths?
According to the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, phytoliths are microscopic pieces of silica that form in the cells of many kinds of plants. They stay well-preserved even after the plants die and decay. Because of this unique feature, phytoliths are used by archaelogists and paleoecologists to identify plant remains in varied contexts. Dr. Dolores Piperno, a member of the National Academy of Sciences, is credited to be one of the first few researchers who used phytoliths in an archaeological context. In her research, phytoliths were used for documenting prehistoric agriculture in tropical zones.
*Image credit: Benjamin Gadet (licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0)*
*Page last updated: March 2026*
---
### [Radiocarbon Dating Peat](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-peat.htm)
**Published:** April 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Sample size recommended (smaller AMS sizes possible – please [contact us](http://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 3-100 milligrams (AMS)
 **Carbon Dating Services**- AMS Standard – results are reported in 14 business days or less
- AMS Priority – 6 business days or less
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 business days
 **Analyses included with Carbon-14 Dating**- δ13C
 **Recommended container**- Ziplock Bags (place in aluminum foil if sample is small or can be crushed during shipment)
- Please send your samples in small boxes instead of envelopes to protect the samples.
- Please consult the laboratory before sending your peat samples.
## Radiocarbon Dating Costs
Fees for radiocarbon dating peat samples depend on the AMS service selected (Standard, Priority or Time Guide). When requesting for a formal quotation, please indicate in this [form](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "contact form") the number of samples for submission and the billing name and address of the paying institution.
Fees are inclusive of quality assurance reports, calendar calibration when applicable, and 24/7 web access to past results and pending analyses.
---
**Pretreatment** – Please contact us to discuss the nature of your research objective to ensure the most appropriate [pretreatment](http://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Washes) is applied to your peat sample. You are welcome to request that we contact you after the pretreatment to discuss options for dating on the data sheet.
**Wet Samples** – Peat can be sent either damp or dry, whichever is more convenient for clients. Generally, the laboratory prefers that the samples be left damp as it may be easier to extract macrofossils. The laboratory’s recommended sample size is 3-100 milligrams (approximate dry weight), but this is not always required. When sending wet or frozen samples, please remove excess water then wrap the sample with plastic (e.g. Saran Wrap) to limit air contact, place them in a Ziplock bag, and ship to us.
Please contact us before sending your samples so we can provide initial assessment if you have enough sample for **radiocarbon dating**.
## [Sampling Tips for Peat](#collapseOne)
Peat samples are very common materials for radiocarbon dating. They are usually comprised of a wide array of materials, ranging from (1) very fine organic rich silts (silty peat or organic sediment) with very little to no plant macrofossils, to (2) very fibrous robust plant remains (seeds, bits of charcoal, reeds, plant stems) with very little silt. Many times peat is composed of unrecognizable decayed plant remains that are essentially a mix of everything that was deposited and then decayed in place or a mix of silty peat with some fibrous materials.
Before sampling, you should decide what you want to discover and then, depending on the composition of the peat (mostly silt or mostly fibrous or a mix), decide what fraction of the material contained will be most appropriate for your research. It is also important to consider the size of sample to be sent to the lab, i.e. how little or how much of a vertical sample must be taken from the core and if they should be taken only at contacts or facies changes (onset / offset of deposition markers, etc).
In general, the robust or decayed plant remains are the best materials for radiocarbon dating as they will allow for additional pretreatment (alkali extractions) to remove any mobilized humic acids present. If not removed, the humic acids may bias the age typically in the more recent direction. This assumes that the plant remains do not contain any intrusive root material (stringer roots) that grew from overlying peat layers.
In some instances, depending on the consistency, silty peat can be treated with alkali. Since silt is usually mostly humic acids and some humins, the alkali extractions may or may not be as effective on silty peat as it would with the plant matter.
Whenever possible, it is best to extract out unique plant remains that you know were deposited in situ and send them for radiocarbon dating. If this is not possible or practical, you may send the bulk sample and we will sieve and extract all the various fractions present and pretreat them. We will then send photos to the client of the macrofossils available for radiocarbon dating. The client will decide what materials will be dated.
When researchers are not sure what fraction will yield the best date, they opt to date both the fibrous (plant macrofossil) and silt separately to compare the results. This sometimes may be useful if the researcher suspects intrusive material being deposited or if the system is a high-energy depositional area and/or if the silt is being rinsed in and out of the fibrous material.
If you are not sure how much peat to send, you can submit multiple slices of the core and give us instructions to date sample A first, if not enough add sample B, C, D and so on. This allows a researcher to date the smallest possible slice of deposition to get the most accurate date since adding more and more layers may, in some cases, cause the age reported to be more of an average time of deposition than an actual “event” date that shows a more precise result.
## [Pretreatment for Peat Samples](#collapseSix)
Peats are treated similarly to organic sediments, with the main difference being that humic acids can be more of an issue with peat samples. In general, the peat will be floated and sieved between 125 to 180 microns to remove and isolate macrofossils (plant, shell, etc.). If macrofossils are found in sufficient quantities, they will be pretreated according to the material type (typically acid/alkali/acid).
Unless otherwise instructed, we will retain the sediment/muck fraction and upon completion we will contact you with options for radiocarbon dating. If you have special requests regarding the fraction you wish to date or would like to date both, please indicate this in the data sheet.
Mucky peats are limited to acid-wash pretreatments to ensure the absence of carbonates. Alkali pretreatment, applied to ensure the absence of humic acid, generally requires vegetable matter to be present. Quite often peat will have mucky, sediment, and fibrous fractions. These are generally separated during pretreatment, often with the fibrous fraction receiving alkali pretreatment and the sediment fraction not receiving alkali pretreatment.
If you know which fraction may be better for [radiocarbon dating](http://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-lab.htm "radiocarbon dating"), or if the combination of the two is the best choice, please indicate this in the data sheet.
## [Radiocarbon Dating Peat](#collapseTwo)
Although highly variable in composition, peat is mostly composed of organic matter. There are two ways to date peat samples depending on the type:
1 – Silty peat
Silty peats that do not have any macrofossils can be dated on the “bulk organic sediment” that has been acid washed to remove carbonates. Sometimes we can also apply an alkali extraction to remove humic acid, but this is dependent on size and also if the fine-grained silty peat does not dissolve in the alkali.
2 – Fibrous peat
These are more typical and most are mixtures of fine-grained silt and decayed plant remains (e.g. bits of charred material and sedges, reeds, etc). In this case, usually the fibrous material or distinct macrofossils are extracted and given a full range of acid and alkali treatments to remove carbonates and humic acids and then dated.
Regardless of the type of peat submitted, we will isolate any fraction, pretreat them accordingly, and then contact the client with their options as to what may be dated in each sample.
*Page last updated: March 2026*
---
### [Carbon-14 Dating Leather](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-leather.htm)
**Published:** February 18, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Sample size recommended (smaller AMS sizes possible – please [contact us](http://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 50-100 milligrams (AMS)
 **Carbon Dating Services**- AMS Standard – results are reported in 14 business days or less
- AMS Priority – 6 business days or less
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 business days
 **Analyses included with Carbon-14 Dating**- δ13C
 **Recommended container**- Ziplock Bags (place in aluminum foil if sample is small or can be crushed during shipment)
- Please send your samples in small boxes instead of envelopes to protect the samples.
## Carbon-14 Dating Costs
For [estimates/quotation](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm) requests, please provide the following information – AMS service requested (standard, priority, time guide), number of samples and the billing address of the paying institution. The turnaround time for SGS Beta’s standard AMS service is 14 business days upon receipt in its Miami headquarters. Faster services are also available.
Fees are inclusive of quality assurance reports, calendar calibration when applicable, and 24/7 web access to past results and pending analyses.
---
**Pretreatment** – It is important to understand the [pretreatment](https://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) applied to samples since they directly affect the final result. You are welcome to contact us to discuss the pretreatment or request that we contact you after the pretreatment (and prior to dating).
**Sample Selection** – Carbon for accurate AMS dating is quite often irrecoverable due to repeated applications of oils and other preservatives through time. Unadulterated leather from archaeological sites quite often returns very reasonable dates. Leather artifacts such as armor or saddles often yield suspect results.
Please consult the lab before submitting samples to discuss sample suitability and pretreatments (either acid-alkali or acid–solvent extraction).
*Image credit: The Portable Antiquities Scheme (licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0)*
*Page last updated: March 2026*
---
### [AMS Dating Forams and Ostracods](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-forams.htm)
**Published:** April 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Sample size recommended for clean forams (pre-extracted/sorted)**- Lab provides some pretreatment – 8 milligrams or greater
No lab pretreatment provided – 3-7 milligrams
 **Carbon Dating Services**- AMS Standard – results are reported in 14 business days or less
- AMS Priority – 6 business days or less
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 business days
 **Analyses included with Carbon-14 Dating** - δ13C, δ18O (if sample size permits)
 **Recommended container**- Use vials with screw tops, microcentrifuge tubes, or counting slides before putting them inside a labeled Ziplock bag.
- Please send your samples in small boxes instead of envelopes to protect the samples from being crushed during shipment.
- Laboratory pretreatments may not be possible for forams that are less than 8 mg depending on the individual size of the pieces.
## Carbon Dating Cost
Request a quote or estimate using this [contact form](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "contact form"). Please provide these information: number of samples, service requested or turnaround time (AMS Standard, Priority or Time Guide), and the billing address of the paying institution.
Fees are inclusive of quality assurance reports, calendar calibration when applicable, and 24/7 web access to past results and pending analyses. For some tiny samples, it may not be possible to measure and report a separate d13C result. However, the total corrected fractionation will be accounted for in the final result.
---
**Pretreatment** – Foraminifera samples that are less than 10 mg may be too small for chemical etching depending on the size of the individual pieces. Generally, samples under 8 mg in weight on arrival will be microscopically examined and a picture taken but not chemically etched with acid or sonicated. A communication will be sent for samples like this. If you have any concerns regarding the pretreatment of your sample, please contact us to discuss this further.
**Reservoir Correction** – Please provide the appropriate DeltaR / DeltaRErr (localized reservoir correction) for the area of collection so that we can supply the most appropriate calendar calibration for the result. A DeltaR / DeltaRErr correction is applied to the sample that has already been corrected with the global [marine reservoir correction](https://www.radiocarbon.com/marine-reservoir-effect.htm "marine reservoir correction"). The value that is provided by the client is subtracted or added to this already corrected age. Note: A negative DeltaR will make the date older (typically presuming freshwater dilution from the global marine average).
## [\[VIDEO\] How to Determine the DeltaR / DeltaRErr Value ](#collapseOne)
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
**Sample Size for Foraminifera** – The lab recommends sending more than 8 mg of clean forams for carbon dating to allow pretreatments that have proven to be effective in improving accuracy in some cases as well as [d13C and d18O](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dietary-isotopic-analysis.htm "d13C and d18O") measurements. Pretreatment is not possible for 4-8 mg of forams but d13C and d18O measurements can be performed. Pretreatment and d13C and d18O measurements are not possible for 2-4 mg of forams. Communications are sent on all samples that cannot be pretreated.
## [Ostracods Sample Size and Packaging](#collapseSix)
While we recommend sending at least 10 mg for ostracods, we realize that this is not always possible to obtain. At a minimum, we can accept 5 mg although there are limitations to pretreatment and d13C measurement.
You may send the ostracod samples in counting slides, but make sure that the glass cover pane is taped and cannot move during shipment. Alternatively, you can put the ostracods into a small screw top glass vial or a plastic microcentrifuge tube. The top should be secured. Place the slides, tubes, or vials into a Ziplock bag. Make sure that the bags are well padded with bubble wrap or some other material to protect them during shipment.
## [Radiocarbon Dating Forams](#collapseThree)
Found in all marine environments, foraminifera are single-celled organisms with no tissues or organs. They are small in size, ranging from several millimeters to a few tens of microns. Forams can be planktic or benthic. Planktic forams live in the upper zone of the ocean, while benthic forams are found on or beneath the ocean floor.
Forams are often used in biostratigraphic studies and palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. Benthic forams make excellent indicators of ocean depth that is why they are often utilized in palaeoceanographical research. Planktic forams are found in the open ocean and are often used as indicator of ocean currents and climates. Researchers also use forams to study marine pollution.
## [What are Ostracods?](#collapseFour)
Ostracods (*Ostracoda*) are small crustaceans that are found in both freshwater and marine habitats. According to the British Geological Survey, ostracods are between 0.5 and 1.5 mm long, but a few (e.g. *Gigantocypris*) grow to about 25 mm. Unlike most crustaceans, ostracods are not segmented, and their heads and bodies are merged. Scientists use ostracods in multi-proxy paleolimnological investigations.
**Interested in Strontium ratio analysis or U-Th dating? Visit [www.isobarscience.com](https://www.isobarscience.com "Strontium ratio analysis, U-Th dating").**
*Image credit: U.S. Geological Survey*
*Page last updated: March 2026*
---
### [Radiocarbon Dating Dung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-dung.htm)
**Published:** February 4, 2020
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
 **Sample size recommended (smaller AMS sizes possible – please [contact us](http://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 5-100 milligrams (AMS)
 **Carbon Dating Services**- AMS Standard – results are reported in 14 business days or less
- AMS Priority – 6 business days or less
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 business days
 **Analyses included with Carbon-14 Dating**- δ13C
 **Recommended container**- Ziplock Bags (place in aluminum foil if sample is small or can be crushed during shipment)
- Please send your samples in small boxes instead of envelopes to protect the samples.
## Radiocarbon Dating Prices
Please indicate in this [form](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "contact Beta") the following information when requesting for an estimate or quotation – AMS service (standard, priority or time guide), the number of samples and the billing address. Standard service turnaround time is 14 business days while the lab’s priority service takes 6 business days or less. SGS Beta reports results in 2-3 business days for its AMS Time Guide service.
Fees are inclusive of quality assurance reports, calendar calibration when applicable, and 24/7 web access to past results and pending analyses.
---
**Pretreatment** – It is important to understand the [pretreatment](http://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) applied to samples since they directly affect the final result. You are welcome to contact us to discuss the pretreatment or request that we contact you after the pretreatment (and prior to dating).
Please inform the laboratory of the burial conditions of the dung and the likelihood of contamination from surrounding organic materials. If your sample is from a desert environment for example, the alkali steps may be omitted to retain sample mass. If your sample is from a complex soil context or is in limited quantity, then [AMS dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm) with full pretreatments is recommended.
Dung tends to be highly resistant since it is composed of organics that have survived the digestive tract. However, in certain circumstances it may react strongly with the alkali used to remove secondary humic acids. With AMS analysis, this is usually not an issue except in the case of tiny samples.
## Carbon Dating Bat Guano
There may be insects present in the guano. It is important to establish whether the insects in the guano are from undigested food that bats were eating or whether they crawled into the dung later on. If undigested, then the bugs are the same age as the guano. If post-expulsion of the dung, then the bugs could be significantly younger. This needs to be considered. If they are the same age, SGS Beta does not have to remove the bug parts during the pretreatments. If the insects came in after the dung was deposited, then they will be removed prior to analysis.
*Image credit: Axel Tschentscher (licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0)*
*Page last updated: March 2026*
---
### [Lab Capacity & Detection Limits](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-radiocarbon-lab.htm)
**Published:** April 10, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta radiocarbon dating lab is ISO/IEC 17025:2017-accredited to perform chemical testing on the following:
**Archaeological / Geological Materials and Water**
- Specific tests or properties measured:
Determination of radiocarbon age / activity: Measurement of 14/13C, 14/12C, 13/12C
- Technique Used: [Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)](http://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm "Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)")
- Range: From 43,500 years BP through present day (0.44 pMC to 198 pMC)
- Detection Limits: 43,500 years BP (0.44 pMC)
**Organic and Carbonate Materials and Water**
- Specific tests or properties measured:
– Determination of Stable Isotope Ratios: Measurement of δ13C, δD, δ15N, δ17O and δ18O by Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) and Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS)
– C:N ratios, %C, %N by Elemental Analysis
- IRMS Range: -200 per mil to +100 per mil
- IRMS Detection Limits:
- δ13C is 250 to 35,000 mV
- δ15N, δ18O, δ17O, δD is 1,000 to 35,000 mV
## Background Detection Limit
The practical background detection limit for [radiocarbon dating](http://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm "radiocarbon dating") by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) or AMS has long been argued and researched.
Some laboratories will analyze a sample one time and report a finite result, e.g. 48000 +/- 500 or 53000 +/- 2500. SGS Beta’s own research has shown that such reports on a single analysis can be very misleading. In the past, SGS Beta has sent graphite splits of the same exact graphite produced from Miocene-aged coal to as many as seven different **AMS labs** and obtained finite quotes of ages between 42000 to 53000.
These variances in detection limits have also been illuminated in the various International Radiocarbon Intercalibration Studies (TIRI, FIRI, VIRI), where sub-fossil or fossil samples yielded a range of results from finite to greater-than and not always in the right direction.
SGS Beta has set a real and conservative limit of greater than 43500 BP when the activity of the material is statistically the same as the background. This is a credible number based on the lab’s own internal AMS limits. As such, SGS Beta does not quote finite ages in excess of 43500 BP. Samples that yield an activity at or below this are reported as “greater than” 43500 BP.
## SGS Beta’s Capacity
The lab’s instruments are the newest state-of-the art technology designed specifically for radiocarbon measurement. SGS Beta currently owns multiple accelerator mass spectrometers, each capable of 25 to 30 sample analyses per day. Each instrument has two SNICS (Source of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering) ion sources. The redundancy best ensures constant throughput since the SNICS is the major source of downtime in an AMS. The company also has a substantial supply of spare parts, especially those that are prone to failure and/or have extended repair times.
Sequential injection of Carbon-13 and Carbon-12 provides for measurement of Carbon-13/Carbon-12 ratio within the instrument, necessary for accurate total fractionation correction without relying upon relative measures and assumptions (something some older machines are limited to). Sequential injection of Carbon-14, Carbon-13, and Carbon-12 allow for calculation of age both using Carbon-14/Carbon-12 and Carbon-14/Carbon-13 ratios. Simultaneous accumulation of the Carbon-14/Carbon-12, Carbon-14/Carbon-13, and Carbon-13/ Carbon-12 ratios ensure ongoing quality control during the detection; the calculation of each provides three different measures to ensure isotope pathway is stable during the analysis.
In addition to measuring the Carbon-13/ Carbon-12 within the AMS (correction for total fractionation to derive the most accurate conventional radiocarbon age/pMC), the sample’s Carbon-13/ Carbon-12 ratio is also analyzed in an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. SGS Beta has access to four in-house Thermo-Finnegan Delta Plus Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometers, each capable of 80 measurements per day. Four machines are on the premises to ensure redundancy and constant throughput.
Multiple parameters are tested for each sample before accepting the data. This includes, but is not limited to, cathode current, extractor current, cesium focus current, high-energy Carbon-14/Carbon-12, high-energy Carbon-14/Carbon-13 ratio, low-energy Carbon-13/ Carbon-12 ratio, low-energy Carbon-12 current, low-energy Carbon-13/ Carbon-12 current, and gated Carbon-14 counts. Once accepted, ratios between and within the Oxalic Acid modern standard are utilized to calculate a fraction of modern value for the unknown.
At least two background measurements are made at the beginning and end of each run to ensure the absence of any contamination between sample wheels. Six modern standards are measured and 4 to 5 known-age QA standards are run in each wheel to ensure accuracy in the results for the unknowns.
### Measuring Stable Carbon Isotope Ratios
Measurement of the Carbon-13/ Carbon-12 ratio allows for correction of the measured **Carbon-14 age** based on the amount of isotopic fractionation (enrichment or depletion) in the individual sample as compared to the modern standard. If the measurement is not made, one is assumed in the age calculation.
For identified materials, this estimate can be very close to the measured value. However, it is especially important for unidentified plant materials that may contain a mixture of C3 (e.g. typical hardwood trees) and C4 (e.g. corn) pathway plants and CAMS pathway plants (e.g. yucca), which could result in a 250-year error in accuracy without the measurement. It is important for bone samples since it will give insight into the purity of the protein extracted for radiocarbon dating analysis.
**More about SGS Beta:**
- [What difference does a C14 lab’s turnaround time make?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/fast-results/)
- [Why SGS Beta does not accept samples with tracer C14](https://www.radiocarbon.com/miami-tracer-free-lab/)
- [Radiocarbon Dating Prices](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)
*Page last updated: May 2024*
---
### [SGS Beta AMS Lab Dating Services](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-lab.htm)
**Published:** May 17, 2017
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
SGS Beta has been providing routine [AMS radiocarbon dating](http://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm#Advantages "accelerator mass spectrometry") services to the international scientific community since 1983. The company routinely delivers AMS radiocarbon dating results within 14 business days.
The [Accelerator Mass Spectrometry](http://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm "accelerator mass spectrometry") (AMS) technique for radiocarbon dating accounts for a substantial number of the analysis requests SGS Beta receives each day. There can be considerable advantages to using the AMS technique in many dating applications, making it possible to extend radiocarbon dating into many new areas of research. AMS also permits applications in important situations that cannot be dated by the radiometric dating technique.
## AMS Dating Advantages
- It can be used to radiocarbon date one milligram of carbon or less.
- The small sample size needed for analysis may permit a more selective sampling.
- The small sample requirement often allows a stronger pretreatment than would otherwise be possible.
- The small sample taken often means that a portion of the original material can be archived.
- Statistical error is better for older and smaller samples.
- Measurement is quasi-simultaneous between reference standards and unknowns.
## AMS Lab Procedure
The AMS measurement is done on graphite produced by hydrogen reduction of the CO2 sample over a cobalt catalyst. The CO2 is obtained from the combustion of the sample at 800°C+ under a 100% oxygen atmosphere. The CO2 is first dried with methanol/dry ice then collected in liquid nitrogen for the subsequent graphitization reaction. The identical reaction is performed on reference standards, internal QA samples, and backgrounds to ensure systematic chemistry.
The analytical result (“BP” or “pMC”) is obtained by measuring sample C14/C13 relative to the C14/C13 in Oxalic Acid II (NIST-4990C) in one of SGS Beta’s multiple in-house particle accelerators using SNICS ion source. Quality assurance samples are measured along with the unknowns and reported separately in a “[QA report](http://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-radiocarbon-lab2.htm "QA report")“. The **radiocarbon dating lab** requires results for the QA samples to fall within expectations of the known values prior to accepting and reporting the results for any given sample.
The AMS result is corrected for total [fractionation](http://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopic-fractionation.htm "fractionation") using machine graphite d13C. The d13C reported for the sample is obtained by different ways depending upon the sample material. Solid organics are sub-sampled and converted to CO2 with an elemental analyzer (EA). Water and carbonates are acidified in a gas bench to produce CO2. Both the EA and the gas bench are connected directly to an isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). The IRMS performs the separation and measurement of the CO2 masses (44, 45, and 46) and calculation of the sample d13C.
## Guaranteed Agreement Between Samples and Reference Standards
The client’s samples are included in a “full wheel” of graphite targets, including backgrounds, modern and known-age standards prepared by SGS Beta. These additional materials undergo the same [chemical pretreatments](http://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm "carbon dating") and graphite syntheses as client samples. This is indispensable for precision radiocarbon dating. They are interspersed throughout the accelerator wheel to provide reference measurements for the age calculations and verifications. Only with rare exception that it is acceptable to analyze unknowns prepared separately from the reference standards.
## [\[VIDEO\] Why is it important to do all steps of the analyses in one laboratory?](#collapseOne)
Why is it important to do all steps of the analyses in one laboratory?
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
## SGS Beta AMS Lab – Fastest Delivery Time
Results of AMS carbon 14 dating analysis are reported within 14 business days for the Standard AMS Delivery Service, and within 6 business days for the Priority AMS Delivery Service. The Time-Guide service reports results in 2-3 business days. These quoted delivery times are independent of the quantity of samples sent for radiocarbon dating analysis. When your samples are received, we quote an expected terminal delivery date in a correspondence letting you know the samples arrived safely.
SGS Beta begins the chemical treatments immediately. At the same time, backgrounds, modern and known-age samples are also being carbon dated. The complete wheel of samples is sent to the accelerator. We then calibrate the results to calendar years, apply isotopic ratio corrections (where needed), and report the carbon 14 dating results to you.
*Page Last Updated: August 2022*
---
### [Radiocarbon "Bomb Pulse" Dating - A Tool in Forensic Research](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-forensics.htm)
**Published:** April 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Sample size recommended (smaller AMS sizes possible – please [contact us](http://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- Bones – 200 milligrams-4 grams (cremated), 500 milligrams-4 grams (uncharred bones), 20-100 milligrams (charred bones)
- Teeth – 1-2 human teeth
- Hair – 20-100 milligrams
 **Recommended container**- Ziplock Bags (place in aluminum foil if sample is small or can be crushed during shipment)
- Please send your samples in small boxes instead of envelopes to protect the samples.
- For other materials, please consult the lab for the suitable sample size.
---
Forensic experts use **radiocarbon dating** to establish if an individual died recently (perhaps a matter for the Justice Department) or in antiquity (a matter for the archaeologist). They do this by using the “[bomb carbon](http://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bomb-carbon.htm "bomb carbon")” curve.
[Request a quote](https://www.radiocarbon.com/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "Request a quote")
## Bomb Carbon, A Tracer for Recent Studies
Living things assimilate radiocarbon from the atmosphere. At any given time, the radiocarbon levels of living things and the atmosphere is ideally similar. The proliferation of atmospheric thermo-nuclear testing in the early 1950s until 1963 added vast amount of artificial radiocarbon (bomb carbon) in the atmosphere, increasing global radiocarbon levels by almost 100% compared to the pre-1950 level.
AD 1963 marked the signing of the Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT) by the United States, United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union wherein it was agreed that nuclear weapons testing would no longer be performed above ground surface. Since then, the global radiocarbon level of the atmosphere has decreased through uptake in the oceans and biological systems – e.g. the 1970s had higher radiocarbon levels in the air than the 1990s, and therefore so did individuals who were deceased during those times.
## [\[VIDEO\] Bomb Peak & Carbon-14 Dating](#collapseOne)
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
## What Radiocarbon Dating Can Routinely Do
– identify if an individual was living post thermo-nuclear weapons testing
– illustrate when (to the decade) the individual lived/died in special circumstances
## What Radiocarbon Dating Cannot Routinely Do
– tell the age of an individual
– identify the year of death of the individual
NOTE: Publications are cited in literature indicating **radiocarbon** can be used to determine the approximate age of an individual by comparing teeth to bones. Additionally, using the radiocarbon signature within trabecular bone vs cortical bone has been cited as a means of identifying which side of the bomb curve the individual lived (prior to 1963 or post 1963).
## Related Topic:
[AMS Dating Bones and Teeth](http://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bones.htm "AMS Dating Bones and Teeth")
*Page last updated: October 2022*
---
### [木炭的放射性碳定年](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **建議樣品量 (若樣品量較少 – 請 [聯繫我們](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 5-100 毫克 (AMS), 預處理可能受到限制的木炭 – 2-4 毫克
 **碳定年服務和測試週期**- AMS標準測試 – 14個工作日或更少
- AMS優先測試 – 6個工作日或更少
- AMS極速測試 – 2-3個工作日
 **碳14定年 附帶免費分析**- δ13C
 **推薦包裝**- 夾鏈袋(若樣品量很小，或於運送途中容易破損，請先以鋁箔紙包裝)
- 請您使用堅固的小纸盒寄送您的樣品，而不要使用信封寄送，這樣能够防止您的樣品在運輸途中被壓碎。
- 關於從沉積物中收集木炭樣品可参考以下實驗室推薦步驟。
---
**請注意** – 費用包含質量保證報告、日曆校準（在允許的情況下）以及24小時全年無休的線上系統，可查詢測試結果和待測樣品。 [需要報價單](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "需要報價單")
**預處理** – 由於 [預處理](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) 將直接影響到定年结果，所以我們歡迎您聯繫我們共同討論預處理方法，或要求我們在預處理之後（開始測試之前）與您聯繫。
## 從沉積物中收集木炭樣品
您可透過以下方法將定年木炭與沉積物分離:
1- 用鑷子或微型鑷子進行人工挑揀
2- 浮選- 適用於未附著黏土的大塊樣品
水浮選是一種將木炭從沉積物中區分開或聚集起來的常用技術。此技術一般很少會带來污染物，除非用於浮選的水中含有石油化工產品或高度有機的懸浮物。若樣品需要做浮選，實驗室建議(a) 做浮選時配戴手術手套 (b) 請確保在運送前將樣品烘乾12-24小時，運送過程溫度不得高於攝氏70度。
3- 浮選後用不同尺寸的篩網過篩 – 用於篩選大於180微米的木炭碎片
小於180微米的木炭稱為“微木炭”或煙灰會更合適。微木炭或煙灰不建議進行預處理，因其表面積太大，而用來重覆去除腐殖酸的鹼萃取方式會導致樣品溶解，以致所餘份量無法定年。
在海洋或湖心中發現的“炭黑”（次煙灰粒子），也可透過一些方法將其隔離出，但這涉及到重質液體及需使用强酸（如氫氟酸）等方法。由於氫氟酸具有相當的危險性，所以SGS Beta實驗室不做該步驟。
## 更多有關木炭放射性碳定年的訊息
[舊木效應](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/old-wood-effect.htm)
[木炭樣品污染物](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/charcoal-wood.htm#Contamination)
[污染物對碳定年结果的影響](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/charcoal-wood.htm#Effect)
[木炭的物理預處理](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/charcoal-wood.htm#Physical)
[木炭的化學預處理](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/charcoal-wood.htm#Chemical)
*圖片來源：STRONGlk7（經CC BY-SA 3.0許可）*
*最後更新: 2026年3月*
---
### [목탄의 방사성탄소 연대측정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm)
**Published:** February 1, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **권장 시료 크기 (더 작은 시료도 가능 – [연락 바랍니다](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-contact.htm "문의바람"))**- 5-100 밀리 그램 (AMS)
- 전처리에 제한이 있을 수 있는 목탄 2-4 밀리 그램
 **서비스 종류**- AMS 일반 – 14 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 특급 – 6 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 타임 가이드 – 2-3 영업일 이내 결과 보고
 **C14 연대측정 시 포함된 분석**- δ13C
 **권장 용기**- 지프 백 (작거나 운송 중 부서질 수 있는 시료들은 알루미늄 포일로 포장)
- 시료를 보내주실 때 봉투 대신 작은 박스에 담아 보내야 운송 중 시료들이 부스러지는 것을 방지할 수 있습니다.
- 저희 연구소의 퇴적물 덩어리에서 채집한 목탄 시료에 대한 설명은 아래 내용을 참고하시기 바랍니다.
---
**참고 사항** – 요금에는 다음 서비스들이 포함됩니다. 품질 확인 보고서 (QA reports). 보정값, 지난 보고서와 현 분석 과정을 보실 수 있는 24/7 웹 사용권한. [견적 요청하기](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "견적 요청하기")
**전처리 과정** – [전처리](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) 과정은 최종 측정 결과에 직접적인 영향을 미치기 때문에 전처리 과정을 충분히 이해하는 것이 중요합니다. 전처리 과정에 대해 상담을 원하시거나, 사전 처리 후 (그리고 연대측정 전에) 본 연구소로부터 연락을 받기 원하면 언제든지 연락 바랍니다.
## 퇴적물에서 목탄 시료 골라내는 법.
연대측정을 위해 퇴적물 속에서 목탄 시료를 분리하는 방법에는 여러 가지가 있습니다.
1\) 손을 써서 핀셋으로 골라내기
2\) 부유 선광법 (Flotation) – 진흙 속에 많이 쌓이지 않은 큰 덩어리들이 있을 경우 사용.
물을 이용한 부유 선광법은 퇴적물에서 목탄을 골라내는데 쓰는 일반적인 기술입니다. 물속에 석유 화학 물질이나 강력 유기 현탄액 (organic suspension)이 없는 한 오염 걱정은 없습니다. 만약 부유 선광법을 하신다면, 다음 사항을 권장합니다. (a) 부유 선광 법을 할 때 수술용 고무 장갑을 착용하시고 (b) 샘플을 보내기 전 섭씨 70도가 넘지 않은 온도에서 12-24 시간 정도 충분히 말리시기 바랍니다.
3\) 분산 (Dispersion), 차등 사분 (Differential Sieving)후의 부유 선광 법 – 크기가 180 마이크론 이상인 목탄 조각에 사용.
180 마이크론 이하의 시료를 마이크로 숯 혹은 숯 그을음 (soot)이라 하는데 전처리 과정에 문제가 많습니다. 이 시료들은 많은 표면적을 가지고 있고, 부식 산을 없애기 위한 알카리 추출 물을 여러 번 사용하는데. 이러면 물에 쉽게 녹아 버려 연대측정할 게 거의 없어집니다.
해양이나 호수 중심부에서 찾을 수 있는 탄소 그을음(carbon black) (숯 그을음보다 더 작은 먼지) 을 분리하는 방법이 몇 가지 있습니다만, 중액과 플루오르화 수소 산 (hydrofluoric acid)과 같은 강산을 써야 하기 때문에 너무 위험해서 본 연구소는 이 작업을 하지 않습니다.
## 목탄 시료의 방사성탄소 연대측정에 관한 추가 정보
[고목 효과 (Old Wood Effect)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/old-wood-effect.htm)
[목탄 시료의 오염](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/charcoal-wood.htm#Contamination)
[연대측정 결과에서 오염의 영향 ](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/charcoal-wood.htm#Effect)
[물리적 전처리 과정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/charcoal-wood.htm#Physical)
[화학적 전처리 과정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/charcoal-wood.htm#Chemical)
*이미지 크레딧: STRONGlk7 (면허 보유 CC BY-SA 3.0)*
관련 자료: 2026년 3월
---
### [Calibration of Carbon 14 Dating Results](https://www.radiocarbon.com/calendar-calibration-carbon-dating.htm)
**Published:** April 14, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Calibrations of radiocarbon age determinations are applied to convert the Conventional Radiocarbon Age (BP age corrected for isotopic fractionation using a δ13C value) to calendar years.
The parameters used for the corrections have been obtained through precise **radiocarbon dating** of thousands of samples taken from [known-age tree rings of oak, sequoia, and fir](http://www.radiocarbon.com/tree-ring-calibration.htm#Dendro "known-age tree rings of oak, sequoia, and fir") up to about 13,900 BP. Beyond that, back to about 55,000 BP, correlation is made using multiple lines of evidence. This information is compiled into internationally accepted databases which are updated on occasion. The present databases are IntCal20 (northern hemisphere), SHCal20 (southern hemisphere) and Marine20 (marine environments).
## High-Probability Density Range Method
It has become common practice in recent years for researchers to use a mathematical method called the “High-Probability Density Range Method” or HPD for the calibration of the Conventional Radiocarbon Age to calendar year equivalents. The HPD method assigns relative likelihoods to the calibrated range or ranges generated. These are listed as percent values of the relative likelihood of one calibrated range to another at the 95.4% (2-sigma) and 68.2% (1-sigma) probability levels.
The higher the percentage, the more likely the range represents the true age range. The percentages in each probability level total 95.4% or 68.2% and are relative to each other for that specific probability level. In most cases, only the 95.4% probability ranges should be considered when comparing radiocarbon ages.
## Calibration of Marine Samples
Calibration of marine carbonate samples requires correction for both [global and local geographic reservoir effects](http://www.radiocarbon.com/marine-reservoir-effect.htm "global and local geographic reservoir effects"). Reservoir corrections for freshwater carbonates (typically termed “hard water effect”) are usually unknown and are generally not easily accounted for in calendar calibrations.
## [\[VIDEO\] Radiocarbon Dating Results](#collapseOne)
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
This video excerpt is part of Beta Analytic’s webinar: [Isotopes 101: An Introduction to Isotopic Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Isotopes 101: An Introduction to Isotopic Analysis")
## Caveats
For wood and charcoal the possibility of an “[old wood effect](http://www.radiocarbon.com/old-wood-effect.htm "old wood effect")” must be considered as well as the potential inclusion of some younger material in the total sample. For carbonates, reservoir correction is theoretical, and the local variations are real, highly variable and dependent on sample origin. The age ranges generated by the program must be considered as approximations. The errors quoted on the 14C age (+/- X BP) which are then used in the calibrations are strictly limited to determinate errors (the counting errors of the sample, modern 14C standard and background). Indeterminate errors such as sample homogeneity, growth ring position (potential for old wood effects), relocation of samples (redeposition), and local reservoir effects in aquatic samples are not always quantifiable and should be considered in the interpretation of any calendar calibrated Conventional Radiocarbon Age.
*Page last updated: October 2022*
---
### [How Does Carbon Dating Work](https://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm)
**Published:** April 14, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Carbon-14 is a weakly radioactive isotope of Carbon; also known as radiocarbon, it is an isotopic chronometer.
- **C-14 dating** is only applicable to organic and some inorganic materials (not applicable to metals).
- Gas proportional counting, liquid scintillation counting and accelerator mass spectrometry are the three principal radiocarbon dating methods.
## What is Radiocarbon Dating?
Radiocarbon dating is a method that provides objective age estimates for carbon-based materials that originated from living organisms. 1 An age could be estimated by measuring the amount of carbon-14 present in the sample and comparing this against an internationally used reference standard.
The impact of the radiocarbon dating technique on modern man has made it one of the most significant discoveries of the 20th century. No other scientific method has managed to revolutionize man’s understanding not only of his present but also of events that already happened thousands of years ago. [Archaeology](https://www.radiocarbon.com/archaeology.htm "Archaeology") and other human sciences use radiocarbon dating to prove or disprove theories. Over the years, carbon 14 dating has also found applications in geology, hydrology, geophysics, atmospheric science, oceanography, paleoclimatology and even biomedicine.
## Basic Principles of Carbon Dating
Radiocarbon (carbon 14) is an isotope of the element carbon that is unstable and weakly radioactive. The stable isotopes are carbon 12 and carbon 13.
Carbon 14 is continually being formed in the upper atmosphere by the effect of cosmic ray neutrons on nitrogen 14 atoms. It is rapidly oxidized in air to form carbon dioxide and enters the global carbon cycle.
Plants and animals assimilate **carbon 14** from carbon dioxide throughout their lifetimes. When they die, they stop exchanging carbon with the biosphere and their carbon 14 content then starts to decrease at a rate determined by the law of radioactive decay.
Radiocarbon dating is essentially a method designed to measure residual radioactivity.
## [\[VIDEO\] What is Radiocarbon? ](#collapseOne)
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
## Measuring Radiocarbon – AMS vs Radiometric Dating
There are three principal techniques used to measure carbon 14 content of any given sample— gas proportional counting, liquid scintillation counting, and [accelerator mass spectrometry](https://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm "accelerator mass spectrometry").
Gas proportional counting is a conventional [radiometric dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/radiometric-dating/) technique that counts the beta particles emitted by a given sample. Beta particles are products of **radiocarbon** decay. In this method, the carbon sample is first converted to carbon dioxide gas before measurement in gas proportional counters takes place.
Liquid scintillation counting is another radiocarbon dating technique that was popular in the 1960s. In this method, the sample is in liquid form and a scintillator is added. This scintillator produces a flash of light when it interacts with a beta particle. A vial with a sample is passed between two photomultipliers, and only when both devices register the flash of light that a count is made.
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is a modern radiocarbon dating method that is considered to be the more efficient way to measure radiocarbon content of a sample. In this method, the **carbon 14** content is directly measured relative to the carbon 12 and carbon 13 present. The method does not count beta particles but the number of carbon atoms present in the sample and the proportion of the isotopes.
## Carbon-14 Datable Materials
Not all materials can be radiocarbon dated. Most, if not all, organic compounds can be dated. Some inorganic matter, like a shell’s aragonite component, can also be dated as long as the mineral’s formation involved assimilation of carbon 14 in equilibrium with the atmosphere.
Samples that have been radiocarbon dated since the inception of the method include [charcoal](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm "radiocarbon dating charcoal"), [wood](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-wood.htm "AMS dating wood"), twigs, [seeds](http://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-seeds.htm "AMS dating seeds and grains"), [bones](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bones.htm "bones"), [shells](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-shells.htm "shells"), [leather](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-leather.htm), [peat](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-peat.htm "AMS dating peat"), lake mud, [soil](http://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-sediments.htm "AMS dating sediment or soil"), hair, [pottery](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-pottery.htm "pottery"), [pollen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-pollen.htm "AMS dating pollen"), wall paintings, corals, blood residues, [fabrics](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-textiles.htm "fabrics"), paper or parchment, resins, and [water](http://www.radiocarbon.com/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm "water"), among others.
Physical and chemical pretreatments are done on these materials to remove possible contaminants before they are analyzed for their radiocarbon content.
## Carbon Dating Standards
The radiocarbon age of a certain sample of unknown age can be determined by measuring its carbon 14 content and comparing the result to the carbon 14 activity in modern and background samples.
The principal modern standard used by radiocarbon dating labs was the Oxalic Acid I obtained from the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Maryland. This oxalic acid came from sugar beets in 1955. Around 95% of the radiocarbon activity of Oxalic Acid I is equal to the measured radiocarbon activity of the absolute radiocarbon standard—a wood in 1890 unaffected by fossil fuel effects.
When the stocks of Oxalic Acid I were almost fully consumed, another standard was made from a crop of 1977 French beet molasses. The new standard, Oxalic Acid II, was proven to have only a slight difference with Oxalic Acid I in terms of radiocarbon content. Over the years, other secondary **radiocarbon standards** have been made.
Radiocarbon activity of materials in the background is also determined to remove its contribution from results obtained during a sample analysis. Background radiocarbon activity is measured, and the values obtained are deducted from the sample’s radiocarbon dating results. Background samples analyzed are usually geological in origin of infinite age such as coal, lignite, and limestone.
## Carbon 14 Dating Measurements
A radiocarbon measurement is termed a conventional radiocarbon age (CRA). The CRA conventions include (a) usage of the Libby half-life, (b) usage of Oxalic Acid I or II or any appropriate secondary standard as the modern radiocarbon standard, (c) correction for sample isotopic fractionation to a normalized or base value of -25.0 per mille relative to the ratio of carbon 12/carbon 13 in the carbonate standard VPDB – Cretaceous belemnite formation at Peedee in South Carolina, (d) zero BP (Before Present) is defined as AD 1950, and (e) the assumption that global radiocarbon levels are constant.
Standard errors are also reported in a [radiocarbon dating result](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-results.htm "radiocarbon dating result"), hence the “±” values. These values have been derived through statistical means.
## Radiocarbon Dating Pioneer
American physical chemist Willard Libby led a team of scientists in the post World War II era to develop a method that measures radiocarbon activity. He is credited to be the first scientist to suggest that the unstable carbon isotope called radiocarbon or carbon 14 might exist in living matter.
Mr. Libby and his team of scientists were able to publish a paper summarizing the first detection of **radiocarbon** in an organic sample. It was also Mr. Libby who first measured radiocarbon’s rate of decay and established 5568 years ± 30 years as the half-life.
In 1960, Mr. Libby was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in recognition of his efforts to develop radiocarbon dating.
### References:
1\. American Chemical Society National Historic Chemical Landmarks. [Discovery of Radiocarbon Dating](https://www.acs.org/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/radiocarbon-dating.html "Discovery of Radiocarbon Dating") (accessed October 31, 2017).
2\. Sheridan Bowman, Radiocarbon Dating: Interpreting the Past (1990), University of California Press
### Further Reading:
[Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Radiocarbon Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm "Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Radiocarbon Dating")
[Calibration of Carbon 14 Dating Results](https://www.radiocarbon.com/calendar-calibration-carbon-dating.htm "Calibration of Carbon 14 Dating Results")
[History and Advances in Radiocarbon Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-history/ "History and Advances in Radiocarbon Dating")
[Radiocarbon Dating and Bomb Carbon](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bomb-carbon.htm "Radiocarbon Dating and Bomb Carbon")
---
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
This video excerpt is part of Beta Analytic’s webinar: [Isotopes 101: An Introduction to Isotopic Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Isotopes 101: An Introduction to Isotopic Analysis")
---
### [Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm)
**Published:** April 14, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- AMS dating involves accelerating the ions to extraordinarily high kinetic energies followed by mass analysis.
- Although more expensive than radiometric dating, AMS dating has higher precision and needs small sample sizes.
- Aside from archaeology and geology, **AMS dating** is also used in other fields like biomedical research and ocean sciences research.
There are two techniques in measuring radiocarbon in samples—through [radiometric dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/radiometric-plus.htm) and by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). The two techniques are used primarily in determining carbon 14 content of archaeological artifacts and geological samples. These two [radiocarbon dating](http://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm "radiocarbon dating") methods use modern standards such as oxalic acid and other reference materials. Although both radiocarbon dating methods produce high-quality results, they are fundamentally different in principle.
Radiometric dating methods detect beta particles from the decay of carbon 14 atoms while accelerator mass spectrometers count the number of carbon 14 atoms present in the sample. Both carbon dating methods have advantages and disadvantages.
## Accelerator Mass Spectrometry
Mass spectrometers detect atoms of specific elements according to their atomic weights. They, however, do not have the sensitivity to distinguish atomic isobars (atoms of different elements that have the same atomic weight, such as in the case of carbon 14 and nitrogen 14—the most common isotope of nitrogen).
Thanks to nuclear physics, mass spectrometers have been fine-tuned to separate a rare isotope from an abundant neighboring mass, and accelerator mass spectrometry was born. A method has finally been developed to detect carbon 14 in a given sample and ignore the more abundant isotopes that swamp the carbon 14 signal.
## How Does AMS Work?
There are essentially two parts in the process of radiocarbon dating through **accelerator mass spectrometry**. The first part involves accelerating the ions to extraordinarily high kinetic energies, and the subsequent step involves mass analysis.
There are two accelerator systems commonly used for radiocarbon dating through accelerator mass spectrometry. One is the cyclotron, and the other is a tandem electrostatic accelerator.
## [\[VIDEO\] AMS vs Radiometric Techniques](#collapseOne)
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
## AMS Analysis via Tandem Accelerator
After pretreatment, samples for radiocarbon dating are prepared for use in an accelerator mass spectrometer by converting them into a solid graphite form. This is done by conversion to carbon dioxide with subsequent graphitization in the presence of a metal catalyst. Burning the samples to convert them into graphite, however, also introduces other elements into the sample like nitrogen 14.
When the samples have finally been converted into few milligrams of graphite, they are pressed on to a metal disc. Reference materials are also pressed on metal discs. These metal discs are then mounted on a target wheel so they can be analyzed in sequence.
Ions from a cesium gun are then fired at the target wheel, producing negatively ionized carbon atoms. These negatively ionized carbon atoms pass through focusing devices and an injection magnet before reaching the tandem accelerator where they are accelerated to the positive terminal by a voltage difference of two million volts.
At this stage, other negatively charged atoms are unstable and cannot reach the detector. The negatively charged carbon atoms, however, move on to the stripper (a gas or a metal foil) where they lose the electrons and emerge as the triple, positively charged carbon atoms. At this stage, molecules that may be present are eliminated because they cannot exist in this triple charged state.
The carbon atoms with triple positive charge further accelerate away from the positive terminal and pass through another set of focusing devices where mass analysis occurs.
In mass analysis, a magnetic field is applied to these moving charged particles, which causes the particles to deflect from the path they are traveling. If the charged particles have the same velocity but different masses, as in the case of the carbon isotopes, the heavier particles are deflected least. Detectors at different angles of deflection then count the particles.
At the end of an AMS run, data gathered is not only the number of carbon 14 atoms in the sample but also the quantity of carbon 12 and carbon 13. From these data, concentration ratio of the isotopes can be known to allow evaluation of the level of fractionation.
## Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Advantages
The greatest advantage that **AMS radiocarbon dating** has over radiometric methods is small sample size. Accelerator mass spectrometers need only as little as 20 milligrams and as high as 500 milligrams for certain samples whereas conventional methods need at least 10 grams in samples like [wood and charcoal](http://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm "wood and charcoal") and as much as 100 grams in [bones](http://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bones.htm "bones") and sediments. Accelerator mass spectrometers typically need sample sizes lesser than conventional methods by a factor of 1,000.
Radiocarbon dating is a destructive process. Hence, because of its ability to analyze samples even in minute amounts, accelerator mass spectrometry is the method of choice for archaeologists with small artifacts and those who cannot destroy very expensive or rare materials.
Due to the sensitivity of accelerator mass spectrometers, carbon dating small particles like blood particles, a grain, or a seed have been made possible.
Accelerator mass spectrometry also takes less time to analyze samples for carbon 14 content compared to radiometric dating methods that can take one or two days. An accelerator mass spectrometer has a run time of a few hours per sample.
Lastly, it must be noted that AMS measurements usually achieve higher precision and lower backgrounds than radiometric dating methods.
## Disadvantages of AMS Radiocarbon Dating
An accelerator mass spectrometer, although a powerful tool, is also a costly one. Establishing and maintaining an accelerator mass spectrometer costs millions of dollars.
Due to the small sample sizes involved, control of contaminants is also difficult. Rigorous pretreatment is needed to make sure contaminants have been eliminated and will not lead to substantial errors during the carbon dating process.
## Other Applications of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry
Aside from [archaeology](http://www.radiocarbon.com/archaeology.htm "archaeology"), geology and ocean sciences research, AMS is used by biomedical laboratories using “hot” samples labeled with 14C for drug discovery.
Accelerator mass spectrometers are also used in pharmacokinetics, metabolite profiling, toxicology, and microdosing.
AMS is used to determine the natural abundance levels of carbon 14 in oceans as well as to carbon date [sedimentary deposits](http://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-sediments.htm "sedimentary deposits"). **Accelerator mass spectrometry** was used in building a three-dimensional map of carbon 14 distribution in dissolved inorganic carbon.
[SGS Beta White Paper on AMS Dating (PDF)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/PDF/AMS-Methodology.pdf)
---
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
This video excerpt is part of SGS Beta’s webinar: [Isotopes 101: An Introduction to Isotopic Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Isotopes 101: An Introduction to Isotopic Analysis")
### Related Topics:
- [AMS vs Radiometric Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/radiometric-plus.htm "Difference between AMS and Radiometric Dating")
- [Bomb Carbon](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bomb-carbon.htm "What is bomb carbon?")
- [History and Advances in Radiocarbon Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-history/ "History and Advances in Radiocarbon Dating")
- [Isotopic Fractionation](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopic-fractionation.htm "What is isotopic fractionation?")
---
### [Radiocarbon Dating and Archaeology](https://www.radiocarbon.com/archaeology.htm)
**Published:** April 14, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Radiocarbon dating lab scientists and archaeologists should coordinate on sampling, storage and other concerns to obtain a meaningful result.
- The sample-context relationship must be established prior to carbon dating.
- The radiocarbon dating process starts with measuring Carbon-14, a weakly radioactive isotope of Carbon, followed by calibration of radiocarbon age results to calendar years.
History, anthropology, and archaeology are three distinct but closely related bodies of knowledge that tell man of his present by virtue of his past. Historians can tell what cultures thrived in different regions and when they disintegrated. Anthropologists can describe a people’s physical character, culture, and environmental and social relations. Archaeologists, on the other hand, provide proof of authenticity of a certain artifact or debunk historical or anthropological findings.
Archaeology has undoubtedly enriched mankind’s history like no other science. There is a greater part of man’s unwritten past that archaeology has managed to unravel.
Studying the material remains of past human life and activities may not seem important or exciting to the average Joe unlike the biological sciences. But archaeology’s aim to understand mankind is a noble endeavor that goes beyond uncovering buried treasures, gathering information, and dating events. It is in knowing what made past cultures cease to exist that could provide the key in making sure that history does not repeat itself.
Over the years, archaeology has uncovered information about past cultures that would have been left unknown had it not been with the help of such technologies as radiocarbon dating, [dendrochronology](http://www.radiocarbon.com/tree-ring-calibration.htm "dendrochronology"), archaeomagnetic dating, fluoride dating, luminescence dating, and obsidian hydration analysis, among others. Radiocarbon dating has been around for more than 50 years and has revolutionized archaeology. Carbon 14 dating remains to be a powerful, dependable and widely applicable technique that is invaluable to archaeologists and other scientists.
[](https://www.radiocarbon.com/optimal-bone-samples-radiocarbon-dating/)
## Radiocarbon Dating Concept
The unstable and radioactive carbon 14, called radiocarbon, is a naturally occurring isotope of the element carbon. When a living thing dies, it stops interacting with the biosphere, and the carbon 14 in it remains unaffected by the biosphere but will naturally undergo decay.
Decay of carbon 14 takes thousands of years, and it is this wonder of nature that forms the basis of radiocarbon dating and made this carbon 14 analysis a powerful tool in revealing the past.
The process of **radiocarbon dating** starts with the analysis of the carbon 14 left in a sample. The proportion of carbon 14 in the sample examined provides an indication of the time elapsed since death of the sample’s source. Radiocarbon dating results are reported in uncalibrated years BP (Before Present), where BP is defined as AD 1950. [Calibration](http://www.radiocarbon.com/calendar-calibration-carbon-dating.htm "Calibration") is then done to convert BP years into calendar years. This information is then related to true historical dates.
## Is Carbon Dating the Right Method?
Before deciding on using carbon dating as an analytical method, an archaeologist must first make sure that the results of radiocarbon dating after calibration can provide the needed answers to the archaeological questions asked. The implication of what is represented by the **carbon 14 activity** of a sample must be considered.
The sample-context relationship is not always straightforward. Date of a sample pre-dates the context it is found. Some samples, like wood, already ceased interacting with the biosphere and have an apparent age at death and linking them to the age of the deposits around the sample would not be wholly accurate. There are also cases when the association between the sample and the deposit is not apparent or easily understood. Great care must be exercised when linking an event with the context and the context with the sample to be processed by radiocarbon dating.
An archaeologist must also make sure that only the useful series of samples are collected and processed for carbon dating and not every organic material found in the excavation site.
## Radiocarbon Scientists—Archaeologists Liaison
It is important that the radiocarbon scientists and archaeologists agree on the sampling strategy before starting the excavation so time, effort, and resources will not be wasted and meaningful result will be produced after the carbon dating process.
It must be stressed that archaeologists need to interact with **radiocarbon** laboratories first before excavation due to several factors.
1\. Sample type, size and packing
Laboratories have limitations in terms of the samples they can process for radiocarbon dating. Some labs, for example, do not date carbonates.
Laboratories must also be consulted as to the required amount of sample that they ideally like to process as well as their preference with certain samples for carbon dating. Other labs accept waterlogged wood while others prefer them dry at submission.
2\. Sample collection
Contaminants must not be introduced to the samples during collection and storing. Hydrocarbons, glue, biocides, polyethylene glycol or polyvinyl acetate (PVA) must not come in contact with samples for radiocarbon dating. Other potential contaminants include paper, cardboard, cotton wool, string and cigarette ash.
3\. Sample storage
Samples must be stored in packaging materials that will protect them during transport and even during prolonged storage. Labels attached to the packaging materials must not fade or rub off easily.
Glass containers can be used when storing radiocarbon dating samples, but they are susceptible to breakage and can be impractical when dealing with large samples. Aluminum containers with screw caps are safe, but it is still best to consult the radiocarbon laboratory for the best containers of **carbon dating samples**.
4\. Errors and calibration
It is recommended that archaeologists, or any client in general, ask the laboratory if results have systematic or random errors. They should also ask details about the calibration used for conversion of BP years to calendar years.
5\. Cost
Clarify the costs involved in radiocarbon dating of samples. Some labs charge more for samples that they do not regularly process.
6\. Timescale
Radiocarbon dating takes time, and laboratories often have waiting lists so this factor must be considered.
7\. Sample identification
The carbon dating process is destructive, and labs usually advise their clients with regard to sample identification or labelling. However, it is the clients’ responsibility to make sure that all samples for radiocarbon dating have been labeled properly and correctly before testing begins.
8\. Types of contaminant
Communication with clients also gives labs an idea of the possible types of contaminants in the excavation site. Knowing the type of contaminants also give radiocarbon scientists an idea on the pretreatment methods needed to be done before starting carbon dating.
9\. Expected sample age
Labs ask clients on the expected age of the radiocarbon dating samples submitted to make sure that cross-contamination is avoided during sample processing and that no sample of substantial age (more than 10,000 years) must follow modern ones.
Labs also want to avoid processing carbon dating samples that will yield large calendar ranges. Radiocarbon dating results have insignificant value as in the case when the calibration curve is effectively flat and all calendar events in the period will produce about the same radiocarbon age.
## Radiocarbon Dating Results
Interpretation of radiocarbon dating results is not straightforward, and there are times when archaeologists deem the carbon 14 dating results “archaeologically unacceptable.” In this case, the archaeologist rejected the **radiocarbon dating results** upon evaluation of the chronology of the excavation site.
There are many possible reasons why [radiocarbon dating results](http://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-results.htm "radiocarbon dating results") are deemed “unacceptable.” It can be that there is an underlying depositional problem, or an unsuspected contamination, or even a lab problem. In either of the cases, it is still worthwhile to carefully consider why the radiocarbon dating results were deemed unacceptable.
---
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
This video excerpt is part of Beta Analytic’s webinar: [Isotopes 101: An Introduction to Isotopic Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Isotopes 101: An Introduction to Isotopic Analysis")
## Rescue Archaeology
Rescue archaeology involves the survey and potential excavation of sites that are to undergo some form of construction or development in order to recover any valuable finds that are uncovered and prevent their destruction. The impending developments leave little time for archaeologists to undertake their work and creates a time-pressured environment with stakeholders eager for them to finish as soon as possible.
In such cases where potentially valuable finds are discovered, fast and high-quality radiocarbon dating results can be crucial in determining whether a site warrants further excavation or can be handed back to the developers. In particular, time-sensitive projects like [rescue archaeology](https://www.radiocarbon.com/rescue-archaeology/), waiting months for test results while construction is halted is not viable and can be a financial burden. Archaeologists need **radiocarbon dating laboratories** that can cater to their specific project requirements and deadlines.
### References:
Grahame Johnston, [Rescue Archaeology](http://www.archaeologyexpert.co.uk/rescuearchaeology.html) (2015), Archaeology Expert, (accessed June 2018)
Sheridan Bowman, Radiocarbon Dating: Interpreting the Past (1990), University of California Press
### Further Reading:
- [Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Radiocarbon Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm "About Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Dating")
- [Carbon Dating and Dendrochronology](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tree-ring-calibration.htm "Carbon-14 Dating and Tree-ring Calibration")
- [How Does Carbon Dating Work](https://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm "How does C14 Dating work?")
---
### [放射性碳定年價目表&付款條件](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-sample-payment.htm)
**Published:** July 13, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
**放射性碳定年價格** – 如果您需要報價或是價格資訊，請使用此[ 表格](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)與我們聯絡。
---
請注意: 我們不接受任何有商業價值的樣品
SGS Beta實驗室不接受手稿、藝術品或其他有價或有市無價的物品進行定年，除非它們是由公認的政府機構、公立博物館或其他官方機構提出申請並支付費用，用以做為多學科學術研究過程的一部分 。
我們同樣不分析古董、書籍、手稿或宗教性質的材料，或古物市場上常見的物品，或用於個人研究的材料（例如來自祖屋的木材、金屬/硬幣、隨機挖掘的骨頭等等。）
---
## 付款方式&條款
**推薦的付款方式** — 電匯
**發票是透過電子郵件發送** — 發票將在您的樣本確認可以提供測試結果後產生。時間會根據材料類型以及是否需要預處理而有所不同。
在預處理完成後，發票將發送到線上測試申請表的付款選項中所指定的地址，除非我們收到其他書面指示。電子郵件內容會包含一個的PDF附件，內含銀行資訊。
**網上付款**—點擊發票中的「查看/付款發票」藍色按鈕。這是一個安全的連結。一旦打開，只需點擊“付費發票”綠色按鈕，從下拉選單中選擇付款方式並填寫所需的資料。系統將在成功完成付款後,將發送電子郵件收據至預設的地址。
**有關發票和網上付款的問題?
請發送郵件至或在上班時間致電(+86)7742-6266至台北代理處。
**預付款** — 如果您需要提前付款或取得發票，請[發送電子郵件給我們的會計部門](mailto:ichen@betalabservices.com)，並提供您的預算數量，或需要在發票上註記的訊息。
請留意：一旦匯入本公司帳戶，就不允許退款，而且未來的定年分析將以當時公佈的最新價格進行計價。
## 重要事項
在您送出測試申請表後，所有的修改要求必須在測試開始前通知我們。
### 有限責任
客戶承認並同意SGS Beta實驗室提供的服務僅限於分析材料樣本並於結果報告上如實發布詳細的發現事項。請點選連結查看完整條款&條件:
**更多關於SGS BETA實驗室**
- [放射性碳定年價格表](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "放射性碳定年價格表")
- [推薦樣品量](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/required-carbon-dating-sample-sizes.htm "推薦樣品量")
- [樣品處理和容器建議](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/details.htm "樣品處理和容器建議")
---
相關主題: 2025年5月
---
### [Preços e termos de pagamento de datações por radiocarbono](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-termos-pagamento.htm)
**Published:** August 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
**Custo da datação por radiocarbono** — Se você precisa de uma cotação ou informações sobre os nossos preços, por favor entre em contato via este [formulário](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/quanto-custa-datacao-radiocarbono.htm "formulário").
---
Observação: Materiais de valor comercial não serão aceitos
O SGS Beta não realiza a datação de manuscritos, objetos de arte ou quaisquer outros ítens valiosos ou de valor inestimável, exceto se forem enviados e pagos por instituições reconhecidas como agências governamentais, grandes museus ou outras agências oficiais cuja investigação do material é parte de um processo acadêmico multidisciplinar.
O laboratório não analisa antiguidades, livros, manuscritos ou materiais de natureza religiosa normalmente comercializados no mercado de antiguidades, ou materiais para pesquisas particulares (por exemplo, madeira de uma casa ancestral, metais, moedas ou ossos de escavações informais, etc).
---
## Métodos e termos de pagament
**MÉTODOS DE PAGAMENTO RECOMENDADOS** — Transferência bancária ou cartão de crédito
****A FATURA É ENVIADA POR EMAIL**** — a fatura será gerada depois que tivermos a confirmação de que a amostra produzirá resultados. Esse tempo varia de acordo com o tipo de material e com a necessidade de pré-tratamentos.
Após a conclusão do pré-tratamento, a fatura é enviada por email para o endereço indicado nas opções de pagamento no formulário eletrônico de dados, a menos que recebamos outras instruções por escrito. O email incluirá um anexo em PDF com nossos dados bancários.
**PAGAMENTOS ONLINE** – clique o botão azul “View/Pay Invoice” (exibir/pagar fatura) no email. Este é um link seguro. Uma vez aberto, basta clicar no botão verde “Pay Invoice” (pagar fatura), selecionar o método de pagamento no menu suspenso e preencher as informações necessárias. Assim que o pagamento for concluído, o sistema gerará um recibo e o enviará por email para o endereço indicado.
**Dúvidas sobre faturas e pagamentos online?
Ligue para (+1) 305-396-6144 de 8h às 17h (EST), ou escreva para .
**NOTA DE ENCOMENDA (NE)** — A NE é um documento fornecido pela contabilidade do cliente, que indica que o serviço foi aceito e registrado para pagamento pela instituição pagadora. Uma NE pode acelerar o processo de reportagem dos resultados. Contate nosso Departamento de Contabilidade para confirmar o prazo de pagamento (15 dias corridos, 30 dias corridos, etc). Ambas as partes deverão estar de acordo com os termos. Terms must be agreed by both parties.
O SGS Beta apenas aceita NEs que cumpram os seguintes requisitos básicos:
- Legível e impresso em documento timbrado da instituição oficial, governo ou empresa, ou documento equivalente, em formato PDF;
- Incluir os termos de pagamento acordado por ambas as partes;
- Deverá conter um número de NE/OS e a data de aprovação pelo seu Departamento de Contabilidade ou autoridade;
- Deverá indicar seu endereço postal e de email, assim como as informações primárias de contato de seu departamento de Contas a Pagar ou de Contabilidade (nome e telefone);
- Estar assinada e/ou carimbada por um autorizante oficial;
- O nome e endereço/morada do laboratório deverá aparecer desta forma:
Beta Analytic LLC
4985 SW 74th Court
Miami, Florida 33155
United States
Tel: (+1) 305-396-6144
Email:
**A NE também deve incluir:**
- Análises específicas a contratar, com o prazo;
- Quantidade de amostras a analisar;
- Preço por amostra e montante total devido ao SGS Beta, na moeda da fatura.
Se você recebeu uma cotação de um gerente de contas do SGS Beta, por favor inclua o número da cotação na nota de encomenda ou ordem de compra.
**PRÉ-PAGAMENTOS** — se precisar de uma fatura ou proforma antecipada, [envie um email para o nosso Departamento de Faturamento](mailto:billing@betalabservices.com) com o número do orçamento fornecido pelo seu Gerente de Contas, e/ou quaisquer observações ou informações que devam constar na fatura.
Observação: NÃO são permitidos reembolsos depois de depositados os fundos. Depósitos não utilizados para análises correntes apenas podem ser usados para análises futuras com os preços vigentes quando da análise.
## Importante
Todas as modificações solicitadas APÓS o pedido ter sido feito (formulário enviado) devem ser comunicadas ao laboratório ANTES do início das análises.
### Limitação de responsabilidade
O Cliente reconhece e concorda que o papel do SGS Beta na prestação de Serviços é meramente o de analisar Amostra(s) de Material e emitir um Relatório detalhando as suas descobertas. Por favor consulte nossos Termos e Condições completos aqui:
**Mais sobre o SGS Beta:**
- [Formulário de solicitação de preços de datação por radiocarbono](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/quanto-custa-datacao-radiocarbono.htm "Formulário de solicitação de preços de datação por radiocarbono")
- [Tamanhos recomendados de amostras](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-requisitos-amostras.htm "Tamanhos recomendados de amostras")
- [Manuseio de amostras e recomendações de embalagem](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-details.htm "Manuseio de amostras e recomendações de embalagem")
---
Última atualização: maio de 2025
---
### [Prezzi e termini di pagamento per la datazione al radiocarbonio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-radiocarbonio-pagamento.htm)
**Published:** July 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
**Tariffe per la datazione al radiocarbonio** — Per informazioni o preventivi, contattaci attraverso questo [modulo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/costi-datazione-carbonio.htm "modulo di contatto").
---
Importante: Non accettiamo materiali con valore commerciale
SGS Beta non effettua la datazione al radiocarbonio di manoscritti, oggetti d’arte o altri oggetti preziosi o di valore inestimabile, a meno che non siano inviati e pagati da un ente governativo riconosciuto, da un grande museo o da altro organismo ufficiale che stia studiando i materiali nell’ambito di un progetto di ricerca scientifica.
Il laboratorio non analizza oggetti d’antiquariato, libri, manoscritti o materiali di natura religiosa, altri oggetti comunemente destinati al commercio di reperti archeologici, o campioni per ricerca personale (ad es. legno da case antiche, metalli/monete, ossa ritrovate casualmente, ecc.)
---
## Metodi e termini di pagamento
**METODI DI PAGAMENTO CONSIGLIATI** — Bonifico bancario e carta di credito.
**FATTURE INVIATE PER EMAIL** — La fattura viene emessa quando il laboratorio conferma che il campione è idoneo all’analisi. Le tempistiche possono variare in base alla tipologia di materiale e all’eventuale necessità di pretrattamenti aggiuntivi.
Una volta completato il pretrattamento, la fattura viene inviata all’indirizzo email indicato nella sezione Opzioni di pagamento del modulo online, salvo diverse istruzioni. L’email conterrà un allegato PDF con i nostri dati bancari.
**PAGAMENTI ONLINE** — Fai clic sul pulsante blu “View/Pay Invoice” nella fattura. Questo è un collegamento sicuro. Una volta aperto il link, fai clic sul pulsante verde “Pay Invoice”, seleziona il metodo di pagamento dal menù a tendina e compila i dati richiesti. Al termine del pagamento, il sistema invierà automaticamente una ricevuta all’indirizzo email indicato.
**Domande su fatture e pagamenti online?
Invia un’email all’indirizzo o chiama il numero (+1) 305-396-6144 durante l’orario d’ufficio, dalle 8:00 alle 17:00 EST.
**BUONO D’ORDINE (BO)** — Un BO è un documento fornito dall’amministrazione del cliente che indica che l’acquisto e il pagamento sono stati autorizzati. L’invio di un BO può accelerare il processo di consegna dei risultati. Contatta il nostro ufficio contabilità per verificare le condizioni di pagamento accordate (15 giorni data fattura, 30 giorni data fattura, ecc.). I termini devono essere concordati da entrambe le parti.
SGS Beta accetta solo i buoni d’ordine che:
- Sono leggibili e stampati su carta intestata ufficiale (o equivalente) dell’istituto o dell’azienda, in formato PDF;
- Includono i termini di pagamento concordati da entrambe le parti;
- Riportano un numero d’ordine e una data di approvazione da parte dell’ufficio contabilità o dell’autorità competente;
- Includono l’indirizzo fisico, l’indirizzo email e le informazioni di contatto principali dell’ufficio contabilità (nome e numero di telefono);
- Includono SIA l’indirizzo fisico a cui intestare la fattura e l’indirizzo email a cui inviarla SIA eventuali istruzioni speciali necessarie per l’invio delle fatture per un pronto pagamento;
- Sono firmati e/o timbrati per approvazione da una persona autorizzata;
- Riportano il nome e l’indirizzo del nostro laboratorio nel seguente formato:
Beta Analytic LLC
4985 SW 74th Court
Miami, Florida 33155
United States
Tel: (+1) 305-396-6144
Email:
**Il BO deve inoltre includere:**
- Nome del test da eseguire e tempi di consegna;
- Numero di campioni da analizzare;
- Tariffa unitaria e importo totale dovuto a SGS Beta, nella valuta riportata sulla fattura.
Se un account manager di SGS Beta ha emesso un preventivo, includere il numero di preventivo nel buono d’ordine.
****PAGAMENTI ANTICIPATI**** — Se hai bisogno di una fattura anticipata, [invia un’email al nostro ufficio contabilità](mailto:billing@betalabservices.com) indicando il numero di preventivo fornito dal tuo account manager ed eventuali note o dati che devono essere inclusi nella fattura.
Nota: NON sono previsti rimborsi una volta effettuato il pagamento e gli importi versati possono essere utilizzati solo per analisi future, alle quali si applicano le tariffe in vigore al momento dell’arrivo dei campioni in laboratorio.
## Importante
Tutte le modifiche richieste dopo l’invio del modulo online DEVONO essere comunicate PRIMA dell’inizio del test.
### Limitazione di responsabilità
Il cliente riconosce e accetta che il ruolo di SGS Beta nella fornitura del servizio si limita all’analisi del campione e all’emissione di un report che descriva in dettaglio i risultati ottenuti dal laboratorio. I nostri termini e condizioni completi sono disponibili al link seguente:
**Ulteriori informazioni su SGS Beta:**
- [Modulo di richiesta dei prezzi della datazione al radiocarbonio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/costi-datazione-carbonio.htm "Modulo di richiesta dei prezzi della datazione al radiocarbonio")
- [Quantità di materiale raccomandate](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-radiocarbonio-campioni-dimensioni.htm "Quantità di materiale raccomandate")
- [Istruzioni per l’imballaggio e contenitori raccomandati](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/details.htm "Istruzioni per l'imballaggio e contenitori raccomandati")
---
Ultimo aggiornamento: maggio 2025
---
### [Precio y condiciones de pago para análisis de radiocarbono](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/arqueologia-pago-terminos.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
**Precio de las dataciones radiocarbónicas** – Si necesita un presupuesto o información sobre nuestros precios, por favor contacte con nosotros utilizando este [formulario](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/cuanto-cuesta-la-datacion-por-carbono.htm "formulario indicando").
---
Aviso: No aceptamos muestras con valor comercial.
SGS Beta no data manuscritos, objetos de arte u otros artículos de valor, a menos que la datación sea solicitada y pagada por una reconocida agencia gubernamental, un gran museo o una agencia oficial que esté investigando los materiales como parte de un proceso académico multidisciplinar.
No analizamos antigüedades, libros, manuscritos o materiales de naturaleza religiosa o provenientes de mercados de antigüedades (por ejemplo, madera de una casa antigua, metales/monedas, huesos provenientes de una excavación no relacionada con la investigación, etc.)
---
## Métodos y condiciones de pago
**FORMAS DE PAGO RECOMENDADAS** — Transferencia bancaria y tarjeta de crédito
**LAS FACTURAS SE ENVÍAN POR CORREO ELECTRÓNICO** — La factura se genera una vez que confirmamos que su muestra puede ser analizada con éxito. Este plazo varía en función del tipo de material y de si se requieren tratamientos previos.
Una vez finalizado el pretratamiento, la factura se enviará al correo electrónico indicado en la sección de Opciones de Pago del formulario en línea, a menos que recibamos otras instrucciones por escrito. El correo incluirá un archivo PDF con la información bancaria correspondiente.
**PAGOS EN LÍNEA** — Haga clic en el botón azul “View/Pay Invoice” dentro del correo. Este enlace es seguro. Una vez abierto, simplemente seleccione el botón verde “Pay Invoice”, elija su método de pago en el menú desplegable y complete la información solicitada. Al finalizar el pago, el sistema enviará automáticamente un comprobante de pago al correo registrado.
**¿Dudas sobre facturas y pagos en línea?
Envíenos un correo electrónico a o llámenos al (+1) 305-396-6144 durante nuestro horario de oficina de 8 AM a 5 PM EST (hora del este).
**ÓRDEN DE COMPRA (OC)** — La orden de compra es un documento emitido por su departamento de facturación que indica que el pedido ha sido aceptado y registrado para el pago. Disponer de una OC puede acelerar el proceso de publicación de los resultados. Póngase en contacto con nuestro Departamento de Contabilidad para confirmar sus condiciones de pago con nosotros (Net 15, Net 30, etc.). Los términos deben ser acordados por ambas partes.
SGS Beta sólo aceptará órdenes de compra que cumplan con los siguientes requisitos:
- Los términos deben ser legibles e impresos en papel con membrete de la institución oficial, gubernamental o de la empresa o papelería equivalente en formato de archivo PDF;
- Incluir los Términos de Pago acordados por ambas partes;
- Debe indicar el número de orden de compra y fecha de aprobación de su Departamento de Cuentas por Pagar o de Contabilidad;
- Incluya la dirección física y el correo electrónico de quien debe recibir la factura Y TAMBIÉN cualquier instrucción especial necesaria para presentar las facturas para su pronto pago;
- Debe ser firmado y/o sellado por la autoridad pertinente;
- El nombre y la dirección de nuestro laboratorio deben ser los siguientes:
Beta Analytic LLC
4985 SW 74th Court
Miami, Florida 33155
Estados Unidos
Tel: (+1) 305-396-6144
Email:
**La orden de compra también debe incluir:**
- Los análisis específicos que desea realizar incluyendo los plazos de entrega;
- Número de muestras a analizar;
- Precio por muestra e importe total a pagar a SGS Beta en la divisa correspondiente.
Si recibió un presupuesto de su contacto en SGS Beta, incluya el número de presupuesto en la orden de compra.
**PAGOS POR ADELANTADO** — Si necesita una factura anticipada o proforma, [envíe un correo a nuestro Departamento de Contabilidad](mailto:billing@betalabservices.com) incluyendo el número de cotización proporcionado por su Gerente de Cuenta o cualquier información adicional que deba aparecer en la factura.
Importante: NO se realizan reembolsos una vez que se ha recibido el pago. Los fondos depositados solo pueden aplicarse a futuros análisis según los precios más recientes publicados.
## Importante
Todos los cambios que se soliciten DESPUÉS de haber realizado un pedido en línea DEBEN ser comunicados al laboratorio o a su contacto en SGS Beta ANTES de que comiencen las pruebas.
### Responsabilidad limitada
El cliente reconoce y acepta que el papel de SGS Beta como proveedor de servicios está restringido al análisis de las muestras materiales y la emisión de un informe detallado con los resultados. Por favor, consulte nuestros Términos y Condiciones completos aquí:
**Conozca más de SGS Beta:**
- [Formulario de consulta sobre costos de datación por radiocarbono](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/cuanto-cuesta-la-datacion-por-carbono.htm "Formulario de consulta sobre costos de datación por radiocarbono")
- [Tamaños de muestra recomendados](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/arqueologia-requisitos-muestras.htm "Tamaños de muestra recomendados")
- [Recomendaciones sobre manipulación de muestras y recipientes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/details.htm "Recomendaciones sobre manipulación de muestras y recipientes")
---
Última actualización de la página: Mayo de 2025
---
### [Tarifs de datation au radiocarbone et conditions de paiement](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/radiocarbone-laboratoire-paiement.htm)
**Published:** June 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
**Tarifs de datation au radiocarbone** – Si vous avez besoin d’un devis ou de renseignements concernant nos tarifs, veuillez nous contacter à l’aide de ce [formulaire](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/combien-coute-la-datation-carbone.htm "formulaire").
---
Remarque : Les matériaux ayant une valeur commerciale ne sont pas acceptés.
SGS Beta n’entreprend pas la datation de manuscrits, d’objets d’art ou d’autres objets de valeur ou d’une valeur inestimable à moins qu’ils ne soient envoyés et réglés par une agence gouvernementale reconnue, un musée ou tout autre autre agence officielle qui étudierait ces matériaux dans le cadre d’un processus scientifique multidisciplinaire.
Le laboratoire n’analyse pas les antiquités, les livres, les manuscrits ou les matériaux de nature religieuse ou les objets qui sont couramment vendus sur les marchés d’antiquités, ou les matériaux pour la recherche personnelle (par exemple : bois d’une maison ancienne, métaux/pièces de monnaie, ossements provenant d’une fouille aléatoire, etc.)
---
## Moyens et conditions de paiement
**MODES DE PAIEMENT RECOMMANDÉS** — Virement bancaire et carte de crédit
****LES FACTURES SONT ENVOYÉES PAR E-MAIL**** — La facture sera créée une fois que nous aurons la confirmation que votre échantillon donnera des résultats. Ce délai varie en fonction du type de matériau et si des prétraitements sont nécessaires.
Une fois le prétraitement terminé, les factures sont envoyées par courrier électronique à l’adresse indiquée sous Options de paiement sur le formulaire de soumission en ligne, sauf si nous recevons d’autres instructions par écrit. L’e-mail comprendra une pièce jointe en PDF contenant des informations bancaires.
**PAIEMENTS EN LIGNE** — Cliquez sur le bouton bleu « Afficher/Payer la facture » sur la facture. Il s’agit d’un lien sécurisé. Une fois ouvert, cliquez simplement sur le bouton vert « Payer la facture », sélectionnez le moyen de paiement dans le menu déroulant et remplissez les informations requises. Le système générera un reçu par courrier électronique à l’adresse indiquée une fois le paiement effectué avec succès.
**Des questions sur les factures et les paiements en ligne ?
Veuillez nous envoyer un e-mail à ou appelez le (+1) 305-396-6144 pendant nos heures de bureau de 8 h à 17 h HNE.
**BONS DE COMMANDE** — Un bon de commande est un document fourni par votre service de facturation indiquant que la commande a été acceptée et enregistrée pour paiement. Fournir un bon de commande peut accélérer le partage des résultats. Contactez notre service comptable pour confirmer vos modalités de paiement (net 15 jours, net 30 jours, etc.). Les modalités doivent être acceptées par les deux parties.
SGS Beta n’acceptera que les bons de commande conformes aux exigences suivantes :
- être lisible et imprimé sur le papier à en-tête officiel de l’institution, du gouvernement ou de l’entreprise ou sur un papier à lettres équivalent au format PDF ;
- inclure les modalités de paiement convenues par les deux parties ;
- inclure un numéro de bon de commande et la date d’approbation par votre service comptable ou de la personne compétente;
- inclure l’adresse physique et l’adresse e-mail, ainsi que l’information de contact de votre votre département des comptes fournisseurs ou service comptable (nom du contact et numéro de téléphone) ;
- être signé et/ou tamponné par un approbateur autorisé ;
- le nom et l’adresse de notre laboratoire doivent apparaître comme suit :
Beta Analytic LLC
4985 SW 74th Court
Miami, Florida 33155
États-Unis
Tel: (+1) 305-396-6144
Email:
**Le bon de commande doit également inclure :**
- les analyses spécifiques à effectuer avec les délais de livraison ;
- le nombre d’échantillons à analyser ;
- le prix par échantillon et le montant total dû à SGS Beta avec la devise de la facture.
Si vous avez reçu un devis d’un gestionnaire de compte SGS Beta, veuillez inclure le numéro de devis sur le bon de commande.
****PRÉPAIEMENTS**** — Si vous avez besoin d’une facture en avance ou d’une pro forma, [envoyez un e-mail à notre service de comptabilité](mailto:billing@betalabservices.com) avec le numéro de devis fourni par votre gestionnaire de compte ou toute note ou information devant figurer sur la facture.
Remarque : Les remboursements ne sont PAS autorisés une fois les fonds déposés et ces crédits ne peuvent être utilisés que pour des analyses futures aux derniers prix publiés.
## Remarques importantes
Toutes les modifications demandées APRÈS qu’une commande en ligne a été passée DOIVENT nous être communiquées AVANT le début des analyses.
### Limitation de Responsabilité
Le Client reconnaît et accepte que le rôle de SGS Beta dans la fourniture de services consiste uniquement à analyser des échantillons et à communiquer un rapport détaillant les conclusions de SGS Beta. Veuillez consulter nos conditions générales complètes ici:
**En savoir plus sur SGS Beta:**
- [Formulaire de demande de tarifs de datation au radiocarbone](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/combien-coute-la-datation-carbone.htm "Formulaire de demande de tarifs de datation au radiocarbone")
- [Quantités recommandées pour les échantillons](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/taille-des-echantillons-radiocarbone.htm "Quantités recommandées pour les échantillons")
- [Conseils de préparation et emballage des échantillons](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/details.htm "Conseils de préparation et emballage des échantillons")
---
Dernière mise à jour de la page : mai 2025
---
### [방사성탄소 연대측정 가격 및 지불 조건](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-sample-payment.htm)
**Published:** January 27, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
**방사성탄소 연대측정 가격 –** 견적이나 가격 정보가 필요하시면, 이[ 양식](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm)을 작성 바랍니다.
---
**참고: 상업적 가격이 매겨져 있는 물질은 취급하지 않습니다.**
SGS Beta 연구소는 유명 정부 기관, 주요 박물관, 혹은 학문적 목적의 일환으로 조사를 진행하는 공식 기관이 시료를 제출하거나 지불하지 않는 한, 책자 원고, 예술 목적의 물건들, 고가이거나 가격을 매길 수 없는 물건들에 대해 연대측정 서비스를 제공하지 않습니다.
고가구, 책자, 원고, 그 외 고가구점에서 흔히 파는 종교적 물건 , 개인 연구를 위한 물건들 (예, 고주택의 목재, 금속 동전, 일반 뼈 등등)의 연대측정 서비스를 제공하지 않습니다.
---
## 지불 방법 및 조건 
**권장 결제 방법** — 전신 송금 및 신용 카드
**청구서는 이메일로 발송됩니다** — 시료가 결과 값을 낼 수 있다고 확인이 이루어진 후에 청구서는 생성됩니다. 이 싯점은 시료의 유형 및 전처리 정도에 따라 달라집니다.
전처리가 마무리되면, 다른 지침을 서면으로 받지 않는 한 온라인 제출 양식의 결제 옵션에 기재된 주소로 청구서가 발송됩니다. 이메일에는 은행 정보가 포함된 PDF 파일이 첨부됩니다.
**온라인 결제** — 인보이스에서 “인보이스 보기/결제” 라 쓰여진 파란색 버튼을 클릭합니다. 보안 링크입니다. 열면 “인보이스 결제” 라 쓰여진 녹색 버튼을 클릭하여 정해진 메뉴에서 결제 방법을 선택한 다음 필요 정보를 입력합니다. 결제가 성공적으로 마무리되면 자동으로 이메일 영수증이 생성됩니다.
**청구서 및 온라인 결제에 관한 질문이 있으십니까?
이메일 주시거나, 오전 8시부터 오후 5시 (미국 동부 표준시) 근무 시간 중에 (+1) 305-396-6144로 전화주시기 바랍니다.
**선불 지불** — 사전 인보이스나 견적서가 필요하면, 계정 관리자가 제공하는 견적서 번호와 함께 [회계 부서로 이메일 주시기 바랍니다](mailto:billing@betalabservices.com)
노트: 선불이 입금된 후에는 일체의 환불이 허용되지 않으며, 해당 예치금은 최근의 가격으로 향후 분석으로만 사용할 수 있습니다.
## 중요 사항
온라인 주문이 접수된 후, 모든 변경 사항은 실험 시작 전 반드시 당사에 전달해 주어야 합니다.
### 책임 한계
고객들은 서비스 제공하는 Beta 연구소의 역할은 단지 시료 분석 및 Beta 연구소에서 진행된 보고서 발행이라는 것을 인지하고 동의합니다. 이들 조건들의 전문을 읽어보시기 바랍니다:
**추가 자료:**
- [연대측정 가격 문의 양식](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "연대측정 가격 문의 양식")
- [권장 시료 크기](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/required-carbon-dating-sample-sizes.htm "권장 시료 크기")
- [시료 취급 및 포장 안내](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/details.htm "시료 취급 및 포장 안내")
---
관련 자료: 2025년 5월
---
### [Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung Preise & Zahlungsbedingungen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/radiokohlenstoff-labor-preisen.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
**Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung Kosten** – Wenn Sie ein Angebot oder Informationen zu unseren Preisen benötigen, kontaktieren Sie uns bitte über dieses [Formular.](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/was-kosten-carbon-datierungen.htm)
---
Hinweis: Materialien mit kommerziellem Wert können wir nicht akzeptieren
SGS Beta übernimmt keine Datierung von Manuskripten, Kunstgegenständen oder anderen wertvollen oder unbezahlbaren Gegenständen, es sei denn, sie werden von einer anerkannten Regierungsbehörde, einem großen Museum oder einer anderen offiziellen Agentur eingereicht und bezahlt, die Materialien im Rahmen eines multidisziplinaren wissenschaftlichen Prozesses untersucht.
Unser Labor analysiert keine Antiquitäten, Bücher, Manuskripte oder Materialien religiöser Natur oder Gegenstände, die üblicherweise auf Antiquitätenmärkten verkauft werden, oder Materialien für persönliche Forschung (z.B. Holz aus einem Ahnenhaus, Metalle/Münzen, Knochen aus einer zufälligen Ausgrabung usw.)
---
## Zahlungsmethoden & Bedingungen
**EMPFOHLENE ZAHLUNGSMETHODEN** — Banküberweisung und Kreditkarte
****RECHNUNGEN WERDEN PER E-MAIL VERSANDT**** — Die Rechnung wird erstellt, nachdem wir die Bestätigung erhalten haben, dass Ihre Probe Ergebnisse liefern wird. Dieser Zeitpunkt hängt von der Art des Materials ab und davon, ob Vorbehandlungen erforderlich sind.
Nach Abschluss der Vorbehandlung werden die Rechnungen per E-Mail an die im Online-Formular unter Zahlungsoptionen angegebene Adresse geschickt, sofern wir nicht schriftlich andere Anweisungen erhalten. Die E-Mail enthält einen PDF-Anhang mit Bankinformationen.
**ONLINE-ZAHLUNGEN** — Klicken Sie auf die blaue Schaltfläche “Rechnung Anzeigen/Bezahlen” in der Rechnung. Dies ist ein sicherer Link. Nach dem Öffnen klicken Sie einfach auf die grüne Schaltfläche “Rechnung Bezahlen”, wählen die Zahlungsmethode aus dem Dropdown-Menü und geben die erforderlichen Informationen ein. Das System erstellt eine E-Mail-Quittung an die angegebene Adresse, sobald die Zahlung erfolgreich abgeschlossen wurde.
**Fragen zu Rechnungen und Online-Zahlungen?**
Bitte senden Sie uns eine E-Mail an oder rufen Sie uns während unserer Bürozeiten von 8 AM bis 5 PM EST unter (+1) 305-396-6144 an.
**BESTELLUNGEN (PO)** — Eine PO ist ein von Ihrer Abrechnungsabteilung bereitgestelltes Dokument, aus dem hervorgeht, dass die Bestellung akzeptiert und zur Zahlung registriert wurde. Eine PO kann den Prozess der Berichterstattung der Ergebnisse beschleunigen. Setzen Sie sich mit unserer Buchhaltung in Verbindung, um Ihre Zahlungsbedingungen mit uns abzustimmen (Netto 15, Netto 30, etc.). Die Bedingungen müssen von beiden Parteien vereinbart werden.
SGS Beta akzeptiert nur Bestellungen, die die folgenden Mindestanforderungen erfüllen:
- Lesbar und gedruckt auf dem Briefkopf der offiziellen Institution, der Regierung oder des Unternehmens oder einem gleichwertigen Briefpapier im PDF-Dateiformat;
- Fügen Sie die von beiden Parteien vereinbarten Zahlungsbedingungen hinzu;
- Muss eine Bestellnummer und das Datum der Genehmigung durch Ihre Buchhaltungsabteilung oder Behörde haben;
- Muss Ihre Postanschrift und Ihre E-Mail-Adresse, sowie die wichtigsten Kontaktinformationen Ihrer Kreditoren- oder Buchhaltungsabteilung (Name und Telefonnummer der Kontaktperson) haben;
- Geben Sie die physische Adresse und die E-Mail-Adresse an, an die die Rechnung gesendet werden soll UND alle besonderen Anweisungen, die für das Einreichen von Rechnungen zur sofortigen Zahlung erforderlich sind;
- Sollte von einem autorisierten Genehmiger unterzeichnet und/oder gestempelt sein;
- Der Name und die Adresse unseres Labors sollten wie folgt aussehen:
Beta Analytic LLC
4985 SW 74th Court
Miami, Florida 33155
United States
Tel: (+1) 305-396-6144
Email:
**Die PO sollte auch Folgendes enthalten:**
- Die gewünschte Prüfung und Lieferzeit;
- Anzahl der zu prüfenden Proben;
- Preis je Probe und Gesamtbetrag, der an SGS Beta in der jeweiligen Währung zu zahlen ist.
Wenn Sie einen Kostenvoranschlag von einem Kundenbetreuer von SGS Beta erhalten haben, geben Sie bitte die Kostenvoranschlagsnummer auf der Bestellung an.
**VORAUSZAHLUNGEN** — Wenn Sie eine Vorausrechnung oder eine Proforma-Rechnung benötigen, [senden Sie unserer Buchhaltungsabteilung eine E-Mail](mailto:billing@betalabservices.com) mit der von Ihrem Kundenbetreuer angegebenen Kostenvoranschlagsnummer und allen Anmerkungen oder Informationen, die in die Rechnung aufgenommen werden müssen.
Wichtig: Eine Rückerstattung der eingezahlten Beträge ist NICHT möglich, und die eingezahlten Beträge können nur für künftige Analysen zu den zuletzt veröffentlichten Preisen verwendet werden.
## Wichtig
Alle NACH Aufgabe einer Online-Bestellung angeforderten Änderungen MÜSSEN uns VOR Beginn des Tests mitgeteilt werden.
### Haftungsbeschränkung
Der Kunde erkennt an und stimmt zu, dass die Rolle von SGS Beta bei der Bereitstellung von Dienstleistungen lediglich darin besteht, Materialproben zu analysieren und einen Bericht mit detaillierten Angaben zu den Ergebnissen von SGS Beta zu erstellen. Bitte lesen Sie hier unsere vollständigen Allgemeinen Geschäftsbedingungen:
**Weiteres über SGS Beta:**
- [Formular zur Kostenanfrage für Radiocarbon-Datierungen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/was-kosten-carbon-datierungen.htm "Formular zur Kostenanfrage für Radiocarbon-Datierungen")
- [Empfohlene Proben-Mengen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/probenanforderung-kohlenstoff-14.htm "Empfohlene Proben-Mengen")
- [Empfehlungen zu Probenhandhabung und Probenbehälter](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/details.htm "Empfehlungen zu Probenhandhabung und Probenbehälter")
---
Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: Mai 2025
---
### [Merci de nous avoir contactés](https://www.radiocarbon.com/datation-carbone-14-prix-merci.htm)
**Published:** February 28, 2025
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
Merci de nous avoir contactés. *Nos conseillers répondent aux questions pendant les heures ouvrées (9h à 17h CET, du lundi au vendredi). Pour les demandes urgentes, notre équipe sera heureuse de vous répondre sur notre numéro général (+1) 305-667-5167 de 7h CET à 23h CET.*
---
### [Effet Réservoir marin](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/effet-reservoir-marin.htm)
**Published:** June 25, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Le carbone 14 est constamment renouvelé dans l’atmosphère. Théoriquement, la concentration de radiocarbone dans l’atmosphère est la même que celle dans les océans et la biosphère.
- L’effet réservoir marin tend à déséquilibrer le contenu en radiocarbone des organismes terrestres et marins.
- Les facteurs de correction de l’effet réservoir pour différents océans ont été établis et enregistrés dans une base de données.
La [datation par le radiocarbone](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/a-propos-datation-carbone.htm "datation par le radiocarbone") repose sur l’hypothèse qu’il existe un niveau constant de carbone 14 dans l’atmosphère, et dans les organismes, à travers différents mécanismes d’assimilation et d’équilibrage. Le carbone 14 est un isotope naturel du carbone, instable et faiblement radioactif.
Il est continuellement généré dans la haute atmosphère comme produit entre des neutrons issus de rayonnements cosmiques et l’azote. Les atomes se lient instantanément avec l’oxygène pour former des molécules de dioxyde de carbone. Celui-ci a les mêmes propriétés que les dioxydes de carbone à base d’isotopes de carbone 12 et 13, et est assimilé de la même façon par les océans, les plantes et autres organismes vivants.
Une deuxième hypothèse postule qu’un équilibre existe entre la formation de carbone 14 et sa désintégration, d’où un niveau constant de carbone 14 dans l’atmosphère à un moment donné dans le passé et dans le présent.
Cependant, ces hypothèses ne sont pas tout à fait exactes. Plusieurs facteurs doivent être considérés à cause de leur impact sur la concentration globale de carbone 14 et, par conséquent, celle de tout échantillon soumis à la datation.
## Cycle global du radiocarbone
L’atmosphère, les océans et la biosphère sont des réservoirs de radiocarbone en concentrations variables. Celui-ci passe de l’atmosphère aux océans par dissolution et est assimilé par les plantes par photosynthèse, entrant de fait dans la chaîne alimentaire, et pénètrent les organismes terrestres.
Les organismes marins et ceux qui les consomment absorbent également le carbone 14 dissous dans l’eau (sous forme de dioxyde de carbone). Cependant, la concentration n’est pas la même à la surface et au fond des océans, et les organismes marins n’ont donc pas tous les mêmes fractions de radiocarbone.
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Avertissement : cette vidéo est hébergée sur un site tiers et peut contenir de la publicité.
## Effet réservoir marin
Lorsqu’on mesure la teneur en radiocarbone d’un échantillon, il faut prendre en compte plusieurs facteurs, comme le contenu en radiocarbone de la source végétale ou animale de son vivant, ainsi que de son environnement immédiat.
C’est particulièrement le cas lorsqu’on compare les échantillons d’organismes terrestres avec ceux dont le carbone a été assimilé dans un environnement marin. À âge égal, la concentration en carbone 14 sera différente, conduisant à un âge radiocarbone différent.
Les océans sont de grands réservoirs de carbone 14, qui trouve son origine dans le dioxyde de carbone dans l’atmosphère et dans les eaux profondes. Le carbone des fonds océaniques provient du mélange avec les eaux de surfaces ainsi que des désintégrations s’y produisant. Des études montrent que le temps d’équilibrage du dioxyde de carbone à la surface est de l’ordre de 10 ans, tandis que le cas du dioxyde de carbone en eau profonde demeure inconnu.
La datation d’organismes terrestres et marins d’âge équivalent présenteront une différence d’âge radiocarbone de 400 ans. Dans le cas d’un arbre par exemple, l’atmosphère fournit l’ensemble du dioxyde de carbone, ce qui est loin d’être le cas des coquillages, des baleines ou des phoques, qui sembleront plus âgés.
Cet effet réservoir marin n’est pas le même partout, et cette différence doit être également prise en compte. Le mélange des eaux profondes avec des eaux de surface (phénomène de remontée d’eau, aussi appelé « upwelling ») dépend de la latitude et est particulièrement prononcé dans la région équatoriale. La forme du littoral, le climat local, les vents, les alizés et la topologie des fonds marins affectent tous le phénomène.
Selon une étude publiée en 1972 par J. Mangerud, la variation globale de l’effet réservoir, visible sur les carbonates de coquillages, est due à un mélange incomplet des eaux qui remontent des fonds, chargées en vieux carbonates inorganiques, avec de faibles concentrations de carbone 14 qui a eu le temps de se désintégrer après avoir stagné pendant plus de 1000 ans. Cette faible concentration induit un âge apparent beaucoup plus ancien.
## Comment déterminer l’effet de réservoir marin?
Il y a trois méthodes qui permettent de déterminer les différences régionales de l’effet réservoir. Elles sont listées par Sean Ulm dans un rapport datant de décembre 2006 :
- Datation au radiocarbone directe des spécimens marins d’avant 1955 dont l’âge historique est connu
- Datation au radiocarbone de paires d’échantillons coquillages/charbons provenant de sites archéologiques parfaitement préservés et supposés contemporains
- Datation radiocarbone et/ou paire radiocarbone et uranium-thorium (uranium-234 et thorium-230) de coraux et de coquillages avec une longue durée de vie, montrant des stries de croissances annuelles claires
## Correction de l’effet réservoir marin
Les échantillons marins et terrestres ne peuvent pas être comparés ou associés sans prendre en compte l’effet « réservoir marin ». Les facteurs de correction sont disponibles en ligne, sur le site Marine Reservoir Correction Database du Institute for Aegean Prehistory. Les corrections varient avec l’emplacement à cause de la complexité de la circulation des courants océaniques.
La base de données est également destinée à être utilisée par des logiciels d’étalonnages radiocarbone comme CALIB (Stuiver et Reimer, 1993) ou OxCal (Bronk Ramsey 1995), en utilisant les données d’étalonnage marin de 2020.
---
Avertissement : cette vidéo est hébergée sur un site tiers et peut contenir de la publicité.
## Correction localisée de l’effet « réservoir marin (DeltaR / DeltaRErr)
La [valeur DeltaR / DeltaRErr](https://www.radiocarbon.com/m) s’applique uniquement aux carbonates d’origine marine.
Une correction globale de réservoir marin allant de 200 ans à 500 ans est appliquée automatiquement, en fonction de l’âge de l’échantillon, à tout carbonate d’origine marine. Cette correction automatique rajeunit l’âge radiocarbone de l’échantillon afin de prendre en compte le délai de 200 à 500 ans nécessaire pour le dioxyde de carbone moderne d’infiltrer et se distribuer dans les colonnes d’eau de mer.
Une correction DeltaR / DeltaRErr est appliquée à l’échantillon après la correction globale. La valeur fournie par le client est ajoutée et/ou soustraite de l’âge auquel la correction globale de réservoir marin a été appliquée. Note: Un DeltaR négatif rendra la date plus âgée (présument généralement d’une dilution par de l’eau douce à partir de la moyenne marine globale).
## Effet eau dure
Les systèmes d’eau douce qui traversent le calcaire ou sont alimentés par de l’eau ancienne en provenance de sources peuvent donner des âges plus anciens que la réalité lors de la datation AMS des carbonates. Le carbone inorganique dissous (Dissolved Inorganic Carbon, DIC) utilisé dans la formation des coquilles ou lors de la précipitation des concrétions de carbonate sera plus âgé que l’époque de la formation en raison du DIC ancien du calcaire. Cela s’appelle “l’effet eau dure” lorsque l’effet provient du calcaire. Les systèmes aquatiques alimentés par de l’eau ancienne auront un DIC âgé associé à cette eau et le même effet pourra être observé. Les deux phénomènes peuvent être considérés comme “effet réservoir”.
La meilleure façon de connaître la compensation de l’effet réservoir consiste à analyser les matériaux organiques en association avec les coquilles qui ne sont pas soumises à cet effet. En règle générale, on utilise le charbon ou les graines trouvés en contact étroit avec le carbonate pour comparer les âges carbone 14 et on utilise ensuite la différence pour corriger les coquilles.
Si le chercheur n’est au courant d’aucune compensation, le laboratoire recommande de mener une recherche documentaire afin de comprendre les systèmes géologiques qui alimentent le site en eau.
## Datation carbone des coquilles de mollusques
Au fil des années, les [coquilles](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-coquilles.htm "shell") de mollusques sont certainement les espèces à coquilles qui ont fait l’objet du plus grand nombre d’études de datation. Elles sont constituées à la fois de composants organiques et inorganiques. La conchyoline, qui est organique, ne représente qu’une infime partie de l’ensemble de l’échantillon. Les mesures de radiocarbone concernent donc majoritairement la part inorganique composée de carbonate de calcium.
La datation radiocarbone de carbonates de coquilles pose quelques problèmes. Leur solubilité et leur tendance à interagir avec leur environnement ne permettent pas de garantir les résultats. Il faut prendre en compte aussi bien les effets réservoir marin que les effets d’eau dure.
*Dernière mise à jour de la page : mars 2021*
---
### [Coût de la datation au carbone – SGS Beta](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-14-prix.htm)
**Published:** February 27, 2025
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
Le laboratoire de datation au radiocarbone accrédité ISO 17025 SGS Beta propose des tarifs en fonction du type d’échantillon. Par exemple, notre prix pour la datation au carbone des os est différent de celui des charbons de bois en raison des prétraitements appliqués.
Les prix de la datation au carbone varient également en fonction du service demandé ou du délai d’exécution.
- AMS Standard – les résultats sont communiqués sous 14 jours ouvrés ou moins (après réception des échantillons au laboratoire à Miami)
- AMS Priority – 6 jours ouvrés ou moins
- AMS Time Guide – 2-3 jours ouvrés (non applicable aux [os](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-os.htm))
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---
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Ces informations pourraient également vous intéresser :
[Contrôle et assurance qualité](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-radiocarbone-lab2.htm "Contrôle et assurance qualité")
[Moyens et conditions de paiement](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/radiocarbone-laboratoire-paiement.htm "Moyens et conditions de paiement")
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*Dernière mise à jour de la page : Février 2025*
---
### [Thank you!](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-cost-thank-you.htm)
**Published:** September 4, 2022
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### [Obrigado por entrar em contato](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost-thank-you-pt.htm)
**Published:** February 11, 2019
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
Obrigado por entrar em contato. Verificamos os emails regularmente durante o horário comercial (8:00 – 17:00 EST, de segunda a sexta). Retornaremos o contato assim que possível. Para questões urgentes, por favor ligue para +44 2036171094 ext. 213 (Europa).
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### [海洋碳庫效應](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/marine-reservoir-effect.htm)
**Published:** June 24, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- 碳14或放射性碳在大氣中不斷地形成。理論上，由於平衡的關係，大氣中的放射性碳濃度與海洋和生物圈中的放射性碳濃度是相同的。
- 由於海洋碳庫效應，陸地生物的放射性碳含量和海洋生物的放射性碳含量是不一樣的。
- 不同海洋的海洋碳庫效應校正因子已經在數據庫中建立並記錄。
[放射性碳定年](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/about-carbon-dating.htm "放射性碳定年") 基礎假設，由於平衡，大氣中的碳14含量是穩定的，並且所有生物中的碳14含量也是不變的。碳14是自然生成的碳元素同位素，因為它不穩定，具有弱放射性，因此被稱為放射性碳。
宇宙射線和氮原子作用產生中子，而中子之間互相反應產生碳14，因此碳14的另一個特點是，它不斷地在上層大氣中形成。然後，這些碳14原子立即與大氣中的氧氣形成二氧化碳。由碳14形成的二氧化碳，無法與其他碳同位素形成的二氧化碳區分開來，因此碳14進入海洋、植物和其他生物的途徑，與碳12和碳13是一樣的。
另外也假設，碳14的形成及其衰變之間也存在平衡，因此大氣中的碳14在任何特定的時間（從過去一直到現在）都维持穩定的水平。
但是，這個假設並不準確。有幾個因素需要加以考慮，因為它們影響全球碳14的濃度，從而影響任何進行放射性碳定年樣品的碳14含量。
## 全球放射性碳循環
大氣、海洋和生物圈是濃度不同的放射性碳庫。大氣中形成的放射性碳以二氧化碳的形式溶解於海洋中，並透過光合作用在同一時間被植物吸收，進入食物鏈。這也是陸地生物在自身的系統中吸收碳14的方法。
海洋生物和以它們為食的生物透過碳14的交換過程（以二氧化碳的形式），吸收大氣和海洋或任何水體中的碳14。然而，表面混合層的碳14含量和深海的碳14含量是不一樣的，因此，並不是所有的海洋生物都具有相同的放射性碳含量。
---
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## 海洋碳庫效應
計算樣品的放射性碳含量時要考慮很多因素，其中之一是，植物或動物源還活著時的放射性碳含量以及當地的環境。
尤其是比較陸地生物樣品和從海洋環境吸收放射性碳的樣品時，更要考慮多種因素。即使生物的年齡一樣，它們的碳14含量樣也有可能不一樣，因此會有不同的放射性碳年齡。
海洋是巨大的碳14庫。海洋表面和其他水體有兩種放射性碳來源 – 大氣二氧化碳和深海。海洋的深層水透過與地表水混合獲得碳14，以及從放射性衰變中獲取碳14。研究顯示，地表水的二氧化碳（含碳14）獲得平衡大約是10年。深水的二氧化碳平衡程度仍然不明。
年齡等同的陸地和海洋生物的放射性碳年齡有約400年的差異。樹木等陸地生物主要從大氣二氧化碳中獲得碳14，但海洋生物卻不能。因此，來自海洋生物的樣品如貝殼、鲸鱼和海豹等要老得多。
另一個需要考慮的因素是，海洋碳庫的影響程度在所有地點都是不一樣的。向上的深層海水與地表水的混合被稱為湧升流現象，具有緯度依存性，主要發生在赤道地區。海岸線形狀、當地的氣候和風、信風以及海底地形也會影響湧升流。
根據1972年J. Mangerud公布的一項研究，由貝殼碳酸鹽顯示的海洋放射性碳庫效應全球變化，是由於來自深海的“古老”無機碳酸鹽的湧升流没有完全混合。在深海，1000多年的停留時間導致碳14活性在放射性衰變過程中枯竭，從而使碳14的表面年齡變得非常老。
## 如何確定海洋碳庫效應？
Sean Ulm於2006年12月公布的報告，列出了三種用於確定海洋碳庫效應的區域差異方法：
- 對公元1955年前、已知歷史年齡且採集時仍為活體的海洋樣品進行放射性碳定年；
- 對被為同時期、考古背景非常完整的殼類/木炭配對樣品進行放射性碳定年；
- 對活珊瑚或長壽的活貝殼（具有明確的年生長帶）進行放射性碳定年和（或）成對放射性碳，以及鈾釷（釷230和鈾234）定年；
## 海洋碳庫效應校正
如果不考慮海洋碳庫效應，則無法對陸地和海洋樣品進行比較或連結。全球不同海洋的校正因子，可上線参見海洋碳庫校正數據庫，該數據庫獲愛琴海史前研究所的部分資助。由於海洋環流的複雜性，實際校正隨位置而變化。
該數據庫還用於諸如CALIB（Stuiver和Reimer，1993）或OxCal（Bronk Ramsey，1995年）等放射性碳校正計劃，其使用2020年海洋校準數據集。
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## 當地碳庫校正 (DeltaR / DeltaRErr)
[DeltaR / DeltaRErr值](https://www.radiocarbon.com/m) 僅適用海洋碳酸鹽類。
根據海洋碳酸鹽的年代，200-至500-年的校正 （即全球海洋碳庫校正）自動套用在所有海洋碳酸鹽。此自動校正意味著放射性碳年齡會更接近近代，這是因為現代大氣與海洋中的CO2要達到平衡需花費200-500年的時間。
DeltaR / DeltaRErr校正適用已經經過全球海洋碳庫校正的樣品。這個已經校正的年齡要減去或加上客户提供的值。請注意：負數的DeltaR 將使年齡變老（通常認為淡水會稀釋全球海洋碳庫的平均值）。
## 硬水效應
當淡水流經石灰岩或與噴泉中的老水混合時，會導致碳酸鹽AMS定年結果出現年齡過大的偏差。由於石灰岩中的溶解無機碳（DIC）年齡較大，所以参與形成個體外殼或者形成碳酸鹽結核的溶解無機碳年齡比凝結成固體的年代還老。上述源於石灰岩的影響被稱為“硬水效應”。當水生生態系統混入老水，年齡較大的溶解無機碳混入水中，同樣也會發生硬水效應。這些現象都可被定義為“碳庫效應”。
取得碳庫偏差值的最佳方法是分析不受硬水效應影響且與外殼形成密切相關的有機物質。最常用的是與該碳酸鹽密切相關的木炭或種子，用其進行C14定年的結果來校正外殼的正確年齡。
如果您不知道或者不了解這種偏差，實驗室建議您查閱文獻資料來了解該處水資源的地質系統。
## 軟體動物貝殼的碳定年
在多年來進行放射性碳定年的所有 [貝殼](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-shells.htm "shell")中，軟體動物貝殼一直是進行測試最多的材料。這些貝殼具有無機和有機成分。貝殼硬蛋白（有機成分）只占整個樣品的極小一部分。因此，放射性碳測量通常適用於無機成分碳酸鈣。
貝殼的碳酸鹽放射性碳定年存在許多問題。碳酸鹽具有可溶性，且與環境會發生化學反應，因此無法保證碳14定年結果的準確性。碳14定年結果還應該考慮海洋碳庫效應以及硬水效應等因素。
相關主題: 2021年3月
---
### [海洋リザーバー効果](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/marine-reservoir-effect.htm)
**Published:** March 30, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- 放射性炭素年(C14)は定常的に大気中に供給されます。理論的には、放射性炭素は大気圏、海洋圏、生物圏で平衡状態にあります
- 海洋リザーバー効果によって、陸域の生物と海域の生物の放射性炭素濃度は異なります
- 世界各地における海洋リザーバー効果の補正値がデータベース化されています
放射性炭素(C14)は大気圏上層で、宇宙線の二次中性子と窒素の反応によって生成され、生成されたC14は大気中でただちに酸化され二酸化炭素として地球圏の炭素サイクルに組み込まれます。そして、C14は他の同位体(C12,C13)と共にあらゆる生物、植物に取り込まれるのです。
放射性炭素年代測定は、平衡状態によって、生きている生物のC14濃度が一定であるという仮定のもとに成り立っています。また、C14の生成と崩壊も平衡状態にあるので、大気中のC14濃度は過去から現在まで一定であると仮定されています。
しかし、様々な要因があり、上記の仮定は現実には成立しないため、放射性炭素年代測定では、年代を算出する際、上記の仮定の成立を阻む要因を考慮する必要があります。
## 全地球的な放射性炭素のサイクル
大気圏、海洋圏、生物圏は異なるC14のリザーバー効果を持ちます。大気中のC14は、CO2として海洋に溶け、植物は光合成によって取り込み、動物の場合は、食物連鎖によって取り込みます。
海洋において、C14の濃度は表層と深層で異なります。したがって、海洋生物のC14濃度は、どの生物においても一律というわけではありません。
弊社のようなが放射性炭素年代測定を行う際、様々な付随する要因を考慮しなけれならないのですが、そのひとつとして試料がどのような環境に生息していたかということがあります。特に、試料が陸域の生物か、海域の生物かということは重要です。両者は同じ年代だとしても、異なるC14濃度を持っているからです。
海洋表層の海水に存在するC14は、2つの起源を持ちます。ひとつは、大気CO2からくるもの。もうひとつが、海洋深層水からくるものです。海洋深層水のC14はあるレベルまで放射崩壊した後、表層水と混合します。海洋は大きな放射性炭素リザーバーと言われており、関連する研究によれば、表層水のリザーバー効果は10年程度と見積もられています。
同時代の陸域の生物と海域の生物は放射性炭素年代では平均的に約400年の差があります。海域の貝などは陸域の植物などにくらべ古いC14年代を示します。
さらに、海洋のリザーバー効果は、地域によっても異なるということを考慮しなければなりません。深層水の湧昇の影響が緯度によって異なるからです。
J. Mangerud の1972年、古い無機炭素を含む深層からの湧昇水の不完全な混合を要因とするC14濃度の海洋リザーバー効果による地球的な変動によって、貝殻の炭酸塩の見かけC14年代が非常に古くなるという論文を発表しました。
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免責事項:この動画はサードパーティーのサービスを利用しているため広告が表示されることがあります。
## 海洋リザーバー効果の決定
Sean Ulm の2006年のレポートによると地域的な海洋リザーバー効果の決定方法には以下の3つの方法があります。
- 1955年より前に生きていた、既知年代の海洋生物の放射性炭素年代測定
- 考古学的に同時代であることが完全に立証されている貝殻とCharcoalの放射性炭素年代測定
- 放射性炭素年代測定とウラン－トリウム年代の比較
## 海洋リザーバー効果のデータベース
海洋リザーバー効果を考慮しないと、海域の試料と陸域の試料の年代を比較することはできません。世界の各地域における海洋リザーバー効果の補正値は Marine Reservoir Correction Database としてデータベース化されています。(Institute for Aegean Prehistory基金による)
また、このデータ ベースは、Marine 2020 データセットを使用して、CALIB (Stuiver and Reimer, 1993)あるいはOxCal (Bronk Ramsey 1995) などの暦年代較正プログラムと共に用いることを企図しています。
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免責事項:この動画はサードパーティーのサービスを利用しているため広告が表示されることがあります。
## ローカルリザーバー効果 (DeltaR / DeltaRErr)
[DeltaR / DeltaRErr](https://www.radiocarbon.com/m)は海洋性の炭酸塩試料のみに適用されます。較正プログラムでは、海洋性の炭酸塩試料の年代によって、200年から500年の補正がグローバルリザーバー効果として自動的に行われます。
DeltaR / DeltaRErr はグローバルなリザーバー効果の補正に加えて、地域的なリザーバー効果の補正を行うために必要な値です。DeltaRがプラスの場合(ex. ΔR=200+/-50)、年代はより若くなり、マイナスの場合（例： ΔR=-200+/-50）はより古くなります。 DeltaRをお知らせいただくときは併せてその誤差（DeltaR Err）もお知らせください。
## 硬水効果
帯水層にライムストーン（石灰岩）がある淡水系や、湧水から年代の古い地下水の供給がある淡水系では、炭酸塩のAMS年代が実年代より古い年代を示すことがあります。 貝殻の形成に用いられる溶存無機炭素(DIC)や炭酸塩コンクリーション沈殿中のDICの年代はライムストーンからの古いDICによって、実際の形成年代よりも古いものになります。 こうしたライムストーン由来の影響を”hard water effect (硬水効果)”と言います。 年代の古い水が流れる利水システムも古いDICの存在により同様の効果をもたらす場合があります。 こうした現象は共に”reservoir effect (リザーバー効果)”と分類されます。
リザーバー効果によるオフセットを知るための最良の方法は貝殻と関連するリザーバー効果の影響がない有機物を測定することです。 一般的に炭酸塩試料に近接する木炭や種子が、放射性炭素年代の比較、較正に利用されます。
研究者がオフセットについて認識していない場合は、関連文献を検索し、調査地に水を供給している地質的なシステムについて理解することをお薦めしています。
## 軟体動物の貝殻
軟体動物の[貝殻](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-shells.htm "貝殻")は海域の生物の放射性炭素年代測定では最も多く使われてきました。貝殻の炭酸塩は非常に環境中で化学的に反応・交換が起き易いので、C14年代の正確度に影響を与えることがよくあります。貝殻のC14年代には海洋リザーバー効果はもちろんのことライムストーンなどの影響によるHard Water効果も考慮しなければならない場合もあります。
*最終更新：2021年3月*
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### [방사성 탄소의 해양 저장소 영향](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/marine-reservoir-effect.htm)
**Published:** January 27, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- 탄소 14 또는 방사성 탄소는 대기 중에 지속적으로 생성됩니다. 이론상, 대기권의 방사성 탄소 농도와 바다와 생명체의 농도는 평형 원리 때문에 동일합니다.
- 해양 저장소 영향으로 인해, 육상 생물체의 방사성 탄소 함유량은 해양 생물체와 다릅니다.
- 세계 각지의 바다에 대한 해양 저장소 효과의 수정 요소들을 데이터 베이스로 만들어 보관하고 있습니다.
탄소 14는 대기권에서 일정한 양이 있으며, 살아있는 생명체들도 평형 원리에 따라 일정하게 가지고 있다는 가정이 방사성 탄소 연대 측정의 가장 기본입니다. 탄소 14는 탄소에서 자연적으로 생긴 동위 원소이며, 불안정하고 아주 약한 방사성을 띄고 있어서 방사성 탄소라 부릅니다.
탄소 14의 또 다른 특징은 초고층 대기에서 우주선과 질소 원자가 만드는 중성자들 간의 반응으로 지속적으로 생성된다는 것입니다. 이 탄소 14 원자들은 대기권에 있는 산소와 반응하여 이산화 탄소를 만듭니다. 이 탄소 14로 생성된 이산화 탄소는 다른 탄소 동위 원소로 만들어진 이산화 탄소와 동일해서 식별이 불가능합니다. 따라서 바닷물 또는 식물이든 아니면 다른 생명체로 들어가는 탄소 14의 진로는 탄소 12와 탄소 13의 진로와 같습니다.
또한 탄소 14는 생성과 소멸 사이에 항상 평형을 유지해서 과거부터 현재까지 어느 시간이든 대기 중 탄소14의 수치는 일정하다고 가정합니다.
하지만 가정이 실제로 일어나지는 않습니다. 전 지구의 탄소 14 농도와 방사성 탄소 연대 측정할 샘플의 농도에 영향을 미치는 여러 요소들이 있어서 반드시 이를 고려해야 합니다.
## 방사성 탄소의 전 지구적 싸이클
대기, 해양, 생명체는 방사성 탄소의 농도가 수시로 변하는 저장소입니다. 대기에서 생성된 방사성 탄소는 이산화 탄소의 형태로 해양에 녹아 들며, 동시에 광합성을 통해 식물로 흡수되어 먹이 사슬로 들어가 육상 생물체가 이 식물을 먹음으로써 탄소 14를 받아들입니다.
해양에 살고 있는 생명체와 이들을 먹는 생물들은 대기권, 해양, 아니면 수분 형태로 탄소 14의 교환 과정을 통해 (이산화 탄소의 형태로) 탄소 14를 가집니다. 하지만 탄소 14 농도는 여러 바닷물이 섞이는 표면이나 깊은 바다에서는 서로 다릅니다. 따라서 모든 해양 생물들의 방사성 탄소 량 또한 모두 다릅니다.
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면책조항: 이 비디오는 제3자의 사이트에 올렸으며, 광고가 포함되어 있습니다.
## 해양 저장소 효과
연대 측정할 샘플의 방사성 탄소 량을 측정할 때 많은 고려 요인이 있습니다. 그 중 하나는 식물이나 동물이 살아 있을 때의 방사성 탄소 량과 그 당시의 환경입니다.
이는 특히 일반 육상 생물과 바닷물에서 방사성 탄소를 흡수한 육상 생물을 비교할 때는 특히 그렇습니다. 설사 이 생물들의 나이가 같더라도 탄소 14의 량은 다르며, 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 결과가 다르게 나옵니다.
바다는 커다란 탄소 14의 저장소입니다. 바다 표면과 심해로 방사성 탄소가 들어오는 데는 두 가지 방법이 있습니다. 하나는 대기권에서 오는 이산화 탄소이며, 다른 하나는 심해에서 오는 방사성 탄소입니다. 심해수는 해면 수와 섞이면서 들어오며, 이미 어느 정도 소멸한 방사성 탄소가 들어 있을 것입니다.
해면 수에서 이산화 탄소 (탄소 14와 더불어)의 평형 치는 10년 이상이며, 심해에서의 이산화 탄소 평형 치는 아직 알려지지 않았습니다.
동일한 나이를 가진 육상 생물과 해양 생물의 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 결과는 대략 400 방사성 탄소 년도 정도 차이가 납니다. 나무와 같은 육상 생물들은 주로 대기권의 이산화 탄소로부터 탄소 14를 얻는 반면에, 해양 생물들은 다양합니다. 조개류, 고래, 바다 표범과 같은 해양 생물 샘플은 오래된 연대 측정 결과가 나옵니다.
또 하나 고려해야 할 요인은 해양 저장소 효과의 규모가 모든 지역에서 똑같지는 않다는 것입니다. 심해수가 솟구쳐 올라 표면 수와 섞이는 것 -용승 현상이라 함-은 위도에 따라 다르며, 대부분 적도 지역에서 발생합니다. 용승에 영향을 끼치는 다른 요인으로는 해안 지대 형태, 지역 날씨와 바람, 무역풍, 대양 바닥의 지형 등이 있습니다.
1972년 J.Mangerud이 발표한 연구에 따르면, 조개류의 탄산염에서 반드시 나타나는 방사성 탄소의 해양 저장소 효과에서 전 지구적으로 오차가 생기는 이유는 ‘오래된’ 무기질 탄산염을 가진 심해수가 용승 현상으로 완전히 섞이지 않았기 때문이라 합니다. 그리고 심해수에는 1000년 이상 긴 시간으로 인해 탄소 14가 반감하게 되며, 그 결과 탄소 14의 나이가 더 들어 보이게 합니다.
## 해양 저장소 영향을 알아내는 방법
방사성 탄소의 해양 저장소 영향에서 지역적 차이를 알아내는 3가지 방법이 있으며, 이는 Sean Ulm이 2006년12월에 발표한 논문에 적혀 있습니다.
- 실제 나이가 알려진 서기 1955년 이전에 채집한 살아있는 샘플을을 직접 방사성 탄소 연대 측정하는 방법.;
- 동시적이라 추정하는 잘 통합된 고고학적 유물에서 짝을 이룬 조개 껍질/석탄 샘플을 방사성 탄소 연대 측정하는 방법. 그리고
- 확실한 나이테를 가지고 있는 살아있는 산호초나 조개류를 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 방법, 그리고/또는 방사성 탄소와 우라늄-토륨 (토륨-230과 우라늄-234)로 같이 연대 측정하는 방법.
## 해양 저장소 영향의 수정
육상과 해양 샘플은 방사성 탄소의 해양 저장소 효과를 반드시 고려하여 비교하고 생각해야 합니다. 서로 다른 전 세계 해양의 수정 사항들은 Institute for Aegean Prehistory가 일부 투자한 온라인 데이터 베이스인 Marine Reservoir Correction Database 에서 찾을 수 있습니다. 실질적인 수정 사항은 대양 순환의 복잡성으로 인해 지역에 따라 다양합니다.
데이터 베이스는 CALIB (Stuiver and Reimer, 1993) 또는 2020년 해양 교정 데이터세트로 사용한 OxCal (Bronk Ramsey 1995)와 같은 방사성 탄소 교정 프로그램과 함께 사용합니다.
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면책조항: 이 비디오는 제3자의 사이트에 올렸으며, 광고가 포함되어 있습니다.
## 지역성 저장효과 보정 (DeltaR / DeltaRErr)
[DeltaR / DeltaRErr value](https://www.radiocarbon.com/m) 은 해양성 탄산염 (marine carbonates)에만 적용합니다.
모든 해양성 탄산염에 대해서 각 연대에 따라 자동적으로 200 – 500 년의 보정(i.e. global marine reservoir correction)을 적용합니다. 이런 보정이 자동으로 필요하다는 것은 현재 대기중에 있는 이산화탄소가 바닷물에 완전히 흡수되어 평형이 되기까지 약 200-500년이 걸린다는 사실로 인해 탄소연대 측정치에 현재의 시간을 적용하여 보정한다는 것을 의미합니다.
A DeltaR / DeltaRErr 보정 값은 이미 위에서 설명한 global marine reservoir correction을 적용한 보정 값에 추가로 적용합니다. 이 보정 값은 고객이 지역적 보정 값을 제시해주어야 하며, 이미 보정한 연대에 더하거나 뺍니다. 참고사항 – 부정 값인 DeltaR은 연대가 오래된 것으로 만듭니다. (전지구 해양의 평균치에서 민물로 희석된다는 전형적인 가정에 따라).
## 경수 (Hard Water) 효과
석회암 (limestone) 지대에 있거나 여러 샘의 오래된 물을 간직한 경수는 연대측정에서 잘못된 오래된 연대값을 가지게 할 수 있다. 조개 껍질 형성을 위해 사용되거나, 탄산염 형성에 쓰인 물의 용존무기 탄소 (dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC))은 석회암의 오래된 DIC로 인해 형성 시기보다 더 오래된 연대값을 보여준다. 석회암으로 부터 온 이런 영향을 “경수 효과 (hard water effect)”라 한다. 오래된 물을 함유한 수상 시스템은 이런 물과 관련된 오랜 DIC를 가지며, 같은 효과가 관찰된다. 이런 두 현상 모두 “리저브어 효과 (reservoir effect)”로 불린다.
이런 리저브어를 제거하는 가장 좋은 방법은 이런 영향을 전혀 받지 않은 조개껍질과 연관된 유기 물질을 분석하는 것이다. 탄산염과 가장 관련된 목탄이나 씨앗의 C14 연대와 비교하여, 그 차이를 이용해 조개껍질을 보정하는 것이다.
만약 연구자들이 이런 상쇄방법을 모른다면, 문헌 참고 자료 조사를 하고, 채집 장소에 물을 공급해주는 지형적 시스템을 이해하는 것이다.
## Mollusk Shells (연체 갑각류)의 탄소 연대 측정
오랫동안 방사성 탄소 연대 측정해온 모든 갑각류 중에서 가장 많이 분석해 온 것이 연체 갑각류입니다. 무기질과 유기질 요소를 모두 갖고 있는데 유기질인 코니오린 (Conchiolin)은 전체 샘플에서 아주 작은 일부이며, 따라서 탄산 칼슘인 무기질로 방사성 탄소 연대 측정을 합니다.
조개류의 탄산염으로 방사성 탄소 연대 측정을 하는 데에는 많은 문제가 있습니다. 탄산염은 용해 성이 강해 화학적으로 주변 물질과 쉽게 반응해 정확한 연대 측정 결과를 보장할 수 없습니다. 또한 그 측정 결과에 방사성 탄소의 해양 저장소 영향과 경수 영향을 고려해야 합니다.
관련 자료: 2021년 3월
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### [Efeito Reservatório em Radiocarbono Marinho](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/marinho-reservatorio-efeito.htm)
**Published:** August 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- O carbono 14 ou radiocarbono é constantemente formado na atmosfera. Teoricamente, a concentração de radiocarbono na atmosfera é a mesma que nos oceanos e na biosfera através do equilíbrio.
- Devido ao efeito reservatório marinho, o conteúdo de radiocarbono dos organismos terrestres não é o mesmo dos organismos marinhos.
- Fatores de correção do efeito reservatório marinho para diferentes oceanos no mundo foram estabelecidos e registrados em um banco de dados.
O princípio básico da [datação por radiocarbono](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/sobre-carbono-datacao.htm "datação por radiocarbono") inclui a suposição de que existe um nível constante de carbono 14 na atmosfera e, portanto, em todos os organismos vivos através do equilíbrio. O carbono 14 é um isótopo natural do elemento carbono e é chamado de radiocarbono por ser instável e levemente radioativo.
Outra característica do carbono 14 é que ele é continuamente formado na atmosfera superior, como um produto da reação dos neutrões produzidos por raios cósmicos e átomos de nitrogênio. Estes átomos de carbono 14 reagem instantaneamente com o oxigênio presente na atmosfera para formar dióxido de carbono. O dióxido de carbono produzido com carbono 14 é indistinguível do dióxido de carbono que contêm outros isótopos de carbono. Por esse motivo, a trajetória do carbono 14 para o oceano, plantas e outros organismos vivos é o mesmo que o do carbono 12 e 13.
Também supõe-se que existe equilíbrio entre a formação e a deterioração do carbono 14 e, portanto, há um nível constante de carbono 14 na atmosfera em um determinado momento desde o passado até o presente.
Os pressupostos, no entanto, não explicam os fatos como realmente são. Há vários fatores que precisam ser considerados, já que afetam a concentração global de carbono 14 e, portanto, a de uma determinada amostra submetida à datação por radiocarbono.
## Ciclo Global de Radiocarbono
A atmosfera, os oceanos e a biosfera são reservatórios de radiocarbono de concentrações variadas. O radiocarbono formado na atmosfera se dissolve nos oceanos na forma de dióxido de carbono e passa a ser assimilado pelas plantas, através da fotossíntese, entrando nas cadeias alimentares. É assim que os organismos terrestres absorvem carbono 14 em seus sistemas.
Os organismos marinhos e aqueles que os consomem absorvem o carbono 14 a partir do processo de troca do carbono 14 (no formato de dióxido de carbono) na atmosfera e no oceano ou qualquer corpo de água. Entretanto, os conteúdos de carbono 14 não são iguais nas camadas superficiais que se misturam, em comparação com o fundo dos oceanos. Por essa razão, nem todos os organismos marinhos têm o mesmo conteúdo de radiocarbono.
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## Efeito Reservatório Marinho
Há muitos fatores que precisam ser considerados quando medimos o teor de radiocarbono de uma determinada amostra. Um dos quais é o conteúdo de radiocarbono da planta ou do animal quando estava vivo, bem como do seu ambiente local.
Isto é especialmente verdadeiro quando comparamos amostras de organismos terrestres e daqueles que assimilaram radiocarbono do ambiente marinho. Mesmo quando os organismos têm a mesma idade, eles não têm o mesmo conteúdo de carbono 14 e, portanto, apresentam idades diferentes de radiocarbono.
Os oceanos são grandes reservatórios de carbono 14. As superfícies dos oceanos e de outros corpos de água têm duas fontes de radiocarbono – dióxido de carbono atmosférico e o oceano profundo. As águas profundas dos oceanos obtêm carbono 14 misturando-se com as águas da superfície e também a partir da deterioração radioativa que já esteja ocorrendo em seus níveis. Estudos mostram que o equilíbrio de dióxido de carbono (com carbono 14) nas águas de superfície é da ordem de 10 anos. O grau de equilibração do dióxido de carbono em águas profundas permanece desconhecido.
As datas de radiocarbono de organismos terrestres e marinhos de idade equivalente apresentam uma diferença de aproximadamente 400 anos de radiocarbono. Os organismos terrestres, tal como as árvores,obtêm carbono 14 especialmente a partir do dióxido de carbono da atmosfera, mas o mesmo não acontece com os organismos marinhos. As amostras de organismos marinhos como conchas, baleias e focas parecem ser bem mais antigas.
Outro fator a ser considerado é que a magnitude do efeito reservatório marinho não é a mesma em todas as localidades. A mistura de águas profundas com as águas superficiais – em um fenômeno conhecido como ressurgência – depende da latitude e acontece predominantemente na região equatorial. O formato do litoral, o clima local e os ventos, os ventos alísios e a topografia do fundo do oceano também afetam a ressurgência.
De acordo com um estudo publicado em 1972 por J. Mangerud, a variação global em efeitos reservatório marinhos de radiocarbono, evidente em carbonatos de conchas, é devida à mistura incompleta de águas ressurgentes com carbonatos inorgânicos “antigos” do oceano profundo onde longos períodos de permanência de mais de mil anos causam o esgotamento de atividade de carbono 14 através da deterioração radioativa, resultando em uma idade aparente de carbono 14 muito antiga.
## Como Determinar Efeitos Reservatório Marinhos?
Três métodos são utlizados para determinar diferenças regionais no efeito reservatório de radiocarbono marinho, assim como foi explicado por Sean Ulm em um relatório de dezembro de 2006:
- Datação direta por radiocarbono de espécies marinhas coletadas vivas antes de 1955 DC, de idades históricas conhecidas;
- Datação por radiocarbono de amostras pareadas de conchas/carvão vegetal provenientes de contextos de alta integridade arqueológica, que se assume sejam contemporâneas; e
- Datação por radiocarbono e/ou datação pareada de radiocarbono e urânio-tório (tório-230 e urânio-234) de corais vivos ou conchas vivas de longa vida com bandas de crescimento anual bem claras.
## Correção do Efeito Reservatório Marinho
Amostras marinhas e terrestres não podem ser comparadas ou associadas sem contabilizar o efeito reservatório marinho de radiocarbono. Fatores de correção para diferentes oceanos ao redor do mundo são encontrados em um banco eletrônico de dados chamado “Marine Reservoir Correction Database”, o qual foi parcialmente financiado pelo Instituto de Pré-História Egeia (Institute for Aegean Prehistory). As correções atuais variam de acordo com a localização, devido às complexidades na circulação oceânica.
O banco de dados também foi desenvolvido para ser utilizado com programas de calibração de datação por radiocarbono, tais como o CALIB (Stuiver and Reimer, 1993) ou o OxCal (Bronk Ramsey, 1995), utilizando o conjunto de dados de calibração marinha de 2020.
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## Correção do Reservatório Localizado (DeltaR / DeltaRErr)
O [valor DeltaR / DeltaRErr](https://www.radiocarbon.com/m) é apenas usado nas análises de carbonatos marinhos.
Dependendo da idade do carbonato marinho, uma correção de 200 a 500 anos (ou seja, uma correção de reservatório marinho global) é feita automaticamente em todos os carbonatos marinhos. Esta correção automática faz com que a idade de radiocarbono seja mais recente, visto que leva de 200 a 500 anos para o dióxido de carbono atual ser incorporado e distribuído (equilibrado) através da coluna de água oceânica.
Uma correção DeltaR / DeltaRErr é aplicada à amostra, uma vez que a mesma tenha passado pela correção de reservatório marinho global. O valor fornecido pelo cliente é subtraído ou acrescentado a esta idade já corrigida. Nota: Um valor negativo DeltaR resultará em uma data mais antiga (tipicamente presumindo a diluição de água doce a partir da média marinha global).
## O Efeito da Água Dura
Os sistemas de água doce que fluem por pedra calcária ou que são alimentados por água antiga de nascentes podem gerar idades equivocadamente antigas em datações por AMS de carbonatos. O carbono inorgânico dissolvido (DIC – dissolved inorganic carbon) utilizado na formação de conchas ou na precipitação de concreções carbonáticas será mais antigo do que a época da formação devido ao DIC antigo da pedra calcária. Quando esse efeito provém de pedra calcária, ele é conhecido como o “efeito da água dura”. Sistemas aquáticos alimentados por água antiga terão o DIC antigo associado com essa água, e o mesmo efeito pode ser observado. Ambos os fenômenos podem ser classificados como “efeito reservatório”.
A melhor forma de saber a compensação do reservatório é analisar os materiais orgânicos associados às conchas, que não estão sujeitas ao efeito. Normalmente, utiliza-se carvão ou sementes encontrados em associação próxima ao carbonato para comparar as idades por carbono-14, e usar a diferença para corrigir as conchas.
Se o pesquisador não estiver ciente de qualquer compensação, o laboratório recomenda uma revisão da literatura e a compreensão dos sistemas geológicos que fornecem a água para o local.
## Datação por Carbono de Conchas de Moluscos
Entre todas as espécies de [conchas](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-conchas.htm "conchas") que foram datadas por radiocarbono ao longo dos anos, as conchas de moluscos foram as espécies analisadas com mais frequência. Estas conchas contêm componentes orgânicos e inorgânicos. A conquiolina, o componente orgânico, representa apenas uma pequena parte de toda a amostra. Por esta razão, as medições de radiocarbono costumam ser feitas no componente inorgânico, que é o carbonato de cálcio.
As datações por radiocarbono de carbonatos de conchas apresentam muitos problemas. Os carbonatos são bem solúveis e interagem quimicamente com o meio ambiente, de modo que a precisão dos resultados de datação por carbono 14 não pode ser garantida. Os resultados também devem levar em conta os efeitos reservatórios marinhos de radiocarbono, bem como os efeitos de água dura.
*Última atualização: março de 2021*
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### [Effetto serbatoio marino del radiocarbonio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/effetto-di-reservoir-marino.htm)
**Published:** July 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Il carbonio-14 o radiocarbonio si forma continuamente nell’atmosfera. In teoria, la concentrazione di radiocarbonio nell’atmosfera è la stessa di quella presente negli oceani e nella biosfera, grazie all’equilibrio.
- A causa dell’effetto serbatoio marino, il contenuto di radiocarbonio degli organismi terrestri non è lo stesso di quello degli organismi marini.
- I fattori di correzione dell’effetto serbatoio marino nei vari oceani del mondo sono stati stabiliti e registrati in un database.
Le basi della [datazione al radiocarbonio](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-al-carbonio.htm "Datazione al radiocarbonio") includono la presupposizione della presenza di un livello di carbonio-14 costante nell’atmosfera e quindi, attraverso l’equilibrio, in tutti gli organismi viventi. Il carbonio-14 è un isotopo naturale dell’elemento carbonio e viene anche chiamato radiocarbonio, poiché instabile e debolmente radioattivo.
Un’altra caratteristica del carbonio-14 è la sua costante formazione nell’alta atmosfera per causa della reazione tra i neutroni prodotti dai raggi cosmici e gli atomi di azoto. Questi atomi di carbonio-14 reagiscono istantaneamente con l’ossigeno presente nell’atmosfera per formare anidride carbonica. L’anidride carbonica formata con il carbonio-14 è indistinguibile dall’anidride carbonica che contiene gli altri isotopi del carbonio; per questo motivo il percorso del carbonio-14 in oceani, piante e altri organismi viventi è lo stesso del carbonio-12 e carbonio-13.
Si presume inoltre l’esistenza di un equilibrio tra la formazione del carbonio-14 e il suo decadimento e della conseguente presenza di un livello costante di carbonio-14 nell’atmosfera in un dato momento qualsiasi nel passato, fino ad oggi.
Tali ipotesi, tuttavia, non rappresentano il quadro reale. Esistono vari fattori da tenere in considerazione, perché sono in grado di influenzare la concentrazione globale di carbonio-14 e quindi anche quella di qualsiasi campione sottoposto alla datazione al radiocarbonio.
## Ciclo globale del radiocarbonio
L’atmosfera, gli oceani e la biosfera sono serbatoi di radiocarbonio con concentrazioni variabili. Il radiocarbonio formato nell’atmosfera si discioglie negli oceani sotto forma di anidride carbonica e contemporaneamente viene assimilato dalle piante attraverso la fotosintesi ed entra nella catena alimentare. Questo è il modo in cui gli organismi terrestri assorbono il carbonio-14 nei propri sistemi.
Gli organismi marini e chi se ne ciba assorbono il carbonio-14 dal processo di scambio (sotto forma di anidride carbonica) nell’atmosfera e nell’oceano o in un qualsiasi bacino d’acqua. Tuttavia, il contenuto di carbonio-14 negli strati superficiali e nelle profondità degli oceani non è lo stesso; di conseguenza, non tutti gli organismi marini hanno lo stesso contenuto di radiocarbonio.
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## Effetto serbatoio marino
È necessario tenere in considerazione molti fattori quando si misura il contenuto di un dato campione, uno dei quali è il contenuto di radiocarbonio dell’animale o della pianta quando questi erano in vita, oltre al loro ambiente di provenienza.
Questo è particolarmente importante quando si confrontano campioni di organismi terrestri e di altri che hanno assimilato radiocarbonio dall’ambiente marino. Sebbene gli organismi abbiano la stessa età, non hanno lo stesso contenuto di carbonio-14 e potrebbero quindi presentare una diversa età radiocarbonica.
Gli oceani sono grandi serbatoi di carbonio-14. Le superfici degli oceani e degli altri bacini d’acqua hanno due fonti di radiocarbonio – l’anidride carbonica atmosferica e le acque profonde degli oceani. Queste ultime ottengono il carbonio-14 dallo scambio con le acque superficiali, oltre che dal decadimento radioattivo già in atto al loro livello. Studi dimostrano che l’equilibrio dell’anidride carbonica (con il carbonio-14) nelle acque superficiali avviene nell’ordine di 10 anni. Il grado di equilibrio dell’anidride carbonica nelle acque profonde resta sconosciuto.
Le datazioni al radiocarbonio di organismi terrestri e marini di età equivalente presentano una deviazione di età radiocarbonica di circa 400 anni. Gli organismi terrestri come gli alberi ottengono il carbonio-14 principalmente dall’anidride carbonica atmosferica, a differenza degli organismi marini. Campioni provenienti da organismi marini come conchiglie, balene e foche appaiono molto più antichi.
Un altro fattore da tenere in considerazione è che la magnitudine dell’effetto serbatoio marino non è identica in tutte le aree. L’upwelling, ovvero la risalita di acque profonde verso gli strati superficiali, dipende dalla latitudine e si verifica principalmente nelle regioni equatoriali. Anche la forma della costa, la topografia del fondale oceanico, gli alisei, il vento ed il clima locali contribuiscono alla risalita di acque profonde (upwelling).
Secondo uno studio pubblicato nel 1972 da J. Mangerud, la variazione globale dell’effetto serbatoio marino evidente nei carbonati delle conchiglie dipende dall’incompleta miscelazione delle acque soggette a upwelling, che contengono carbonati inorganici “antichi” provenienti dalle acque oceaniche profonde dove i lunghi tempi di residenza superiori a 1.000 anni causano il decadimento dell’attività del carbonio-14, risultando in un’età radiocarbonica apparente estremamente antica.
## Come determinare gli effetti serbatoio marino?
Esistono tre metodi per determinare le differenze regionali nell’effetto serbatoio marino, come elencati da Sean Ulm in una relazione del dicembre 2006:
- La datazione al radiocarbonio diretta di campioni marini di età storica conosciuta raccolti vivi prima del 1955 DC;
- La datazione al radiocarbonio di coppie di campioni di conchiglie/carbone provenienti da contesti archeologici ad elevata integrità che si ritengono contemporanei, e
- La datazione al radiocarbonio e/o la datazione abbinata radiocarbonio/uranio-torio (torio-230 e uranio-234) di coralli vivi o conchiglie a vita lunga e chiare fasce di crescita annuale.
## Correzione per l’effetto serbatoio marino
I campioni terrestri e marini non possono essere paragonati o associati senza tenere conto dell’effetto serbatoio marino del radiocarbonio. I fattori di correzione per i diversi oceani del mondo si trovano in un database online, il Marine Reservoir Correction Database, finanziato in parte dall’Institute for Aegean Prehistory. La correzione reale varia a seconda della posizione, a causa della complessa circolazione oceanica.
Il database è anche rivolto all’uso in programmi di calibrazione del radiocarbonio come CALIB (Stuiver e Reimer, 1993) o OxCal (Bronk Ramsey 1995) che utilizzano il set dati di calibrazione marina del 2020.
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## Correzione dell’effetto serbatoio locale (DeltaR / DeltaRErr)
Il [valore DeltaR / DeltaRErr](https://www.radiocarbon.com/m) viene applicato solo ai carbonati marini.
A seconda dell’età del carbonato marino, viene applicata automaticamente una correzione di 200-500 anni (ovvero la correzione del serbatoio marino globale) a tutti i campioni. L’applicazione di questa correzione automatica significa che la data radiocarbonica viene resa più recente, poiché sono necessari da 200 a 500 anni perché l’anidride carbonica moderna presente nell’atmosfera sia incorporata e distribuita (equilibrata) nella colonna d’acqua oceanica.
Successivamente alla correzione dell’effetto serbatoio globale, al campione viene applicata anche la correzione DeltaR / DeltaRErr. Il valore fornito dal cliente viene sottratto o aggiunto a questa età corretta. Nota: Un valore DeltaR negativo renderà maggiore l’età del campione (si presume una diluizione con acqua dolce rispetto alla media globale dell’acqua marina).
## Effetto acqua dura
I sistemi d’acqua dolce che scorrono attraverso le rocce calcaree o che sono alimentati da sorgenti antiche possono produrre età falsamente antiche, quando i carbonati sono sottoposti alla datazione AMS. Il carbonio inorganico disciolto (DIC) utilizzato dagli organismi per formare la conchiglia o coinvolto nella precipitazione delle concrezioni carbonatiche sarà più vecchio rispetto alla data effettiva di formazione, a causa del DIC antico proveniente dal calcare. Questo effetto prodotto dal calcare è chiamato “effetto acqua dura”. Nei sistemi idrici alimentati da acqua antica, che ricevono perciò DIC antico, è possibile osservare lo stesso effetto. Entrambi i fenomeni possono essere classificati come “effetti serbatoio”.
Il modo migliore di individuare la compensazione dell’effetto serbatoio è analizzare materiali organici associati alle conchiglie, che non sono soggetti a questo effetto. Solitamente, il carbone o i semi trovati in associazione con i carbonati vengono sfruttati per comparare le età radiocarboniche e la differenza viene utilizzata per correggere l’età delle conchiglie.
Se il ricercatore non è al corrente di alcun effetto serbatoio, il laboratorio raccomanda di consultare la letteratura e di comprendere a fondo i sistemi geologici che forniscono acqua al sito di campionamento.
## Datazione al carbonio di conchiglie di mollusco
Di tutte le specie di [conchiglie](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-le-conchiglie-al-carbonio.htm "conchiglia") sottoposte negli anni alla datazione al radiocarbonio, quelle dei molluschi sono state quelle più analizzate. Queste conchiglie hanno sia componenti organici che inorganici. La conchiolina, il componente organico, è solo una minima porzione dell’intero campione. Per questo motivo le misurazioni al radiocarbonio vengono solitamente effettuate sul componente inorganico, il carbonato di calcio.
La datazione al radiocarbonio dei carbonati delle conchiglia pone molti problemi. I carbonati hanno una discreta solubilità ed interagiscono chimicamente con l’ambiente circostante non permettendo di garantire la precisione dei risultati della datazione al carbonio-14. I risultati devono inoltre tenere in considerazione degli effetti serbatoio marino e gli effetti acqua dura.
*Ultimo aggiornamento: marzo 2021*
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### [Efecto reservorio marino en el radiocarbono](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/marino-reserva-efecto.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- El carbono-14 o radiocarbono se forma continuamente en la atmósfera. En teoría, la concentración de radiocarbono en la atmósfera es la misma que en los océanos y la biosfera, están en equilibrio.
- Debido al efecto reservorio marino, el contenido de radiocarbono de organismos terrestres no el mismo que el de los organismos marinos.
- Los factores de corrección del efecto reservorio marino para diferentes océanos en el mundo han sido establecidos y registrados en una base de datos.
La base para la [datación por radiocarbono](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/sobre-carbono-datacion.htm "datación por radiocarbono") incluye la suposición de que existe un nivel constante de carbono-14 en la atmósfera que está en equilibrio y que es el mismo en todos los organismos vivos. El carbono-14 es un isótopo natural del elemento carbono y se denomina radiocarbono por ser inestable y débilmente radioactivo.
Otra característica del carbono-14 es que se forma continuamente en la atmósfera superior como un producto de la reacción de los neutrones producidos por rayos cósmicos y los átomos de nitrógeno. Estos átomos de carbono-14 reaccionan después instantáneamente con el oxígeno presente en la atmósfera para formar dióxido de carbono. El dióxido de carbono formado con carbono 14 es indistinguible del dióxido de carbono formado por los otros isótopos de carbono, por lo que las vías del carbono-14 en el océano, las plantas y en otros organismos vivos son las mismas que las del carbono-12 y el carbono-13.
También se supone que hay un equilibrio entre la formación de carbono 14 y su decaimiento, por lo que hay un nivel de carbono-14 en la atmósfera que es constante desde un momento dado en el pasado hasta el presente.
Las suposiciones, sin embargo, no son completamente reales. Hay varios factores que deben tenerse en cuenta debido a que afectan a la concentración global de carbono-14 y, por lo tanto, la de cualquier muestra que quiera ser datada.
## Ciclo mundial del radiocarbono
La atmosfera, los océanos y la biosfera son depósitos de radiocarbono de concentraciones variadas. El radiocarbono formado en la atmosfera se disuelve en los océanos en la forma de dióxido de carbono y es, simultáneamente, asimilado por plantas a través de la fotosíntesis, entrando así en la cadena alimenticia y, de esta forma, en los sistemas de los organismos terrestres.
Los organismos marinos y aquellos que los consumen toman el carbono-14 a partir del proceso de intercambio de carbono-14 (en la forma de dióxido de carbono) en la atmosfera y el océano o cualquier cuerpo de agua. Sin embargo, el contenido de carbono-14 no es el mismo en las capas superficiales que en las profundidades del océano, por lo que no todos los organismos marinos tienen el mismo contenido de radiocarbono.
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## Efecto reservorio marino
Hay muchos factores a considerar cuando se mide el contenido de radiocarbono de una muestra dada. Uno de ellos es el contenido de radiocarbono de la fuente vegetal o animal cuando vivía y se encontraba en su ambiente local.
Esto es especialmente cierto cuando se comparan muestras de organismos terrestres con aquellos que asimilaron radiocarbono en un medio marino. Incluso si los organismos tienen la misma edad, no tendrán el mismo contenido de carbono-14 y, por tanto, parecerá que tienen una edad radiocarbónica diferente.
Los océanos son grandes reservorios de carbono-14. Las superficies de los océanos y de otros cuerpos de agua tienen dos fuentes de radiocarbono: el dióxido de carbono atmosférico y el océano profundo. Las aguas profundas en océanos obtienen carbono-14 al mezclarse con las aguas superficiales y de la desintegración radioactiva ya existente en sus niveles. Estudios muestran que el equilibrio de dióxido de carbono (con carbono-14) en el agua superficial se consigue en unos 10 años. El grado de equilibrio de dióxido de carbono en aguas profundas permanece desconocido.
Las fechas radiocarbónicas de un organismo terrestre y marino de edad equivalente tienen una diferencia de cerca de 400 años de radiocarbono. Los organismos terrestres como los árboles obtienen carbono-14 principalmente del dióxido de carbono atmosférico, pero los organismos marinos no. Las muestras de organismos marinos como conchas, ballenas, y focas parecen mucho más antiguas.
Otro factor a considerar es que la magnitud del efecto reservorio marino no es la misma en todos los lugares. La mezcla de aguas profundas con aguas superficiales, fenómeno denominado afloramiento, depende de la latitud y se presenta predominantemente en la región ecuatorial. La forma de la línea de costa, el clima local y los vientos, los vientos alisios, y la topografía del fondo del océano, también afectan al afloramiento.
Según un estudio publicado en 1972 por J. Mangerud, la variación global en efecto reservorio marino del radiocarbono, evidente en carbonatos de conchas, son debidos a la mezcla incompleta del agua que aflora con los carbonatos inorgánicos “viejos” de las profundidades del océano, donde los largos periodos de permanencia de más de 1.000 años causan el agotamiento de actividad de carbono-14 a través de la desintegración radioactiva, resultando en una edad aparente de carbono-14 muy vieja.
## ¿Cómo determinar el efecto reservorio marino?
Hay tres métodos utilizados para determinar diferencias regionales en el efecto reservorio en radiocarbono marino, según el listado de Sean Ulm, en un informe de diciembre de 2006:
- La datación por radiocarbono directa de especímenes recolectados vivos antes de 1955 AD y de edad histórica conocida.
- La datación por radiocarbono de muestras de conchas/carbón emparejadas de contexto arqueológico de alta integridad que se suponen contemporáneas.
- La datación por radiocarbono y/o datación emparejada de radiocarbono y uranio-torio (torio-230 y uranio-234) de corales vivos o conchas vivas de larga duración con claras bandas de crecimiento anuales.
## Corrección de efecto reservorio marino
Las muestras terrestres y marinas no pueden compararse o asociarse sin tener en cuenta el efecto reservorio marino. Los factores de corrección para los diferentes océanos en el mundo se encuentran en la base de datos online Marine Reservoir Correction Database, fundada parcialmente por el Instituto de Prehistoria Egea. Las correcciones reales varían según el lugar debido a la complejidad de la circulación oceánica.
La base de datos también está pensada para su uso con programas de calibración de radiocarbono como CALIB (Stuiver y Reimer, 1993) u OxCal (Bronk Ramsey, 1995) usando la base de datos de calibración marina de 2020.
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## Corrección localizada del reservorio (DeltaR / DeltaRErr)
El efecto del [valor DeltaR / DeltaRErr](https://www.radiocarbon.com/m) sólo se utiliza para carbonatos marinos.
Dependiendo de la edad del carbonato marino, se aplica automáticamente una corrección de 200 a 500 años a todos los carbonatos marinos (es decir, la corrección del reservorio marino global). Esta corrección automática supone que la fecha del radiocarbono es más reciente debido a que el dióxido de carbono actual necesita de 200 a 500 años en la atmósfera para incorporarse y distribuirse (equilibrarse) en la columna de agua marina.
Una corrección DeltaR / DeltaRErr se aplica a la muestra que ha sido corregida con la corrección del reservorio marino global. El valor proporcionado por el cliente es sumado o restado a esta edad ya corregida. Nota: Un valor DeltaR negativo resultará en una fecha más antigua (suponiendo normalmente la disolución de agua dulce a partir de la media marina global).
## Efecto del agua dura
Los sistemas de agua dulce que fluyen en piedra caliza o se alimentan de agua antigua proveniente de manantiales pueden generar edades antiguas equivocadas en la datación por AMS de carbonatos. El carbono inorgánico disuelto (DIC por sus siglas en inglés) utilizado en la formación de conchas o en la precipitación de concreciones de carbonato será más antiguo que la época de formación debido al DIC antiguo de la piedra caliza. Este proceso es conocido como el “efecto del agua dura” cuando el efecto se deriva de la piedra caliza. Los sistemas acuáticos que se alimentan de agua antigua tendrán un DIC antiguo asociado con esa agua y el mismo efecto puede observarse. Ambos fenómenos pueden clasificarse como “efecto reservorio”.
La mejor forma de conocer la compensación del reservorio es analizar los materiales orgánicos junto con las conchas que no están sujetas a tal efecto. Usualmente, el carbón vegetal o las semillas que se encuentran en estrecha asociación con el carbonato son utilizados para comparar las fechas de Carbono-14 y usar la diferencia para corregir la de las conchas.
Si el investigador desconoce la existencia de alguna compensación, el laboratorio recomienda hacer una revisión de la literatura y comprender los sistemas geológicos que proveen de agua al sitio.
## Datación por radiocarbono de conchas de moluscos
De todas las especie de [conchas](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-conchas.htm "conchas") que han sido datadas por radiocarbono en los últimos años, las conchas de moluscos han sido las especies más estudiadas. Estas conchas tienen tanto componentes orgánicos como inorgánicos. La conquiolina, el componente orgánico, supone sólo una ínfima parte de toda la muestra. Así, las mediciones por radiocarbono son generalmente aplicadas al componente inorgánico, que es el carbonato de calcio.
La datación por radiocarbono de los carbonatos de conchas plantea muchos problemas porque los carbonatos son muy solubles e interactúan químicamente con el medio ambiente, lo que hace que la precisión de los resultados de la datación radiocarbónica no pueda ser garantizada. Los resultados también deberían tener en cuenta el efecto reservorio marino, así como la dureza del agua.
*Última actualización de la página: Marzo de 2021*
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### [Der C-14 Meerwasser Effekt](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/meer-reservoir-effekt.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- In der Atmosphäre werden ständig Kohlenstoff-14 oder Radiokohlenstoff gebildet. Theoretisch ist die C-14 Konzentration C-13 in der Atmosphäre wegen des Gleichgewichts zwischen den Meeren und der Biosphäre gleich.
- Aufgrund des Meerwasser Effekts ist der C-14-Gehalt von terrestrischen Organismen nicht gleich dem Gehalt von marinen Organismen.
- Meerwasser Effekt Korrekturfaktoren wurden für unterschiedliche Ozeane der Welt aufgenommen und in einer Datenbank erfasst.
Die Grundlage der C14-Datierung beruht auf der Annahme, dass es ein konstantes Niveau von Kohlenstoff-14 in der Atmosphäre gibt und C-14 deshalb durch dieses Gleichgewicht in allen lebenden Organismen gefunden werden kann. C-14 ist ein natürlich vorkommendes Isotop des Elements Kohlenstoff und wird als Radiokohlenstoff bezeichnet, weil es instabil und schwach radioaktiv ist.
Ein weiteres Merkmal von C-14 ist, dass es kontinuierlich in der oberen Atmosphäre als Produkt der Reaktion von Neutronen durch kosmische Strahlung und Stickstoff-Atomen gebildet wird. Diese Kohlenstoff-14-Atome reagieren dann sofort mit dem in der Atmosphäre vorhandenen Sauerstoff zu Kohlendioxid. Kohlendioxid, das aus C-14 gebildet wurde, ist nicht von Kohlendioxid zu unterscheiden, das aus den anderen C-Isotopen gebildet wurde; folglich ist der Weg von Kohlenstoff-14 in den Ozean, Pflanzen und anderer Organismen der gleiche wie der von C-12 und C-13.
Es wird auch angenommen, dass es ein Gleichgewicht zwischen der Bildung von Kohlenstoff-14 und seinem Zerfall gibt, folglich gibt es zu jedem Zeitpunkt in der Vergangenheit bis zur Gegenwart ein konstantes Niveau von Kohlenstoff-14 in der Atmosphäre.
Diese Annahmen sind allerdings nicht ganz korrekt. Es gibt mehrere zu berücksichtigende Faktoren, weil sie die globale Konzentration von Kohlenstoff-14 beeinflussen und daher auch die Konzentration jeder Probe, die auf C-14 datiert werden soll.
## Globaler Kohlenstoffkreislauf
Die Atmosphäre, Ozeane und Biosphäre sind C-14 Reservoirs mit unterschiedlichen Konzentrationen. Radiokohlenstoff, der in der Atmosphäre gebildet wird, löst sich in den Ozeanen in Form von Kohlendioxid und gleichzeitig wird dieses Kohlendioxid von den Pflanzen durch Photosynthese assimiliert und gelangt in die Nahrungskette. Auf diese Weise nehmen terrestrische Organismen C-14 auf.
Meeresorganismen und diejenigen, die sie konsumieren, nehmen Kohlenstoff-14 aus dem Austausch von Kohlenstoff 14 (in Form von Kohlendioxid) in der Atmosphäre und des Ozeans oder anderer Gewässer auf. Allerdings entspricht der Kohlenstoff-14-Gehalt an der Oberfläche nicht dem Gehalt aus der Tiefsee, daher haben nicht alle Meeresorganismen den gleichen C-14 Gehalt.
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Haftungsausschluss: Dieses Video wird auf der Website Dritter bereit gestellt und kann Werbung enthalten.
## Meerwasser Effekt
Es gibt viele Faktoren, die für die Messung des C-14 Anteils einer zu analysierenden Probe berücksichtigt werden müssen. Einer dieser Faktoren ist der C14-Gehalt der pflanzlichen oder tierischen Quelle. Auch wann und unter welchen Umständen diese Quelle gelebt hat ist ein wichtiger Faktor.
Dies gilt vor allem beim Vergleich von Proben aus terrestrischen Organismen und solchen, die Radiokarbon aus der Meeresumwelt assimilierten. Auch wenn die Organismen gleich alt wären, hätten sie nicht den gleichen C-14 Gehalt und würden folglich ein unterschiedliches C-14 Alter aufweisen.
Ozeane sind große C-14 Reservoirs. Die Oberflächen der Ozeane und andere Gewässer haben zwei C-14 Quellen – atmosphärisches Kohlendioxid und die Tiefsee. Das Tiefseewasser in den Ozeanen erhält Kohlenstoff-14 durch die Mischung mit den Oberflächengewässern, aber auch durch den radioaktiven Zerfall, der bereits in der Tiefsee stattfindet. Studien zeigen, dass der Ausgleich von Kohlendioxid (mit C-14) im Oberflächenwasser ca. 10 Jahre dauert. Wie lange ein Ausgleich von Kohlendioxid in der Tiefsee dauert, bleibt weiter unbekannt.
C-14 Daten eines terrestrischen und eines marinen Organismus des gleichen Alters weisen etwa eine Differenz von 400 C-14 Jahren auf. Terrestrische Organismen, wie Bäume, nehmen C-14 primär durch atmosphärisches Kohlendioxid auf, während marine Organismen dies nicht tun. Proben von marinen Organismen wie Muscheln, Walen und Robben erscheinen daher viel älter.
Ein weiterer zu berücksichtigender Faktor ist, dass die Auswirkung des Meerwasser Effekts nicht in jedem Gebiet gleich ist. Die Vermischung von Tiefseewasser mit Oberflächenwasser ist ein Phänomen, das man als Tiefenwasseraufstieg bezeichnet. Dieses Phänomen ist vom Breitengrad abhängig und tritt vorwiegend im Bereich des Äquators auf. Die Beschaffung der Küste, lokales Klima, Passatwinde und die Topographie des Ozeanbodens können ebenfalls den Auftrieb beeinflussen.
Laut einer Studie von J. Mangerud aus dem Jahre 1972 sind globale Veränderung des C-14 Meerwasser Effekts im Schalenkarbonat nachweisbar, wegen der unvollständigen Vermischung von auftreibendem Wasser des „alten” anorganischen Karbonats aus den Tiefen des Ozeans, wo lange Verweilzeiten von mehr als 1.000 Jahren eine Erschöpfung der Kohlenstoff-14-Aktivität durch radioaktiven Zerfall verursacht, was zu einem sehr alt erscheinenden C-14 Alter führt.
## Wie ermittelt man Meerwasser Effekte?
Es gibt drei Methoden zur Bestimmung regionaler Unterschiede bei Meerwasser Effekten. Diese wurden von Sean Ulm in einem Bericht vom Dezember 2006 aufgeführt:
- C-14 Datierung von marinen Arten, die vor 1955 gesammelt wurden und dessen Alter bekannt sind;
- C-14 Datierung von Schalen/Kohle gepaart mit Stichproben aus archäologischen Kontexten mit hoher Integrität, von denen man ausgeht, dass diese zeitgleich stattfanden; und
- C-14 Datierung von Uran-Thorium (Thorium-230 und Uran-234) und/oder gepaart mit einer Datierung von lebenden Korallen oder lange lebenden Muscheln mit gut zu erkennenden Jahreswachstumsbändern.
## Meerwasser Effekt Korrektur
Terrestrische und marine Proben können ohne Berücksichtigung des Meerwasser Effektes nicht verglichen oder verknüpft werden. Die Korrekturfaktoren für verschiedene Ozeane der Welt können in einer Online-Datenbank namens Marine Reservoir Correction Database gefunden werden. Diese Datenbank wurde zum Teil durch das Institut für Ägäische Vorgeschichte finanziert.
Die tatsächliche Korrektur ändert sich je nach Gebiet aufgrund von Komplexitäten in der Meereszirkulation. Die Datenbank wird auch für den Einsatz von C-14 Kalibrierprogrammen wie CALIB (Stuiver und Reimer, 1993) oder OxCal (Bronk Ramsey 1995) verwendet und basiert auf dem marinen Kalibrierungs-Datensatz von 2020.
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Haftungsausschluss: Dieses Video wird auf der Website Dritter bereit gestellt und kann Werbung enthalten.
## Lokalisierte Reservoir Korrektur (DeltaR / DeltaRErr)
Der [DeltaR / DeltaRErr Wert](http://calib.org/marine/) wird nur für marine Karbonate verwendet.
Abhängig vom Alter der Karbonate, wird eine Korrektur von 200 bis 500 Jahre (globale marine Reservoir Korrektur) automatisch auf alle Karbonate angewendet. Diese automatische Korrektur bedeutet, dass das Radiokarbon Datum rezenter wird, da es 200-500 Jahre braucht, bis heutiges Kohlendioxid in der Atmosphäre in die Wassersäule des Ozeans eingebaut und verteilt (ausgeglichen) wird.
Eine DeltaR / DeltaRErr Korrektur wird auf eine Probe angewendet, die mit Hilfe der globalen marinen Reservoir Korrektur korrigiert wurde. Der durch den Klienten bereitgestellte Wert wird vom bereits korrigierten Alter subtrahiert oder addiert. Hinweis: Ein negativer DeltaR Wert wird die Datierung älter machen (vorausgesetzt Süßwasser Verdünnung basierend auf dem globalen Meeresdurchschnitt).
## Hard Water Effect
Süßwassersysteme, die durch Kalkstein fließen oder von Quellen gespeist werden, die altes Wasser enthalten, ergeben eventuell fälschlich alte AMS Kohlenstoff-Daten. Der gelöste anorganische Kohlenstoff (Dissolved Inorganic Carbon, kurz DIC), der von Spezies zur Schalenbildung verwendet wird oder Ablagerungen durch Carbonat-Verdichtung, werden aufgrund des DIC aus dem Kalkstein älter erscheinen, als der tatsächliche Entstehungszeitraum. Wenn die Auswirkungen auf Kalkstein zurückzuführen sind, bezeichnet man dies als “Hard Water Effect”. Aquatische Systeme, die ausschließlich durch altes Wasser gespeist werden, weisen altes DIC aus besagtem Wasser auf, sodass der gleiche Effekt zu beobachten ist. Beide Phänomene können als “Reservoir Effekt” klassifiziert werden.
Die beste Option, um die Reservoir-Verschiebung zu eruieren, ist die organischen Materialien, auf die der Effekt keine Auswirkungen hat, im Zusammenhang mit den Schalentieren zu analysieren. Meist werden Holzkohle- oder Samendaten, die in engem Zusammenhang mit den Karbonaten stehen, verwendet, um das Karbon-14 Alter zu vergleichen und mittels der Differenz werden die Daten der Schalentiere korrigiert.
Falls keine Verschiebung bekannt ist, empfiehlt das Labor Literaturrecherchen und eine Eruierung der geologischen Systeme, die das Wasser vor Ort beeinflussen.
## C-14 Datierung von Muschelschalen
Von allen [Schalenarten](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-schalen.htm "Schalenarten"), die in den vergangenen Jahren C-14 datiert wurden, sind Muschelschalen die am häufigsten getestete Art. Diese Schalen bestehen sowohl aus organischen, als auch aus anorganischen Komponenten. Die organische Komponente ist das Conchiolin und es macht nur einen kleinen Teil der ganzen Probe aus. Deshalb werden C-14 Messungen für gewöhnlich an der anorganischen Komponente, dem Kalzium Karbonat, vorgenommen.
Die C-14 Datierung von Schalen bringt viele Probleme mit sich. Karbonate sind leicht löslich und interagieren chemisch mit ihrer Umgebung, daher können präzise C-14 Datierungsbefunde nicht garantiert werden. Die Befunde sollten zusätzlich den Meerwasser – und den Hartwassereffekt einbeziehen.
*Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: März 2021*
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### [Marine Radiocarbon Reservoir Effect](https://www.radiocarbon.com/marine-reservoir-effect.htm)
**Published:** April 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Carbon 14 or radiocarbon is continually being formed in the atmosphere. Theoretically, the radiocarbon concentration in the atmosphere is the same in oceans and the biosphere through equilibrium.
- Due to marine reservoir effect, the radiocarbon content of terrestrial organisms is not the same as marine organisms.
- Marine reservoir effect correction factors for different oceans in the world have been established and recorded in a database.
The basis of [radiocarbon dating](http://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm "radiocarbon dating") includes the assumption that there is a constant level of carbon 14 in the atmosphere and therefore in all living organisms through equilibrium. Carbon 14 is a naturally occurring isotope of the element carbon and is called **radiocarbon.** It is unstable and weakly radioactive.
Another characteristic of carbon 14 is that it is continually being formed in the upper atmosphere as a product of the reaction between neutrons produced by cosmic rays and nitrogen atoms. These carbon 14 atoms then instantaneously react with oxygen present in the atmosphere to form carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide formed with carbon 14 is indistinguishable from the carbon dioxide with the other carbon isotopes; hence the pathway of carbon 14 into the ocean, plants, and other living organisms is the same as that of carbon 12 and carbon 13.
It is also assumed that there is equilibrium between carbon 14 formation and its decay, thus there is a constant level of carbon 14 in the atmosphere at any given time in the past up to the present.
The assumptions, however, do not paint the real picture. There are several factors that need to be considered because they affect the global concentration of carbon 14 and therefore that of any given sample for radiocarbon dating.
## Global Radiocarbon Cycle
The atmosphere, oceans, and biosphere are radiocarbon reservoirs of varying concentrations. Radiocarbon formed in the atmosphere is dissolved in oceans in the form of carbon dioxide and contemporaneously assimilated by plants through photosynthesis and enters food chains. This is how terrestrial organisms take in carbon 14 in their systems.
Marine organisms and those who consume them take in **carbon 14** from the exchange process of carbon 14 (in the form of carbon dioxide) in the atmosphere and the ocean or any body of water. However, carbon 14 content is not the same at the surface mixing layers and that in the deep ocean; hence, not all marine organisms have the same radiocarbon content.
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## Marine Reservoir Effect
There are many factors to consider when measuring the radiocarbon content of a given sample, one of which is the radiocarbon content of the plant or animal source when it was alive and its local environment.
This is especially true when comparing samples from terrestrial organisms and those that assimilated radiocarbon from the marine environment. Even if the organisms have the same age, they wouldn’t have the same carbon 14 content and would thus appear to be of different radiocarbon age.
Oceans are large carbon 14 reservoirs. Surfaces of oceans and other bodies of water have two sources of radiocarbon – atmospheric carbon dioxide and the deep ocean. Deep waters in oceans get carbon 14 from mixing with the surface waters as well as from the radioactive decay already occurring at their levels. Studies show that equilibration of carbon dioxide (with carbon 14) in surface water is of the order of 10 years. The degree of equilibration of carbon dioxide in deep water remains unknown.
**Radiocarbon dates** of a terrestrial and marine organism of equivalent age have a difference of about 400 radiocarbon years. Terrestrial organisms like trees primarily get carbon 14 from atmospheric carbon dioxide but marine organisms do not. Samples from marine organisms like shells, whales, and seals appear much older.
Another factor to consider is that the magnitude of the marine reservoir effect is not the same in all locations. The mixing of deep waters upward with surface waters—in a phenomenon known as upwelling—is latitude dependent and occurs predominantly in the equatorial region. Coastline shape, local climate and wind, trade winds, and ocean bottom topography also affect upwelling.
According to a study published in 1972 by J. Mangerud, global variation in marine radiocarbon reservoir effect evident in shell carbonates are due to the incomplete mixing of upwelling water of “old” inorganic carbonates from the deep ocean where long residence times of more than 1,000 years cause depletion of carbon 14 activity through radioactive decay, resulting in very old apparent carbon 14 age.
## How to Determine Marine Reservoir Effects?
There are three methods used in determining regional differences in marine radiocarbon reservoir effect, as listed by Sean Ulm in a report dated December 2006:
- Direct **radiocarbon dating** of pre-AD 1955 live-collected marine specimens of known historical age;
- Radiocarbon dating of shell/charcoal paired samples from high integrity archaeological contexts that are assumed to be contemporaneous; and
- Radiocarbon dating and/or paired radiocarbon and uranium-thorium (thorium-230 and uranium-234) dating of live corals or long-lived live shells with clear annual growth bands.
## Marine Reservoir Effect Correction
Terrestrial and marine samples cannot be compared or associated without accounting for the marine radiocarbon reservoir effect. Correction factors for different oceans in the world are found in an online database, the Marine Reservoir Correction Database, funded in part by the Institute for Aegean Prehistory. Actual correction varies with location due to complexities in ocean circulation.
The database is also intended for use with radiocarbon calibration programs such as CALIB (Stuiver and Reimer, 1993) or OxCal (Bronk Ramsey 1995) using the 2020 marine calibration dataset.
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Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
## Localized Reservoir Correction (DeltaR / DeltaRErr)
The [DeltaR / DeltaRErr value](http://www.radiocarbon.com/m) is only used for marine carbonates.
Depending on the age of the marine carbonate, a 200- to 500-year correction (i.e. global marine reservoir correction) is applied automatically for all marine carbonates. This automatic correction means the radiocarbon date gets more recent in time due to the fact that it takes 200-500 years for present-day carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to be incorporated and distributed (equilibrated) through the ocean water column.
A DeltaR / DeltaRErr correction is applied to the sample that has already been corrected with the global marine reservoir correction. The value that is provided by the client is subtracted or added to this already corrected age. Note: A negative DeltaR will make the date older (typically presuming freshwater dilution from the global marine average).
## Hard Water Effect
Freshwater systems running through limestone or fed by old water from springs can lead to falsely old ages in carbonate AMS dates. The dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) used by the individuals to form their shells or in the precipitation of carbonate concretions will be older than the time of formation due to old DIC from the limestone. This is termed “hard water effect” when the effect is from limestone. Aquatic systems fed by old water will have old DIC associated with that water and the same effect can be observed. Both phenomena can be classified as “reservoir effect”.
The best way to know the reservoir offset is to analyze organic materials in association with the shells which are not subject to the effect. Most commonly charcoal or seeds found in very close association with the carbonate are used to compare the Carbon-14 ages and use the difference to correct the shells.
If the researcher is not aware of any offset, the lab recommends doing a literature search and to understand the geologic systems supplying the water to the site.
## Carbon Dating Mollusk Shells
Out of all shell species that have been radiocarbon dated over the years, mollusk shells have been the species tested the most. These shells both have inorganic and organic components. Conchiolin, the organic component, makes only a minute portion of the whole sample. Thus **radiocarbon measurements** are usually applied on the inorganic component, which is calcium carbonate.
Radiocarbon dating of shell carbonates pose many problems. Carbonates are quite soluble and chemically interact with the environment so accuracy of the carbon 14 dating results cannot be guaranteed. Results should also account for marine radiocarbon reservoir effects as well as hard water effects.
### Related Topics:
- [AMS Dating Shells and Carbonates](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-shells.htm "radiocarbon dating shells and other carbonates")
- [Radiocarbon Dating Foraminifera and Ostracod](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-forams.htm "forams and ostracods AMS dating")
- [Stable Isotope Analysis of Carbonates](https://www.radiocarbon.com/oxygen-isotopes.htm "Oxygen Isotope Ratios (δ18O) analysis of Carbonates")
*Page last updated: March 2021*
---
### [Contact Us](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-contact.htm)
**Published:** March 31, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [Datation par le radiocarbone – un outil pour la recherche médico-légale](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/police-scientifique.htm)
**Published:** July 1, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Taille recommandée pour les échantillons (de plus petites quantités sont possibles pour les AMS – merci de [nous contacter](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- Os – 200 milligrammes-4 grammes (incinérés), 500 milligrammes-4 grammes (os non chauffés), 20-100 milligrammes (os calcinés)
- Dents – 1 à 2 dents humaines
- Cheveux – 20-100 milligrammes
 **Contenants recommandés**- Sacs Ziplock (si l’échantillon est petit ou risque d’être écrasé pendant le transport, veuillez l’emballer dans de l’aluminium)
- Nous vous recommandons grandement d’envoyer vos échantillons dans de petites boites quand cela est possible (au lieu d’utiliser des enveloppes) pour protéger l’intégrité physique des échantillons.
- Pour d’autres matériaux, veuillez contacter le laboratoire pour des informations concernant la taille de l’échantillon.
---
Les experts en science médico-légale utilisent la datation par le radiocarbone pour déterminer la période approximative du décès d’un individu mort il y peu (dans le contexte d’une affaire judiciaire, par exemple) ou bien dans l’antiquité (dans le contexte d’une recherche archéologique). Pour ce faire ils ont recours au “[carbone de bombe atomique](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-bombe.htm "carbone de bombe atomique").”
[Obtenir un devis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/combien-coute-la-datation-carbone.htm "Obtenir un devis")
## Carbone de bombe atomique, un marqueur utilisé dans des études récentes
Les êtres vivants assimilent le radiocarbone présent dans l’atmosphère. À tout moment, les niveaux en radiocarbone dans les êtres vivants et dans l’atmosphère sont similaires. Cependant, la prolifération des essais thermonucléaires dans l’atmosphère dès le début des années 1950 jusqu’en 1963 a fait que de grandes quantités de radiocarbone artificiel, c’est-à-dire du carbone de bombe atomique, ont été ajoutées dans l’atmosphère, causant une augmentation de presque 100% du niveau mondial par rapport aux niveaux d’avant 1950.
L’année 1963 a été marquée par la signature du Traité d’interdiction partielle des essais nucléaires par les Etats Unis, le Royaume Uni et l’Union Soviétique, qui stipule que les essais nucléaires militaires ne devaient plus être effectués à l’air libre. Depuis, le niveau mondial de radiocarbone a diminué grâce à son absorption par les océans et par des systèmes biologiques, de telle sorte que par exemple, les niveaux de radiocarbone mesurés dans l’atmosphère dans des années 1990 étaient moins élevés que ceux mesurés dans les années 1970. C’est pour cette raison que les niveaux décelés sur des individus décédés pendant ces périodes reflètent les mêmes tendances.
## Ce que l’on peut facilement déterminer grâce à la datation au carbone 14
– déterminer si un individu a vécu après les essais nucléaires militaires
– élucider (à la décennie près) quand un individu a vécu/est mort dans des circonstances particulières
## Ce que l’on ne peut pas facilement déterminer par la datation au carbone 14
– déterminer l’âge d’un individu
– préciser l’année de la mort d’un individu
REMARQUE : La presse scientifique cite des publications qui indiquent que la datation par le radiocarbone peut être utilisée pour déterminer l’âge approximatif d’un individu en comparant les résultats de datation des dents à ceux des os. De plus, l’utilisation de la signature au radiocarbone pour l’os trabéculaire en comparaison avec celle pour l’os cortical a été citée comme étant un moyen de déterminer de quel coté de la courbe des retombées des essais nucléaires l’individu a vécu (avant ou après 1963).
## Sujet connexe:
[Datation des os et dents par spectrométrie](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-os.htm "Datation des os et dents par spectrométrie")
*Dernière mise à jour de la page: octobre 2022*
---
### [Datação por Radiocarbono – Uma Ferramenta em Investigação Forense](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/datacao-ema-forense.htm)
**Published:** August 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tamanho de amostra recomendado (favor consultar sobre amostras menores)**- Ossos – 200 miligramas – 4 gramas (cremados); 500 miligramas – 4 gramas (não queimados); 20 – 100 miligramas (queimados)
- Dentes – de 1 a 2 dentes humanos
- Cabelo – de 20 a 100 miligramas
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Saco plástico com fecho, estilo Ziplock (embrulhar amostras pequenas em alumínio para evitar esmagamento durante transporte)
- Recomendamos que o envio das amostras seja realizado em pequenas caixas sempre que possível (em vez de usar envelopes) para proteger a integridade física das amostras.
- No caso de outros materiais, favor consultar o laboratório para saber a quantidade adequada de amostra.
---
Peritos forenses usam a datação por radiocarbono para estabelecer se uma pessoa faleceu recentemente (talvez como parte de uma investigação do Departamento de Justiça) ou no ramo de antiguidade (uma questão para os arqueólogos). Eles fazem isto usando algo chamado “[Carbono Bomba](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-bomba-carbono.htm "bomb carbon").”
[Solicite um orçamento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/quanto-custa-datacao-radiocarbono.htm "Solicite um orçamento")
## Carbono Bomba, Um Marcador para Estudos Recentes
Organismos vivos assimilam radiocarbono da atmosfera. Num dado momento, os níveis de radiocarbono de organismos vivos e da atmosfera são idealmente semelhantes. A proliferação de testes termonucleares na atmosfera desde o início da década de 50 até o ano 1963 acrescentou vastas quantidades de radiocarbono artificial (carbono bomba) na atmosfera, aumentando os níveis globais de radiocarbono em quase 100%, em comparação com os níveis existentes antes da década de 50.
O Tratado de Proibição Parcial de Testes (TPPT) foi firmado em 1963 pelos Estados Unidos, Reino Unido e União Soviética. Através dele, foi acordado que os testes com armas nucleares não seriam mais realizados acima da superfície do solo. Desde então, o nível global de radiocarbono da atmosfera diminuiu através da absorção do mesmo nos oceanos e sistemas biológicos – ex. a década de 70 apresentou níveis mais altos de radiocarbono no ar do que na década de 90. O mesmo ocorreu com indivíduos que faleceram durante esta época.
## O Que a Datação por Radiocarbono Pode Fazer Rotineiramente
– Identificar se uma pessoa estava vivendo depois de testes de armas termo-nucleares
– Ilustrar quando (em qual década) uma pessoa viveu/faleceu em circunstâncias especiais
## O que a Datação por Radiocarbono Não Pode Fazer Rotineiramente
– Dizer a idade de uma pessoa
– Determinar o ano de falecimento de uma pessoa
Obs: Algumas publicações indicam que o radiocarbono pode ser usado para determinar a idade aproximada de uma pessoa através da comparação de dentes com ossos. Além disso, o uso de assinatura de radiocarbono dentro de ossos trabeculares, ao contrário de ossos corticais, tem sido citado como uma forma de identificar qual lado da curva de bomba a pessoa viveu (antes ou depois de 1963).
## Tópico Relacionado:
[Datação por EMA de Ossos e Dentes](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-ossos.htm "Datação por EMA de Ossos e Dentes")
*Última atualização: outubro de 2022*
---
### [화분의 AMS 연대측정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-pollen.htm)
**Published:** February 1, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **권장 시료 크기 (소량 크기도 가능 – [문의바람](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 5-15 밀리 그램 (완전 pH 중립, 건조 상태, 탄산염 제거를 위한 전처리 완료)
 **서비스 종류**- AMS 일반 – 14 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 특급 – 6 영업일 이내 결과 보고
- AMS 타임 가이드 – 2-3 영업일 이내 결과 보고
 **C14 연대측정 시 포함된 분석**- δ13C
 **권장 용기**- 마이크로원심분리기 튜브 (Microcentrifuge tube)
- 시료를 보내주실 때 봉투 대신 작은 박스에 담아 보내야 운송 중 시료들이 부스러지는 것을 방지할 수 있습니다.
- 본 연구소는 추출된 화분 시료만 취급합니다.
---
**참고 사항** – 요금에는 다음 서비스들이 포함됩니다. 품질 확인 보고서 (QA reports). 보정값, 지난 보고서와 현 분석 과정을 보실 수 있는 24/7 웹 사용권한. [견적 요청하기](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "견적 요청하기")
**전처리 과정** – 전처리 과정이 불가합니다. 반드시 “분석 준비 완료된 상태”로 시료를 제출해 주셔야 합니다.
**추출된 화분** – 연구소 자체적으로 화분 추출 작업을 하지 않습니다. 본 연구소는 퇴적물질이 전혀 없는 상태의 추출된 화분 5-15 그래이 필요 합니다. 화분 추출에 관한 좋은 참고 문헌입니다. Brown et al.의 (1989)의 “Radiocarbon Dating of Pollen by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. Quaternary Research 32: 205-212.
**시료는 반드시 중성 (pH 6-8) 이어야 합니다.** – 산성이어서는 안됩니다. 시료가 충분할 경우, 일부를 채취하여 중성인지 여부 실험을 합니다. 만약 산성일 경우, 중성으로 만들기 위해 탈 이온수로 세척합니다. 이런 과정을 거칠 경우, 시료의 손실을 가져올 수 있습니다.
**포장시 주의사항** – 추출된 화분의 용기로서 플라스틱 뚜겅이 있는 마이크로원심분리기 튜브 (Microcentrifuge tube) (용량 1.5-3 cc)가 좋습니다. 운송할 때는 별도의 라벨을 붙인 지퍼백에 튜브를 담습니다. 또한 가능하면 시료를 봉투에 담는 대신 작은 박스에 담을 것을 권장합니다. 배송업체의 자동 분류 작업 시 롤러 사용으로 인해 봉투에 담긴 시료의 경우 잘못하면 뭉개질 수가 있습니다.
## 추출된 화분 시료의 AMS 연대측정.
일반적으로 탄소의 함량에 따라 추출된 화분 5-15 mg (대략 건조 상태의 무게)가 필요합니다. 연소 전 시료의 손실을 방지하기 위해 반드시 모든 탄산염 (CaCO3)을 완전히 제거해야만 합니다.
간혹 “화분” 시료라고 해서 받았는데, 현미경으로 관찰해 보면 많은 퇴적물이나 다른 식물 조각들이 붙어 있는 경우가 많습니다. 이런 경우, 연대측정 분석을 진행할지 취소할 지 여부를 위해 고객에게 연락을 취합니다. 진행을 원하실 경우, 보고서에는 분석 물질이 “화분” 대신 “유기 물질” (“organic material”)로 표기됩니다.
*관련 자료: 2023년 3월*
---
### [Datazione al radiocarbonio - Uno strumento per la scienza forense](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-ams-forense.htm)
**Published:** July 22, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Quantità raccomandata (può essere inferiore per AMS – si prega [di contattarci](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/contatti.htm "contact us"))**- Ossa – 200 milligrammi-4 grammi (cremate), 500 milligrammi-4 grammi (non carbonizzate), 20-100 milligrammi (carbonizzate)
- Denti – 1-2 denti umani
- Capelli – 20-100 milligrammi
 **Contenitore consigliato**- Bustine con zip (avvolgere prima in un foglio di alluminio i campioni molto piccoli e/o che possono essere polverizzati durante la spedizione)
- Si raccomanda di inviare i campioni in scatole rigide quando possibile (invece di utilizzare buste imbottite) per preservarne l’integrità.
- Per conoscere le quantità necessarie per altri materiali, si prega di consultare il laboratorio.
---
Gli esperti forensi utilizzano la datazione al radiocarbonio per stabilire se la morte di un individuo è recente (e quindi di probabile competenza giudiziaria) o antica (e quindi di competenza archeologica). A questo scopo, utilizzano il “[bomb carbon](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-al-carbonio-e-bomb-carbon.htm "bomb carbon").”
[Richiedi un preventivo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/costi-datazione-carbonio.htm "Richiedi un preventivo")
## Bomb Carbon, un valore di riferimento per gli studi recenti
Gli organismi viventi assimilano radiocarbonio dall’atmosfera. In un qualsiasi momento, i livelli di radiocarbonio degli organismi viventi e dell’atmosfera sono idealmente simili. La proliferazione dei test termonucleari atmosferici, avvenuta tra i primi anni ’50 e il 1963, ha immesso nell’atmosfera un’elevata quantità di radiocarbonio artificiale (bomb carbon), comportando un incremento dei livelli di radiocarbonio pari a circa il 100% rispetto ai valori precedenti al 1950.
Nel 1963, Stati Uniti, Regno Unito e Unione Sovietica hanno firmato il Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT), un accordo che metteva fine alla sperimentazione di armi nucleari al di sopra della superficie terrestre. In seguito, a causa dell’assorbimento da parte di oceani e sistemi biologici, il livello globale di radiocarbonio nell’atmosfera si è ridotto – ad esempio, negli anni ’70 i livelli di radiocarbonio nell’aria erano più elevati che negli anni ’90, e lo stesso vale per gli individui morti in quei periodi.
## La datazione al radiocarbonio offre la possibilità di:
– identificare se un individuo è vissuto dopo i test delle armi termonucleari
– illustrare quando (con una precisione decennale) un individuo è vissuto/morto in circostanze speciali
## La datazione al radiocarbonio non offre la possibilità di:
– risalire all’età di un individuo
– identificare l’anno esatto della morte di un individuo
NOTA: Alcune pubblicazioni indicano che il radiocarbonio può essere utilizzato per determinare l’età approssimativa di un individuo, confrontando i denti e le ossa. Inoltre, un confronto dei risultati della datazione al radiocarbonio dell’osso trabecolare e corticale permette di individuare in quale parte della curva di bomb carbon l’individuo ha vissuto (prima o dopo il 1963).
## Argomenti correlati:
[Ossa e denti – Datazione AMS](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-le-ossa.htm "AMS Dating Bones and Teeth")
---
### [Datación por radiocarbono: una herramienta en la investigación forense](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-ema-forense.htm)
**Published:** June 5, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Tamaño de muestra recomendado (es posible enviar muestras más pequeñas para datación por AMS – por favor [contáctenos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/contacto.htm "contáctenos"))**- Huesos – 200 miligramos-4 gramos (incinerados), 500 miligramos-4 gramos (huesos no carbonizados), 20-100 miligramos (huesos carbonizados)
- Dientes – de 1 a 2 dientes humanos
- Pelo – de 20 a 100 miligramos
 **Recipiente recomendado**- Bolsas con cierre zip (envuelva la muestra en papel de aluminio si es pequeña o si puede ser aplastada durante el envío)
- Le recomendamos que envíe sus muestras en pequeñas cajas siempre que sea posible (en vez de utilizar sobres) para proteger la integridad física de las muestras.
- Para otros materiales, por favor consulte con el laboratorio para saber la cantidad adecuada de muestra.
---
Los expertos forenses utilizan la datación por radiocarbono para establecer si una persona falleció recientemente (tal vez como parte de una investigación del Departamento de Justicia) o en la antigüedad (investigación arqueológica). Esto se realiza utilizando el “[carbono bomba](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-bomba-carbono.htm "bomb carbon")“.
[Solicite un presupuesto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/cuanto-cuesta-la-datacion-por-carbono.htm "Solicite un presupuesto")
## Carbono bomba, un marcador para estudios recientes
Los organismos vivos asimilan el radiocarbono de la atmósfera, siendo que los niveles de radiocarbono en organismos vivos y en la atmósfera son idealmente similares. La proliferación de pruebas termonucleares que tuvieron lugar desde el inicio de la década de 1950 hasta el año 1963 añadió vastas cantidades de radiocarbono artificial (carbono bomba) en la atmósfera, incrementando los niveles globales de radiocarbono en casi un 100%, en comparación con los niveles presentes antes de la década de 1950.
El Tratado de Prohibición Parcial de Ensayos Nucleares (TPPEN) fue firmado en 1963 por Estados Unidos, Reino Unido y la Unión Soviética como un acuerdo entre las partes de que los ensayos de armas nucleares ya no se realizarían por encima de la superficie del suelo. Desde entonces, el nivel global de radiocarbono de la atmósfera ha disminuido gracias a su absorción en los océanos y sistemas biológicos (por ejemplo, en la década de 1970 los niveles de radiocarbono en el aire eran superiores a los de 1990) y lo mismo ha ocurrido con los individuos que han muerto durante este tiempo.
## ¿Qué puede hacer la datación por radiocarbono?
– identificar si una persona vivía posteriormente a las pruebas de armas termonucleares
– indicar cuándo (en que década) una persona vivió/murió en circunstancias especiales
## ¿Qué NO puede hacer la datación por radiocarbono?
– determinar la edad de una persona
– determinar el año de la muerte de una persona
NOTA: Algunas publicaciones indican que el radiocarbono puede utilizarse para determinar la edad aproximada de una persona a través de la comparación de dientes y huesos. Además, la utilización de la firma del radiocarbono en de huesos trabeculares, en contraposición a los huesos corticales, se ha citado como un medio para identificar en qué lado de la curva del carbono bomba vivió el individuo (antes o después de 1963).
## Tema relacionado:
[Datación por AMS de huesos y dientes](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-huesos.htm "AMS Dating Bones and Teeth")
---
### [방사성탄소 연대측정 - 법의학 연구의 유용한 수단](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-forensics.htm)
**Published:** February 1, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **권장 시료 크기 (소량 크기도 가능 – [문의바람](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/beta-contact.htm "contact us"))**- 뼈 – 200 밀리 그램-4 그램 (화장 상태), 500 밀리 그램-4 그램 (탄화되지 않은 일반 뼈), 20-100 밀리 그램 (탄화된 상태)
- 치아 – 1-2 인간 치아
- 머리카락 – 20-100 밀리그램
 **권장 용기**- 지프 백 (작거나 운송 중 부서질 수 있는 시료들은 알루미늄 포일로 포장)
- 시료를 보내주실 때 봉투 대신 작은 박스에 담아 보내야 운송 중 시료들이 부스러지는 것을 방지할 수 있습니다.
- 이 외의 시료들 경우, 적당량에 대해 본사 실험실로 문의바랍니다.
---
법의학 전문가들은 최근에 사망한 시체인지(법적 판단의 경우) 혹은 아주 오래 전에 사망한 시체(고고학적 관점에서)인지를 판가름하는데 방사성탄소 연대측정 방법을 이용합니다. 이런 실험은 “[bomb carbon](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-bomb-carbon.htm "bomb carbon")“이라 불리는 방법을 통해 시행합니다.
[견적 요청하기](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost.htm "견적 요청하기")
## Bomb Carbon, 최신 연구의 추적자
생물은 대기로부터 방사성탄소를 흡수합니다. 어떤 주어진 시간에 한 생물의 방사성탄소 수준은 대기 중에 있는 방사성 탄소 수준과 이상적으로 거의 비슷합니다. 1950년 초부터 1963년에 시행된 원자 폭탄 실험 확산으로 대기 중에 Bomb Carbon이 인공적으로 증가하였습니다. 대기 중 전세계 방사성탄소 수준은 1950년대 이전 수준과 비교하여 거의100%정도 상승했습니다.
미국, 영국, 소련 연합이 1963년 체결한 부분적 핵실험 금지 조약(PTBT)을 통해 지구 상에서 그 어떠한 원자 핵무기 실험을 시행하지 않기로 협의했습니다. 그 이후 대기상의 전세계 방사성탄소 수준은 해양의 흡수와 생태 시스템을 통해 점차 줄어들기 시작합니다. 예를 들면 1970년대에는 1990년대에 비해 방사성탄소 수준이 더 높았으며, 또한 1970년대에 사망한 시체의 경우에도 방사성탄소 수준이 더 높게 나타납니다.
## 방사성탄소 연대측정으로 할 수 있는 일.
– 원자 폭탄 실험 이후 살았있었는지 여부 판단
– 특별한 환경 속에서 인간의 생존/사망 연대(10년 단위로) 서술
## 방사성탄소 연대측정으로 할 수 없는 일.
– 인간의 나이 식별
– 인간의 사망 년도 식별
참고 사항: 일부 책자에서는 방사성탄소가 치아와 뼈를 비교함으로써 대략적인 나이를 결정하는데 이용될 수 있다고 합니다. 또한 해면질 골과 피질 골 내의 방사성탄소 함량을 이용하여 Bomb curve 어느 쪽 (1963년 이전과 이후)에 존재했었는지 여부를 판단하는 방법이 될 수 있다고 합니다.
## 관련 자료:
[뼈와 치아의 AMS 연대측정](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-bones.htm "뼈와 치아의 AMS 연대측정")
*관련 자료: 2022년 10월*
---
### [Radiokohlenstoff Datierung - Ein Werkzeug der forensischen Forschung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-forensik.htm)
**Published:** September 22, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
 **Empfohlene Probenmengen (geringere AMS Mengen sind möglich – bitte [kontaktieren Sie uns](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/beta-kontakt.htm "contact us"))**- Knochen – 200 Milligramm-4 Gramm (Leichenbrand), 500 Milligramm-4 Gramm (unverkohlte Knochen), 20-100 Milligramm (verkohlte Knochen)
- Zähne – 1-2 menschliche Zähne
- Haare – 20-100 Milligramm
 **Empfohlenes Behältnis**- Wiederverschließbare Plastikbeutel (bitte kleine und/oder zerbrechliche Proben zusätzliche in aluminiumfolie verpacken)
- Bitte senden Sie Ihre Proben in Paketen und nicht in Umschlägen, um die Proben vor Schäden während des Versands zu bewahren.
- Bei anderen Materialien sollten Sie sich hinsichtlich der Probenmenge mit dem Labor beraten.
---
Forensik Experten verwenden die Radiokohlenstoffdatierung um festzustellen, ob ein Mensch kürzlich (kriminologische Zwecke) oder in der Vorzeit (Bereich der Archäologen) gestorben ist. Um dies tun zu können, verwenden Sie etwas, was „[Bomben Kohlenstoff](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-bomben-karbon.htm "bomb carbon")” genannt wird.
[Angebot anfordern](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/was-kosten-carbon-datierungen.htm "Angebot anfordern")
## Bomben Kohlenstoff, ein Indikator für jüngere Untersuchungen
Lebewesen nehmen Radiokohlenstoff aus der Atmosphäre auf. Zu jeder gegebenen Zeit ist das Radiokohlenstoff Niveau von Lebewesen und der Atmosphäre idealerweise gleich. Die Ausbreitung der atmosphärischen Thermonuklear Tests in den frühen 1950ern bis 1963 hat eine gewaltige Menge künstlichen Radiokohlenstoff (Bomben Kohlenstoff) in die Atmosphäre eingebracht. Als Folge hat sich der globale Radiokohlenstoffgehalt im Vergleich zu vor 1950 fast um 100 % erhöht.
Im Jahr 1963 unterzeichneten die Vereinigten Staaten, Großbritannien und die Sowjetunion den Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT), in dem vereinbart wurde, dass das Testen von Nuklearwaffen nicht länger oberirdisch stattfinden darf. Seit dieser Zeit ist der globale Gehalt an Radiokohlenstoff in der Atmosphäre durch die Aufnahme der Meere und der biologischen Systeme gesunken. In den 1970er Jahren z. B. war der Radiokohlenstoffgehalt in der Luft höher, als in den 1990ern und daher auch der Gehalt in Lebewesen, die während dieser Zeiträume gestorben sind.
## Was die Radiokohlenstoff Datierung routinemäßig leisten kann
– Bestimmen, ob ein Lebewesen nach den Atomwaffentests gelebt hat
– Aufzeigen, wann ein Lebewesen (bis aufs Jahrzehnt genau) eventuell unter besonderen Umständen gelebt hat oder gestorben ist
## Was die Radiokohlenstoff Datierung nicht routinemäßig leisten kann
– Das Alter eines Lebewesens ermitteln
– Das Todesjahr eines Lebewesens bestimmen
HINWEIS: In der Literatur werden Veröffentlichungen zitiert, die anzeigen, dass Radiokohlenstoff für eine ungefähre Altersbestimmung eines Lebewesens verwendet werden kann, indem man Zähne mit Knochen vergleicht. Zusätzlich wird die Verwendung der Radiokohlenstoff Signatur in trabekulären Knochen und kortikalen Knochen zitiert, um zu bestimmen, auf welcher Seite der Bombenkurve ein Lebewesen gelebt hat (vor 1963 oder nach 1963).
## Verwandte Themen:
[AMS Datierung von Knochen und Zähnen](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-knochen.htm "AMS Dating Bones and Teeth")
*Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: Oktober 2022*
---
### [碳14定年結果校正](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/calendar-calibration-carbon-dating.htm)
**Published:** June 24, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
放射性碳年齡校正是將常規放射性碳年齡（BP年齡，經過δ13C同位素分餾校準）校正為西曆年齡。
用於校正的參數是透過精確的放射性碳年代測定法獲得的，從[已知年齡的橡樹、紅杉和冷杉樹輪](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/tree-ring-calibration.htm#Dendro "已知年齡的橡樹、紅杉和冷杉樹輪")上提取的數百個樣本，最老年齡可達13900 BP。大於此年齡至55000 BP，則使用多種參數證據進行相關性校正。這些資訊被彙編成國際上公認的資料庫，並及時更新。目前的資料庫有IntCal20（北半球），SHCal20（南半球）和Marine20（海洋環境）。
## 高概率密度範圍法
近年來它已成為研究人員普遍使用的研究方法，使用數學方法對傳統的放射性碳年齡進行校正，並統計95.4和68.2概率在所有校正區間的相對“可能性”。報告中這些可能性在圖表中使用灰色區域表示，而且每個區間對應一個相對百分比概率值。 這個方法叫做高概率密度（High-Probability Density，HPD）範圍法。
## 海洋樣品校正
海相碳酸鹽樣品需要進行[全球和當地海洋碳庫校正](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/marine-reservoir-effect.htm "全球和當地海洋碳庫校正")。淡水碳酸鹽的碳庫校正（通常稱為“硬水效應”）通常是未知的，在西曆年齡校準中一般不容易計算。
## [碳-14定年結果](#collapseOne)
免責聲明：本視頻託管於第三方網站中，可能包含廣告。
本段影片節錄自BETA實驗室網路研討會: [同位素101: 穩定同位素分析導論](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "同位素101: 穩定同位素分析導論")
## 注意事項
對於木頭和木炭樣品，必須考慮“[舊木效應](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/old-wood-effect.htm "舊木效應")”的可能性，或者在樣品中可能混有一些較年輕的材料。對於碳酸鹽樣品，碳庫校正是理論上的，而且當地差異會因為樣品來源不同而有很大的不同。校正程式得到的年齡範圍只能被視為近似值。 校正中使用的C14年齡的誤差（+ / X – BP）嚴格限制在絕對誤差範圍內（樣品的計數誤差、現代14C標準和背景）。常規放射性碳年齡的西曆年校正解釋還應該考慮一些不確定的誤差因素，如樣品的均勻性、樹木年輪的位置（可能存在舊木效應），二次沉積的樣品（再沉積），水樣的當地碳庫效應很難量化等等。
*最後更新2021年1月*
---
### [放射性炭素年代の暦年代較正](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/calendar-calibration-carbon-dating.htm)
**Published:** March 30, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
放射性炭素年代の暦年代較正は、Conventional Radiocarbon Age（δ13C によって同位体分別を行った後のBP年代）に対して行われます。
較正のために用いられるデータは、約13,900 BPまでは [オーク、セコイア、モミの年代のわかっている年輪](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/tree-ring-calibration.htm#Dendro "オーク、セコイア、モミの年代のわかっている年輪") の詳細な放射性炭素年代測定値に得られ、それより古く約55,000BPまではその他の手法を複合することによって得られています。それらのデータが統合され、国際的に認められているデータベースが構築されています。データベースは何度か更新され、現在のバージョンはIntCal20 (北半球)、 SHCal20 (南半球) 、Marine20 (海洋)です。
## 確率法 (High-Probability Density Range Method)
近年では数学的な統計処理を用い、95.4%確率、68.2%確率の 中で より詳細に確率分布を求める手法が採用されることが多くなっています。これらの確率分布は、より高いピークがより高い確率を示すというようにグラフィカルに表現され、それぞれの範囲に対する確率が記載されます。この方法を確率法 \[high-probability density (HPD) range\] といいます。
## 海洋試料の暦年代較正
海洋の炭酸塩試料の暦年代較正には、 [グローバルリザーバー効果およびローカルリザーバー効果](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/marine-reservoir-effect.htm "グローバルリザーバー効果およびローカルリザーバー効果") を考慮する必要があります。淡水性の炭酸塩試料の場合は (hard water effectなどにより) リザーバー効果を特定することが難しいので正確な暦年代較正を行うことが容易ではありません。
## 注意を要する点
木や炭化物の場合、若い炭素を含む物質の混入はもちろんのこと、[古木効果(old wood effect)](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/old-wood-effect.htm "古木効果(old wood effect)")の可能性も考慮されなければいけません。 炭酸塩試料の場合、リザーバー効果は理論値であり、実際の効果は多分に可変的である可能性があります。較正プログラムによる年代範囲は近似値として考慮されるべきであり、14C 年代で示される誤差（+/- X BP）は系統誤差（測定試料、モダンスタンダードおよびバックグランドスタンダードの計数誤差）のみを含みます。
ただし、試料の不均質さ、採取した年輪の位置(古木効果の可能性)、試料の再堆積、地域的なリザーバー効果など、不確定な誤差は常に定量が可能なわけではありません。したがって、較正暦年代の解釈をする際には、そういった不確定な誤差が含まれている可能性を検討するべきです。
*最終更新：2021年5月*
---
### [방사성탄소 연대측정 결과 값의 보정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/calendar-calibration-carbon-dating.htm)
**Published:** January 27, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
보정이란 일반 방사성탄소 연대 \[Conventional Radiocarbon Age – (δ13C 값을 이용해 동위원소 분별로 교정한 BP 연대)\]를 우리가 사용하는 달력 상의 연대로 전환할 때 적용합니다.
보정에 사용하는 기준은 약 13,900 BP까지의 [결과 값을 이미 알고 있는 참나무, 세쿼이야, 전나무의 나이테](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/tree-ring-calibration.htm#Dendro "결과 값을 이미 알고 있는 참나무, 세쿼이야, 전나무의 나이테") 시료 수백개의 정확한 방사성탄소 연대을 통해 구합니다. 그 이상 연대의 경우, 약 55,000 BP까지는 다양한 여러 종류의 증거를 사용해 만듭니다. 이런 정보들은 국제적으로 승인된 데이터 베이스로 만들어지며, 계속 업데이트 되어 가고 있습니다. 현재 사용하는 데이터베이스는 북반구의 경우 IntCal20 , 남반구의 SHCal20 와 해양 상태에서의 Marine20 입니다.
## 고확률 밀도 범위 (High-Probability Density Range Method)
최근 많은 연구자들은 일반 방사성탄소 연대를 보정할 때 수학적 방법을 사용하면서 통계학적 방법으로 정제된 방법을 많이 사용합니다. 이 통계적 정제 방법이란 95.4 와 68.2 확률 내에서 하나의 보정 범위를 다른 범위의 “가능성” (likelihood)을 확인하는 것입니다. 이런 가능성이란 플롯 있는 회색 부분으로 그래프 상에서는 보여주며, 백분율 값을 다음 범위에 보여줍니다. 이 방법을 고확률 밀도 범위 법이라 부릅니다.
## 해양 시료의 보정
해양 탄산염 시료의 보정은 전지구적 리저브어 영향과 지역 리저브어 영향([global and local geographic reservoir effects)](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/marine-reservoir-effect.htm "global and local geographic reservoir effects") 모두 고려해야 합니다. 민물 탄산염 (“경수 효과 (hard water effect)라는 용어로 쓰임) 의 리저브어 효과는 알려져 있지 않으며, 적용하기기 쉽지 않습니다.
## [탄소 연대측정 결과](#collapseOne)
면책조항: 이 비디오는 제3자의 사이트에 올렸으며, 광고가 포함되어 있습니다.
이 비디오 인용은 Beta 연구소 웨비나의 일부입니다. [동위원소 기초: 동위원소 분석 소개](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "동위원소 기초: 동위원소 분석 소개")
## 주의 사항
목재나 목탄 시료의 경우, “고목 영향 ([old wood effect](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/old-wood-effect.htm "old wood effect")) 과 더불어 젊은 물질의 침투를 항상 고려해야 합니다. 탄산염 시료의 경우, 리저브어 보정은 이론적이지만 지역 변동은 실제 일어나며, 상당히 변화가 심하며, 시료가 어디서 왔는지에 영향을 많이 받습니다. 프로그램에 의해 생성된 연대 범위는 반드시 대략적이라는 것을 염두에 두어야 합니다. 방사성탄소 연대에 인용된 오차범위는 (+/- X BP) 보정 단계에서 사용되며, 오차 범위 결정에 매우 엄격히 제한되어 있습니다. (시료, 현대의 C14 표준 및 백그라운드 시료의 카운팅 오차), 시료의 균질성 문제, 성장 나이테의 위치 (고목 영향의 가능성) 시료의 재배치 (재퇴적), 수중 시료의 지역 리저브어 영향들과 같은 불명확한 오차들은 항상 수량화 할 수 없으며, 해석할 때 항상 이들을 고려해야 합니다.
*2021년 1월 업데이트*
---
### [Calibração de resultados de datações por carbono 14](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/calendario-calibracao-carbono-datacao.htm)
**Published:** August 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
As determinações da calibração da idade por radiocarbono são aplicadas para converter a idade convencional por radiocarbono (idade BP corrigida para o fracionamento com uso de um valor δ13C) para anos de calendário.
Os parâmetros utilizados para as correções foram obtidos através da datação precisa por radiocarbono de centenas de amostras retiradas de [anéis de tronco de carvalhos, sequoias e abetos de idades conhecidas](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arvore-anel-calibracao.htm#Dendro "anéis de tronco de carvalhos, sequoias e abetos de idades conhecidas") de até 13.900 BP. Para além disso, até 55.000 BP, a correlação é feita com o uso de múltiplas linhas de evidência. Essas informações são compiladas em bases de dados internacionalmente aceitas, que são atualizadas quando necessário. As bases de dados atuais são a IntCal20 (hemisfério norte), a SHCal20 (hemisfério sul) e a Marine20 (ambientes marinhos).
## O método de faixa de densidade de alta probabilidade
Nos últimos anos, tornou-se comum pesquisadores utilizarem um método matemático que calibra a idade convencional por radiocarbono para então refinar estatisticamente a “probabilidade” de uma faixa de calibração em relação a outra dentro das probabilidades de 95,4 e 68,2. Essas probabilidades são representadas graficamente por uma área cinza no gráfico e por valores em porcentagem reportados ao lado de cada faixa. Esse método é conhecido como o método de faixa de densidade de alta probabilidade (HPD – high-probability density).
## A calibração de amostras marinhas
A calibração de amostras marinhas de carbonatos requer correções para [efeitos-reservatório geográficos tanto globais quanto locais](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/marinho-reservatorio-efeito.htm "efeitos-reservatório geográficos tanto globais quanto locais"). As correções de reservatórios para carbonatos de água doce (tipicamente conhecidas como “efeito água dura”) são normalmente desconhecidas e geralmente desconsideradas em calibrações de calendário.
## Considerações importantes
Para madeira e carvão, é necessário levar em conta a possibilidade de um “[efeito madeira antiga](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/madeira-antiga.htm "efeito madeira antiga")”, assim como a potencial inclusão de outros materiais mais jovens na amostra total. Para carbonatos, a correção de reservatório é teórica e as variações locais são reais, altamente variáveis e dependentes da origem da amostra. As faixas de idade geradas pelo programa deverão ser consideradas como aproximações. Os erros citados na idade por 14C (+/- X BP) que são utilizados nas calibrações são limitados estritamente para determinar erros (erros de contagem da amostra, C14 moderno padrão e antecedentes). Erros indeterminados, como a homogeneidade da amostra, a posição do crescimento do anel no tronco (potencial para o efeito madeira antiga), a relocação de amostras (redeposição) e efeitos-reservatório locais em amostras aquáticas, nem sempre são quantificáveis e deverão ser levados em consideração quando da interpretação de qualquer idade convencional por radiocarbono calibrada com calendário.
*Última atualização: janeiro de 2021*
---
### [Calibrazione dei risultati della datazione al carbonio-14](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/calibrazione-anni-solari.htm)
**Published:** July 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
La calibrazione delle misurazioni al radiocarbonio viene applicata per convertire l’età radiocarbonica convenzionale (età BP corretta per il frazionamento isotopico utilizzando il valore δ13C) agli anni di calendario.
I parametri utilizzati per le correzioni sono stati ottenuti attraverso la **datazione radiocarbonica** precisa di centinaia di campioni prelevati da [querce, sequoie e abeti di età conosciuta](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/calibrazione-degli-anelli-degli-alberi.htm#Dendro "querce, sequoie e abeti di età conosciuta") fino a circa 13900 BP. Oltre questo limite, fino a circa 55000 BP, la correlazione viene effettuata utilizzando diverse linee di evidenza. Queste informazioni vengono inserite nei database internazionali che vengono aggiornati di tanto in tanto. Gli attuali database sono IntCal20 (emisfero nord), SHCal20 (emisfero sud) e Marine20 (ambienti marini).
## Metodo High-Probability Density Range
Negli ultimi anni, è diventato pratica comune utilizzare un modello matematico per calibrare l’età radiocarbonica convenzionale e successivamente perfezionare la “probabilità” di un intervallo di calibrazione rispetto a un altro all’interno delle probabilità 95,4 e 68,2. Queste probabilità sono rappresentate graficamente da un’area grigia sul grafico e dai valori percentuali riportati accanto a ogni intervallo.
## Calibrazione dei campioni marini
La calibrazione dei campioni di carbonati marini richiede una correzione sia per [gli effetti reservoir globali sia per quelli locali](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/effetto-di-reservoir-marino.htm "gli effetti reservoir globali sia per quelli locali"). Le correzioni per l’effetto reservoir per i carbonati d’acqua dolce (chiamato “effetto acqua dura”) sono solitamente sconosciute e spesso non facilmente calcolabili nelle calibrazioni agli anni di calendario.
## Precisazioni
Per il legno e il carbone la possibilità di un “[effetto legno antico](http://www.radiocarbon.com/old-wood-effect.htm "effetto legno antico")” deve essere tenuta in considerazione, così come la possibile inclusione di materiale più recente nel campione. Per i carbonati, la correzione per l’effetto reservoir è teorica e le variazioni locali sono reali, altamente variabili e dipendenti dall’origine del campione. Gli intervalli di età generati dal programma devono essere considerati come approssimazioni. Gli errori citati per l’età 14C (+/- X BP), che vengono poi utilizzati per la calibrazione, sono strettamente limitati agli errori determinati (gli errori di misurazione del campione, dello standard moderno e dei campioni di riferimento). Gli errori indeterminati, come quelli dovuti all’omogeneità, alla posizione degli anelli di crescita (effetto legno antico), allo spostamento dei campioni (rideposizione) e agli effetti reservoir locali per i campioni acquatici, non sono sempre quantificabili e dovrebbero essere tenuti in considerazione nell’interpretazione di qualsiasi età radiocarbonica convenzionale calibrata agli anni di calendario.
*Ultimo aggiornamento: gennaio 2021*
---
### [Calibration des résultats de datation au carbone 14](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/calendrier-calibration-datation-carbone.htm)
**Published:** June 25, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Les calibrations des déterminations de l’âge radiocarbone sont appliquées pour convertir l’âge radiocarbone conventionnel (âge BP corrigé pour le fractionnement isotopique en utilisant une valeur δ13C) en années calendaires.
Les paramètres utilisés pour les corrections ont été obtenus grâce à des **analyses radiocarbone** précises de plusieurs centaines d’échantillons prélevés dans les [cernes de chênes, séquoias et sapins d’âges connus](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/etalonnage-cernes-arbres.htm#Dendro "cernes de chênes, séquoias et sapins d’âges connus") jusqu’à 13 900 BP. Au-delà, et jusqu’à approximativement 55 000 ans BP, des corrélations sont faites en utilisant diverses sources. Ces informations sont compilées dans des bases de données acceptées au niveau international et régulièrement mises à jour. Les bases de données actuelles sont IntCal20 (hémisphère nord), SHCal20 (hémisphère sud) et Marine20 (environnements marins).
## Méthode de la densité de probabilité élevée
Il est devenu courant ces dernières années pour les chercheurs d’utiliser une méthode mathématique qui étalonne l’âge radiocarbone conventionnel avant d’affiner statistiquement la « probabilité » d’une fourchette par rapport à une autre à l’intérieur des probabilités 95,4 et 68,2. Ces probabilités sont représentées graphiquement par une zone grise et par les pourcentages indiqués à côté de chaque fourchette. Cette méthode est appelée la méthode de la densité de probabilité élevée (HPD).
## Calibration des échantillons marins
La calibration des échantillons de carbonates marins requiert une correction pour [les effets réservoirs géographiques au niveau local et mondial](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/effet-reservoir-marin.htm "les effets réservoirs géographiques au niveau local et mondial"). Les corrections de réservoir pour les carbonates d’eau douce (“effet eau dure”) sont souvent inconnues et il est difficile de les représenter sur les calendriers de calibration.
## Mises en garde
Pour le bois et le charbon, la possibilité d’un “[effet vieux bois](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/effet-vieux-bois.htm "effet vieux bois")” doit être prise en compte, tout comme l’éventuelle présence de matériau plus jeune dans l’échantillon total. Pour les carbonates, la correction de réservoir est théorique, et les variations locales sont réelles, hautement variables et dépendent de l’origine de l’échantillon. Les fourchettes d’âge générées par le programme doivent être interprétées comme des approximations. Les erreurs notées pour l’âge C14 (+/- X BP) qui sont ensuite utilisées dans les calibrations sont strictement limitées à la détermination des marges d’erreurs (erreurs de comptage de l’échantillon, standard C14 moderne, contexte). Les erreurs indéterminées telles que l’homogénéité de l’échantillon, la position des cernes de croissance (pour l’effet vieux bois), le déplacement des échantillons (redéposition), et les effets réservoirs locaux pour les échantillons aquatiques ne sont pas toujours quantifiables et devraient être prises en compte dans l’interprétation de tout **Âge Radiocarbone Conventionnel** calendaire calibré.
*Dernière mise à jour de la page : janvier 2020*
---
### [Calibración de los resultados de la datación por Carbono 14](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/calendario-calibracion-carbono-datacion.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Se realizan calibraciones a las determinaciones de edad de radiocarbono para convertir la Edad Convencional de Radiocarbono (edad BP corregida en función del fraccionamiento isotópico usando un valor δ13C) a años de calendario.
Los parámetros usados para las correcciones se han obtenido a partir de **dataciones por radiocarbono** precisas de cientos de muestras tomadas de [anillos de árboles de edad conocida de roble, secoya y abeto](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/arbol-anillo-calibracion.htm#Dendro "anillos de árboles de edad conocida de roble, secoya y abeto") de alrededor de 13,900 BP. Más allá de esta fecha, hasta los 55,000 BP aproximadamente, la corrección se realiza utilizando múltiples líneas de evidencia. Esta información es compilada en bases de datos internacionalmente aceptadas que son actualizadas ocasionalmente. Las bases de datos actuales son IntCal20 (hemisferio norte), SHCal20 (hemisferio sur) y Marine20 (entornos marinos).
## El método de rango de densidad de alta probabilidad
En años recientes, se ha vuelto una práctica común entre los investigadores utilizar un método matemático que calibra la Edad Convencional de Radiocarbono y perfecciona estadísticamente la “probabilidad” de un rango de calibración sobre otro dentro de las probabilidades de 95.4 y 68.2. Estas probabilidades se representan gráficamente mediante un área de tono gris en la gráfica y por valores porcentuales indicados al lado de cada rango.
El método se conoce como el método de rango de densidad de alta probabilidad (HPD por sus siglas en inglés).
## Calibración de muestras marinas
La calibración de muestras de carbonato marinas requiere de una corrección por los [efectos de reservorio geográfico globales y locales](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/marino-reserva-efecto.htm "efectos de reservorio geográfico globales y locales"). Las correcciones de reservorio para los carbonatos de agua dulce (usualmente conocidas como “efecto de agua dura”) comúnmente se desconocen y no pueden tomarse fácilmente en cuenta en las calibraciones de calendario.
## Consideraciones importantes
Para muestras de madera y carbón vegetal, la posibilidad de un “[efecto de la madera antigua](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-madera-antigua.htm "efecto de la madera antigua")” debe considerarse, así como la inclusión potencial de algún material más reciente en la muestra total. Para carbonatos, la corrección de reservorio es teórica, y las variaciones locales son reales, altamente variables y dependientes del origen de la muestra. Los rangos de edad generados por el programa deben considerarse como aproximaciones. Los errores citados en la edad de 14C (+/- X BP) que son utilizados posteriormente en las calibraciones están estrictamente limitados a errores de determinación (los errores de conteo de la muestra, el estándar de 14C moderno y los antecedentes). Los errores indeterminados como la homogeneidad de la muestra, la posición del anillo de crecimiento (con potencial para efectos de la madera antigua), la reubicación de las muestras (redeposición), y los efectos de reservorio locales en muestras acuáticas, no siempre son cuantificables y deberían considerarse en la interpretación de cualquier **Edad Convencional de Radiocarbono** calibrada a años calendario.
*Última actualización de la página: enero de 2021*
---
### [Kalibrierung von Kohlenstoff-14 Datierungsergebnissen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kalender-kalibrierung-karbon-datierung.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Kalibrierungen von Radiokohlenstoff-Altern werden verwendet, um das konventionelle Radiokohlenstoff-Alter (BP Alter korrigiert auf Isotopenfraktionierung mittels δ13C Wert) in Kalenderjahre umzuwandeln.
Die für die Korrekturen verwendeten Parameter wurden durch präzise **Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung** hunderter Proben gewonnen, die aus [bekannten Altersringen von Eiche, Mammutbaum und Tanne](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/baum-ring-kalibrierung.htm#Dendro "bekannten Altersringen von Eiche, Mammutbaum und Tanne") bis etwa 13,900 BP entnommen wurden. Darüber hinaus erfolgte bis etwa 55,000 BP zurück eine Korrelation, die auf mehreren Beweislinien gründet. Diese Informationen werden zu international anerkannten Datenbanken zusammengestellt, die gelegentlich aktualisiert werden. Die aktuellen Datenbanken sind IntCal20 (nördliche Hemisphäre), SHCal20 (südliche Hemisphäre) und Marine20 (Meeresumwelt).
## High-Probability Density Range Methode
Es ist in den letzten Jahren üblich geworden, dass Forscher eine mathematische Methode verwenden, die das konventionelle Radiokohlenstoffalter kalibriert und dann die “Wahrscheinlichkeit” eines Kalibrierbereichs über einen anderen Bereich innerhalb der 95.4- und 68.2-Wahrscheinlichkeiten statistisch verfeinert. Diese Wahrscheinlichkeiten sind grafisch dargestellt durch einen schattierten Graubereich auf dem Plot und durch prozentuale Werte, die neben jedem Bereich berichtet werden. Diese Methode nennt man High-Probability Density (HPD).
## Kalibrierung von marinen Proben
Die Kalibrierung von marinen Karbonatproben erfordert eine Korrektur sowohl für [globale, als auch lokale geographische Reservoireffekte](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/meer-reservoir-effekt.htm "globale, als auch lokale geographische Reservoireffekte"). Reservoir-Korrekturen für Süßwasser-Karbonate (als “Hart-Wasser-Effekt” bezeichnet) sind in der Regel unbekannt und für gewöhnlich nicht einfach für Kalender-Kalibrierungen zu berücksichtigen.
## Hinweis
Bei Holz und Holzkohle muss die Möglichkeit des “[Altholzeffektes](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/altholzeffekt-verstehen.htm "Altholzeffektes")“, sowie die potenzielle Kontamination durch jüngeres Material in der Gesamtprobe berücksichtigt werden. Reservekorrekturen für Karbonate sind theoretischer Natur, wobei die lokalen Variationen real, sehr variabel und abhängig vom Probenursprung sind. Die vom Programm erzeugten Altersbereiche müssen als Annäherungen betrachtet werden. Die im 14C-Alter (+/- X BP) angeführten Fehler, die dann in den Kalibrierungen verwendet werden, sind streng auf bestimmte Fehler beschränkt (die Zählfehler der Probe, der moderne 14C-Standard und der Hintergrund). Unbestimmte Fehler wie Probenhomogenität, die Position der Wachstumsringe (Potenzial für Altholzeffekte), Umlagerung von Proben (Redeposition) und lokale Reservoireffekte in aquatischen Proben sind nicht immer quantifizierbar und sollten bei der Interpretation eines kalibrierten konventionellen **Radiokohlenstoff-Alters** berücksichtigt werden.
*Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: Januar 2021*
---
### [Empfehlungen zu Probenhandhabung und Probenbehälter](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/details.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
## Probenbearbeitung
**Karbonate** – Die direkte Bearbeitung von Karbonatproben beeinflusst das Ergebnis nicht. Da man für die Radiokarbon-Analyse den CaCO3 Anteil verwendet, sind Verunreinigungen durch Handfette und andere organische Stoffe nicht relevant. Nur das Vorhandensein von anderen Karbonaten beeinflusst das Datierungsergebnis des Kohlenstoffes.
**Organische Materialien** – Organische Proben zur Radiokohlenstoff Datierung sollten nicht mit bloßen Händen bearbeitet werden, da Ihre Handfette die Proben verunreinigen. Verwenden Sie daher bitte Plastikhandschuhe. Das Waschen der Proben in Trinkwasser ist in Ordnung (destilliertes Wasser wird jedoch empfohlen). Vermeiden Sie jeglichen Kontakt mit Papier.
**Äußere Matrix** – Unsere Preise basieren darauf, dass alle Proben in konzentrierter Form eingereicht wurden. Es ist nicht notwendig minimale Sedimentablagerungen und anhaftendes organisches Material zu entfernen. Bei losen Ablagerungen in großen Mengen können jedoch zusätzliche Gebühren anfallen, daher empfehlen wir, den Großteil der äußeren Matrix zu entfernen. Die einmalige Benutzung eines im Haushaltswarengeschäft erhältlichen Siebes stellt kein Problem dar, das Sieb sollte jedoch abgespült werden, um Staub zu beseitigen. Wenn Sie Laborsiebe verwenden, stellen Sie sicher, dass diese absolut sauber sind, bevor Sie sie für eine andere Probe verwenden.
**Feuchte versus trockene Proben** – Es ist nicht notwendig die Proben zu trocknen. Allerdings ist es leichter die Menge des zu versendeten Materials einzuschätzen, wenn das Trockengewicht bekannt ist. Das Einsenden von feuchten Kohlenstoffproben ist in Ordnung. Das Labor beginnt die Radiocarbon-Analyse direkt nach Erhalt der Probe, sodass die Feuchtigkeit keine Kontamination verursacht. Möchten Sie Ihre Proben dennoch trocken, empfehlen wir eine Temperatur von 90°C bis 100°C für 4 bis 24 Stunden.
---
## Empfehlungen bezüglich Behältern und Verpackung
Bitte beachten: Verpacken Sie bitte jede Probe separat in einen wiederverschließbaren Plastikbeutel, um Vermischungen während des Transports zu vermeiden.
**Große Proben** – Bitte direkt in einen wiederverschließbaren Plastikbeutel geben.
Bsp.: [Geweihe, Knochen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-knochen.htm), [Holzkohle](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-holzkohle.htm), Koralle, [Dung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-dung.htm), Gyttja, [Leder](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-leder.htm), [Torf,](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-torf.htm) Pflanzen, [Keramik](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-keramik.htm), [Sediment](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-sedimente.htm), [Schalenweichtiere](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-schalen.htm), Zähne, [Textilien](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-textilien.htm), [Holz](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-holz.htm)
**Kleine/filigrane Proben** – Bitte in aluminiumfolie wickeln, um Materialverlust zu vermeiden, und in einen beschrifteten, wiederverschließbaren Beutel geben.
Bsp.: extrahiertes Kollagen, [Fischotolithen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/c14-datierung-fisch-otolith.htm), [Haar](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-forensik.htm), Insekten (Chitin), [Samen, Körner](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-samen.htm)
**Sehr kleine Proben** – Bitte Glasfläschchen mit Schraubverschluss, Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen oder Zählkammern verwenden und diese in separate, wiederverschließbare und beschriftete Plastikbeutel geben.
Bsp.: [Foraminiferen, Ostrakoden](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-foraminiferen.htm), [Phytolithen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-phytolithe.htm), [Pollen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-pollen.htm)
**Flüssigkeiten** – Bitte möglichst Plastikflaschen verwenden (HDPE, LDPE, PP). Wenn Sie Glasflaschen verwenden, verpacken Sie diese bitte sehr gut, um Beschädigungen während des Transports zu vermeiden. Wir raten jedoch dringend, Plastikflaschen jeglichen Glasbehältern vorzuziehen.
---
## Verwenden Sie bitte Pakete anstatt Umschläge
**Bei Feststoffen** – Wir raten dringend, wann immer möglich, Proben in kleinen Paketen zu versenden (anstatt in Umschlägen), um die Unversehrtheit der Proben sicherzustellen. In der Regel verwenden Postdienstleister während des automatisierten Sortierprozesses Walzen, durch die Druck auf die Umschläge ausgeübt wird. Dieser Druck kann ausreichen, um kleine Fragmente zu zerdrücken und zu pulverisieren.
**Bei flüssigen Proben** – Bitte Flaschen in separate Plastikbeutel verpacken und diese mit einem Kabelbinder oder Klebeband verschließen. Sollte eine der Flaschen während des Transports auslaufen, wird auf diese Weise verhindert, dass das Wasser die Pappe des Transportbehälters aufweicht.
*Seite zuletzt aktualisiert: Februar 2020*
---
### [Removendo Contaminações de Madeira e Carvão](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carvao-madeira.htm)
**Published:** August 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
## Contaminação de Amostras de Carvão Vegetal ou Madeira
Os materiais com carbono encontrados ao redor da amostra de [madeira](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-madeira.htm) ou do [carvão](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-carvao.htm) vegetal quando ainda estavam enterrados, bem como os que foram usados durante a coleta e preservação, poderão ter alterado o seu conteúdo de carbono 14. Qualquer material que aumenta o conteúdo de carbono de uma amostra é considerado um contaminante.
Os contaminantes naturais de madeira e carvão vegetal são introduzidos ao ambiente pós-deposicional, tais como os ácidos húmicos e fúlvicos encontrados no solo. Estes ácidos são produzidos pela degradação microbiana dos tecidos vegetais e animais. As intrusões radiculares também introduzem carbono moderno em amostras de madeira e carvão vegetal. O calcário também é outro possível contaminante, dependendo do local da escavação.
Os contaminantes artificiais de amostras de madeira e carvão vegetal são introduzidos por negligência ou desconhecimento das pessoas que coletam e processam as amostras. As cinzas de cigarro, cabelos e fibras, papel de embalagem, óleo, graxa e até mesmo cola são exemplos de contaminantes artificiais.
#### [Efeito da Contaminação nos Resultados de Datação por Carbono](#collapseOne)
O efeito da contaminação em amostras de madeira e carvão vegetal submetidas à datação por radiocarbono com a técnica AMS depende do tipo de contaminante, do grau de contaminação e da idade relativa das amostras e dos contaminantes.
Se o calcário não for removido antes da datação por radiocarbono pela técnica AMS, os resultados serão consideravelmente mais antigos do que a idade real da madeira ou do carvão porque o calcário, que é de origem geológica, será muito mais antigo do que qualquer amostra arqueológica.
Os ácidos húmicos e fúlvicos podem se anexar à superfície da madeira e do carvão vegetal e trocam carbono em um processo chamado adsorção. Esta ocorrência pode fazer com que a idade de radiocarbono da amostra seja demasiadamente recente ou antiga, dependendo da idade do organismo que produziu os ácidos orgânicos. A penetração de raízes nas amostras de carvão vegetal ou madeira também introduz carbono moderno às mesmas.
Geralmente, os contaminantes com ação infinita adicionam um número considerável de anos à idade real de uma amostra de carvão vegetal ou madeira, enquanto que o carbono moderno faz com que qualquer amostra pareça significativamente mais recente.
A fim de obter resultados precisos, os laboratórios de AMS realizam pré-tratamentos em todas as amostras de madeira e carvão vegetal antes de submetê-las à datação por radiocarbono.
#### [Pré-tratamento de Madeira ou Carvão Vegetal](#collapseSix)
A retirada da contaminação sem o uso de produtos químicos é considerada um pré-tratamento físico. O pré-tratamento físico aplicado à madeira e ao carvão em laboratórios de AMS inclui a remoção de radículas de plantas com o uso de pinças, a limpeza pela raspagem da superfície com um bisturi e a diminuição do tamanho da amostra.
Os laboratórios de AMS usam um martelo ou talhadeira para lascar a madeira, que também pode ser pulverizada em serragem em moinhos. Um técnico de um laboratório de AMS tritura amostras de carvão vegetal em uma placa de petri ou pilão. A diminuição de tamanho é feita para aumentar a superfície da amostra para os pré-tratamentos seguintes.
#### [Pré-tratamento Químico de Madeira ou Carvão Vegetal](#collapseTwo)
O [pré-tratamento](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-pretratamento-protocolos.htm) químico é feito antes da datação por carbono 14 com a técnica AMS para garantir que todos os contaminantes possíveis tenham sido removidos antes da análise.
Diferentes laboratórios de AMS podem ter pequenas variações em seus procedimentos de pré-tratamento químico de carvão vegetal ou madeira, mas na maioria das vezes, eles usam os mesmos produtos químicos. As concentrações químicas, as temperaturas, os períodos de exposição e o número de repetições dependem muito da condição e natureza da amostra que esteja sendo analisada.
Os técnicos dos laboratórios de AMS lavam as amostras de madeira e carvão vegetal com ácido clorídrico (HCl) quente para eliminar carbonatos. Em seguida, é aplicada uma solução alcalina como o hidróxido de sódio (NaOH) para remover os ácidos orgânicos remanescentes. O último passo é banhar a amostra com ácido para neutralizar a solução alcalina antes de secá-la.
Também há casos em que as amostras de madeira ou carvão vegetal são lavadas apenas em uma solução ácida. Isto é feito quando a fonte de carbono é solúvel em um alcalóide. No entanto, o resultado da datação por carbono reflete o conteúdo orgânico total.
No caso das amostras de madeira demasiadamente antiga ou contaminada, os técnicos dos laboratórios de AMS acrescentam uma etapa de extração de celulose após o tratamento ácido-alcalino-ácido. A extração de celulose é feita com a imersão da amostra em uma solução de clorito de sódio (NaClO2) em pH e temperatura controlada.
---
### [炭素14年代測定法と考古学](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/archaeology.htm)
**Published:** March 16, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- 放射性炭素年代測定分析機関は、研究にとって意味のある年代を 得るため、考古学研究者の方々とサンプリング方法・保存方法・測定方法などについて連絡をとりあうことが望ましいです。
- 試料とその状況・環境・背景との関係は炭素年代測定をする前に 把握しておかなければなりません。
- 放射性炭素年代測定は炭素の微弱な放射性同位体である炭素14の測定を行い、得られた放射性炭素年代を暦年代に較正します。
[](http://www.radiocarbon.com/images/c14-archaeology.jpg)
歴史学、考古学、人類学は区別されますが、それぞれが密接に関係しており、現在を生きる人々に過去の知見を与えるという点で共通しています。
歴史学は過去の事実を主に文献資料から解明し、人類学は人類の進化や生物学的側面、社会的・文化的側面を研究します。考古学は主に実際の発掘現場から得られる資料、遺物の調査、地質学的解釈などによって、文字の記録のない時代も含めて、人類の過去を解明することを目的とします。考古学は、書物には書かれていない人類の過去が解明することで、他の科学とは異なる方法で人類の歴史を充実させてきました。
人類の過去の生活や行動を記録した遺物を調査することは、他の自然科学の分野にとっては重要ではないことのように思えるかもしれません。
しかしながら考古学において人類とは何かということを解明するという目的は、単なる宝探し、情報収集や年代の決定の範疇を超えた崇高な試みです。歴史は繰り返さないということを明らかにするための鍵となる過去の文化の存在を無くすものが何かは分かっています。
炭素14を測定する放射性炭素年代測定、[年輪年代](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/tree-ring-calibration.htm "年輪年代")、地磁気年代、ルミネッセンス年代、黒曜石年代測定などは考古学研究において時代を確定するという重要な役割を担ってきました。 放射性炭素年代測定は50年ほどの歴史があり、考古学における様々な革新的発見に貢献してきました。現在においてもなお、放射性炭素年代測定は考古学にとってなくてはならない手法のひとつです。
[](https://www.radiocarbon.com/optimal-bone-samples-radiocarbon-dating/)
## 放射性炭素年代測定法の概念
炭素年代測定で測定される炭素14は、炭素の同位体のひとつで放射性物質です。
植物は光合成によって炭素14を含んだ二酸化炭素を取り込み、動物も食物連鎖によって炭素14を取り込みます。それら生物の生命が終わると、生物圏との炭素のやりとりも終了し、その時から炭素14はその放射性崩壊の割合に従って減っていきます。試料に残っている炭素14を測定することによって、その生物の死後の経過時間がわかるのです。
放射性炭素年代測定結果は、AD1950を基準年としてさかのぼるかたちで、BPという単位で表されます。また、[暦年代較正](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/calendar-calibration-carbon-dating.htm "暦年代較正")を行うことによって放射性炭素年代を暦年代に較正することができます。 そうして得られた年代情報が考古学年代と関連付けられ検証されます。
## 炭素14年代測定法が最適な方法かどうか？
考古学研究者がこうした炭素年代測定を手法として採用するかどうか決定する前に、この手法が考古学的な疑問に答えられるものかどうか検討する必要があります。つまり、試料の “放射性炭素濃度” がいったい考古学においてはどういう意味を持つのかということです。
試料の放射性炭素年代と、知りたいイベントの年代が必ずしも直接的な関係があるとは限らないということも考慮しておかなければなりません。試料とそれに纏わる背景、前後関係との関係は必ずしも単純ではありません。
炭素年代測定で判明した試料の年代が背景より古くなる場合があります。例えばある遺構の年代を知りたい時、そこから採取した木が既に生物圏との相互作用を終えてしまっていた場合は、その木と遺構との年代が完全に一致するとは限りません。試料と遺構の関係が明快ではない場合や、簡単にはわからないこともあります。そのため、炭素年代測定を行う場合は、背景と事象の関係、事象と試料の関係を十分に検証する必要があります。
また、考古学者は発掘調査の現場でやみくもに試料採取を行うのではなく、調査の目的にかなった試料を採取する必要があるということを理解していなくてはなりません。
## 考古学研究者と炭素14年代測定機関の間でのコミュニケーション
利用可能なマンパワー、時間、資金などをできる限り有効に活用するため、考古学試料の放射性炭素年代測定を行う際、調査を行う方は以下のことについて、測定機関との協議を行うことが重要です。
1\. 試料の種類やサイズ
物質によっては炭素年代測定に適さないもの、測定不可能なものなどがあります。またサイズについての制限があることがあります。 また試験所によって、必要な試料の量や好ましい試料の状態には違いがありますので事前に試験所と相談されることをお薦めいたします。例えば、試験所によっては送付する前に試料を乾燥させる必要があります。 一方、湿潤状態の試料でも問題なく受け入れる試験所もあります。
2\. 試料のサンプリング
試料の汚染を避けてサンプリング・保存を行うことが重要です。炭化水素、炭素を含む接合剤、殺虫剤、ポリエチレングリコールなどと試料の接触は避けなければいけません。紙や脱脂綿、たばこの灰なども試料の汚染の要因となります。
3\. 試料の保存
輸送、または長い期間保管する必要が生じた場合でも試料が破壊されないようにパッケージされなければいけません。パッケージのラベルは剥がれたり消えないように注意しなければなりません。ガラス製の容器で保存する際は、容器が破損しないように注意しなければいけません。 スクリューキャップ付きのアルミニウム製容器は、輸送の際壊れる心配がありません。しかしいずれの場合でも、試料を送る前に、最適な容器は何かを試験所に確認することが一番良い方法です。保管方法について不明な点がある場合は炭素年代測定機関に相談することをお勧めします。
4\. 誤差と較正
年代測定を行う方は、試験所の結果に系統誤差やランダム誤差がないか確認しておくことをお薦めいたします。また、使用される暦年代較正プログラムについての確認も必要です。
5\. 費用
炭素年代測定に係るすべての費用を明確にしておきましょう。 試験所によっては処理に応じて追加料金が発生する場合があります。
6\. 納期
試験所によって分析にかかる日数が異なります。事前に納期を確認することをお薦めいたします。
7\. 試料の同定
放射性炭素年代測定は破壊分析です。試料の同定が必要な場合は年代測定に提出する前に行っておきましょう。
8\. 汚染の可能性
発掘現場の状況、発掘方法などについて測定機関と相談することによって、試料の汚染の可能性についての情報が得られることがあります。それは試料の前処理について有用な情報となる可能性があります。
9\. 予想される年代
試験所によっては、クロスコンタミネーションを避けるためにあらかじめ試料の予想年代が必要となる場合があります。それによって、非常に古い年代の試料と、モダンサンプルの連続分析を避けることができます。 また、暦年代に大きな幅の出てしまう可能性のある試料の測定を避けることが可能です。較正曲線が平坦な個所に炭素14年代が該当すると、暦年代が広範囲に渡ってしまう可能性があります。
## 炭素14年代測定法の結果
放射性炭素年代の解釈は簡単に行かないことがあります。
時には放射性炭素年代が”考古学的には受け入れられない”とみなされることがあります。 そういった場合、遺跡の年代学的な評価を行った上で放射性炭素年代測定結果が採用されないこともありました。
[放射性炭素年代法の結果](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-results.htm "放射性炭素年代法の結果")は“考古学的に受け入れられない”場合も考慮し、試料が汚染されていなかったかどうか、生息年代とイベントのずれ（例えば古木効果、木材の再利用）などが検討されるべきです。
---
免責事項:この動画はサードパーティーのサービスを利用しているため広告が表示されることがあります。
## 救出考古学
救出考古学は、建設工事や開発工事に伴い貴重な考古学的発見があった場合、その調査および保存を目的とする発掘などを緊急に行うことを意味します。工期の差し迫った工事や開発の場合、利害関係者は発掘調査をできるだけ早く終えることを要求するため、それに関わる考古学者は時間に追われた環境での調査を強いられることになります。
大変貴重な発見につながる可能性がある状況下で、発掘調査の継続を開発者に対して正当化するためには、高品質な放射性炭素年代測定を迅速に行う必要があります。[救出考古学](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-rescue-archaeology/)のような時間的制約のある環境では、数か月もの間、結果を待つために工事を中断するなどということは不可能ですし、工事の中断は経済的な負担の増加にもつながりかねません。したがって考古学者はプロジェクトの要求する期限をクリアできる放射性炭素年代測定試験所が必要となります。
**参照文献:**
Grahame Johnston, [Rescue Archaeology](http://www.archaeologyexpert.co.uk/rescuearchaeology.html) (2015), Archaeology Expert, (accessed June 2018)
Sheridan Bowman, Radiocarbon Dating: Interpreting the Past (1990), University of California Press
**さらに詳しく:**
- [加速器質量分析法(AMS法)による放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm "加速器質量分析法(AMS法)による放射性炭素年代測定")
- [年輪年代と放射性炭素年代の較正](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/tree-ring-calibration.htm "年輪年代と放射性炭素年代の較正")
- [放射性炭素年代測定の基礎知識](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/about-carbon-dating.htm "放射性炭素年代測定の基礎知識")
---
### [방사성 탄소 연대 측정과 고고학](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/archaeology.htm)
**Published:** January 22, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- 의미 있는 결과를 얻기 위해서, 샘플 채집, 보관, 그 외 여러 사항들에 대해 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 연구소의 과학자들과 고고학자들은 서로 협력해야 합니다.
- 방사선 탄소 연대 측정 전에 샘플의 맥락 관계를 잘 세워야 합니다
- 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 과정은 약한 탄소의 방사성 동위원소인 탄소 14 측정을 시작으로 방사성 탄소 연대 결과를 보정하여 달력 연대로 바꿔주는 것입니다.
[](http://www.radiocarbon.com/images/c14-archaeology.jpg)
역사학, 인류학, 고고학은 서로 다른 분야이지만, 현 인류에게 과거를 반추하여 말해주는 서로 상당히 밀접한 지식 체계입니다. 역사학자들은 각각의 지역에서 어떤 문명이 흥하고, 언제 망했는지 보여줍니다. 인류학자들은 사람들의 물리적 특징, 문화, 환경과 사회 관계를 설명해 줍니다. 반면 고고학자들은 어떤 유물이 진짜인지 증명해주거나, 역사적, 인류학적 발견들이 잘못된 오류라는 것을 보여줍니다.
다른 과학 분야와 다르게 고고학은 의심할 여지없이 인류 역사를 풍요롭게 해주었습니다. 고고학이 가까스로 푼 미지의 인류 과거가 아직도 상당 부분 있습니다.
인간의 지난 삶과 활동의 유물을 연구하는 것은 생물 학자와 달리 일반인에게는 중요하지 않으며, 재미도 없을 것입니다. 하지만 인류를 이해하고자 하는 고고학의 목적은 묻혀있는 보물을 찾아내고, 정보를 얻고, 사건의 연대를 측정하는 것을 넘어선 숭고한 노력의 일환입니다. 과거 문명들이 망한 이유를 앎으로서 역사는 역사 스스로 반복하지 않는다는 것을 확실히 보여주는 열쇠를 제공해 줄 수 있다는 것이 고고학의 목적입니다.
수년간 고고학은 과거 문명에 대한 많은 정보를 발견해 왔는데, 이런 정보들은 여러 기술 (방사성 탄소 연대 측정, [나이테연대측정(dendrochronology)](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/tree-ring-calibration.htm "나이테연대측정(dendrochronology)"), archaeomagnetic dating, fluoride dating, luminescence dating, obsidian hydration analysis,) 의 도움이 없었다면 알려지지 않은 채로 남아있었을 것입니다. 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 기술은 지난 50년 이상 지속되어 왔으며, 고고학에 혁명을 가져다 주었습니다. 이 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 기술은 고고학자와 다른 과학자들에게 매우 유용한 기술로서, 강력하고 믿을만하며, 또한 다양하게 쓰일 수 있는 기술입니다.
[](https://www.radiocarbon.com/optimal-bone-samples-radiocarbon-dating/)
## 방사성 탄소 연대 측정의 개념
방사성 탄소라 불리는 탄소 14는 탄소의 동위 원소로 불안정하며, 방사선이 있으며, 자연적으로 발생합니다. 생물이 죽게 되면 생물 권과의 상호 작용이 멈추며, 죽은 생명체 안에 남아있는 탄소 14는 생물 권에 더 이상 영향을 받지 않고 자연적으로 반감되어 갑니다.
탄소 14는 수천 년에 걸쳐 반감하는데, 이것이 바로 방사성 탄소 연대 측정의 기본 원리이며, 과거를 밝혀주는 강력한 도구인 자연의 위대함입니다.
샘플에 남아 있는 탄소 14을 분석하면서 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 과정은 시작합니다. 샘플의 탄소 14의 함량으로 원생물체가 죽은 이후 흘러온 시간을 알 수 있습니다. 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 결과는 보정되지 않은 연대 BP (Before Present: 현재 전)로 기록되며, BP는 서기 1950년입니다. 보정 작업은 BP년도를 달력 년도로 전환하는 것이며, 이 년도는 실제 역사적 연대와 관련되어 있습니다.
## 방사성 탄소 연대 측정이 적당한 방법인가?
고고학자는 분석 방법 중에서 방사성 탄소 연대 측정을 하기로 결정하기 전에, 우선 보정 후 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 결과가 의문인 고고학적 질문에 필요한 답을 줄 수 있는지 확실히 해야 합니다. 샘플에 탄소 14가 있다는 것이 무엇을 의미하는지 반드시 생각해 보기 바랍니다.
샘플의 전후 관계를 따지는 것은 간단치 않습니다. 샘플의 연대는 샘플을 발견한 전후 맥락을 앞섭니다. 나무와 같은 일부 샘플은 생물 권과 이미 상호 작용을 멈췄고 죽은 나이가 있지만 샘플 주변 물질들의 나이와 이 죽은 나이를 연결해 보면 아주 정확하지 않습니다. 또한 샘플과 주변 물질간의 연관성이 분명치 않거나 잘 이해되지 않는 경우도 있습니다. 따라서 방사성 탄소 연대 측정할 샘플과 전후 맥락과의 관계, 그 맥락과 사건의 관계에 반드시 많은 주의를 기울여야 합니다.
고고학자는 또한 발굴 현장에서 찾아낸 모든 유기물을 연대 측정할 것이 아니라, 꼭 연대 측정해야 할 일련의 샘플들을 잘 수집해서 방사선 탄소 연대 측정 과정이 이루어지도록 해야 합니다.
## 방사성 탄소 과학자들과 고고학자들간의 연관성.
발굴 시작 전 방사성 탄소 과학자들과 고고학자들의 샘플 채집 전략에 대하여 의견 일치를 보는 것이 중요합니다. 그래야 시간, 노력, 자원을 낭비하지 않으며, 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 후에 의미 있는 결과를 얻게 됩니다.
여러 변수로 인해 고고학자들은 발굴 전에 먼저 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 연구소와 소통이 필요하다는 것을 다시 한번 강조합니다.
1\. 샘플 종류, 크기, 포장
연구소들마다 방사성 탄소 연대 측정을 할 수 없는 샘플이 있습니다. 예를 들어 일부 연구소들은 탄산염을 측정하지 않습니다.
연구소들이 가장 이상적인 측정을 위해 샘플 크기가 어느 정도 필요한지, 어떤 종류의 샘플을 좋아하는지 미리 연구소와 상담하는 것이 좋습니다. 예를 들어 어떤 연구소는 샘플 제출 시점에 건조된 나무 샘플을 좋아하는 반면, 어떤 연구소는 물에 흠뻑 젖은 나무도 받아들입니다.
2\. 샘플 채집
수집, 보관하는 동안 오염 물질이 샘플에 묻지 않게 조심해야 합니다. 특히 탄화 수소, 접착제, 살충제, 폴리에틸렌 글리콜, 폴리 초산 비닐이 샘플과 묻지 않게 조심해야 합니다. 종이, 판지, 탈지면, 끈, 담배 재 등이 또 다른 잠재적인 오염 물질입니다.
3\. 샘플 보관
이동 중이거나 장기간 보관 중에도 포장재 안에 잘 보관해 샘플을 보호해주어야 합니다. 또한 포장재에 붙인 이름표의 색깔이 바래거나 쉽게 떨어지지 않게 해야 합니다.
샘플을 유리병에 보관해도 되지만 쉽게 깨지거나 큰 샘플을 담기에는 적당하지 않을 수 있습니다. 플라스틱 역시 샘플을 오염시킬 수 있기 때문에 안전하게 사용하기에 좋지 않습니다. 뚜껑 달린 알루미늄 용기는 안전합니다만, 어떤 용기가 가장 좋을지 연구소와 상담하는 것이 가장 좋은 방법입니다.
4\. 오류와 보정
고고학자나 일반 고객들은 연대 측정 결과에 계통 오류나 임의 오류가 있는지 연구소에 문의해 보는 것이 좋습니다. BP 년도를 달력 년도로 전환하는데 쓰이는 보정에 대해서도 연구소에 자세한 내용을 물어보는 것이 좋습니다.
5\. 비용
방사성 탄소 연대 측정과 관련된 모든 비용을 정확히 아시기 바랍니다. 일부 연구소는 측정하지도 않은 샘플에 대해서도 많은 비용을 청구하기도 합니다.
6\. 측정에 걸리는 시간
방사성 탄소 연대 측정 작업에는 시간이 걸리며, 연구소는 종종 대기 명단 리스트를 준비해 둡니다. 따라서 이런 점을 생각해 봐야 합니다.
7\. 샘플 이름표
방사성 탄소 연대 측정 작업은 어수선하여 항상 고객들에게 샘플 식별할 수 있게 이름표를 붙일 것을 권장합니다. 하지만 실험 전에 샘플에 제대로 표식을 하였는지는 고객 책임입니다.
8\. 오염물의 종류
고객은 연구소와 서로 소통해야 연구소는 발굴 현장에서 생길 수 있는 오염 물질의 종류에 대하여 아이디어를 얻을 수 있습니다. 이렇게 오염 물질의 종류에 대해 알아야 연대 측정 시작 전에 하는 사전 처리 방법에 대한 아이디어를 얻을 수 있습니다.
9\. 샘플의 예상 연대
연구소는 고객들에게 제출한 샘플의 예상 연대를 물어봅니다. 이는 샘플 작업 과정에서 상호 오염을 확실하게 피하고, 샘플의 실제 연대 (10,000년 이상)가 최근 나이를 확실히 따르지 못하게 하기 위해서 입니다.
또한 연구소는 커다란 달력 연대 오차가 나는 샘플의 연대 측정 작업을 피하고 싶어합니다. 보정 커브가 상대적으로 평행이고, 그 기간 동안 모든 달력상의 사건들이 방사성 탄소 연대와 거의 같게 나타나는 경우에, 연대 측정 결과의 가치는 거의 없습니다.
## 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 결과
연대 측정 결과의 해석은 단순하지 않습니다. 고고학자들이 연대 측정 결과를 ‘고고학적으로 받아 들일 수 없을’ 때도 있는데, 이런 경우는 고고학자가 발굴 현장의 연대기 계산에 따라 연대 측정 결과를 거부한 것입니다.
연대 측정 결과를 왜 ‘받아들일 수 없는’ 지에 대한 잠재적 이유는 많습니다. 깔려 있는 퇴적물 문제, 예상치 못한 오염 물질, 심지어 연구소 문제일 수도 있습니다. 어떤 문제이든 간에, 연대 측정 결과가 왜 받아 들일 수 없는지 잘 생각해 봐야 합니다.
---
면책조항: 이 비디오는 제3자의 사이트에 올렸으며, 광고가 포함되어 있습니다.
이 비디오 인용은 Beta 연구소 웨비나의 일부입니다. [동위원소 기초: 동위원소 분석 소개](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "동위원소 기초: 동위원소 분석 소개")
## 개발 현장 고고학 (Rescue Archaeology)
[개발 현장 고고학이란](https://www.radiocarbon.com/rescue-archaeology/) 건설 개발 공사 중 문화재의 파괴나 분실 예방의 사전 조치로 진행되는 고고학적 조사를 말합니다. 이들 공사 관계자들은 매장 문화재 고고학자들에게 충분한 시간을 주지 않고 가능하면 빠른 조사의 진행을 요구합니다.
값진 문화재의 발견, 혹은 발견 가능성 여부의 최종 확인을 위해 신속, 정확한 연대측정 보고서는 필수 사항입니다. 그래야 추가 발굴 조사를 벌일지 아니면 공사 속개를 할 지 여부를 빨리 결정할 수 있습니다. 특히나 실제 진행되고 있는 공사 현장에서, 연대측정 결과를 기다린다는 것은 개발업자나 건설업자의 입장에서는 심각한 경제적 손실을 안겨주기도 합니다. 따라서 매장 문화재 발굴 고고학자들의 입장에서는 이들 업자들의 요구 조건과 마감일을 수용해 줄 수 있는 믿을 수 있는 방사성탄소 연대측정 연구소가 절대적으로 필요합니다
**참고 문헌:**
Grahame Johnston, [Rescue Archaeology](http://www.archaeologyexpert.co.uk/rescuearchaeology.html) (2015), Archaeology Expert, (accessed June 2018)
Sheridan Bowman, Radiocarbon Dating: Interpreting the Past (1990), University of California Press
**추가 자료:**
- [가속질량분석기에 의한 방사성탄소 연대측정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm)
- [탄소 연대측정 과 연륜 연대학](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/tree-ring-calibration.htm)
[방사성탄소 연대측정 설명](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/about-carbon-dating.htm)
---
### [Datação por Radiocarbono e Arqueologia](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia.htm)
**Published:** August 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Os cientistas de laboratórios de datação por radiocarbono e os arqueólogos devem coordenar aspectos ligados à amostragem, armazenagem e outros assuntos para garantir um resultado significativo.
- A relação da amostra com o seu contexto deve ser estabelecida antes da datação por carbono.
- O processo de datação por radiocarbono começa com a medição do carbono14, um isótopo de carbono levemente radioativo, seguido da calibração dos resultados de idade de radiocarbono a anos civis.
[](http://www.radiocarbon.com/images/c14-archaeology.jpg)
A história, antropologia e arqueologia são três áreas distintas de conhecimento, mas estreitamente relacionadas que ajudam a humanidade a compreender o presente a partir do passado. Os historiadores podem determinar quais culturas prosperaram em diferentes regiões e quando as mesmas se desintegraram. Os antropólogos podem descrever o caráter físico, a cultura e as relações ambientais e sociais de um povo. Os arqueólogos, por outro lado, fornecem provas de autenticidade de um determinado artefato ou desmentem descobertas históricas ou antropológicas.
Sem sombra de dúvida, a arqueologia enriqueceu a história da humanidade como nenhuma outra ciência. Uma grande parte do passado não registrado da humanidade foi desvendado pela arqueologia.
O estudo de atividades e restos materiais de vidas humanas do passado pode não parecer importante ou excitante para a pessoa comum, ao contrário das ciências biológicas. O objetivo da arqueologia de entender a humanidade é um esforço nobre que vai além de descobrir tesouros enterrados, da coleta de informações e datação de eventos. Ao descobrirmos o que fez com que culturas passadas deixassem de existir, podemos garantir que a história não se repita.
Ao longo dos anos, a arqueologia desvendou informações sobre culturas passadas que teriam permanecido desconhecidas se não fosse pela ajuda de tecnologias como a datação por radiocarbono, [dendrocronologia](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arvore-anel-calibracao.htm "dendrocronologia"), dataçãoarqueomagnética, datação de fluoreto, datação por luminescênciae análise de hidratação obsidiana, entre outras. A datação por radiocarbono existe há mais de 50 anos e revolucionou a arqueologia. A datação por carbono 14 continua sendo uma técnica muito eficaz, confiável e amplamente aplicável, com um valor inestimável para os arqueólogos e outros cientistas.
[](https://www.radiocarbon.com/optimal-bone-samples-radiocarbon-dating/)
## Conceito da Datação por Radiocarbono
O carbono 14 instável e radioativo, conhecido como radiocarbono, é um isótopo natural do elemento carbono. Quando um ser vivo morre, ele deixa de interagir com a biosfera e o carbono 14 do mesmo permanece inalterado pela biosfera, mas naturalmente começa a enfraquecer.
O enfraquecimento do carbono 14 leva milhares de anos e é esta maravilha da natureza que forma a base da datação por radiocarbono, fazendocom que esta técnica de análise seja uma ferramenta muito eficaz para desvendar o passado.
O processo de datação por radiocarbono começa com a análise do carbono 14 deixado na amostra. A proporção de carbono 14 na amostra examinada dá uma indicação do tempo decorrido desde a morte da fonte da amostra. Os resultados da datação por radiocarbono são divulgados em anos AP (Antes do Presente) não calibrados, onde AP é definido como 1950 DC. A calibração é então feita para converter os anos AP em anos civis. Esta informação é então relacionada a datas históricas conhecidas.
## A Datação por Carbono é o Método Correto?
Antes de decidir sobre o uso da datação por carbono como um método analítico, um arqueólogo deve primeiro certificar-se de que os resultados da datação por radiocarbono após a calibração podem fornecer as respostas necessárias às questões arqueológicas que foram levantadas. A implicação do que é representado pela atividade de carbono 14 de uma amostra deve ser considerada.
A relação da amostra com o seu contexto nem sempre é simples. A idade de uma amostra pré-data o contexto no qual foi encontrada. Algumas amostras, tal como a madeira, param de interagir com a biosfera e tem uma idade aparente no momento de sua morte. Relacionar a idade dos depósitos ao redor da amostra não seria algo totalmente preciso. Há também casos em que a associação entre a amostra e o depósito não é aparente ou de fácil compreensão. Deve ser tomado muito cuidado quando relacionamos um evento com o contexto e o contexto com a amostra a ser analisada pela datação por radiocarbono.
Um arqueólogo também deve certificar-se de que somente as séries úteis de amostras sejam coletadas e analisadas pela datação por radiocarbono e não todo o material orgânico encontrado no local de escavação.
## Contato entre os cientistas de radiocarbono e os arqueólogos
É importante que os cientistas de radiocarbono e os arqueólogos concordem com a estratégia de amostragem antes de começarem a escavação para que tempo, esforço e recursos não sejam desperdiçados e resultados significativos sejam alcançados após o processo de datação por carbono.
Deve ser enfatizado que os arqueólogos precisam interagir com os laboratórios de radiocarbono antes da escavação devido a diversos fatores:
1\. Tipo, tamanho e embalagem da amostra
Os laboratórios têm limitações em termos das amostras que podem ser analisadas pela datação por radiocarbono. Alguns laboratórios, por exemplo, não datam carbonatos.
Os laboratórios também devem ser consultados quanto à quantidade ideal necessária de amostra, bem como sobre sua preferência em relação a certas amostras submetidas à datação por carbono. Alguns laboratórios aceitam madeira encharcada, enquanto que outros preferem receber a madeira seca.
2\. Coleta de amostras
Contaminantes não devem ser introduzidos nas amostras durante a coleta e armazenagem. Hidrocarbonetos, cola, biocidas, glicol polietileno ou polivinilacetato não devem entrar em contato com amostras que serão submetidas à datação por radiocarbono. Outros contaminantes potenciais incluem o papel, papelão, algodão, barbante e cinzas de cigarro.
3\. Armazenagem de amostras
As amostras devem ser envolvidas em materiais de embalagem que as protejam durante o transporte e armazenagens prolongadas. Os rótulos colocados nos materiais de embalagem não devem desbotar ou cair facilmente.
Recipientes de vidro podem ser usados para armazenar amostras que serão submetidas à datação por radiocarbono, mas os mesmos podem quebrar e não serempráticos ao lidar com amostras grandes. Os recipientes de alumínio com tampa de rosca são seguros, mas mesmo assim é melhor consultar o laboratório de radiocarbono sobre os melhores recipientes de amostras a serem utilizados.
4\. Erros e calibração
Recomenda-se que os arqueólogos, ou qualquer outro cliente, perguntem ao laboratório se os resultados têm erros sistemáticos ou aleatórios. Eles também devem pedir detalhes sobre a calibração utilizada para a conversão dos anos AP a anos civis.
5\. Custo
Esclareça os custos relacionados à datação de amostras por radiocarbono. Alguns laboratórios cobram mais pela análise de amostras que eles não processam regularmente
6\. Período de tempo
A datação por radiocarbono leva tempo e os laboratórios muitas vezes têm listas de espera. Por esse motivo, esse fator deve ser considerado.
7\. Identificação das amostras
O processo de datação por carbono é destrutivoe os laboratórios geralmente orientam seus clientes em relação à identificação e rotulagem da amostra. No entanto, o cliente fica responsável por certificar-se de que todas as amostras submetidas à datação por radiocarbono tenham sido rotuladas de forma adequada e correta, antes que a análise seja iniciada.
8\. Tipos de contaminantes
A comunicação com os clientes também ajudam os laboratórios na identificação de possíveis contaminantes no local da escavação. Quando os cientistas identificam o tipo de contaminante, eles têm uma idéia dos métodos de pré-tratamento que precisam ser seguidos antes de começarem a datação por carbono.
9\. Idade esperada da amostra
Os laboratórios perguntam aos clientes sobre a idade esperada das amostras submetidas à datação por radiocarbono para certificarem-se de que a contaminação cruzada seja evitada durante o processamento dasmesmas e que nenhuma amostra de idade substancial (mais de 10.000 anos) seja analisada depois de uma amostra recente.
Os laboratórios também procuram evitar o processamento de amostras que produzem faixas amplas de calendário em análises por radiocarbono. Os resultados de datação por radiocarbono têm valor insignificante nos casos em que a curva de calibração éefetivamente plana e todos os eventos do calendário no período em questão produzem mais ou menos a mesma idade de radiocarbono.
## Resultados de Datação por Radiocarbono
A interpretação dos resultados da datação por radiocarbono não é simplese há momentos em que os arqueólogos consideram os resultados da datação por carbono 14 “arqueologicamente inaceitáveis”. Nestes casos, o arqueólogo rejeita os resultados da datação por radiocarbono na avaliação da cronologia do local da escavação.
Há muitas razões possíveis para que os resultados da datação por radiocarbono sejam considerados “inaceitáveis”. Pode haver um problema deposicional básico, uma contaminação insuspeita ou até mesmo um problema no laboratório. Em qualquer um dos casos, vale a pena considerar cuidadosamente porque os resultados da datação por radiocarbono foram considerados inaceitáveis.
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Aviso legal: Este vídeo está hospedado em um site de terceiros e poderá conter publicidade.
Este trecho de vídeo é parte do webinário Beta: [Uma introdução a análises isotópicas](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Uma introdução a análises isotópicas")
## Arqueologia de resgate
A [arqueologia de resgate](https://www.radiocarbon.com/rescue-archaeology/) envolve a sondagem e a potencial escavação de sítios destinados a alguma forma de construção ou empreendimento, para recuperar quaisquer achados valiosos e prevenir sua destruição. O empreendimento iminente apresenta à arqueóloga e ao arqueólogo tempo limitado para realizar seu trabalho, gerando um ambiente sujeito à pressão do tempo, com investidores ansiosos para que o trabalho termine o quanto antes.
Nos casos em que achados potencialmente valiosos são descobertos, datações por radiocarbono com resultados rápidos e de alto padrão são cruciais para determinar se um sítio necessita maiores escavações ou se ele pode ser entregue de volta aos empreendedores. Em especial, é inviável e financeiramente desvantajoso esperar por meses para se obter resultados para projetos com prazos apertados como os de arqueologia de resgate, enquanto a construção fica suspensa. Arqueólogas e arqueólogos precisam de laboratórios de datação por radiocarbono que satisfaçam os requisitos específicos de seus projetos e prazos.
**Referência:**
Grahame Johnston, [Rescue Archaeology](http://www.archaeologyexpert.co.uk/rescuearchaeology.html) (2015), Archaeology Expert, (accessed June 2018)
Sheridan Bowman, Radiocarbon Dating: Interpreting the Past (1990), University of California Press
**Mais informações:**
- [Datação por radiocarbono com espectrometria de massa com aceleradores](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/acelerador-massa-espectrometria.htm)
- [Datação de radiocarbono por anéis de árvores](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arvore-anel-calibracao.htm)
- [Datação por radiocarbono: uma introdução](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/sobre-carbono-datacao.htm)
---
### [Datazione al carbonio e archeologia](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/archeologia.htm)
**Published:** July 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Gli scienziati che effettuano le datazioni al radiocarbonio e gli archeologi dovrebbero lavorare insieme sul campionamento, sulla conservazione e su altre questioni per ottenere un risultato significativo.
- La relazione campione-contesto deve essere stabilita prima della datazione al carbonio.
- Il processo di datazione al radiocarbonio inizia con la misurazione del carbonio-14, un isotopo debolmente radioattivo del carbonio, seguita dalla calibrazione dei risultati con gli anni solari.
[](http://www.radiocarbon.com/images/c14-archaeology.jpg)
La storia, l’antropologia e l’archeologia sono tre discipline distinte ma strettamente connesse che raccontano all’uomo il suo presente in virtù del suo passato. Gli storici possono dire quali culture sono nate in diverse regioni e quando sono scomparse. Gli antropologi possono descrivere le caratteristiche fisiche di una popolazione, la cultura e le relazioni ambientali e sociali. Gli archeologi, invece, provano l’autenticità di un manufatto o ricollocano ritrovamenti storici o antropologici.
L’archeologia ha indubbiamente arricchito la storia dell’umanità come nessun’altra scienza ha mai fatto. L’archeologia è riuscita a svelare una grandissima parte del passato non scritto dell’uomo.
Per l’uomo medio studiare i resti materiali della vita umana e delle sue attività può non sembrare importante o interessante quanto le scienze biologiche. Ma l’obiettivo dell’archeologia che consiste nel comprendere l’umanità è un impegno nobile che va al di là dei tesori sepolti, della raccolta di informazioni, della datazione degli eventi. Consiste nel conoscere ciò che ha fatto scomparire le culture del passato e fare in modo che la storia non si ripeta.
Nel corso degli anni, l’archeologia ha ottenuto informazioni sulle culture del passato che altrimenti sarebbero rimaste sconosciute se non fosse stato per l’intervento di tecnologie come la datazione al radiocarbonio, la [dendrocronologia](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/calibrazione-degli-anelli-degli-alberi.htm "dendrocronologia"), la datazione archeomagnetica, la datazione con il fluoro, la datazione a termoluminescenza e la datazione con l’idratazione dell’ossidiana. La datazione al radiocarbonio è nata più di 50 anni fa ed ha rivoluzionato l’archeologia. La datazione al carbonio-14 rimane una tecnica potente, affidabile e ampiamente applicabile, molto preziosa per archeologi e altri scienziati.
[](https://www.radiocarbon.com/optimal-bone-samples-radiocarbon-dating/)
## Il concetto di datazione al radiocarbonio
Il carbonio-14 radioattivo ed instabile, chiamato radiocarbonio, è un isotopo naturale dell’elemento carbonio. Quando un essere vivente muore, cessa l’interazione con la biosfera: il carbonio-14 in esso presente non subisce più l’influenza della biosfera e inizia in modo naturale a degradarsi.
Il decadimento del carbonio-14 richiede migliaia di anni, ed è questa meraviglia della natura che costituisce la base della datazione al radiocarbonio e ha fatto dell’analisi del carbonio-14 un potente strumento per rivelare il passato.
Il processo della datazione al radiocarbonio inizia con l’analisi del carbonio-14 rimasto in un campione. La percentuale di carbonio-14 nel campione esaminato fornisce un’indicazione del tempo trascorso dalla morte dell’organismo da cui proviene il campione. I risultati della datazione al radiocarbonio vengono riportati in anni BP (Before Present) non calibrati, dove BP rappresenta il 1950 d.C.. La [calibrazione](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/calibrazione-anni-solari.htm "calibrazione") viene poi eseguita per convertire gli anni BP in anni solari. Questa informazione si riferisce dunque a vere e proprie date storiche.
## La datazione al carbonio è il metodo più adatto?
Prima di scegliere la datazione al carbonio come metodo analitico, un archeologo deve prima assicurarsi che i risultati della datazione al radiocarbonio dopo la calibrazione siano in grado di fornire le risposte necessarie ai quesiti archeologici. È necessario prendere in considerazione che cosa rappresenta l’attività del carbonio-14 di un campione.
La relazione campione-contesto non è sempre facile. La data di un campione antidata il contesto in cui si trova. Alcuni campioni come il legno hanno già cessato l’interazione con la biosfera e hanno alla morte un’età apparente e collegarli all’età dei depositi attorno al campione non sarebbe del tutto accurato. Ci sono anche casi in cui l’associazione tra il campione e il deposito non è evidente o facilmente comprensibile. Bisogna prestare grande attenzione quando si collega un evento al contesto e il contesto al campione da datare con il radiocarbonio.
Un archeologo deve anche fare in modo che vengano raccolte e trattate per la datazione al carbonio soltanto le serie di campioni utili e non qualsiasi materiale organico trovato nel sito dello scavo.
## Il legame tra gli scienziati del radiocarbonio e gli archeologi
È importante che gli scienziati del radiocarbonio e gli archeologi concordino sulla strategia di campionamento prima di iniziare lo scavo in modo da non perdere tempo, fatica e risorse e da avere un risultato significativo dopo la datazione al carbonio.
Va sottolineato che per varie ragioni gli archeologi hanno bisogno di interagire con i laboratori di radiocarbonio prima dello scavo.
1\. Tipologia, dimensioni e imballaggio del campione
I laboratori hanno delle limitazioni sui campioni che possono trattare per la datazione al radiocarbonio. Alcuni laboratori, per esempio, non datano i carbonati.
È necessario consultare i laboratori sulla quantità di campione su cui preferiscono lavorare e chiedere se preferiscono alcuni campioni ad altri per la datazione al carbonio. Altri laboratori accettano, ad esempio, il legno impregnato d’acqua, mentre altri preferiscono riceverlo asciutto.
2\. Raccolta dei campioni
Bisogna evitare di introdurre contaminanti nei campioni durante la raccolta e la conservazione. Idrocarburi, colla, biocidi, glicole polietilenico o colla vinilica non devono venire a contatto con i campioni destinati alla datazione al radiocarbonio. Altri potenziali contaminanti sono carta, cartone, cotone, corda e cenere di sigaretta.
3\. Conservazione dei campioni
I campioni devono essere conservati con materiali di imballaggio che li proteggano durante il trasporto e anche in caso di stoccaggio prolungato. Le etichette attaccate ai materiali di imballaggio non devono sbiadirsi o rovinarsi facilmente.
È possibile usare dei contenitori in vetro per la conservazione dei campioni, ma sono suscettibili a rotture e possono essere poco pratici quando si tratta di campioni grandi. La plastica non è sempre sicura, perché potrebbe contaminare i campioni. Sono invece sicuri i contenitori di alluminio con tappi a vite, ma è comunque preferibile consultare il laboratorio per sapere quali sono i migliori contenitori per i campioni destinati alla datazione al carbonio.
4\. Errori e calibrazione
Si raccomanda agli archeologi, e in generale ad ogni cliente, di chiedere al laboratorio se i risultati hanno errori sistematici o casuali, nonché di chiedere dettagli sulla calibrazione utilizzata per la conversione degli anni BP in anni solari.
5\. Costi
È importante chiarire i costi della datazione al radiocarbonio. Alcuni laboratori hanno tariffe più alte per quei campioni che non vengono trattati spesso.
6\. Tempistica
La datazione al radiocarbonio richiede tempo e alcuni laboratori hanno spesso liste d’attesa, il che è un fattore da prendere in considerazione.
7\. Identificazione dei campioni
Il processo di datazione al carbonio è distruttivo e i laboratori di solito danno ai loro clienti consigli in materia di identificazione o etichettatura del campione. È responsabilità dei clienti assicurarsi che tutti i campioni da destinare alla datazione al radiocarbonio siano stati etichettati correttamente prima che inizino le analisi.
8\. Tipi di contaminanti
Comunicando con i clienti i laboratori possono avere un’idea dei possibili tipi di contaminanti nello scavo archeologico. Conoscere il tipo di contaminanti dà agli scienziati un’idea sui pretrattamenti da fare prima di iniziare la datazione al carbonio.
9\. Età prevista
I laboratori chiedono ai propri clienti l’età prevista dei campioni inviati per evitare la contaminazione incrociata durante la lavorazione e che un campione di età considerevole (più di 10.000 anni) debba seguire quelli moderni.
Inoltre i laboratori tendono ad evitare di datare al carbonio campioni che diano intervalli temporali troppo grandi. I risultati della datazione al radiocarbonio hanno un valore insignificante quando la curva di calibrazione è effettivamente piatta e tutti gli eventi del calendario del periodo produrranno circa la stessa età al radiocarbonio.
## Risultati della datazione al radiocarbonio
Interpretare i risultati della datazione al radiocarbonio non è semplice e ci sono delle volte in cui gli archeologi ritengono i risultati del carbonio-14 “archeologicamente inaccettabili”. In questo caso, l’archeologo respinge i risultati della datazione al radiocarbonio previa valutazione della cronologia dello scavo archeologico.
Le ragioni per cui i [risultati di una datazione al carbonio](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-radiocarbonio-risultati.htm "risultati di una datazione al carbonio") possono essere considerati “inaccettabili” sono tante. Può esserci un problema deposizionale di fondo, o una contaminazione insospettabile, o anche un problema del laboratorio. In ogni caso, vale la pena chiedersi perché i risultati vengano ritenuti inaccettabili.
---
Avvertenza: questo video è ospitato su un sito esterno e potrebbe contenere pubblicità.
Questo estratto fa parte del webinar di Beta Analytic: [Introduzione agli isotopi: nozioni di base sull’analisi isotopica](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Introduzione agli isotopi: nozioni di base sull'analisi isotopica")
## Archeologia preventiva
[L’archeologia preventiva](https://www.radiocarbon.com/rescue-archaeology/) comporta l’ispezione e l’eventuale scavo dei siti destinati alla costruzione o allo sviluppo, allo scopo di recuperare e preservare eventuali reperti di valore. In queste circostanze, gli archeologi si trovano a lavorare sotto pressione e con tempistiche molto ristrette, a causa della necessità delle parti interessate di avviare le opere di costruzione il prima possibile.
Nei casi in cui vengono ritrovati reperti potenzialmente di valore, ricevere dei risultati di alta qualità in tempi rapidi può essere cruciale per determinare se il sito necessita di ulteriori indagini o se può essere restituito al costruttore. Nell’ambito di progetti particolari e urgenti, come l’archeologia preventiva, attendere i risultati delle analisi per alcuni mesi mentre la costruzione è in sospeso non è sostenibile e può causare difficoltà di carattere finanziario. Gli archeologi necessitano di laboratori di datazione al radiocarbonio che possano provvedere alle necessità specifiche del progetto e rispettarne le scadenze.
**Riferimenti:**
Grahame Johnston, [Rescue Archaeology](http://www.archaeologyexpert.co.uk/rescuearchaeology.html) (2015), Archaeology Expert, (accessed June 2018)
Sheridan Bowman, Radiocarbon Dating: Interpreting the Past (1990), University of California Press
**Ulteriori informazioni:**
- [Datazione al radiocarbonio tramite spettrometria di massa con acceleratore](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/spettrometro-di-massa-con-acceleratore.htm)
- [Datazione al carbonio e dendrocronologia](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/calibrazione-degli-anelli-degli-alberi.htm)
- [Come funziona la datazione al radiocarbonio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-al-carbonio.htm)
---
### [La datation par le radiocarbone et l’archéologie](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/archeologie.htm)
**Published:** June 25, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Les scientifiques des laboratoires de datation radiocarbone et les archéologues doivent se coordonner sur la gestion, le stockage et toute manipulation de l’échantillon pour obtenir des résultats cohérents.
- La relation entre l’échantillon et le cadre doit être établie avant la datation.
- Le processus de datation consiste en une mesure du carbone 14, un isotope faiblement radioactif du carbone, suivi d’un étalonnage qui convertit l’âge radiocarbone en âge calendaire.
L’histoire, l’anthropologie et l’archéologie sont trois disciplines distinctes mais liées par leur motivation d’éclairer l’avenir de l’Homme à travers son passé. Les historiens nous apprennent quelle culture a prospéré dans telle région, et quand elle a décliné. Les anthropologistes nous renseignent sur les caractéristiques physiques, culturelles, environnementales et sociales des peuples. Les archéologues pour leur part, fournissent des preuves sur l’authenticité d’artefacts, ou démystifient au contraire certaines prétendues découvertes historiques ou anthropologiques.
L’archéologie a contribué à l’enrichissement des connaissances historiques de l’humanité, comme aucune autre science, en essayant de raconter la grande part d’histoire qui n’est pas écrite.
L’étude des restes des vies humaines passées et de leurs activités peut ne pas sembler excitante au premier abord, mais c’est un but noble poursuivi par l’archéologie, qui va au-delà de l’exhumation des trésors enfuis, de la collecte d’informations et de la datation des événements. Elle permet entre autre de connaître les causes de l’extinction de cultures passées, et veiller à ne pas reproduire les mêmes erreurs.
Au fil des ans, les archéologues ont pu révéler des informations sur les civilisations passées en utilisant des technologies modernes comme la datation radiocarbone, la [dendrochronologie](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/etalonnage-cernes-arbres.htm "dendrochronologie"), la datation archéomagnétique, la datation à la fluorine, la datation par luminescence et l’analyse de l’hydratation de l’obsidienne. La datation radiocarbone existe depuis plus de 50 ans, et a révolutionné l’archéologie. Elle a les avantages d’être puissante, fiable et largement applicable, des qualités particulièrement intéressantes pour les archéologues et pour d’autres scientifiques.
[](https://www.radiocarbon.com/optimal-bone-samples-radiocarbon-dating/)
## Concepts de datation par le radiocarbone
L’isotope 14 de l’atome de carbone, appelé radiocarbone, est instable et radioactif, et naturellement présent dans la nature. À la mort d’un être vivant, son niveau de carbone 14 n’est plus altéré par les interactions avec la biosphère, et diminue en raison de la désintégration radioactive.
Cette désintégration s’étend sur plusieurs milliers d’années, et cette propriété est un cadeau de la nature, rendant possible la datation à travers l’analyse du carbone 14 qui devient de fait un puissant outil pour étudier le passé.
La proportion de carbone 14 restant dans un échantillon fournit une indication du temps écoulé depuis la mort de l’organisme source, permettant la datation. Les résultats sont exprimés en années BP non calibrées, où BP signifie “Before Present” et où le présent est défini en 1950. La phase d’ [étalonnage](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/calendrier-calibration-datation-carbone.htm "étalonnage") permet de convertir les années BP en années calendaires, renvoyant à des dates historiques.
## La datation carbone est-elle la méthode appropriée?
Avant de décider d’utiliser la méthode de datation au carbone, l’archéologue doit s’assurer que les résultats après étalonnage peuvent répondre à ses interrogations archéologiques. Il faut bien saisir à quoi renvoie l’activité du carbone 14 présent dans chaque échantillon.
La relation échantillon-cadre n’est pas toujours immédiate. La date de l’échantillon est souvent antérieure au cadre. Il en va ainsi dans l’exemple du bois qui a cessé d’interagir avec la biosphère, et qui aura un âge apparent de mort qui n’est pas toujours évident à associer au lieu de découverte. Il y a des cas où le lien entre l’objet et le cadre environnant n’est pas apparent, ni facilement mis en évidence. Il faut donc être prudent lors de l’interprétation des résultats de datation radiocarbone d’un échantillon en rapport avec son environnement.
L’archéologue doit également faire attention à ne prélever que le matériau pertinent pour la mesure, sans ajouter de composé organique trouvé sur le site d’excavation.
## Liaison entre scientifiques radiocarbones et archéologues
Les scientifiques radiocarbones et les archéologues doivent se mettre d’accord sur la stratégie de prélèvement des échantillons avant l’excavation. C’est une étape cruciale qui évite de gaspiller du temps, des efforts et des ressources, et favorise l’obtention de résultats significatifs par la datation.
Cette interaction est rendue nécessaire à cause de plusieurs facteurs.
1\. Type, taille et conditionnement de l’échantillon
Les laboratoires ont des limites sur les échantillons qu’ils peuvent dater. Certains par exemple ne font pas la datation des carbonates.
Ils doivent être consultés en amont pour convenir de la quantité idéale ainsi que des préférences concernant certains types de matériaux. Certains acceptent le bois gorgé d’eau tandis que d’autres préfèrent qu’il soit asséché avant soumission.
2\. Prélèvement des échantillons
Il faut éviter d’introduire des contaminants durant les phases de prélèvement et de stockage. Les hydrocarbures, la colle, les biocides, le polyéthylène glycol ou le polyacétate de vinyle ne doivent pas entrer en contact avec les échantillons, ainsi que d’autres contaminants potentiels tels que du papier, du carton, de la laine, du coton, de la ficelle ou des cendres de cigarette.
3\. Stockage des échantillons
Les échantillons doivent être emballés et protégés pendant le transport, mais aussi pendant des périodes de stockage prolongées. Les étiquettes apposées sur les emballages ne doivent pas pas s’effacer ou s’arracher facilement.
Les récipients en verre peuvent être utilisés, mais ils sont susceptible de se briser et peuvent ne pas être pratiques pour de grands échantillons. Les contenants en aluminium avec des bouchons à vis sont plus sûrs, mais il est préférable de consulter le laboratoire radiocarbone pour connaître le récipient adapté à un échantillon donné.
4\. Erreurs et étalonnage
Il est recommandé aux archéologues, et de façon générale à tout client, de demander au laboratoire si les résultats présentent des erreurs systématiques ou aléatoires, ainsi que les détails sur l’étalonnage utilisé pour la conversion des années BP en années calendaires.
5\. Coût
Se renseigner sur les coûts de la datation radiocarbone des échantillons. Certains laboratoires facturent plus pour des procédures qu’ils n’effectuent pas régulièrement.
6\. Délais
La datation radiocarbone est une procédure qui prend du temps, et les laboratoires ont souvent des listes d’attentes. C’est un facteur qui ne doit pas être négligé.
7\. Identification des échantillons
La datation au carbone 14 est une procédure destructive, et les laboratoires insistent auprès de leurs clients sur l’identification ou l’étiquetage. Ces derniers doivent correctement étiqueter les échantillons avant la procédure de datation.
8\. Types de contaminants
La communication avec les clients permet d’avoir une idée des contaminants possibles en fonction des lieux d’excavation. Les méthodes de prétraitement sont ensuite choisies en fonction de ces informations avant de passer à la datation par le radiocarbone.
9\. Age estimé de l’échantillon
Il est courant pour les laboratoires de demander une estimation de l’âge de l’échantillon afin de s’assurer qu’il n’y a pas eu de contamination croisée et qu’aucun échantillon d’âge important (supérieur à 10000 ans) ne se mélange à du carbone moderne.
Les laboratoires veulent également éviter les échantillons conduisant à des intervalles de temps calendaires longs. Les valeurs radiocarbones obtenues ne sont pas significatives dans une zone où la courbe de calibration est suffisamment plate pour conduire à un même âge radiocarbone pour des dates du calendrier variant sur une grande période de temps.
## Résultats de datation radiocarbone
L’interprétation des résultats de datation radiocarbone n’est pas immédiate, et il arrive que les archéologues la considèrent comme “non acceptable archéologiquement”. Dans ce cas, elle est rejetée et fait place à une évaluation de la chronologie du lieu d’excavation.
Il y existe plusieurs raisons pouvant rendre les [résultats de la datation par le radiocarbone](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-radiocarbone-rapport.htm "résultats de la datation par le radiocarbone") non acceptables. Il peut y avoir un problème avec les dépôts sous-jacents, une contamination passée inaperçue ou peut-être même un problème dans le laboratoire. Dans tous les cas, il est intéressant de chercher à comprendre ces causes.
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Avertissement : cette vidéo est hébergée sur un site tiers et peut contenir de la publicité.
Cet extrait vidéo fait partie du webinaire de Beta Analytic: [Introduction à l’analyse isotopique](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Introduction à l'analyse isotopique")
## Archéologie préventive
[L’archéologie préventive](https://www.radiocarbon.com/rescue-archaeology/) consiste en l’exploration et la fouille éventuelle de sites sur lesquels doivent avoir lieu des travaux de construction afin de pouvoir récupérer tout patrimoine précieux et empêcher sa destruction. Les travaux de construction laissent peu de temps aux archéologues pour effectuer leur travail. Ces derniers se retrouvent pressés par le temps par les entrepreneurs désireux de les voir terminer leur tâche le plus tôt possible.
Dans de tels cas, où des découvertes archéologiques potentiellement intéressantes ont lieu, des résultats de datation au radiocarbone rapides et de haute qualité peuvent être essentiels pour déterminer si un site justifie une fouille supplémentaire ou peut être remis aux promoteurs. Dans le cadre de projets urgents tels que l’archéologie préventive, il n’est pas envisageable d’attendre des mois pour obtenir des résultats d’analyse alors que les travaux de construction sont arrêtés car cela peut notamment représenter un fardeau financier. Les archéologues ont besoin de laboratoires de datation au radiocarbone capables de répondre aux exigences spécifiques de leurs projets et délais.
**Référence:**
Grahame Johnston, [Rescue Archaeology](http://www.archaeologyexpert.co.uk/rescuearchaeology.html) (2015), Archaeology Expert, (accessed June 2018)
Sheridan Bowman, Radiocarbon Dating: Interpreting the Past (1990), University of California Press
**Pour en savoir plus:**
- [Datation radiocarbone par spectrométrie de masse par accélérateur](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/spectrometrie-acceleration-masse.htm)
- [Datation au radiocarbone et Dendrochronologie](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/etalonnage-cernes-arbres.htm)
- [Comment fonctionne la datation au radiocarbone](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/a-propos-datation-carbone.htm)
---
### [La datación por radiocarbono y la arqueología](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/arqueologia.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Los científicos de laboratorios de datación por radiocarbono y los arqueólogos deben coordinarse en el muestreo, el almacenamiento y otros temas para poder obtener un resultado relevante.
- La relación entre la muestra y su contexto debe ser establecida antes de la datación radiocarbónica
- El proceso de datación por radiocarbono se inicia con la medición del carbono-14, un isótopo débilmente radioactivo del carbono, y finaliza con la calibración de las fechas radiocarbónicas a años de calendario.
[](http://www.radiocarbon.com/images/c14-archaeology.jpg)
La historia, la antropología, y la arqueología son tres áreas de conocimiento diferentes, pero estrechamente relacionadas, que sirven para que el ser humano entienda su presente, gracias a su pasado. Los historiadores pueden descubrir qué culturas prosperaron en diferentes regiones y cuándo desaparecieron. Los antropólogos pueden describir el carácter físico de un pueblo, su cultura, y sus relaciones sociales y ambientales. Los arqueólogos, por otro lado, proporcionan las pruebas de autenticidad de un objeto determinado o pueden desacreditar hallazgos históricos o antropológicos.
La arqueología, ha enriquecido, sin duda, la historia de la humanidad como ninguna otra ciencia. Hay una gran parte del pasado no escrito del hombre que la arqueología ha logrado desentrañar.
El estudio de los restos materiales de la vida y actividades pasadas puede no parecer importante o interesante para el ciudadano medio, a diferencia de las ciencias biológicas. Pero el afán de la arqueología por entender la humanidad, es un emprendimiento noble que va más allá de descubrir tesoros enterrados, la recopilación de información, y la datación de eventos. Es en el entendimiento de cuál fue la causa de que culturas pasadas dejaran de existir, que podría proporcionar la clave para asegurar que la historia no se repita.
Con los años, la arqueología ha descubierto información sobre culturas pasadas que hubieran sido desconocidas de no haber sido por la ayuda de tecnologías tales como la datación por radiocarbono, la [dendrocronología](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/arbol-anillo-calibracion.htm "dendrocronología"), la datación arqueo magnética, la datación por fluoruro, la datación por luminiscencia, y la hidratación de obsidiana, entre otras. La datación por radiocarbono existe desde hace más de 50 años y ha revolucionado la arqueología. Hoy en día sigue siendo una técnica de gran alcance, confiable, y de amplia aplicación, que tiene un valor incalculable para los arqueólogos y otros científicos.
[](https://www.radiocarbon.com/optimal-bone-samples-radiocarbon-dating/)
## Concepto de datación por radiocarbono
El inestable y radioactivo carbono 14, llamado radiocarbono, es un isótopo natural del carbono. Cuando un ser vivo muere, deja de interactuar con la biosfera, y el carbono 14 en él, permanece sin ser afectado por la biosfera, pero naturalmente decae.
El decaimiento del carbono 14 lleva miles de años, y es esta maravilla de la naturaleza la que conforma la base de la datación por radiocarbono y hace que este análisis sea una poderosa herramienta para revelar el pasado.
El proceso de datación por radiocarbono comienza con el análisis del carbono 14 remanente en una muestra. La proporción de carbono 14 en la muestra examinada proporciona una indicación del tiempo transcurrido desde la muerte de la fuente de la muestra. Los resultados de la datación por radiocarbono son presentados en años sin calibrar BP (Antes del Presente, en inglés), donde BP se define como el año AD 1950. La [calibración](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/calendario-calibracion-carbono-datacion.htm "calibración") se realiza a continuación para transformar años BP en años calendario. Esta información puede luego relacionarse con fechas históricas verdaderas.
## ¿Es la datación radiocarbónica el método correcto?
Antes de decidir si la datación por radiocarbono es el método adecuado, un arqueólogo debe asegurarse de que los resultados de la datación por radiocarbono después de la calibración pueden proporcionar las respuestas necesarias a las preguntas arqueológicas formuladas. Debe considerarse la implicación de lo que está representado por la actividad de carbono 14 en una muestra.
La relación entre la muestra y el contexto no es siempre sencilla. La fecha de una muestra precede el contexto en el que es encontrada. Algunas muestras, como de la madera, ya dejaron de interactuar con la biosfera y tienen una edad aparente cuando mueren. Vincularla a la edad de los depósitos alrededor de la muestra no sería del todo correcto. También hay casos en los que la asociación entre la muestra y el depósito no es evidente o fácil de entender. Debe tenerse mucho cuidado al vincular un evento con el contexto y el contexto con la muestra a ser procesada por la datación por radiocarbono.
Un arqueólogo también debe asegurarse de que solamente se recolecten y daten las series útiles de muestras, y no todos los materiales orgánicos encontrados en el sitio de la excavación.
## Relación entre los científicos del radiocarbono y los arqueólogos
Es importante que los científicos del radiocarbono y los arqueólogos se pongan de acuerdo en la estrategia de muestreo antes de comenzar la excavación para que tanto tiempo, esfuerzo y recursos no sean desperdiciados y para que se produzcan resultados significativos en el proceso de datación por carbono.
Debe enfatizarse que los arqueólogos necesitan interactuar con los laboratorios de radiocarbono antes de la excavación debido a varios factores.
1\. Tipo de muestra, tamaño y embalaje
Los laboratorios tienen limitaciones en términos de las muestras que pueden procesar para su datación por radiocarbono. Algunos laboratorios, por ejemplo, no datan carbonatos.
Los laboratorios también deben ser consultados en cuanto a la cantidad requerida de muestra que idealmente quieren procesar, así como sus preferencias de ciertas muestras para la datación. Algunos laboratorios aceptan madera saturada de agua, mientras que otros prefieren que esté seca en el momento de la presentación.
2\. La recolección de muestras
Las muestras no deben ser contaminadas durante la recolección y el almacenamiento, por lo que hay que evitar el contacto con hidrocarburos, pegamento, biocidas, polietileno glicol, o acetato de polivinilo. Otros contaminantes potenciales incluyen papel, cartón, algodón, hilo, y ceniza de cigarro.
3\. Almacenamiento de las muestras
Las muestras deben ser almacenadas en materiales de embalaje que las protejan durante el transporte e incluso durante almacenamientos prolongados. Las etiquetas de los envases no deben despegarse o borrarse fácilmente.
Los envases de vidrio pueden utilizarse para almacenar muestras para datación por radiocarbono, pero son susceptibles a la rotura y pueden ser poco prácticos cuando se trata de muestras grandes. Los envases de aluminio con tapas de rosca son seguros, pero aun así es mejor consultar al laboratorio qué envases son los más adecuados para cada tipo de muestra.
4\. Errores y calibración
Se recomienda que los arqueólogos, o cualquier cliente en general, pregunten al laboratorio si los resultados tienen errores sistemáticos o al azar. También deben pedir detalles sobre la calibración utilizada para conversión de años BP a años de calendario.
5\. Costo
Aclarar los costos involucrados en la datación por radiocarbono de muestras. Algunos laboratorios cobran más por muestras que no procesan regularmente.
6\. Escala de tiempo
La datación por radiocarbono lleva tiempo, y los laboratorios a menudo tienen listas de espera, por lo que este factor debe ser considerado.
7\. Identificación de la muestra
El proceso de datación por carbono es destructivo y los laboratorios suelen aconsejar a sus clientes con respecto a la identificación de la muestra o el etiquetado. Sin embargo, es responsabilidad de los clientes asegurarse de que todas las muestras para la datación por radiocarbono han sido etiquetadas correctamente antes de comenzar las pruebas.
8\. Tipos de contaminantes
La comunicación con los clientes también da a los laboratorios una idea de los posibles tipos de contaminantes en el sitio de la excavación. Conociendo el tipo de contaminante también da a los científicos de radiocarbono una idea de los métodos de tratamientos previos que se deben hacer antes de empezar la datación por carbono.
9\. Edad esperada de la muestra
Los laboratorios preguntan a los clientes la edad esperada de las muestras presentadas para datación por radiocarbono para estar seguros de que se evita la contaminación cruzada durante el procesamiento de la muestra y que ninguna muestra de edad considerable (más de 10.000 años) debe seguir a las modernas.
Los laboratorios también quieren evitar el procesamiento por datación por carbono de muestras que van a producir grandes intervalos de calendario. Los resultados de datación por radiocarbono no tienen un valor relevante si la curva de calibración es efectivamente plana y todos los eventos de calendario en el periodo producirán aproximadamente la misma edad radiocarbónica.
## Resultados de la datación por radiocarbono
La interpretación de los resultados de la datación por radiocarbono no es sencilla y, a veces, los arqueólogos consideran los resultados de datación carbono 14 “arqueológicamente inaceptables”. En estos casos, el arqueólogo rechaza el resultado de la datación por radiocarbono después de la evaluación de la cronología del sitio de la excavación.
Existen muchas razones por las que lo [resultados de la datación por radiocarbono](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/arqueologia-ejemplo-informe.htm "resultados de la datación por radiocarbono") se consideran “inaceptables”. Puede ser que haya un problema subyacente de sedimentación, o una contaminación inesperada, o incluso un problema de laboratorio. En cualquiera de los casos, todavía vale la pena considerar cuidadosamente por qué los resultados de la datación por radiocarbono fueron considerados inaceptables.
---
Exención de responsabilidad: Este video está alojado en un sitio externo y puede contener publicidad.
Este vídeo forma parte del webinario de Beta Analytic: [Una introducción al análisis de isótopos estables](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Una introducción al análisis de isótopos estables")
## Salvamento Arqueológico
El [salvamento arqueológico](https://www.radiocarbon.com/rescue-archaeology/) consiste en la exploración y potencial excavación de sitios en donde se realizará alguna forma de construcción o desarrollo, a fin de recuperar cualquier material de valor que sea descubierto y prevenir su destrucción. Los desarrollos a realizarse dejan poco tiempo a los arqueólogos para llevar a cabo su trabajo y generan presiones para que lo terminen tan pronto como sea posible.
En casos como éstos en donde se descubren materiales de valor potencial, contar con resultados de datación por radiocarbono rápidos y de alta calidad puede ser fundamental para determinar si en el sitio deben hacerse más excavaciones, o si puede ser entregado a los desarrolladores. En particular, en proyectos donde el tiempo es limitado como los de salvamento arqueológico, esperar meses para obtener resultados de laboratorio mientras la construcción es suspendida, no es viable y puede generar una carga financiera. Los arqueólogos necesitan de laboratorios de datación por radiocarbono que les permitan cumplir con los requisitos y plazos específicos de sus proyectos.
**Fuente:**
Grahame Johnston, [Rescue Archaeology](http://www.archaeologyexpert.co.uk/rescuearchaeology.html) (2015), Archaeology Expert, (accessed June 2018)
Sheridan Bowman, Radiocarbon Dating: Interpreting the Past (1990), University of California Press
**Más información:**
- [Datación por radiocarbono mediante espectrometría de masas con aceleradores](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/acelerador-masa-espectrometria.htm)
- [Datación por radiocarbono y dendrocronología](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/arbol-anillo-calibracion.htm)
- [En qué consiste la datación por radiocarbono](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/sobre-carbono-datacion.htm)
---
### [Radiokarbon Datierung und Archäologie](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/archaologie.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Wissenschaftler von Radiokohlenstoff-Laboren und Archäologen sollten sich bzgl. Probenentnahme, Lagerung und weiteren Belangen abstimmen, um ein aussagekräftiges Ergebnis zu erhalten.
- Vor der C-14 Datierung muss die Beziehung der Proben mit ihrem Kontext feststehen
- Der Prozess der Radiokarbon Datierung beginnt mit dem Messen von C-14, ein schwach radioaktives Isotop im Kohlenstoff, gefolgt durch die C-14 Kalibrierung in Kalenderjahre.
[](http://www.radiocarbon.com/images/c14-archaeology.jpg)
Geschichtswissenschaften, Anthropologie und Archäologie sind drei eigenständige, aber nah verwandte Bausteine des Wissens, die der Menschheit die Gegenwart durch Fakten aus der Vergangenheit erklären. Historiker können sagen, wann Kulturen in verschiedenen Regionen aufblühten und wann sie wieder zerfallen sind. Anthropologen können das physische Erscheinungsbild, die Kultur, umweltbedingte und soziale Beziehungen von Völkern beschreiben. Archäologen hingegen erbringen den Nachweis der Echtheit eines bestimmten Artefakts oder decken historische oder anthropologische Zusammenhänge auf.
Die Archäologie hat die Menschheitsgeschichte zweifelsohne wie keine andere Wissenschaft bereichert. Mithilfe der Archäologie war es möglich, einen großen Teil der nicht dokumentierten Vergangenheit des Menschen zu enträtseln.
Das Studium der Überreste vergangenen menschlichen Lebens und Handelns scheint im Gegensatz zu den biologischen Wissenschaften nicht für jedermann wichtig oder aufregend. Das Ziel der Archäologie, die Menschheit zu verstehen, ist jedoch ein nobles Bestreben, das über das bloße Ausgraben von Schätzen, das Zusammentragen von Informationen und das Datieren von Geschehnissen hinausgeht. Das Wissen, warum Kulturen untergingen, kann der Schlüssel dazu sein, damit sich dies nicht wiederholt.
Im Laufe der Jahre hat die Archäologie Informationen über vergangene Kulturen enthüllt, die ohne technologische Hilfe, wie z. B. C-14 Datierung, [Dendrochronologie](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/baum-ring-kalibrierung.htm "Dendrochronologie"), archäomagnetische Datierung, Fluorid Datierung, Lumineszenz Datierung, Obsidian-Hydrationsdatierung (OHD), etc. unentdeckt geblieben wären. Die Radiokarbondatierung gibt es seit etwa 50 Jahren und sie hat die Archäologie revolutioniert. Die C-14 Datierung bleibt für Archäologen und andere Wissenschaftler eine leistungsstarke, verlässliche und breit anwendbare Technik von unschätzbarem Wert.
[](https://www.radiocarbon.com/optimal-bone-samples-radiocarbon-dating/)
## Das Konzept der Radiokarbon Datierung
Das unbeständige und radioaktive C-14 Isotop, genannt Radiokarbon, ist ein natürlich auftretendes Isotop im Element Karbon. Wenn ein Lebewesen stirbt, stellt es die Interaktion mit der Biosphäre ein, d. h., dass im Lebewesen vorhandene C14 wird nicht weiter durch die Biosphäre beeinflusst und unterliegt folglich dem natürlichen Zerfall.
Kohlenstoff 14 zerfällt erst nach Tausenden von Jahren – dieses Wunder der Natur bildet die Grundlage der Radiokohlenstoff-Datierungsmethode und machte die C14 Analyse ist zu einem sehr leistungsstarken Werkzeug zur Erforschung der Vergangenheit.
Die Radiokohlenstoff Datierung beginnt mit der Analyse des in der Probe enthaltenen C14. Das C14 Verhältnis in der untersuchten Probe dient als ein Hinweis auf den Zeitraum, der seit dem Absterben der Probenquelle vergangen ist. Die Ergebnisse der Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung werden in unkalibrierten BP Jahren (Before Present) dargestellt, wobei BP als AD (Anno Domini) 1950 definiert ist. Dann wird eine [Kalibrierung](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kalender-kalibrierung-karbon-datierung.htm "Kalibrierung") durchgeführt, um die BP Jahre in Kalenderjahre umzurechnen. Dieses Ergebnis wird dann mit realen historischen Daten ins Verhältnis gesetzt.
## Ist die C14 Datierung die richtige Methode?
Vor der Entscheidung, ob man eine C14 Datierung als analytische Methode verwenden möchte, sollte ein Archäologe die Frage prüfen, ob die kalibrierten Befunde der Radiokohlenstoff Datierung auch eine Antwort auf die archäologische Fragestellung liefern kann. Dabei muss die Qualität des in der Probe vorhandenen C14 in Betracht gezogen werden.
Die Beziehung zwischen der Probe und ihrem archäologischen Kontext ist nicht immer überschaubar. Die für eine Probe ermittelte Jahreszahl kann älter sein als die Umgebung, in der sie gefunden wurde. Manche Proben, wie z B. Holz, haben bereits aufgehört mit der Biosphäre zu interagieren, sie weisen apparentes Alter zum Zeitpunkt des Absterbens auf, dieses jedoch mit dem Alter der Ablagerungen in der Umgebung der Probe in Verbindung zu bringen wäre nicht ganz akkurat. Es liegen ebenfalls Fälle vor, in denen der Zusammenhang zwischen der Probe und den umgebenden Ablagerungen nicht apparent oder leicht ersichtlich ist. Man muss große Vorsicht walten lassen, wenn man eine Begebenheit mit einem Kontext in Verbindung bringt und diesen Kontext wiederum mit einer Probe, die mittels der Radiokarbondatierung untersucht werden soll.
Daher ist es besonders wichtig, dass ein Archäologe die für eine C14 Datierung geeigneten Proben bestimmt und nicht alles in einer Ausgrabungsstätte gefundene Material einer Datierung unterzogen wird.
## Das Verhältnis der Radiokohlenstoff-Wissenschaft und der Archäologie
Vor der Durchführung einer C14 Datierung sollten sich Radiokohenstoff Wissenschaftler und Archäologen auf eine Strategie der Proben Erhebung verständigen, damit auf der einen Seite nicht Aufwand und Gelder verschwendet wird und andererseits aussagekräftige Befunde bei der C14 Datierung erreicht werden.
Daher ist es äußerst empfehlenswert, dass sich Archäologen und die Radiokohlenstoff Labore wegen der verschiedenen zu berücksichtigenden Faktoren schon vor der Ausgrabung austauschen sollten.
1\. Probenart, Größe und Verpackung
Viele Labors haben Einschränkungen hinsichtlich der Proben, die sie für eine C14 Datierung verwenden können. Manche Labor datieren z.B. keine Karbonate.
Man muss die Labors außerdem konsultieren, um zu erfahren, welche Art Proben und welche Probenmenge für das Labor erforderlich sind, um eine C14 Datierung durchzuführen. Manche Labors akzeptieren nasses Holz, während andere getrocknetes Holz bevorzugen.
2\. Proben Sammlung
Proben dürfen während ihrer Sammlung und Lagerung nicht verunreinigt werden. Hydrokarbone, Kleber, Biozide, Polyethylen Glycol oder Polyvinylacetat dürfen mit den Proben, die für eine Radiokarbon Datierung vorgesehen sind, nicht in Kontakt kommen. Weitere mögliche Verunreinigungen sind: Papier, Pappe, Watte, Bindfäden und Zigarettenasche.
3\. Proben Lagerung
Proben müssen in Verpackungsmaterialien eingepackt werden, die die Proben während des Transports und über eine längere Lagerung schützen. Etiketten an den Verpackungen dürfen nicht verblassen oder sich leicht ablösen lassen.
Glasbehälter können zum Lagern von Radiokarbon Datierungsproben verwendet werden, aber diese sind zerbrechlich und für größere Probenmengen unpraktisch. Aluminiumbehälter mit einem Schraubverschluss sind dagegen gut geeignet. Jedoch ist es immer ratsam sich unmittelbar mit dem Radiokarbon Labor in Verbindung zu setzen, um zu erfahren, welcher Behälter sich am Besten für die Lagerung der C-14 Proben eignet.
4\. Fehler und Kalibrierung
Es wird allgemein empfohlen, dass sich Archäologen oder Kunden mit dem Labor in Verbindung setzen, wenn die Befunde zufällige oder systematische Fehler aufweisen. Zusätzlich sollten Sie sich über die Einzelheiten der Kalibrierung und der Umrechnung von BP-Jahren in Kalenderjahre informieren lassen.
5\. Kosten
Vor einer C14 Datierung sollten Sie mit dem Labor die Kosten abklären. Viele Labors berechnen für Proben, die sie für gewöhnlich nicht bearbeiten, höhere Kosten.
6\. Zeitaufwand
Die C14 Datierung ist zeitaufwändig und daher haben Labors oft Wartelisten. Dies sollten Sie vor dem Einsenden einer Probe berücksichtigen.
7\. Proben Identifikation
Die Proben werden während der C14 Datierung zerstört. Daher raten die Labors ihren Kunden in der Regel dazu, die Probe zu beschreiben und mit einem Etikett zu versehen. Dennoch liegt es im Verantwortungsbereich des Kunden, dass die Proben vor dem Testbeginn der C14 Datierung korrekt und ordnungsgemäß etikettiert worden sind.
8\. Arten von Verunreinigungen
Im Vorfeld erfolgte Gespräche mit dem Auftraggeber geben dem Labor eine Vorstellung darüber, welchen Verunreinigungen eine Probe in der Ausgrabungsstätte möglicherweise ausgesetzt worden sein könnte. Wenn diese den Radiokohlenstoff-Wissenschaftlern bekannt sind, können sie die vor der Datierung notwendigen Vorbehandlungsmethoden für C14-Proben besser bestimmen.
9\. Erwartetes Alter der Probe
Labors fragen ihre Auftraggeber, welches ungefähre Alter sie für die Probe erwarten, um sicherzustellen, dass Kreuzkontaminationen während der Probebearbeitung das Ergebnis nicht verfälschen und, dass Proben beträchtlichen Alters (mehr als 10.000 Jahre) nicht nach jungen Proben analysiert werden.
Labors möchten außerdem vermeiden, dass C14 Datierungsproben bearbeitet werden, die große Zeitspannen in Kalenderjahren aufweisen. C14 Datierungsbefunde sind von geringem Wert, wenn die Kalibrierkurve effektiv flach ist und alle Kalendereinträge in diesem Zeitraum etwa das gleiche C14 Alter aufweisen.
## Radiokohlenstoff Datierungsbefunde
Die Interpretation von Radiokohlenstoff Datierungsergebnissen ist nicht einfach und es kommt vor, dass Archäologen den C14 Datierungsbefund als „archäologisch inakzeptabel” befinden. Wenn dies auftritt, verwirft der Archäologe die Ergebnisse der Radiokarbondatierung aufgrund der chronologischen Bewertung der Ausgrabungsstätte.
Es gibt viele mögliche Gründe, warum Ergebnisse der [Radiokohlenstoffdatierungen](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/radiokohlenstoff-labor-report.htm "Radiokohlenstoffdatierungen") als „inakzeptabel” bezeichnet werden. Gründe dafür können tiefer liegende Ablagerungsprobleme, unvorhergesehene Kontaminationen oder sogar ein Problem im Labor sein. In jedwedem Fall ist es erstrebenswert genau zu evaluieren, warum das Ergebnis der Radiokarbondatierung als inakzeptabel bewertet wurde.
---
Haftungsausschluss: Dieses Video wird auf der Website Dritter bereit gestellt und kann Werbung enthalten.
Dieser Videoauszug ist Teil des Webinars von Beta Analytic: [Isotope: Eine Einführung in die Isotopenanalyse](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Isotope: Eine Einführung in die Isotopenanalyse")
## Rettungsarchäologie
Die [Rettungsarchäologie](https://www.radiocarbon.com/rescue-archaeology/) beinhaltet die Vermessung und mögliche Ausgrabung von Fundstellen, die in irgendeiner Form gebaut oder entwickelt werden sollen, um wertvolle Fundstücke, die freigelegt wurden, zu gewinnen und deren Zerstörung zu verhindern. Die bevorstehenden Entwicklungen lassen den Archäologen nur wenig Zeit für ihre Arbeit und schaffen ein zeitgesteuertes Umfeld mit Stakeholdern, die so schnell wie möglich fertig werden möchten.
In solchen Fällen, in denen potentiell wertvolle Funde entdeckt werden, können schnelle und qualitativ hochwertige Radiokohlenstoff-Datierungsergebnisse entscheidend sein, um festzustellen, ob ein Standort weitere Ausgrabungen rechtfertigt oder an die ursprüngliche Partei zurückgegeben werden kann. Insbesondere zeitkritische Projekte wie die Rettungsarchäologie, sind nicht durchführbar, wenn monatelang auf Testergebnisse gewartet werden muss, da der Bau gestoppt wird und somit eine finanzielle Belastung entsteht. Archäologen benötigen Radiokohlenstoff-Datierungslabors, die auf ihre spezifischen Projektanforderungen und Fristen eingehen können.
**Referenz:**
Grahame Johnston, [Rescue Archaeology](http://www.archaeologyexpert.co.uk/rescuearchaeology.html) (2015), Archaeology Expert, (accessed June 2018)
Sheridan Bowman, Radiocarbon Dating: Interpreting the Past (1990), University of California Press
**Weiterführende Literatur:**
- [Massenbeschleunigunger-Spektrometrie Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/massen-beschleunigung-spektrometrie.htm)
- [Kohlenstoff-Datierung und Dendrochronologie](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/baum-ring-kalibrierung.htm)
- [Wie funktioniert die Kohlenstoff-Datierung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/uber-karbon-datierung.htm)
---
### [放射性碳定年與考古研究](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/archaeology.htm)
**Published:** June 23, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- 放射性碳定年實驗室的科學家和考古學家應該針對採樣、儲存以及其他問題溝通、協調，以獲得有意義的測試結果。
- 進行碳定年之前必須確立樣品和環境之間的關係。
- 放射性碳定年首先測量碳14（一種弱放射性碳同位素），接著將放射性碳年齡結果校準為日曆年。
[](http://www.radiocarbon.com/images/c14-archaeology.jpg)
鑑古知今的歷史學、人類學和考古學是三個截然不同但密切相關的知識體系。歷史學家可以知道不同地區有哪些文化曾經興盛，以及它們衰落的時間。人類學家可以描述人的生理特徵、文化、環境和社會關係。考古學家則證明文物的存在或揭開歷史或人類學的發現。
没有其他任何科學能像考古學那樣，毋庸置疑地豐富了人類的歷史。考古學已設法解開了人類很大一部分、未留下記錄的歷史之謎。
和生物科學不一樣，研究以前人類生活和活動殘留的材料，對普通人來說可能並不重要、也不令人興奮。但是，考古學旨在了解人類，它是一項超越挖掘寶藏、收集資訊和測定年齡的崇高事業。正是了解了昔日文化不再存在的原因後，人類才明白了確保歷史不會重演的關鍵所在。
多年來，如果不是憑藉放射性碳定年、 [樹輪年代學](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/tree-ring-calibration.htm "樹輪年代學")、古地磁斷代、氟化物定年、光釋光定年以及黑曜石水化分析等技術，考古學發現的歷史文化資訊將永遠都不被人所知。放射性碳定年技術已問世50餘年，它徹底改變了考古學。碳14定年迄今仍是一項強大、可靠、被廣泛應用的技術，對於考古學家和其他科學家來說極其寶貴。
[](https://www.radiocarbon.com/optimal-bone-samples-radiocarbon-dating/)
## 放射性碳定年的概念
碳14因其不穩定性和放射性，被稱為放射性碳。它是元素碳自然產生的一種同位素。當生物死後，會停止與生物圈的相互作用，其碳14不再受到生物圈的影響，但是會很自然地經歷衰變。
碳14的衰變需要幾千年，正是大自然的這種神奇，形成了放射性碳定年的基本原理，使碳14分析成為揭示過去的有力工具。
首先，放射性碳定年會分析樣品中殘留的碳14。樣品的碳14比例可以說明自樣品死亡後流逝的時間。放射性碳定年結果以未 [校正](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/calendar-calibration-carbon-dating.htm "Calibration") 年BP（迄今）呈現，BP是指公元1950年。接著進行校正，將BP年轉換為日歷年。隨後連結該資訊與實際歷史日期。
## 碳定年是準確的方法嗎？
考古學家決定使用碳定年作為分析方法之前，必須先確保校正後的放射性碳定年結果，可以用來回答考古學問題。必須慎重考慮碳14活度所代表的含義。
樣品和環境之間的關係並不總是明確的。樣品的年齡早於其被發現時的環境年齡。有些樣品，像木頭，已停止與生物圈相互作用。它們死亡後有一個表面年齡，因此將它們與樣品周圍沉積物的年齡連結起來是不夠準確的。還有一些情況是樣品和沈積物之間的關係不明顯或比較費解。因此，在連結考古事件與環境，以及連結環境和進行放射性碳定年的樣品時，必須非常小心。
考古學家還必須確保，只收集和處理有用的樣品進行碳定年，而不是測試挖掘現場發現的每種有機物質。
## 放射性碳定年實驗室與考古學家之間的相互配合
放射性碳科學家和考古學家在開始挖掘之前，需要對採樣策略達成一致，這一點很重要。因為這樣不會浪費時間、精力和資源，並在碳定年完成後獲得有意義的結果。
必須強調的是，考古學家在挖掘前需要和實驗室人員就以下幾個方面互相配合。
1\. 樣品類型、大小和包裝
關於哪些樣品可以進行放射性碳定年，實驗室有明確規範。例如，有些實驗室不對碳酸鹽進行定年。
還必須詢問實驗室，希望收到的樣品量，以及偏好的樣品狀態。有些實驗室接受泡水木材，而另一些則喜歡收到乾燥的樣品。
2\. 樣品採集
收集和儲存過程中不得污染樣品。烴類、膠、殺蟲劑、聚乙二醇或聚醋酸乙烯酯不能接觸放射性碳定年樣品。其他潛在污染物包括紙張、紙板、棉絮、細繩和煙灰。
3\. 樣品保存
樣品必須存放在包裝材料中，這些材料在運輸過程中可以保護樣品，甚至在長期存放過程中也能起到保護作用。貼在包裝材料上的標籤必須不褪色、不易脫落。
可以使用玻璃容器儲存放射性碳定年樣品，但它們很容易損壞，並且在處理大樣品時不實用。帶螺旋蓋的鋁容器是安全的，但最好還是諮詢放射性碳實驗室，找到存放碳定年樣品的最佳容器。
4\. 誤差和校正
建議考古學家或所有客戶，問清楚實驗室碳定年結果是否有系統誤差或隨機誤差。也應詢問BP年轉換為日歷年的校正細節。
5\. 費用
確認放射性碳定年費用。一些實驗室對於非常規處理的樣品會收取更高的費用。
6\. 時間安排
放射性碳定年需要時間處理，實驗室通常備有待處理清單，所以這個因素必須被考慮進去。
7\. 樣品標識
碳定年的過程具破壞性，因此實驗室通常會針對樣品的標識或標記，向客戶提出建議。但是，客戶有責任確保，所有放射性碳定年樣品在開始測試之前已妥善貼上正確的標籤。
8\. 污染物種類
與客戶溝通能讓實驗室大概了解，挖掘現場可能存在的污染物種類。了解污染物的種類可讓放射性碳科學家大概知道碳定年開始之前需要採取的預處理方法。
9\. 樣品的預計年齡
為了避免樣品加工過程中出現交叉污染，以及避免年齡古老（超過10000年）的樣品接續在近代年齡樣品的後面進行碳定年，實驗室需要諮詢客戶，有關提交的放射性碳定年樣品的預計年齡。
實驗室不希望處理那些跨越大範圍日歷年的碳定年樣品。如果校準曲線平坦，且在此期間的所有日曆事件的放射性碳年代大約相同，則放射性碳定年結果的值意義不大。
## 放射性碳定年結果
解讀放射性碳定年結果並不容易，有些時候，考古學家認為碳14定年結果在考古學方面是“不可接受”的。這種情況下，考古學家對挖掘現場的年代進行評估後，會拒絕使用放射性碳定年結果。
[放射性碳定年结果](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-results.htm "放射性碳定年结果") 被視為“不可接受”有很多原因。可能是沉積問題，或者是意想不到的污染物，甚至是實驗室的問題。不管是哪一種情況，都需要認真考慮放射性碳定年結果被視為不可接受的原因。
---
免責聲明：本視頻託管於第三方網站中，可能包含廣告。
本段影片節錄自BETA實驗室網路研討會: [同位素101: 穩定同位素分析導論](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "同位素101: 穩定同位素分析導論")
## 搶救考古
[搶救考古](https://www.radiocarbon.com/rescue-archaeology/)是指因建設施工或開發等原因而裸露出的遺址，針對這樣的遺址進行調查和挖掘，以恢復任何有價值的發現並防止其被破壞。由於情況嚴峻，時間緊急，且利益相關者希望挖掘工作能夠盡快完成，所以考古學家們常常在巨大的時間壓力環境中工作。
當挖掘出具有潛在價值的發現時，高品質且快速的放射性碳定年結果至關重要，可以幫助確定遺址是否需要進一步挖掘或是可以交還給開發商。特別是對於搶救考古這類時間敏感的情況，中止施工花費幾個月的時間等待測試結果是不可能的，並且會帶來直接的經濟損失。考古學家需要可以滿足其特定計畫需求，幫助他們在截止日期前完成測試的放射性碳定年實驗室。
**參考資料:**
Grahame Johnston, [Rescue Archaeology](http://www.archaeologyexpert.co.uk/rescuearchaeology.html) (2015), Archaeology Expert, (accessed June 2018)
Sheridan Bowman, Radiocarbon Dating: Interpreting the Past (1990), University of California Press
**延伸閱讀:**
- [加速器質譜儀放射性碳定年](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm)
- [樹輪年代學的定年校正](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/tree-ring-calibration.htm)
- [放射性碳定年簡介](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/about-carbon-dating.htm)
---
### [Radiocarbon Dating and Bomb Carbon](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bomb-carbon.htm)
**Published:** April 14, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- The bomb effect refers to the addition of “artificial” radiocarbon to the atmosphere as a result of nuclear weapons testing.
- A reference standard is now used to account for the addition of artificial radiocarbon.
- Although nuclear weapons testing has been banned, the bomb effect still remains.
The **radiocarbon dating** method is based on certain assumptions on the global concentration of carbon 14 at any given time. One assumption is that the global levels of carbon 14 (also called radiocarbon) in the atmosphere has not changed over time. The other assumption is the corollary of the first; the biosphere has the same overall concentration of radiocarbon as the atmosphere due to equilibrium.
Radiocarbon’s entry into the global carbon cycle starts in the atmosphere where it is formed by the interaction of neutrons produced by cosmic rays with nitrogen atoms. The carbon 14 produced reacts with oxygen atoms in the atmosphere to form carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide is no different from those produced by carbon 12 and carbon 13; hence, carbon dioxide with carbon 14 has the same fate as those produced with the other carbon isotopes.
Mixing and exchanges happen between the atmosphere and the biosphere until such time that equilibrium is established. [Radiocarbon dating](http://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm "Radiocarbon dating") rests heavily on this assumption such that other sources of carbon 14 had, at first, not been considered nor accounted for.
Nowadays, radiocarbon scientists had to perform calibration not only to convert their radiocarbon year results into calendar year but also to take into account the various factors that have major effects on the global levels of carbon 14, one of which is nuclear weapons testing.
## Human Activities Affecting Carbon 14 Global Levels
There are two human activities recognized to have irreparably changed the global radiocarbon levels—the burning of fossil fuel and nuclear weapons testing.
Burning of large quantities of fossil fuels like coal, referred to as the [Suess effect](https://www.radiocarbon.com/the-suess-effect-why-is-it-important/ "Suess effect"), had significantly lowered the radiocarbon concentration of the atmospheric carbon reservoir. In contrast, nuclear weapons testing in the 1950s and 1960s dramatically increased the level of **carbon 14** in the atmosphere. The phenomenon is often referred to as the bomb effect.
## What is the Bomb Effect?
The bomb effect refers to the phenomenon that produced “artificial” radiocarbon in the atmosphere due to nuclear bombs.
Nuclear weapons testing brought about a reaction that simulated atmospheric production of carbon 14 in unnatural quantities. The huge thermal neutron flux produced by nuclear bombs reacted with nitrogen atoms present in the atmosphere to form carbon 14. The carbon 14 produced is what is known as bomb carbon or artificial **radiocarbon**.
According to literature, nuclear weapons testing in the 1950s and 1960s have nearly doubled the atmospheric carbon 14 content as measured in around 1965. The level of bomb carbon was about 100% above normal levels between 1963 and 1965. The level of bomb carbon in the northern hemisphere reached a peak in 1963, and in the southern hemisphere around 1965.
---
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
## Implications of the Bomb Effect on Radiocarbon Dating
The change in global radiocarbon levels brought about by human activities necessitated the use of a reference standard for carbon 14 dating. Radiocarbon dating needed an organic material that was not contaminated with carbon 14 from fossil fuel burning or nuclear weapons testing.
Oxalic acid stocked by the U.S. National Bureau of Standards had been adopted as standard for radiocarbon dating. Its radiocarbon content was theoretically the same as a wood sample grown in AD 1950, the zero point of the radiocarbon timescale used in quoting [carbon dating results](http://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-results.htm "carbon dating results").
---
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
This video excerpt is part of Beta Analytic’s webinar: [Isotopes 101: An Introduction to Isotopic Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Isotopes 101: An Introduction to Isotopic Analysis")
## Long-term Effects to Radiocarbon Levels
Even after nuclear weapon testing was banned, the bomb effect still remains. According to literature, the excess carbon 14 produced during nuclear weapons testing has already decreased due in part to the global carbon exchange cycle. By the 1990s, the carbon 14 level was only about 20% higher than the theoretical 1950 level as measured by the activity of the oxalic acid reference standard.
Bomb carbon is essentially an artificial injection of carbon 14. Radiocarbon scientists used this knowledge to test their theories regarding the mixing rates of carbon 14 through various carbon reservoirs. They found out that tree rings do not exchange radiocarbon with other tree rings. This fact has supported the use of dendrochronology in radiocarbon dating, particularly in constructing radiocarbon calibration curves.
There are also other studies that monitored the presence of **bomb carbon** or radiocarbon in general.
The Geochemical Ocean Section Study analyzed ocean water samples from the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Mediterranean Oceans and mapped the presence of bomb carbon. Results of the study have enabled modelers to analyze the pathway of radiocarbon and its exchange and residence times.
The World Ocean Circulation Experiment from 1990 to 2002 obtained radiocarbon measurements from dissolved inorganic carbon.
Reidar Nydal and Knut Lovseth have made radiocarbon measurements in atmospheric carbon dioxide from the northern and southern hemispheres from 1962 to 1993.
### Interesting Topics:
[What is Isotopic Fractionation?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopic-fractionation.htm "Isotopic fractionation of stable carbon isotopes")
[Marine Reservoir Effect](https://www.radiocarbon.com/marine-reservoir-effect.htm "Explaining Marine Reservoir Effect")
[Old Wood Effect](https://www.radiocarbon.com/old-wood-effect.htm "What is the old wood effect?")
[History and Advances in Radiocarbon Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-history/ "History and Advances in Radiocarbon Dating")
---
### [Sample Suitability: AMS or Radiometric Dating?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/radiometric-plus.htm)
**Published:** April 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Choosing the best method for [radiocarbon dating](http://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm "radiocarbon dating") depends on the quantity of available sample or, in the case of expensive materials, how much of it you can afford to be destroyed. AMS dating, for example, involves burning a sample to convert it to graphite.
## [\[VIDEO\] AMS vs Radiometric Techniques](#collapseOne)
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
## **Advantages of AMS Radiocarbon Dating over Radiometric Analysis by LSC:**
(a) small sample size needed (as little as 20 mg) thus it is recommended for radiocarbon dating of blood particles, grains, seeds, small artifacts, or very expensive or rare materials;
(b) takes less time than radiometric method (less than 24 hours);
(c) higher precision than radiometric techniques.
AMS dating is an advanced method compared to [radiometric dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/radiometric-dating/) using liquid scintillation counters (LSC). Fees for AMS analyses are higher.
*Beta Analytic no longer provides radiometric dating using LSC.*
### Further Reading:
- [History and Advances in Radiocarbon Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-history/ "History and Advances in Radiocarbon Dating")
- [Radiocarbon Dating Results Calibration](https://www.radiocarbon.com/calendar-calibration-carbon-dating.htm "Calibrating C14 Dating Results")
- [Standard Pretreatment Protocols](https://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm "Beta Analytic's Standard Pretreatment Procedures")
---
### [What is Isotopic Fractionation?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopic-fractionation.htm)
**Published:** April 14, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Isotopic fractionation of stable carbon isotopes Carbon-13 (13C) and Carbon-12 (12C) involves alterations in the ratios of isotopic species as a function of their atomic mass as a result of natural biochemical processes. 1 Variations as such are unrelated to time and natural radioactive decay. It is common practice in **Carbon-14** laboratories to correct radiocarbon activities for sample fractionation. The resultant ages are termed “normalized”, meaning the measured activity is modified with respect to -25 o/oo (per mille) with respect to VPBD. The correction factor must be added or subtracted from the conventional radiocarbon age.
---
Beta Analytic’s fees already include δ13C measurements in conjunction with **C14 analysis**. The lab also provides δ13C measurements NOT in conjunction with C14 analysis except for water samples. Please email the lab for the rates.
---
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
This video excerpt is part of Beta Analytic’s webinar: [Isotopes 101: An Introduction to Isotopic Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Isotopes 101: An Introduction to Isotopic Analysis")
## Significance of Measuring Isotopic Fractionation
In order to provide radiocarbon determinations that are both accurate and precise, it is necessary to correct for “**isotopic fractionation**” using the stable isotopes 13C and 12C. This correction factors out error introduced from metabolic and respiratory pathway differences between the modern reference standard material and the sample material. The unit of measure is termed “δ13C”.
Two δ13C values are measured at Beta Analytic:
– One is the value applicable to correct for total fractionation (natural, chemistry and AMS).
This value is not reported but it is used to produce the correct “Conventional Radiocarbon Age”. Important: Reporting conventions using “Conventional Radiocarbon Age” terminology indicate the result has been corrected for isotopic fractionation.
– Beta also measures a second δ13C value in an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS δ13C).
This value is representative of the sample itself and is reported. This is the value the literature expects.
In comparison, reporting the “AMS δ13C” is misleading and open to misinterpretation. Radiocarbon users should always be aware whether the δ13C they are using in their research is the IRMS δ13C or the AMS δ13C. If it is the AMS δ13C, it cannot be used for dietary or metabolic pathway studies. Reported δ13C values from Beta are always the values measured in the IRMS.
## Occurrence and Measurement of Isotopic Fractionation
Fractionation during the geochemical transfer of carbon in nature produces variation in the equilibrium distribution of the isotopes of carbon (12C, 13C and 14C). Craig (1953) first identified that certain biochemical processes alter the equilibrium between the carbon isotopes. Some processes, such as photosynthesis for instance, favors one isotope over another, so after photosynthesis, the isotope C13 is depleted by 1.8% in comparison to its natural ratios in the atmosphere (Harkness, 1979). Conversely the inorganic carbon dissolved in the oceans is generally 0.7% enriched in 13C relative to atmospheric carbon dioxide.
The extent of isotopic fractionation on the 14C/12C ratio (which must be measured accurately) is approximately double that for the measured 13C/12C ratio. If **isotopic fractionation** occurs in natural processes, a correction can be made by measuring the ratio of the isotope 13C to the isotope 12C in the sample being dated. The ratio is measured using an ordinary mass spectrometer. The isotopic composition of the sample being measured is expressed as δ13C which represents the parts per thousand difference (per mille) between the sample’s carbon 13 content and the content of the international PDB standard carbonate (Keith et al., 1964; Aitken, 1990). A δ13C value, then, represents the per mille (part per thousand) deviation from the PDB standard. PDB refers to the Cretaceous belemnite formation at Peedee in South Carolina, USA. This nomenclature has recently been changed to VPDB (Coplen, 1994).
The δ13C value for a sample can yield important information regarding the environment from which the sample comes or the mixtures of materials used to produce it because the isotope value of the sample reflects the isotopic composition of the immediate environment. In the case of shellfish, for example, marine shells typically possess a δ13C value between -1 and +4 o/oo (per mille), whereas river shells possess a value of between -8 and -12 o/oo (per mille). Thus, in a case where the precise environment of the shell is not known, it is possible to determine the most likely environment by analysis of the δ13C result.
Fractionation also describes variations in the isotopic ratios of carbon brought about by non-natural causes. For example, samples may be fractionated in the laboratory through a variety of means; incomplete conversion of the sample from one stage to another or from one part of the laboratory to another. In Liquid Scintillation Counting, for example, incomplete synthesis of acetylene during lithium carbide preparation may result in a low yield and concurrent fractionation. Similarly, the transfer of gases in a vacuum system may involve fractionation error if the sample gas is not allowed to equilibrate throughout the total volume. Atoms of larger or smaller mass may be favored in such a situation. If, however, the entire sample is converted completely from one form to another (e.g. solid to gas, acetylene to benzene) then no laboratory-induced fractionation will occur.
## Conventional radiocarbon ages (BP) and C13/12 Correction
A radiocarbon measurement, termed a conventional radiocarbon age (or CRA) is obtained using a set of parameters outlined by Stuiver and Polach (1977), in the journal Radiocarbon. A time-independent level of C14 activity for the past is assumed in the measurement of a CRA. The activity of this hypothetical level of C14 activity is equal to the activity of the absolute international radiocarbon standard.
The Conventional Radiocarbon Age BP is calculated using the radiocarbon decay equation
**t=-8033 ln(Asn/Aon)**
Where -8033 represents the mean lifetime of 14C (Stuiver and Polach, 1977). **Aon** is the activity in counts per minute of the modern standard, **Asn** is the equivalent cpm for the sample. **‘ln’** represents the natural logarithm.
A CRA embraces the following recommended conventions:
- a half-life of 5568 years;
- the use of Oxalic acid I or II as the modern radiocarbon standard;
- correction for sample **isotopic fractionation** (δ13C) to a normalized or base value of -25.0 per mille relative to the ratio of δ13C in the carbonate standard VPDB;
- the use of 1950 AD as 0 BP, i.e. all C14 ages head back in time from 1950;
- the assumption that all C14 reservoirs have remained constant through time.
### Reference:
1\. Royal Ervin Taylor, Radiocarbon Dating: An Archaeological Perspective (1987), Academic Press
### Other Topics:
- [Bomb Carbon](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bomb-carbon.htm "What is bomb carbon?")
- [History and Advances in Radiocarbon Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-history/ "History and Advances in Radiocarbon Dating")
- [Stable Isotope Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dietary-isotopic-analysis.htm "Carbon and Nitrogen Stable Isotopes Analysis")
- [What is radiocarbon dating?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm "How does 14C dating work?")
---
### [ES News Home](https://www.radiocarbon.com/es-news.htm)
**Published:** April 3, 2022
**Author:** DPRC
---
### [C-14 Datierung und Atombomben Kohlenstoff](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-bomben-karbon.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Mit dem sogenannten „Bomben Effekt” beschreibt man die künstliche C-14 Anreicherung in der Atmosphäre aufgrund durchgeführter Atomwaffentests.
- Daher wird nun ein Referenzstandard verwendet, um die Anreicherung mit künstlichem Radiokohlenstoff zu berücksichtigen.
- Obwohl Atomwaffentests mittlerweile verboten sind, hält der “Bomben Effekt” weiter an.
Die C-14 Datierungsmethode beruht auf bestimmten Annahmen über die globale Konzentration von Kohlenstoff-14 zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt. Eine Annahme ist, dass sich das globale Kohlenstoff-14 (auch Radiokarbon genannt) Niveau in der Atmosphäre im Laufe der Zeit nicht verändert hat. Eine weitere Annahme ist die logische Folge der ersten; die Biosphäre hat aufgrund des Gleichgewichts die gleiche C-14 Konzentration wie die Atmosphäre.
Der Einstieg von C-14 in den globalen Kohlenstoffkreislauf beginnt in der Atmosphäre, wo es durch kosmische Strahlung und der Wechselwirkung von Stickstoff- und Kohlenstoffneutronen gebildet wird. Das produzierte Kohlenstoff-14 reagiert mit Sauerstoff-Atomen in der Atmosphäre und bildet so Kohlendioxid. Dieses Kohlendioxid ist nichts Anderes als jenes, welches von Kohlenstoff-12 und Kohlenstoff-13 produziert wurde; daher hat Kohlendioxid, das mit Kohlenstoff-14 gebildet wurde, das gleiche Schicksal wie jenes, das mit den anderen Kohlenstoff-Isotopen produziert wurde.
Der Austausch und das Vermischen zwischen der Atmosphäre und der Biosphäre findet so lange statt, bis sich ein Gleichgewicht eingestellt hat. Die C-14 Datierung beruht stark auf der Annahme, dass keine anderen C-14 Quellen beteiligt sind.
Heutzutage führen C-14 Wissenschaftler die Kalibrierung nicht nur durch, um C-14 Jahre in Kalenderjahre zu konvertieren, sondern auch, um die verschiedenen Faktoren zu berücksichtigen, die einen gewaltigen Einfluss auf das globale C-14 Niveau haben. Die Auswirkungen von Atomtests ist einer dieser Faktoren.
## Menschliche Aktivitäten, die das C-14 Niveau beeinflussen
Es gibt zwei Aktivitäten des Menschen, die nachweisbar das globale C-14 Niveau irreparabel verändert haben—das Verbrennen fossiler Brennstoffe und Atomtests.
Durch das Verbrennen von großen Mengen fossiler Brennstoffe, wie Kohle, wurde die C-14 Konzentration im atmosphärischen Kohlenstoffreservoir deutlich abgesenkt. Diesen Effekt nennt man den [Suess Effekt](https://www.radiocarbon.com/the-suess-effect-why-is-it-important/ "Suess effekt"). Im Gegensatz dazu haben Atomwaffentests in den 1950er und 1960er Jahren das C-14 Niveau in der Atmosphäre dramatisch erhöht. Dieses Phänomen wird häufig als Bomben Effekt bezeichnet.
## Was ist der Bomben Effekt?
Als Bomben Effekt bezeichnet man die von Atombomben ausgelöste “künstliche” C-14 Anreicherung in der Atmosphäre.
Durch die Kernwaffenversuche erhöhte sich die Produktion von C-14 in der Atmosphäre auf unnatürliche Mengen. Durch die Atombomben entstand ein großer thermischer Neutronenfluss, der mit Stickstoffatomen in der Atmosphäre reagierte und C-14 bildete. Dieses entstandene C-14 ist bekannt als Atombomben-Kohlenstoff oder auch als künstliches C-14.
Gemäß der Literatur haben Atomwaffentests den atmosphärischen Kohlenstoff-14-Gehalt in den 1950er und 1960er Jahren fast verdoppelt. Dieser Gehalt wurde 1965 gemessen. Das Bomben Kohlenstoffniveau lag zwischen 1963 und 1965 etwa 100% über dem normalen Niveau. Das Bomben Kohlenstoffniveau erreichte seinen Spitzenwert in der nördlichen Hemisphäre im Jahr 1963 und in der südlichen Hemisphäre um 1965.
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Haftungsausschluss: Dieses Video wird auf der Website Dritter bereit gestellt und kann Werbung enthalten.
## Auswirkungen des Bomben Effekts auf die C-14 Datierung
Die Veränderung der globalen Radiokarbon Mengen, die durch menschliche Aktivitäten verursacht wurden, erforderten den Einsatz eines Referenz-Standards für die C-14-Datierung. Die C-14 Datierung erforderte ein organisches Material, das nicht mit Kohlenstoff-14 aus der Verbrennung fossiler Brennstoffe oder Kernwaffentests verunreinigt wurde.
Oxalsäure, die vom U.S. National Bureau of Standards bereitgestellt wird, gilt als Standard für C-14 Datierungen. Ihr C-14 Gehalt ist theoretisch der gleiche wie der einer Holzprobe, die im Jahre 1950 wuchs. Das Jahr 1950 gilt als Nullpunkt auf der C-14 Zeitskala, die heute noch in C-14 Datierungsbefunden angewendet und angeführt wird.
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Haftungsausschluss: Dieses Video wird auf der Website Dritter bereit gestellt und kann Werbung enthalten.
Dieser Videoauszug ist Teil des Webinars von Beta Analytic: [Isotope: Eine Einführung in die Isotopenanalyse](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Isotope: Eine Einführung in die Isotopenanalyse")
## Langzeit Effekte auf das C-14 Niveau
Obwohl Atomwaffentests mittlerweile verboten sind, hält der „Bomben Effekt” weiter an. Laut Literatur hat sich ein Teil des überschüssigen C-14, das während der Kernwaffentests produziert wurde, bereits teilweise durch den globalen Kohlenstoffkreislauf Austausch-Zyklus verringert. Seit den 1990ern ist das C-14 Niveau nur ca. 20% höher als das theoretische Niveau auf der Basis von 1950.
Nuklearer Kohlenstoff ist im Wesentlichen eine künstliche Injektion von Kohlenstoff-14 in die Atmosphäre. C-14 Wissenschaftler nutzten dieses Wissen, um ihre Theorien über die Mischungsverhältnisse von Kohlenstoff-14 durch verschiedene Kohlenstoffspeicher zu testen. Sie fanden heraus, dass Baumringe kein C-14 mit anderen Baumringen austauschen. Diese Tatsache hat den Einsatz der Dendrochronologie in der C-14 Datierung unterstützt, insbesondere für die Erstellung von C-14 Kalibrierkurven.
Es gibt auch andere Studien, die das Vorkommen von nuklearem Kohlenstoff oder C-14 allgemein überprüften. Die geochemische Meeresabschnittsstudie analysierte Meerwasserproben aus dem Atlantik, Pazifik, Indischen Ozean und dem Mittelmeer und kartierte das Vorkommen von nuklearem Kohlenstoff. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie haben es Datenmodellierern ermöglicht, den Weg von C-14, seinem Austausch und die Verweildauer analysieren zu können.
Das World Ocean Circulation Experiment von 1990 bis 2002 enthielt C-14 Messungen an gelöstem anorganischem Kohlenstoff. Reidar Nydal und Knut Løvseth haben von 1962 bis 1993 C-14 Messungen in atmosphärischem Kohlendioxid aus der nördlichen und südlichen Hemisphäre durchgeführt.
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### [Radiocarbon Tree-Ring Calibration](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tree-ring-calibration.htm)
**Published:** April 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Tree rings are used to calibrate radiocarbon measurements.
- Calibration is necessary to account for changes in the global radiocarbon concentration over time.
- Results of calibration are reported as age ranges calculated by the intercept method or the probability method, which use calibration curves.
Carbon-14 is a naturally occurring isotope of the element carbon. It is also called “**radiocarbon**” because it is unstable and radioactive relative to carbon-12 and carbon-13. Carbon consists of 99% carbon-12, 1% carbon-13, and about one part per million carbon-14. Results of carbon-14 dating are reported in radiocarbon years, and calibration is needed to convert radiocarbon years into calendar years.
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Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
This video excerpt is part of Beta Analytic’s webinar: [Isotopes 101: An Introduction to Isotopic Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Isotopes 101: An Introduction to Isotopic Analysis")
## Units of Measure, Half-life, and the Need for Calibration
Uncalibrated radiocarbon measurements are usually reported in years BP where 0 (zero) BP is defined as AD 1950. BP stands for “Before Present” or “Before Physics” as some would refer to it. It should be noted that a BP notation is also used in other dating techniques but is defined differently, as in the case of thermoluminescence dating wherein BP is defined as AD 1980. It is also worth noting that the half-life used in **carbon dating** calculations is 5568 years, the value worked out by chemist Willard Libby, and not the more accurate value of 5730 years, which is known as the Cambridge half-life. Although it is less accurate, the Libby half-life was retained to avoid inconsistencies or errors when comparing carbon-14 test results that were produced before and after the Cambridge half-life was derived.
Radiocarbon measurements are based on the assumption that atmospheric carbon-14 concentration has remained constant as it was in 1950 and that the half-life of carbon-14 is 5568 years. Calibration of radiocarbon results is needed to account for changes in the atmospheric concentration of carbon-14 over time. These changes were brought about by several factors including, but not limited to, fluctuations in the earth’s geomagnetic moment, fossil fuel burning, and nuclear testing. The most popular and often used method for calibration is by dendrochronology.
## Dendrochronology and Carbon Dating
The science of dendrochronology is based on the phenomenon that trees usually grow by the addition of rings, hence the name tree-ring dating. Dendrochronologists date events and variations in environments in the past by analyzing and comparing growth ring patterns of trees and aged wood. They can determine the exact calendar year each tree ring was formed.
Dendrochronological findings played an important role in the early days of **radiocarbon dating**. Tree rings provided truly known-age material needed to check the accuracy of the carbon-14 dating method. During the late 1950s, several scientists (notably the Dutchman Hessel de Vries) were able to confirm the discrepancy between radiocarbon ages and calendar ages through results gathered from carbon dating rings of trees. The tree rings were dated through dendrochronology.
At present, tree rings are still used to calibrate radiocarbon determinations. Libraries of tree rings of different calendar ages are now available to provide records extending back over the last 11,000 years. The trees often used as references are the bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata) found in the USA and waterlogged Oak (Quercus sp.) in Ireland and Germany. [Radiocarbon dating laboratories](http://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-lab.htm "Radiocarbon dating laboratories") have been known to use data from other species of trees.
## Radiocarbon Tree-Ring Calibration
In principle, the age of a certain carbonaceous sample can be easily determined by comparing its radiocarbon content to that of a tree ring with a known calendar age. If a sample has the same proportion of radiocarbon as that of the tree ring, it is safe to conclude that they are of the same age. In practice, tree-ring calibration is not as straightforward due to many factors, the most significant of which is that individual measurements made on the tree rings and the sample have limited precision so a range of possible calendar years is obtained. And indeed, results of calibration are often given as an age range rather than an absolute value. Age ranges are calculated either by the intercept method or the probability method, both of which need a calibration curve.
## Calibration Curves
The first calibration curve for radiocarbon dating was based on a continuous tree-ring sequence stretching back to 8,000 years. This tree-ring sequence, established by Wesley Ferguson in the 1960s, aided Hans Suess to publish the first useful calibration curve. Suess’s curve, based on the bristlecone pine, used tree rings for its calendar axis. There have been many calibration curves published since Suess’s curve, but their proliferation brought more problems than solutions. In later years, the use of accelerator mass spectrometers and the introduction of high-precision **carbon dating** have also generated calibration curves.
A high-precision radiocarbon calibration curve published by a laboratory in Belfast, Northern Ireland, used dendrochronology data based on the Irish oak. Nowadays, the internationally agreed upon calendar calibration curves reach as far back as about 48000 BC (Reimer et. al., INTCAL13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0 – 50000 yrs cal BP, Radiocarbon 55(4), 2013). For the period after 1950, a great deal of data on atmospheric radiocarbon concentration is available. Post-modern data are very useful in some cases in illustrating a calendar age of very young materials (Hua, et. al. Atmospheric Radiocarbon for the period 1950-2010, Radiocarbon, 55(4), 2013). A typical carbon-14 [calibration curve](http://www.radiocarbon.com/calendar-calibration-carbon-dating.htm "calibration curve") would have a calendar or dendro timescale on the x-axis (calendar years) and radiocarbon years reflected on the y-axis.
## Calibration Conventions
The use of cal BC, cal AD, or even cal BP is the recommended convention for citing dendrochronologically calibrated radiocarbon dating results. Carbon dating results must be clear, hence they should not be reported simply as BC, AD, or BP. Cal BC and cal AD correspond exactly to normal historical years BC and AD, while cal BP refers to the number of years before 1950.
## Radiocarbon Dating Results
Carbon dating results must include the uncalibrated results, the calibration curve used, the calibration method employed, and any corrections made to the original result before calibration. The confidence level corresponding to calibrated ranges must also be included.
---
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
This video excerpt is part of Beta Analytic’s webinar: [Isotopes 101: An Introduction to Isotopic Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Isotopes 101: An Introduction to Isotopic Analysis")
### Related Topics:
[The Suess Effect](https://www.radiocarbon.com/the-suess-effect-why-is-it-important/ "The Suess Effect")
[Accelerator Mass Spectrometry](https://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm "About AMS Dating")
[Radiocarbon Dating Results Calibration](https://www.radiocarbon.com/calendar-calibration-carbon-dating.htm "C14 Analysis Results Calibration")
[What is radiocarbon dating?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm "How does C14 dating work?")
*Last Updated May 5, 2016*
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### [放射性炭素年代測定と核実験起源放射性炭素（Bomb Carbon）](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-bomb-carbon.htm)
**Published:** March 30, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- 放射性炭素年代は全地球的に放射性炭素濃度が過去から現在まで一定であったことを前提としています
- Bomb効果（爆弾効果）とは、核実験の結果、”人工”放射性炭素が大気中に放出されたことを指します
- 核実験は禁止されましたが、現在もその影響は残っています
放射性炭素年代測定は、放射性炭素年代は全地球的に放射性炭素濃度が過去から現在まで一定であったという仮定に基づいて行われます。
つまり、地球における放射性炭素（C14）濃度が、大気圏中で経時変化してこなかったこと、そして、その当然の結果として、生物圏が、平衡によって大気圏と同じ放射性炭素濃度を持つという仮定に基づいているのです。
放射性炭素は、大気圏上層で、宇宙線の二次中性子と窒素の反応によって生成され、地球圏の炭素サイクルに組み込まれます。生成されたC14は大気中で酸素原子と反応し、二酸化炭素(CO2)を生成します。この二酸化炭素は、C12およびC13との反応で作られる二酸化炭素と違いはありません。よって、C14との反応でできる二酸化炭素は、他の安定な同位体(C12,C13)と同様の道を歩むのです。
大気圏と生物圏の間で、平衡状態となるまで、混合・交換を行います。当初、 [放射性炭素年代測定](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/about-carbon-dating.htm "放射性炭素年代測定") は、この他の要因によるC14の放出はないということを前提としていました。
しかし、近年、放射性炭素の研究者は、放射性炭素測定年代の結果を暦年に変換するだけではなく、地球規模でのC14濃度に影響を与えたさまざまな要因を考慮して、較正を行わなければなりません。その要因のひとつが核実験による影響です。
## C14濃度に影響を与える人間活動
過去に2度、人間の活動によって、地球規模でのC14濃度が大きく変動しました。
ひとつは化石燃料の燃焼、もうひとつが核実験によるC14の放出です。
石炭等の化石燃料の大量燃焼は、大気中の炭素リザーバー中の放射性炭素濃度を大きく減少させました。([Suess](https://www.radiocarbon.com/the-suess-effect-why-is-it-important/ "Suess effect") 効果/スース効果)
それに対し1950年代～1960年代の核実験は大気中のC14濃度を劇的に増加させました。(Bomb 効果/爆弾効果)
## Bomb効果（爆弾効果）とは？
核実験の影響により”人工の”放射性炭素が大気中に放出されました。これをBomb効果（爆弾効果）といいます。
核実験により自然に反する量のC14が大気中で発生する反応がもたらされました。核爆弾によって発生した大量の熱中性子束が、大気中の窒素原子と反応し、C14を生成したのです。こうしてできたC14は、「核実験起源放射性炭素（Bomb carbon）」または「人工放射性炭素」として知られています。
文献によると、1950年代から1960年代における核実験によって、大気中のC14の濃度は約2倍となったことが1965年頃の測定で判明しました。そして、核実験起源放射性炭素の濃度は、1963～1965年の間には、通常濃度の約100％上回り、北半球においては1963年、南半球においては1965年にピークに達しました。
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免責事項:この動画はサードパーティーのサービスを利用しているため広告が表示されることがあります。
## 核実験起源放射性炭素と放射性炭素年代測定との関連性
人為的要因による地球圏のC14濃度の変動によって、放射性炭素年代測定のための標準試料を定義する必要が生じました。放射性炭素年代測定では、化石燃料の燃焼または核実験の影響による人為起源のC14に汚染されていない有機物がリファレンスとして必要となりました。
そこでアメリカの規格基準局（National Bureau of Standards）が所持していたシュウ酸が標準試料として採用されました。そのC14濃度は、 [結果](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-results.htm "結果") に引用される放射性炭素年代測定の基準年となるAD 1950の木のC14濃度とほぼ同等です。
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免責事項:この動画はサードパーティーのサービスを利用しているため広告が表示されることがあります。
## 放射性炭素濃度への長期的な影響
核実験が禁止された現在でもその影響は残っています。文献によると、核実験中に発生した過剰なC14は、主に地球規模の炭素交換サイクルによって、徐々に減少しています。1990年代には、C14濃度は1950年の理論上の濃度と比較して約20％だけ高い数値であることが、シュウ酸参照基準と比較した測定で分かりました。
核実験起源放射性炭素は、つまるところ、C14の人為的な放出です。放射性炭素の研究者は、この知識を様々な炭素リザーバーにおけるC14の挙動についての理論を解明するために利用し、こうした研究者によって、木年輪間では放射性炭素年の交換が起こらないことが解明され、年輪年代と放射性炭素年代の組み合わせによって暦年代較正曲線が作成されました。
その他にも、核実験起源放射性炭素や一般的な放射性炭素の存在を監視する研究が存在します。
地球化学的な海洋研究では太平洋、大西洋、インド洋などで海水のC14濃度を測定し、海洋の核実験起源放射性炭素のマッピングを行いました。これらのデータによって、海洋におけるC14の挙動、交換時間、滞留時間の解析が行われています。
1990年から2002年の World Ocean Circulation Experimentにおいて、溶存無機炭素のC14の測定が行われました。
Reidar Nydal、Knut Lovsethは1962年～1993年にかけて北半球、南半球で大気中のC14濃度を測定しました。
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### [방사성 탄소 연대 측정법과 폭탄 탄소 (Bomb Carbon)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-bomb-carbon.htm)
**Published:** January 27, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- 폭탄 영향이란 핵 무기 실험의 결과로 대기 중에 ‘인공적’ 방사성 탄소가 추가된 것입니다.
- 이런 인공적 방사성 탄소 추가를 고려하여 기준 참고 물질을 사용합니다.
- 핵무기 실험이 금지되었음에도 불구하고 폭탄 영향은 여전히 남아 있습니다.
방사성 탄소 연대 측정법은 정해진 시간에 탄소 14의 전 지구적 농도에 대하여 특별한 가정들로 시작하는데. 대기권에 있는 탄소 14 (또는 방사성 탄소로 불림)의 전체 농도가 시간이 흘러도 변하지 않았다는 것이 한가지 가정이며, 또 다른 가정은 첫 번째 가정의 당연한 결과 즉: 생명체도 평형을 이루려는 이유 때문에 방사성 탄소의 전체적 농도가 같다는 것입니다.
방사성탄소는 질소 원자와 우주선에 의해 생성된 중성자와 상호 작용을 통해 형성되어 대기권의 전체 탄소 사이클에 입장합니다. 이렇게 생성된 탄소 14는 이산화 탄소를 만들기 위해 대기 중에 있는 산소 원자와 반응합니다. 이 이산화 탄소는 탄소 12와 탄소 13로 만들어진 이산화 탄소와 같기 때문에 같은 운명을 가지고 있습니다.
서로 평형이 되려고 대기권과 생물체 사이에서 서로 혼합과 교환이 이루어집니다. [방사성 탄소](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/about-carbon-dating.htm "방사성 탄소") 연대 측정은 탄소 14가 다른 방법으로 생길 수 있다는 것을 전혀 고려하지 않는 가정하에 실시됩니다.
요즘의 방사성 탄소 과학자들은 방사성 탄소 연도 측정 결과물들을 일반 달력 년도로 환산하기 위해서뿐만 아니라 핵무기 실험과 같은 탄소 14의 전체 농도 수준에 커다란 영향을 끼치는 다양한 요인을 고려해서 보정을 해야 합니다.
## 탄소 14 전체 농도 수준에 영향을 미치는 인간의 활동들
인간의 활동으로 인해 방사성 탄소의 전체 농도 수준을 돌이킬 수 없을 정도로 커다랗게 변화시키는 요인은 다음 두 가지입니다. – 화석 연료 과다 사용과 핵 무기 실험.
석탄과 같은 화석 연료의 과다 사용은 (수스 효과 ‘[Suess Effect](https://www.radiocarbon.com/the-suess-effect-why-is-it-important/ "Suess effect")‘라고도 함) 대기 중 방사성 탄소의 농도를 상당히 줄여 주었으며, 이와는 반대로 50-60년대의 핵무기 실험은 대기권의 탄소 14 농도 수준을 크게 증가시켰습니다. 이런 현상을 폭탄 영향 즉 Bomb Effect 라 합니다.
## 폭탄 영향(Bomb Effect)이란?
폭탄 영향이란 핵폭탄으로 인해 대기권에 방사성 탄소가 “인공적”으로 생성된 현상을 말합니다.
핵무기 실험으로 인해 인공적으로 어마어마한 양의 탄소 14가 대기권에 생성되었습니다. 핵무기 실험으로 생성된 어마어마한 양의 열중성자 유입으로 현재 대기권에서 탄소 14를 만들기 위해 질소 원자와 반응합니다. 이렇게 생성된 탄소 14을 폭탄 탄소, 또는 인공 방사성 탄소라 부릅니다.
자료에 따르면 50년대와 60년대 핵무기 실험으로 1965년에 측정한 탄소 14보다 거의 두 배가 증가했다고 합니다. 폭탄 탄소의 수준은 1963년과 1965년 사이 100%나 평균치를 웃돌았다고 합니다. 북반구의 폭탄 탄소 수치는 1963년도에, 남반구는 1965년도에 정점에 달했습니다.
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면책조항: 이 비디오는 제3자의 사이트에 올렸으며, 광고가 포함되어 있습니다.
## 폭탄 영향이 방사성 탄소 연대에 미치는 영향
인간으로 인해 생긴 전 지구의 방사성 탄소 수치 변화는 탄소 14의 기준 참고 물질을 사용하게 합니다. 방사성 탄소 연대 측정은 화석 연료의 과다 사용이나 핵무기 실험으로 생긴 탄소 14에 오염되지 않은 유기 물질이 필요합니다.
미국의 표준 규격 부서(the U.S. National Bureau of Standards)에 구비되어 있는 옥살산을 방사성 탄소 연대 측정의 기준 참고 물질로 채택하여 사용하고 있습니다. 이 옥살산의 방사성 탄소 내용물은 서기1950년대에 자란 나무 샘플과 이론상 같습니다. 즉 연대 측정 결과를 인용하는데 쓰인 방사성 탄소의 [시간 상 영점](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-results.htm "시간 상 영점").
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면책조항: 이 비디오는 제3자의 사이트에 올렸으며, 광고가 포함되어 있습니다.
이 비디오 인용은 Beta 연구소 웨비나의 일부입니다. [동위원소 기초: 동위원소 분석 소개](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "동위원소 기초: 동위원소 분석 소개")
## 방사성 탄소 수준에 미치는 장기적 영향.
핵무기 실험이 금지된 후에도 폭탄 영향은 여전히 남아 있습니다. 자료에 따르면 핵무기 실험으로 발생한 탄소 14 초과량이 부분적 지구 탄소 교환 싸이클로 인해 이미 줄었다고 합니다. 1990년에는 기준 참고 물질인 옥살산으로 측정해 봤더니 방사성 탄소의 농도가 1950년의 이론적 수준보다 단지 20%만 높다고 합니다.
폭탄 탄소는 탄소 14가 인공적으로 투입된 것입니다. 방사성 탄소 과학자들은 이 지식을 이용하여 여러 탄소 축적으로 탄소 14의 혼합 비율에 관한 이론을 실험합니다. 또한 이들 과학자들은 서로 다른 나이테끼리 방사성 탄소를 교환하지 않는다는 사실도 발견했습니다. 이 사실은 방사성 탄소 연대 측정, 특히 보정 곡선을 구성하는데 연륜연대학을 이용하게 해줍니다.
또한 전반적으로 폭탄 탄소나 방사성 탄소의 존재를 관찰하는 다른 연구들도 있습니다.
지구 화학 해양 부분 연구(Geochemical Ocean Section Study )는 대서양, 태평양, 인도, 지중해에서 가져온 바닷물 샘플을 분석하여 폭탄 탄소가 존재한다는 것을 발견하였습니다. 이런 연구의 결과로 모형 제작자들이 방사성 탄소의 진로, 교환, 체류 시간을 분석할 수 있게 해줍니다.
1990년부터 2002년까지의 세계 해양 순환 실험으로 용존 무기 탄소로부터 방사성 탄소를 측량하였습니다.
Reidar Nydal과 Knut Lovseth은 1962년부터 1993년까지 북반구와 남반구에서 대기 중에 있는 이산화 탄소에서 방사성 탄소를 측정했습니다.
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### [Datação por Radiocarbono e Carbono Bomba](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-bomba-carbono.htm)
**Published:** August 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- O efeito bomba refere-se à adição de radiocarbono “artificial” na atmosfera como resultado de testes com armas nucleares.
- Um padrão de referência é agora utilizado para levar em conta a adição de radiocarbono artificial.
- Embora os testes com armamentos nuclearestenham sido proibidos, os efeitos de bombas ainda continuam.
O método de datação por radiocarbono é baseado em certas suposições relacionadas à concentração global de carbono 14 em um determinado momento. Uma hipótese é que os níveis globais de carbono 14 (também conhecido como radiocarbono) na atmosfera, não mudaram ao longo do tempo. A outra hipótese é o corolário da primeira; a biosfera tem a mesma concentração total de radiocarbono que a atmosfera devido ao equilíbrio.
A entrada de radiocarbono no ciclo global de carbono começa na atmosfera, onde é formado pela interação de neutrões produzidos por raios cósmicos com átomos de nitrogênio. O carbono 14 produzido reage com os átomos do oxigênio na atmosfera para produzir dióxido de carbono. Este dióxido de carbono não é diferente daqueles produzidos por carbono 12 e carbono 13 e, por isso, o dióxido de carbono com carbono 14 tem o mesmo destino que aquele produzidos com isótopos de outros carbonos.
Misturas e trocas acontecem entre a atmosfera e a biosfera até o momento em que acontece o equilíbrio. A [datação por radiocarbono](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/sobre-carbono-datacao.htm "datação por radiocarbono") baseia-se fortemente nesta suposição, de tal forma que outras fontes de carbono 14, no princípio, não foram consideradas nem contabilizadas.
Hoje em dia, os cientistas de radiocarbono precisam fazer calibração não somente para converter os resultados de anos de radiocarbono para anos civis, mas também para levar em conta os vários fatores que têm efeitos importantes nos níveis globais de carbono 14, um dos quais é o teste com armas nucleares.
## Atividades Humanas que Afetam os Níveis Globais de Carbono 14
Há duas atividades humanas que sem dúvida mudaram irreparavelmente os níveis globais de radiocarbono – a queima de combustíveis fósseis e os testescom armas nucleares.
A queima de grandes quantidades de combustivel fóssil, tal como o carvão (conhecido como “[efeito Suess](https://www.radiocarbon.com/the-suess-effect-why-is-it-important/ "efeito Suess")”), reduziu significativamente a concentração de radiocarbono do reservatório atmosférico de carbono. Em contraste, os testes com armas nucleares na década de 50 e 60 aumentaram dramaticamente o nível de carbono 14 na atmosfera. Este fenômeno é frequentemente referido como “efeito bomba”.
## O quê é o Efeito Bomba?
O efeito bomba se refere ao fenômeno que produziu radiocarbono “artificial” na atmosfera devido às bombas nucleares.
Os testes com armas nucleares provocaram uma reação que assemelhou-se à produção atmosférica de carbono 14 em quantidades anormais. O enorme fluxo de neutrões térmicos produzido pelas bombas nucleares reagiu com os átomos de nitrogênio presentes na atmosfera para formar carbono 14. O carbono 14 que foi produzido é conhecido como “carbono bomba” ou “radiocarbono artificial”.
De acordo com as publicações relevantes, os testes com armas nucleares na década de 50 e 60 quase duplicaram o conteúdo de carbono 14 atmosférico, o qual foi medido em torno de 1965. Entre 1963 e 1965, o nível de carbono bomba chegou a alcançar cerca de 100% a mais do que os níveis normais. O nível de carbono bomba no Hemisfério Norte atingiu um pico em 1963 e, no Hemisfério Sul, em torno de 1965.
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## Implicações do Efeito Bomba na Datação por Radiocarbono
A mudança nos níveis globais de radiocarbono provocada pelas atividades humanas exigiu o uso de um padrão de referência para datação por carbono 14. A datação por radiocarbono precisou de um material orgânico que não foi contaminado com carbono 14 proveniente da queima de combustíveis fósseis ou dos testes com armas nucleares.
O ácido oxálico armazenado pelo “National Bureau of Standards” dos EUA foi adotado como um padrão na datação por radiocarbono. O seu conteúdo de radiocarbono era teoricamente o mesmo que o de uma amostra de madeira que cresceu em 1950 DC, o ponto zero da escala de tempo de radiocarbono utilizada para calcular [resultados de datação por carbono](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-exemplo-relatorio.htm "resultados de datação por carbono").
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Este trecho de vídeo é parte do webinário Beta: [Uma introdução a análises isotópicas](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Uma introdução a análises isotópicas")
## Efeitos a Longo-Prazo para Níveis de Radiocarbono
Mesmo depois que os testes com armas nucleares foram proibidas, o efeito bomba continuou presente. Segundo a literatura diponível, o nível de carbono 14 excedente produzido durante os testes com armas nucleares já diminuiu devido em parte ao ciclo de intercâmbio de carbono ao redor do mundo. Na década de 90, o nível de carbono 14 estava somente 20% superior ao nível teórico de 1950, de acordo com o que foi medido através da atividade do ácido oxálico utilizado como padrão de referência.
O carbono de bomba é essencialmente uma injeção artificial de carbono 14. Os cientistas de radiocarbono usaram este conhecimento para testar suas teorias sobre os níveis de mistura do carbono 14 através de diversos reservatórios de carbono. Eles descobriram que os anéis das árvores não trocam radiocarbono uns com os outros. Este fato tem apoiado o uso da dendrocronologia na datação por radiocarbono, especialmente na determinação de curvas de calibração de radiocarbono.
Também há outros estudos que monitoram a presença de carbono bomba ou radiocarbono em geral.
O “Geochemical Ocean Section Study” analisou amostras de águas procedentes dos Oceanos Atlântico, Pacífico e Índico e do Mar Mediterrâneo e mapeou a presença de carbono bomba. Os resultados dos estudos permitiram que os modeladores analisassem o trajeto do radiocarbono, seu intercâmbio e tempos de residência.
O Experimento Mundial Sobre a Circulação dos Oceanos (“World Ocean Circulation Experiment”), realizadode 1990 a 2002, obteve medições de radiocarbono a partir de carbono inorgânico dissolvido.
Reidar Nydal e Knut Lovseth fizeram medições de radiocarbono em dióxido de carbono atmosférico dos Hemisférios Norte e Sul, de1962 a1993.
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### [Datazione al radiocarbonio e bomb carbon](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-al-carbonio-e-bomb-carbon.htm)
**Published:** July 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Il bomb effect si riferisce all’aggiunta di radiocarbonio “artificiale” nell’atmosfera, come risultato dei test sulle armi nucleari.
- Attualmente viene utilizzato uno standard di riferimento che tiene in considerazione l’aggiunta di radiocarbonio artificiale.
- Sebbene i test sulle armi nucleari siano stati proibiti, il bomb effect rimane.
Il metodo di datazione al radiocarbonio si basa su determinati presupposti relativi alla concentrazione del carbonio-14 in un dato momento. Uno di questi è che i livelli globali di carbonio-14 (chiamato anche radiocarbonio) nell’atmosfera non cambiano nel tempo. L’altro è il corollario del primo: la biosfera ha la stessa concentrazione globale di radiocarbonio dell’atmosfera, derivante dall’equilibrio.
L’ingresso del radiocarbonio nel ciclo globale del carbonio inizia nell’atmosfera, dove si forma dall’interazione tra i neutroni prodotti dai raggi cosmici e gli atomi di azoto. Il carbonio-14 prodotto reagisce con gli atomi d’ossigeno presenti nell’atmosfera per formare anidride carbonica. Questa anidride carbonica non è diversa da quella prodotta dal carbonio-12 e dal carbonio-13 e, di conseguenza, segue gli stessi processi di quella prodotta con gli altri isotopi del carbonio.
Si verificano degli scambi tra l’atmosfera e la biosfera, fino a quando si stabilisce un equilibrio. La [datazione al radiocarbonio](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-al-carbonio.htm "Datazione al radiocarbonio") si basa fortemente su questo presupposto, al punto che, inizialmente, le altre fonti di carbonio-14 non erano state tenute in considerazione.
Oggi, gli scienziati che si occupano di radiocarbonio non devono semplicemente effettuare delle calibrazioni per convertire i risultati della datazione in anni solari, ma anche tenere in considerazione i vari fattori che hanno importanti effetti sui livelli globali di carbonio-14, uno dei quali sono i test sulle armi nucleari.
## Attività umane che influenzano i livelli globali di carbonio-14
Sono state riconosciute due attività umane che hanno cambiato irrimediabilmente i livelli globali di radiocarbonio: l’utilizzo di combustibili fossili e i test sulle armi nucleari.
L’utilizzo su vasta scala di combustibili fossili, come il carbone, noto come [effetto Suess](https://www.radiocarbon.com/the-suess-effect-why-is-it-important/ "effetto Suess"), ha notevolmente ridotto la concentrazione di radiocarbonio nella riserva atmosferica di carbonio. Al contrario, i test sulle armi nucleari effettuati negli anni ‘50 e ‘60 hanno notevolmente aumentato il livello di carbonio-14 nell’atmosfera. Questo fenomeno è noto come bomb effect.
## Cos’è il bomb effect?
Il bomb effect indica l’immissione di radiocarbonio “artificiale” nell’atmosfera causata dalle bombe nucleari.
I test sulle armi nucleari hanno generato una reazione che ha simulato la produzione atmosferica di carbonio-14 in quantità innaturali. L’enorme flusso di neutroni termici prodotti dalle bombe nucleari ha reagito con gli atomi di azoto presenti nell’atmosfera formando carbonio-14. Il carbonio-14 risultante è quello conosciuto come bomb carbon, o radiocarbonio artificiale.
Secondo la letteratura scientifica, i test sulle armi nucleari avvenuti negli anni ’50 e ’60 hanno quasi raddoppiato il contenuto di carbonio-14 dell’atmosfera, secondo le misurazioni effettuate nel 1965. Il livello di bomb carbon era superiore di circa il 100% rispetto ai livelli normali tra il 1963 e il 1965. Il livello di bomb carbon nell’emisfero settentrionale ha raggiunto il proprio picco nel 1963, mentre nell’emisfero meridionale nel 1965.
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## Implicazioni del bomb effect sulla datazione al radiocarbonio
Il cambiamento dei livelli globali di radiocarbonio derivante dalle attività umane ha reso necessario l’uso di uno standard di riferimento per la datazione al carbonio-14. Era necessario un materiale organico non contaminato con il carbonio-14 proveniente dai combustibili fossili o dai test sulle armi nucleari.
L’acido ossalico della U.S. National Bureau of Standards è stato adottato come standard per la datazione al radiocarbonio. Il suo contenuto di radiocarbonio era teoricamente lo stesso di un campione di legno cresciuto nel 1950 DC, il punto zero della scala temporale del radiocarbonio utilizzato nell’indicazione dei [risultati della datazione al carbonio](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-radiocarbonio-risultati.htm "Risultati della datazione al carbonio").
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Questo estratto fa parte del webinar di Beta Analytic: [Introduzione agli isotopi: nozioni di base sull’analisi isotopica](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Introduzione agli isotopi: nozioni di base sull'analisi isotopica")
## Effetti a lungo termine sui livelli di radiocarbonio
Nonostante il divieto di continuare i test sulle armi nucleari, il bomb effect rimane. Secondo la letteratura scientifica, il carbonio-14 prodotto durante i test sulle armi nucleari si è già ridotto grazie, in parte, al ciclo globale di scambio del carbonio. Negli anni ’90, i livelli di carbonio-14 erano superiori solo del 20% al livello teorico del 1950 misurato sull’attività dello standard di riferimento acido ossalico.
Il bomb carbon è essenzialmente un’iniezione artificiale di carbonio-14. Gli scienziati che trattano il radiocarbonio utilizzano questa conoscenza per verificare le proprie teorie relative alla miscelazione delle concentrazioni di carbonio-14 in diverse riserve. Hanno scoperto che gli anelli degli alberi non scambiano il radiocarbonio con altri anelli. Questo fatto ha supportato l’uso della dendrocronologia nella datazione al radiocarbonio, in particolare nella costruzione di curve di calibrazione.
Esistono anche altri studi che hanno monitorato la presenza generale di radiocarbonio o bomb carbon.
Il Geochemical Ocean Section Study ha analizzato campioni di acqua marina proveniente dall’Oceano Atlantico, Pacifico, Indiano e dal Mediterraneo, mappando la presenza di bomb carbon. I risultati di questo studio hanno permesso di analizzare il percorso del radiocarbonio ed i suoi tempi di scambio e permanenza.
Il World Ocean Circulation Experiment, effettuato tra il 1990 ed il 2002, ha permesso di ottenere misurazioni del carbonio inorganico disciolto.
Reidar Nydal e Knut Lovseth hanno effettuato delle misurazioni del radiocarbonio nell’anidride carbonica atmosferica nell’emisfero settentrionale e meridionale dal 1962 al 1993.
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### [Datation carbone et carbone bombe](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-bombe.htm)
**Published:** June 25, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- L’effet bombe fait référence à l’addition de radiocarbone artificiel dans l’atmosphère durant les essais d’armes nucléaires.
- Une norme de référence permet de prendre en compte ces effets artificiels.
- Cet effet est durable et persiste malgré l’interdiction des essais nucléaires.
La méthode de datation par le radiocarbone repose sur certaines hypothèses concernant la concentration de carbone 14. La première postule que son niveau global dans l’atmosphère n’a pas changé à travers le temps, et la deuxième, corollaire de la première, postule que la biosphère contient la même concentration de radiocarbone que l’atmosphère.
Le radiocarbone est intégré au cycle du carbone dans l’atmosphère, où il se forme par l’interaction des neutrons produits par les rayons cosmiques avec les atomes d’azote, avant de se lier à l’oxygène pour donner du dioxyde de carbone, qui connaît le même destin que celui qui est composé de carbone 12 et carbone 13.
Des mélanges et des échanges contribuent à équilibrer la biosphère et l’atmosphère. Cette hypothèse fondamentale pour [la datation par le radiocarbone](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/a-propos-datation-carbone.htm "la datation par le radiocarbone") a occulté dans un premier temps d’autres sources de carbone 14.
Aujourd’hui, les calibrations faites par les scientifiques servent non seulement à convertir les résultats en années radiocarbones en dates calendaires, mais aussi à corriger des effets majeurs influant la concentration globale de carbone 14, comme ceux introduits par les essais d’armes nucléaires.
## Activités humaines affectant le niveau global de carbone 14
Deux activités humaines sont reconnues pour avoir irrémédiablement changé le niveau global de radiocarbone : la combustion de carburants fossiles et les essais nucléaires.
La combustion de grandes quantités de combustibles fossiles comme le charbon a baissé la concentration de radiocarbone dans l’atmosphère, et est connue sous le nom [d’effet Suess](https://www.radiocarbon.com/the-suess-effect-why-is-it-important/ "d'effet Suess"). En revanche, les essais d’armes nucléaires dans les années 1950 et 1960 ont grandement augmenté le niveau de carbone 14, et ont contribué à ce qui est connu comme un effet bombe.
## Qu’est-ce que l’effet bombe ?
L’effet bombe fait référence à la quantité de radiocarbone introduit « artificiellement » dans l’atmosphère à cause des explosions nucléaires.
Les essais d’armes nucléaires introduisent des réactions de production de carbone 14 dans l’atmosphère. Le flux de neutrons thermiques produit lors de l’explosion réagi avec l’azote et contribue à la formation de carbone bombe ou carbone artificiel en grande quantité.
La littérature scientifique mentionne des résultats de mesures de carbone 14 atmosphérique en 1965 qui montrent quasiment un doublement des quantités suite aux essais des années 1950 et 1960. Celui-ci était supérieur de 100% aux niveaux normaux entre 1963 et 1965, avec des pics atteints en 1963 dans l’hémisphère nord, et en 1965 dans l’hémisphère sud.
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## Conséquences dans la datation radiocarbone
Les changements induits par l’activité humaine nécessitent d’utiliser des normes de référence lors de la datation, à l’aide des matériaux organiques non-contaminés par les produits de combustions ou les essais nucléaires.
L’acide oxalique stocké par le « US National Bureau of Standards » a été adopté comme standard pour la datation. Son contenu en radiocarbone est théoriquement le même que des échantillons de bois de l’année 1950, point d’origine de l’échelle de temps utilisée pour l’expression des [résultats de datation](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-radiocarbone-rapport.htm "résultats de datation").
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Cet extrait vidéo fait partie du webinaire de Beta Analytic: [Introduction à l’analyse isotopique](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Introduction à l'analyse isotopique")
## Effets à long terme des niveaux de radiocarbone
Le bannissement des essais nucléaires n’en annule pas les effets pour autant. Selon la littérature, les excès de carbone 14 dus aux essais nucléaires ont diminué grâce au cycle global d’échange de carbone. En 1990, le niveau est seulement supérieur de 20% aux niveaux théoriques de 1950 donnés par la référence standard d’acide oxalique.
Le carbone 14 injecté artificiellement a permis aux scientifiques de tester les théories concernant les taux de mélange du carbone dans les différents réservoirs. Ils ont mis en évidence le fait que les cernes d’arbres n’échangent pas de radiocarbone entre eux, ce qui plaide en faveur de l’usage de la dendrochronologie dans les méthodes de datation, notamment pour la construction des courbes d’étalonnage.
Plusieurs autres études de suivi ont été menées sur le carbone artificiel et sur le radiocarbone en général.
Le programme international Geochemical Ocean Sections Study a analysé des échantillons d’eau des océans Atlantique, Pacifique, Indien, et en Méditerranée pour cartographier la présence de carbone nucléaire résiduel, ce qui a permis de mieux comprendre le circuit du radiocarbone et ses échanges et temps de séjour dans la nature.
La World Ocean Circulation Experiment, expérience de mesure de circulation des eaux océaniques, menée de 1990 à 2002, a permis d’obtenir des données sur le radiocarbone dissous d’origine inorganique.
Reidar Nydal et Knut Lovseth ont mesuré la composante de dioxyde de carbone atmosphérique à base de radiocarbone, dans les hémisphères nord et sud entre 1962 et 1993.
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### [La datación por radiocarbono y el carbono bomba](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-bomba-carbono.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- El efecto bomba se refiere a la adición de radiocarbono “artificial” en la atmósfera como resultado de las pruebas con armas nucleares.
- Un nivel de referencia se utiliza ahora para tener en cuenta la adición de radiocarbono artificial.
- A pesar de que las pruebas de armas nucleares han sido prohibidas, el efecto bomba todavía permanece.
El método de datación por radiocarbono es basado en ciertas suposiciones sobre la concentración global de carbono 14 en un momento dado. Una suposición es que los niveles globales de carbono 14 (también llamado radiocarbono) en la atmósfera no ha cambiado con el tiempo. El otro supuesto es consecuencia del primero: la biosfera tiene la misma concentración global de radiocarbono que la atmósfera debido al equilibrio.
La introducción del radiocarbono en el ciclo global de carbono comienza en la atmósfera, donde se forma por la interacción de neutrones producidos por rayos cósmicos con átomos de nitrógeno. El carbono 14 producido reacciona con átomos de oxígeno en la atmósfera para formar dióxido de carbono. Este dióxido de carbono no es diferente del producido por el carbono-12 y el carbono-13, por lo que el dióxido de carbono con carbono 14 tiene la misma suerte que los que se producen con los otros isótopos de carbono.
Los intercambios y las mezclas se suceden entre la atmósfera y la biosfera hasta el momento en que se establece el equilibrio. [La datación por radiocarbono](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/sobre-carbono-datacion.htm "La datación por radiocarbono") se basa en gran medida en esta suposición, de tal manera que al principio no se consideraron otras fuentes de carbono-14.
Hoy en día, los científicos dedicados al radiocarbono tienen que realizar la calibración, no solamente para convertir los resultados de sus fechas radiocarbónicas a fechas de calendario, sino también para poder considerar los diversos factores que tienen efectos importantes en los niveles globales de carbono-14, como las armas nucleares.
## Actividades humanas que afectan a los niveles globales de carbono-14
Hay dos actividades humanas conocidas que cambiaron los niveles globales de radiocarbono irremediablemente: la quema de combustibles fósiles y las pruebas con armas nucleares.
La quema de grandes cantidades de combustibles fósiles como el carbón, conocido como el [efecto Suess](https://www.radiocarbon.com/the-suess-effect-why-is-it-important/ "efecto suess"), había reducido considerablemente la concentración de radiocarbono del depósito de carbono atmosférico. En contraste, las pruebas de armas nucleares en los años 1950 y 1960 aumentaron dramáticamente los niveles de carbono 14 en la atmósfera. Este fenómeno es a menudo referido como el efecto bomba.
## ¿Qué es el efecto bomba?
El efecto bomba se refiere al fenómeno que produjo radiocarbono “artificial” en la atmósfera debido a las bombas nucleares.
Pruebas de armas nucleares provocaron una reacción que simulaba la producción atmosférica de carbono 14 en cantidades no naturales. El enorme flujo de neutrones térmicos producido por bombas nucleares reaccionó con átomos de nitrógeno presentes en la atmósfera para producir carbono 14. El carbono 14 producido es lo que se conoce como carbono bomba o radiocarbono artificial.
Según la literatura, las pruebas de armas nucleares en los años 1950 y 1960 casi han duplicado el contenido de carbono 14 atmosférico en base a las mediciones efectuadas alrededor de 1965. El nivel de carbono bomba era cerca de 100% por encima de los niveles normales entre 1963 y 1965. El nivel del carbono bomba en el hemisferio norte alcanzó su punto máximo en 1963, y en el hemisferio sur alrededor de 1965.
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Exención de responsabilidad: Este video está alojado en un sitio externo y puede contener publicidad.
## Consecuencias del efecto bomba en la datación por radiocarbono
El cambio en los niveles globales de radiocarbono provocado por actividades humanas hace necesaria la utilización de un estándar de referencia para datación por carbono 14. La datación por radiocarbono necesitaba un material orgánico que no estuviera contaminado con carbono 14 de la quema de combustibles fósiles o pruebas de armas nucleares.
El ácido oxálico almacenado por el U.S. National Bureau of Standardsha sido adoptado como estándar para datación por radiocarbono. Su contenido de radiocarbono en teoría era el mismo que el de una muestra de madera cultivada en AD 1950, el punto cero en la escala de tiempo de radiocarbono utilizada en la cita de [resultados de datación por carbono](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/arqueologia-ejemplo-informe.htm "resultados de datación por carbono").
---
Exención de responsabilidad: Este video está alojado en un sitio externo y puede contener publicidad.
Este vídeo forma parte del webinario de Beta Analytic: [Una introducción al análisis de isótopos estables](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Una introducción al análisis de isótopos estables")
## Efectos a Largo Plazo a los Niveles de Radiocarbono
Incluso después de la prohibición de las pruebas de armas nucleares, el efecto bomba aún permanece. De acuerdo a la literatura, el exceso de carbono-14 producido durante las pruebas de armas nucleares ya ha disminuido debido, en parte, al ciclo de intercambio global del carbono. En 1990, el nivel del carbono-14 es apenas casi un de 20% más alto que el nivel teórico de 1950, tal como está establecido por la norma de referencia de la actividad del ácido oxálico.
El carbono bomba es, básicamente, una inyección artificial de carbono-14. Los científicos dedicados al radiocarbono utilizaron este hecho para poner a prueba sus teorías respecto a las tasas de mezcla de carbono 14 a través de varios depósitos de carbono, y se dieron cuenta de que los anillos de árboles no intercambian radiocarbono con otros anillos de árboles. Este hecho ha apoyado el uso de la dendrocronología en la datación por radiocarbono, particularmente en la construcción de curvas de calibración de radiocarbono.
Asimismo, existen otros estudios que hicieron seguimiento de la presencia de carbono bomba o del radiocarbono en general.
El Geochemical Ocean Section Study analizó muestras de agua marina de los Océanos Atlántico, Pacifico, Índico, y de Mar Mediterráneo, y mapearon la presencia del carbono bomba. Los resultados del estudio han permitido a los modeladores analizar las vías del radiocarbono, su tasa de intercambio y los tiempos de residencia.
El World Ocean Circulation Experiment obtuvo mediciones de radiocarbono a partir de carbono inorgánico disuelto de 1990 a 2002.
Reidar Nydal y Knut Lovseth midieron el radiocarbono en el dióxido de carbono atmosférico de los hemisferios norte y sur de 1962 a 1993.
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### [樹輪年代學的定年校正](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/tree-ring-calibration.htm)
**Published:** June 23, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- 樹木年輪用於校準放射性碳測量結果。
- 然而然而全球放射性碳含量會隨時間變化，因此必須對碳定年結果進行校正。
- 校正結果以年齡範圍的形式表示。年齡範圍可採用截斷方法或概率方法計算，而這兩種方法都需要使用校正曲線。
碳14是自然產生的碳元素同位素。由於相對碳12和碳13，它不穩定且具有放射性，因此也被稱為“放射性碳”。碳是由99％的碳12、1％的碳13，以及約百萬分之一的碳14所組成。碳14定年結果以放射性碳年齡表示，校正後，將放射性碳年齡轉化為日曆年。
---
免責聲明：本視頻託管於第三方網站中，可能包含廣告。
本段影片節錄自BETA實驗室網路研討會: [同位素101: 穩定同位素分析導論](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "同位素101: 穩定同位素分析導論")
## 計量單位、半衰期和校正的必要性
未經校準的放射性碳測量結果通常以BP年表示，BP起始年為公元1950年。 BP代表“迄今”。應當注意的是，BP標記還應用於其他定年技術，但定義不同，例如，熱釋光判斷年代法中，BP指公元1980年。
值得一提的還有，碳定年計算使用的半衰期是化學家利比(Willard Libby) 計算出的5568年，而不是劍橋半衰期5730年這個更精確的值。雖然利比半衰期5568年没有那麼準確，但是碳定年計算還是採用它，以避免在比較劍橋半衰期出現之前和出現之後產生的碳14測試結果時，出現不一致或錯誤。
放射性碳測量結果以大氣中碳14含量自1950年保持不變，以及碳14的半衰期是5568年這兩個假設作為基礎。然而然而然而全球放射性碳含量會隨時間變化，因此必須對碳定年結果進行校正。這些變化肇因於（包括但不限於）地球的磁矩波動、化石燃料燃燒和核子試爆。
最為廣泛應用的校正方法是樹木年輪測定法。
## 樹輪年代學和碳定年
樹輪年代學是基於樹木成長時，樹木的年輪也在增加這一現象，故名樹木年輪測定。 樹輪年代學家透過分析和比較樹木和年老木頭的年輪樣式測定過去環境中的事件和變化。他們可以判斷各樹木年輪形成的準確日曆年。
樹木年輪測定結果在放射性碳定年的初期起到了重要作用。樹木年輪是可以提供已知年齡的材料，可用來檢測碳14定年方法的準確性。在1950年代後期，幾位科學家（特别是荷蘭人Hessel de Vries）能够根據樹木年輪的碳定年結果，確認放射性碳年齡和日曆年齡之間的差異。樹木年輪是根據樹輪年代學測定的。
目前，樹輪仍用於校正放射性碳定年結果。不同日曆年齡的樹木年輪庫現可提供回溯至過去1萬1千年的紀錄。通常被用作参考的樹有美國的狐尾松（松屬细葉）以及愛爾蘭和德國的澇櫟（櫟屬）。 [放射性碳定年實驗室](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/beta-lab.htm "Radiocarbon dating laboratories")一則使用其他種樹木的數據。
## 樹輪的放射性碳校正
原則上，將某含碳樣品的放射性碳含量和已知日曆年齡的年輪放射性碳含量相比，就可以很容易確定樣品的年齡。如果樣品的放射性碳含量和樹輪的一樣，則可以有把握地得出它們的年齡相同的結論。
實際上，由於許多因素，樹輪校正並没有那麼簡單。其中最重要的是，對樹木年輪和樣品進行測量，所得結果的準確度有限，因此得到的是一個日曆年範圍。
事實上，校正結果往往得到一個年齡範圍，而不是一個絶對值。年齡範圍採用截斷方法或概率方法計算，兩種方法都需要校正曲線。
## 校正曲線
放射性碳定年的第一個校正曲線，建立在一個連續樹木年輪序列的基礎上，該序列可追溯到8000年前。此一樹木年輪序列由Wesley Ferguson於1960年代制定，並在Hans Suess的資助下，是第一個公布的有用校正曲線。Suess的曲線以狐尾松的數據為基礎，採用年輪作為其日曆軸。
自Suess的曲線公布後，有很多校正曲線相繼誕生，但它們帶來的問題比解決的問題更多。在此後幾年，加速器質譜儀的使用和高精準度碳定年的引進也催生了校正曲線。北愛爾蘭貝爾法斯特的一家實驗室發表的高精準度放射性碳校正曲線，使用愛爾蘭橡樹數據為基準。
如今，國際議定的日曆年校準曲線，可回溯至公元前48000年（Reimer et. al., INTCAL13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0 – 50000 yrs cal BP, Radiocarbon 55(4), 2013）。1950年之後，取得了大量關於大氣放射性碳含量的數據，在某些情況下，對於某些日歷年年齡非常年輕的材料，這些後現代數據在解釋上非常有用。（Hua, et. al. Atmospheric Radiocarbon for the period 1950-2010, Radiocarbon, 55(4), 2013）。
標準碳14 [校正曲線](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/calendar-calibration-carbon-dating.htm "校正曲線")的X軸（日曆年）為日曆或樹輪時間表，Yy軸為放射性碳年齡。
## 校正約定
引用經樹木年輪校正的放射性碳定年結果時，推薦使用公元前（BC）校正、公元（AD）校正或甚至迄今（BP）校正。碳定年結果必須明確，因此不能只列BC、AD或BP。BC校正和AD校正正好對應標準的歷史年BC和AD，而BP校正則指1950年之前的年份。
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免責聲明：本視頻託管於第三方網站中，可能包含廣告。
本段影片節錄自BETA實驗室網路研討會: [同位素101: 穩定同位素分析導論](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "同位素101: 穩定同位素分析導論")
## 放射性碳定年結果
碳定年結果必須包括未經校正的結果、使用的校正曲線、採用的校正方法，以及校正之前對原始結果做的任何更動。還必須包括和校正範圍對應的可信度。
*更新日期：2016 年 5 月 5 日*
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### [French Homepage](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/index.htm)
**Published:** June 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [木炭及木頭上的污染物](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/charcoal-wood.htm)
**Published:** July 2, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
## 木炭或木頭樣品的污染物
掩理或採集、保存時，周邊的含碳物質可能已經影響木頭或木炭的碳14含量。任何會增加樣品碳含量的物質都可視為污染物。
木頭或木炭的自然污染物是指，後沉積環境時沾染上的物質，如土壤中的腐植酸和黃腐酸。 這些有機酸是於植物和動物組織進行生物分解時產生的。根系入侵也會導致木頭及木炭樣品染上近代碳。視挖掘地點而定，石灰石也是另一個可能的污染物。
木頭或木炭樣品的人為污染物來自，人們在採集、處理樣品時的疏忽或不小心。人為污染物包括煙灰、毛髮、纖維、包裝材料的紙、油、脂，甚至是膠水。
## [碳-14定年結果](#collapseThree)
免責聲明：本視頻託管於第三方網站中，可能包含廣告。
本段影片節錄自BETA實驗室網路研討會: [同位素101: 穩定同位素分析導論](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "同位素101: 穩定同位素分析導論")
#### [污染物對碳定年结果的影響](#collapseOne)
對送交進行AMS放射性碳定年的木頭或木炭樣品來說，污染的影響取決於污染物類型、受污染程度，以及樣品與污染物的相對年齡。
如果進行AMS放射性碳定年前，石灰石未被移除，則定年結果會比木頭或木炭的真實年齡老，因為石灰石屬地質成因，它會比任何考古樣品老。
腐植酸和黃腐酸可能會黏附在木頭和木炭的表面，並經由吸附作用交換碳。視產生有機酸的有機體年齡而定，此一交換作用會使得樣品的放射性碳年齡太小或太大。木炭或木頭樣品的根系侵入也會引入近代碳。
一般來說，無限大年齡的污染物，會幫木炭或木頭樣品的真實年齡加上可觀的年數，而近代碳則使得所有樣品顯得相當年輕。
為取得正確的結果，送交放射性碳定年前，AMS實驗室會對所有的木頭及木炭樣品進行預處理。
#### [木頭或木炭的物理預處理](#collapseSix)
不使用任何化學製品移除污染物的過程都屬物理預處理。AMS實驗室對木頭或木炭所進行的物理預處理包括，用鑷子夾除植物細根、用解剖刀刮除、清理表面，以及縮小樣品尺寸。
AMS實驗室使用錘子或鑿子來粉碎木頭，也可於木場內鋸末。AMS實驗室的研究人員會在培養皿內，或使用研缽和研杵，將木炭樣品粉碎。尺寸縮小是為了增加樣品的表面積，以進行後續的預處理。
#### [木頭或木炭的化學預處理](#collapseTwo)
AMS碳14定年前會先進行化學 [預處理](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm)，以確保分析前，已經移除所有的可能污染物。
針對木炭或木頭的化學預處理，不同的AMS實驗室可能有不同的處理步驟；但常會使用一樣的化學製品。化學製品的濃度、溫度、接觸時間及重覆次數，絕大部份視樣品的狀況及性質而定。
為了去掉碳酸鹽，AMS實驗室的研究人員會用熱鹽酸（HCl）清洗木頭及木炭樣品，接著用強鹼（如氫氧化鈉 NaOH）去除剩餘的有機酸。 最後的步驟則是在乾燥樣品前，用鹽酸沖洗，以便中和強鹼。
在某些情況下，當碳來源可溶於強鹼時，木頭或木炭樣品只需酸洗。然而，碳定年結果會得出總有機內容。
對於太老或污染太嚴重的木頭樣品，AMS實驗室的研究人員會在酸鹼酸處理後，再進行纖維素萃取。纖維素萃取是指，將樣品浸泡在pH值及溫度都受控制的亞氯酸鈉（NaClO2）溶液中。
---
### [炭化物や木材から汚染を取り除く](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/charcoal-wood.htm)
**Published:** March 30, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
## 炭化物や木材のサンプルのコンタミネーション
埋没時、採取時、保存時などで炭素を含んだ物質にサンプルがさらされると、サンプルの炭素量に影響があることがあります。サンプルの炭素量に影響を与えた全ての物質はコンタミネーションとみなします。
自然要因の汚染源には埋没土壌中のフミン酸やフルボ酸などにさらされる堆積環境があります。これらは、植物や動物の組織が土壌中の微生物によって分解される際に生成される酸です。植物根の侵入も現代の炭素（モダンカーボン）を炭化物や木材のサンプルに混入させます。ライムストーン（石灰岩）もまた、掘削地によっては汚染源となります。
人為的な汚染源は、採取時やサンプリング時に人間の不用意や不注意によってもたらされます。タバコ、髪の毛、繊維、梱包時に使う紙、オイル、グリース、接着剤さえも人為的汚染源とみなします。
#### [コンタミネーションが年代測定結果に与える影響](#collapseOne)
汚染のタイプや程度、サンプルや汚染源の相対年代によって、木材や炭化物のコンタミネーションによるAMS年代測定へ影響は異なります。
ライムストーンをAMS年代測定前に取り除かない場合、結果は真の年代よりもかなり古くなります。ライムストーンは地理的由来のため、どの考古学的サンプルよりも年代が古くなります。
フミン酸やフルボ酸は、木材や炭化物のサンプルの表面に付着し、吸着と言われる作用によって炭素を交換します。こうしたことが起こると、有機酸を生成する有機物の年代次第で、サンプルの年代を新しくも古くもします。植物根の侵入も現代の炭素をサンプルに持ち込みます。
通常、“無限大の年代”(infinite-age)の汚染源はサンプルを真の年代よりも相当古くして、現代の炭素はサンプルの年代を無視できない程に新しくしてしまいます。
正確な結果を得るために、ラボでは放射性炭素年代測定前に全ての木材や炭化物のサンプルに対して前処理を行います。
#### [木材や炭化物の物理的前処理](#collapseSix)
化学薬品を使わずに汚染を取り除く作業を物理的前処理と言います。木材や炭化物に対して行われる物理的前処理としては、ピンセットを用いた植物根の除去、メスを使って表面を削り取る清浄、サンプルサイズの縮小があります。
ハンマーやのみを使って、木を破砕します。ミルでパウダー状になるまで粉砕することもあります。炭化物のサンプルをシャーレ上で砕きます。すり鉢・すりこぎを使うこともあります。前処理を効果的にするためにサンプルサイズを小さくして、表面積を増やします。
#### [木材や炭化物の化学的前処理](#collapseTwo)
物理的前処理の後、AMS測定の前に、可能な限りコンタミネーションを取り除くために化学的前処理が施されます。
AMSラボによって、化学的前処理の方法に違いがあるかもしれませんが、大抵は、同じ化学薬品を用います。薬品の濃度、温度、前処理の時間、繰り返し回数などはサンプルによって違います。
まず塩酸(HCl)により炭酸塩を除去した後、水酸化ナトリウム(NaOH)などのアルカリを使って、二次的に混入した有機酸を除去します。最後に酸洗浄を行いアルカリを中和して、サンプルを乾燥させます。
木材や炭化物のサンプルに酸洗浄のみを施す場合があります。これは、サンプルがアルカリ可溶の場合に適用されます。放射性炭素年代測定の結果は、有機物の内包全体のものとなります。
木材のサンプルが古すぎたり、汚染されすぎたりしている場合は、acid/alkali/acid（酸/アルカリ/酸洗浄）の処理後、セルロース抽出ステップが加わります。セルロース抽出は、pHや温度が管理された条件下で、亜塩素酸ナトリウム(NaCIO2)に浸漬されて行われます。
---
### [목탄과 목재 시료의 오염 제거](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/charcoal-wood.htm)
**Published:** February 1, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
## 목탄이나 목재 시료의 오염
시료들이 땅에 묻혀 있던 동안 탄소를 포함한 물질들 주변에 있었거나 시료의 채집, 보관 중 탄소 물질을 사용하였다면 이미 탄소 14 함유량을 변화시켰을 수 있으며, 이런 시료의 탄소 함유량에 변화를 주는 물질 모두 오염 물질입니다.
이들 시료의 자연적 오염원은 퇴적 환경 후에 생기는 부식 산과 풀빅 산입니다. 이들은 동식물 조직의 부패로 인해 생기는 산입니다. 외부에서 침투하는 식물의 뿌리 역시 최근의 탄소를 공급해 줍니다. 석회석 역시 발굴 장소에 따라서 오염 물질일 수 있습니다.
인공적 오염원은 시료를 수집하고 처리하는 사람들의 부주의와 무지에 의해서 생깁니다. 인공적 오염물질로는 담배, 털, 섬유질의 재. 포장 재료로 쓰이는 종이, 오일, 기름기, 접착제 등입니다.
## [탄소 연대측정 결과](#collapseThree)
면책조항: 이 비디오는 제3자의 사이트에 올렸으며, 광고가 포함되어 있습니다.
이 비디오 인용은 Beta 연구소 웨비나의 일부입니다. [동위원소 기초: 동위원소 분석 소개](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "동위원소 기초: 동위원소 분석 소개")
#### [오염의 영향](#collapseOne)
연대측정을 위해 보내진 목재나 목탄 시료의 오염의 영향은 오염 물질의 종류, 오염 정도, 시료와 오염 물질의 상대적 나이에 따라 다릅니다.
석회질의 경우, 연대측정 전 석회질을 제거하지 않으면, 연대측정 결과는 목탄이나 목재 시료의 실제 나이보다도 상당히 오래되었다고 나옵니다. 이유는 석회질은 지질학적으로 초창기에 생기며, 어떤 고고학적 시료들보다도 훨씬 더 오래된 것이기 때문입니다.
부식 산과 풀빅 산은 목재나 목탄 시료의 표면에 붙어서 흡착 과정을 통해 외부와 탄소를 서로 교환합니다. 이런 현상은 유기산을 생산하는 생명체의 나이에 따라 시료의 방사성탄소 연대를 적게 만들기도 하거나 많게 만들기도 합니다. 목재나 목탄 시료에 외부 식물의 뿌리가 부착되어 있으면, 최근 탄소가 시료에 들어간 것입니다.
일반적으로, 최근 탄소가 들어가면 시료의 연대측정 결과가 상당히 어리게 나오는 반면에 아주 오래된 오염 물질은 시료의 연대측정 결과가 더 많게 나옵니다.
따라서 AMS 연구소들은 정확한 결과를 얻기 위해 연대측정 전 시료의 전처리 과정을 거칩니다.
#### [물리적 전처리](#collapseSix)
물리적 전처리 과정이란 일체의 화학 물질을 사용하지 않고 오염 물질을 제거하는 것입니다. 집게를 사용해 식물 뿌리를 없애거나, 수술용 메스로 표면을 긁어내 깨끗이 하거나, 시료의 크기를 작게 하는 것 등입니다.
AMS 연구소는 나무를 쪼개기 위해 망치나 끌을 쓰거나, 분쇄기로 톱밥처럼 가루를 만들기도 합니다. 또한 목탄 시료를 절구통이나 페트리 접시에서 잘게 부스기도 합니다. 크기를 작게 만든다는 것은 이어서 할 전처리 과정에서 시료의 표면적을 넓게 만드는 것입니다.
#### [화학적 전처리](#collapseTwo)
연대측정 전 화학적 전처리 과정 ([pretreatment](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm))을 통해 가능하면 모든 오염 물질을 없앱니다.
AMS 연구소마다 목탄과 목재에 관한 화학적 전처리 과정 절차가 조금씩 다를 수 있습니다만, 대부분 같은 화학 물질을 사용합니다만 시료의 종류와 상태에 따라 화학 물질의 농도, 온도, 노출 빈도, 반복 횟수가 모두 다 다릅니다.
탄산염 제거를 위해 뜨거운 염산 (HCI)으로 시료들을 세척한 후, 유기산 잔여물 제거를 위해 수산화 나트륨 (NaOH)과 같은 알카리로 세척합니다. 시료 건조 전 마지막 단계는 산으로 헹궈 알카리를 중화시킵니다.
시료를 산으로만 세척하는 경우도 있는데, 이는 탄소 발생 물질이 알카리에 녹는 경우에 한합니다. 하지만 탄소 연대측정 결과는 전체 유기 내용물을 반영합니다.
너무 오래되었거나 오염된 목재 시료는 산-알칼리-산 처리 후에 섬유소 추출 작업을 추가 실시합니다. 섬유소 추출은 시료를 pH 농도와 온도를 잘 조절한 상태에서 아염소산 나트륨(NaCIO2) 용액에 담그는 것입니다.
---
### [Rimuovere i contaminanti da legno e carbone](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbone-legno.htm)
**Published:** July 22, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
## Contaminazione dei campioni di carbone o legno
I materiali contenenti carbonio, che circondano i campioni di legno o carbone quando sono ancora seppelliti, ed i materiali utilizzati nei processi di raccolta e conservazione, potrebbero già avere alterato il contenuto di carbonio-14. Qualsiasi materiale che incrementi il contenuto di carbonio di un campione è considerato un contaminante.
I contaminanti naturali del legno e del carbone sono quelli introdotti nell’ambiente post-deposizionale, come gli acidi umici e fulvici presenti nel terreno. Questi sono acidi prodotti dalla decomposizione microbica dei tessuti vegetali e animali. Anche le intrusioni delle radichette comportano l’introduzione di carbonio moderno nei campioni di legno e carbone. Il calcare è un altro possibile contaminante, a seconda del sito degli scavi.
I contaminanti artificiali dei campioni di legno e di carbone sono quelli introdotti per negligenza o disinformazione degli addetti alla raccolta ed al trattamento. I contaminanti artificiali includono: cenere di tabacco, capelli e fibre, carta da imballaggio, olio, grasso e colla.
#### [Effetti della contaminazione sui risultati della datazione al radiocarbonio](#collapseOne)
Gli effetti della contaminazione di campioni di legno o carbone sottoposti a datazione al radiocarbonio con AMS dipendono dal tipo di contaminante, dal grado di contaminazione e dall’età relativa dei campioni e del contaminante.
Se il calcare non è stato rimosso prima della datazione al radiocarbonio con AMS, i risultati saranno molto più vecchi dell’età reale del legno o del carbone, perché il calcare, essendo di origine geologica, è molto più vecchio di qualsiasi campione archeologico.
Gli acidi umici e fulvici possono attaccarsi alle superfici del legno e del carbone e scambiare carbonio in un processo chiamato adsorbimento. Questo può influenzare l’età radiocarbonica del campione, facendolo sembrare più giovane o vecchio a seconda dell’età dell’organismo che ha prodotto gli acidi organici. Anche la penetrazione di radici nei campioni di carbone o di legno introduce carbonio moderno.
In genere, i contaminanti di età infinita aggiungono un numero considerevole di anni all’età reale di un campione di carbone o di legno, mentre il carbonio moderno rende qualsiasi campione significativamente più giovane.
Per ottenere risultati accurati, i laboratori AMS effettuano dei pretrattamenti su tutti i campioni di legno e di carbone prima di sottoporli alla datazione al radiocarbonio.
#### [Pretrattamenti fisici per legno e carbone](#collapseSix)
I pretrattamenti fisici prevedono la rimozione dei contaminanti senza l’uso di prodotti chimici. Per il legno o il carbone, i laboratori AMS rimuovono le radichette con delle pinzette, puliscono il campione raschiandone la superficie con un bisturi e ne riducono le dimensioni.
I laboratori AMS usano un martello o uno scalpello per scheggiare il legno, che può anche essere ridotto in segatura con una macina. Un analista del laboratorio AMS frantuma i campioni di carbone in una piastra di Petri o utilizzando mortaio e pestello. La riduzione delle dimensioni serve ad aumentare l’area superficiale del campione per i pretrattamenti seguenti.
#### [Pretrattamenti chimici per legno e carbone](#collapseTwo)
Il [pretrattamento](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm) chimico viene effettuato prima della datazione al carbonio-14 con AMS per garantire che tutti i possibili contaminanti vengano rimossi prima dell’analisi.
Ogni laboratorio AMS può effettuare pretrattamenti chimici leggermente diversi, ma la maggior parte utilizza gli stessi reagenti. Le concentrazioni chimiche, le temperature, i tempi di esposizione ed il numero di ripetizioni sono strettamente legati alle condizioni ed alla natura del campione esaminato.
Gli analisti dei laboratori AMS lavano i campioni di legno e carbone con acido cloridrico (HCl) a caldo per eliminare i carbonati, quindi applicano una base come l’idrossido di sodio (NaOH) per rimuovere gli acidi organici residui. L’ultimo passaggio consiste in un risciacquo acido per neutralizzare la base prima dell’essiccazione del campione.
In alcuni casi invece i campioni vengono sottoposti esclusivamente ad un lavaggio acido. Questo avviene quando la fonte di carbonio è solubile in una soluzione basica. Il risultato della datazione al carbonio, tuttavia, riflette il contenuto organico totale.
Per i campioni di legno che sono troppo vecchi o troppo contaminati, gli analisti dei laboratori AMS effettuano anche un’estrazione della cellulosa dopo il trattamento acido-base-acido. La cellulosa viene estratta immergendo il campione in una soluzione di clorito di sodio (NaClO2) a pH e temperatura controllati.
---
### [Enlever les contaminants du bois et du charbon](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/charbon-bois.htm)
**Published:** July 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
## Contamination du charbon ou du bois
Les matériaux contenant du carbone et présents dans l’environnement de l’échantillon de charbon ou de bois, ainsi que ceux utilisés durant les processus de collecte et de conservation peuvent en altérer le contenu en carbone 14, et sont considérés comme des contaminants.
Les contaminants naturels sont ceux introduits dans l’environnement post-dépôt comme les acides humiques et fulviques dans les sols. Ce sont les acides produits par décomposition microbienne des tissus d’animaux et de végétaux. L’intrusion de radicelles introduit également du carbone moderne. Le calcaire peut lui aussi être présent sur le site d’excavation et contaminer les échantillons.
Les contaminants artificiels sont introduits à la suite de négligences ou de la méconnaissance des gens qui collectent et manipulent les échantillons. Il peut s’agir de cendres de tabac, de cheveux et de fibres, de papiers d’emballage, d’huiles, de graisses et même de colles.
#### [Effets de la contamination sur les résultats de la datation AMS ](#collapseOne)
Les effets de la contamination sur les échantillons soumis à une datation par AMS dépendent du type de contamination, des degrés de contamination et de l’âge relatif entre le contaminant et l’échantillon.Si le calcaire n’a pas été retiré avant la datation par AMS, le résultat paraîtra beaucoup plus âgé que l’âge réel du charbon ou du bois. Étant d’origine géologique, il est bien plus vieux que les échantillons archéologiques. Les acides humiques et fulviques se fixent sur les surfaces de bois et de charbons, et des échanges de carbone peuvent avoir lieu à travers des processus d’absorption, modifiant l’âge radiocarbone en le rendant trop jeune ou trop vieux en fonction de l’âge de l’organisme produisant les acides organiques. La pénétration de racines jeunes introduit du carbone moderne.
En général, les contaminants d’âge infini ajoutent plusieurs années à l’âge vrai tandis que le carbone moderne fait paraître un échantillon plus jeune.
Afin d’obtenir des résultats précis, les laboratoires AMS effectuent un prétraitement sur tous les échantillons de bois et de charbons avant de les soumettre à la datation radiocarbone.
#### [Prétraitement physique du bois ou du charbon](#collapseSix)
On parle de prétraitement physique lorsque la suppression des contaminants se fait sans emploi de produits chimiques. L’opération appliquée sur le bois ou le charbon sert à détacher les radicelles des plantes à l’aide de pinces, racler la surface avec un scalpel et réduire la taille de l’échantillon.Les laboratoires utilisent un marteau ou un ciseau pour fendre le bois, ou le transforment en sciure. Un analyste du laboratoire AMS écrase les échantillons de charbon dans une boite de Petri ou dans un mortier avec un pilon. La réduction en taille a pour but d’augmenter la surface pour les traitements suivants.
#### [Prétraitement chimique du bois ou du charbon](#collapseTwo)
Le [prétraitement](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/pretraitements-protocoles-datation-radiocarbone.htm) chimique est appliqué avant la datation au carbone 14 pour s’assurer que tous les contaminants ont bien été enlevés avant l’analyse.
Différents laboratoires AMS peuvent avoir des procédures variant légèrement, mais la plupart des produits chimiques utilisés sont les mêmes. Les concentrations chimiques, la température, les temps d’expositions et le nombre de répétitions dépendent grandement de l’état et la nature de l’échantillon soumis.
Les analystes des laboratoires AMS lavent le bois et le charbon avec de l’acide chlorhydrique chaud (HCl) pour éliminer les carbonates, puis avec une solution basique comme de l’hydroxyde de sodium (NaOH) pour retirer les acides organiques restants. La dernière étape consiste en un bain acide pour neutraliser la base avant séchage.
Il arrive que les échantillons soient uniquement lavés à l’acide, lorsque la source de carbone est soluble dans le bain basique. Le résultat de la datation reflète toutefois le contenu organique total.
Pour les échantillons de bois qui sont trop vieux ou trop contaminés, l’analyste ajoute une étape supplémentaire d’extraction de cellulose après le traitement acide-base-acide, qui se fait par immersion dans du chlorite de sodium (NaClO2) sous pH et température contrôlés.
---
### [Eliminación de contaminación en carbón y madera](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-carbon-madera.htm)
**Published:** June 5, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
## Contaminación de muestras de carbón vegetal o madera
Los materiales que contienen carbono y se encontraban en el entorno de la muestra de madera o carbón vegetal cuando estaba enterrada, así como aquellos que se utilizaron durante la recolección y conservación de la muestra, pueden modificar el contenido de carbono-14 de la muestra. Cualquier material que aumenta el contenido de carbono de una muestra se considera un contaminante.
Los contaminantes naturales de la madera y del carbón vegetal se introducen en el entorno post-deposicional, como los ácidos húmicos y fúlvicos que se encuentran en el suelo. Estos ácidos son producidos por la degradación microbiana de los tejidos vegetales y animales. Las intrusiones de raíces también introducen carbono moderno en este tipo de muestras. La piedra caliza puede ser otro posible contaminante, dependiendo del sitio de excavación.
Los contaminantes artificiales de las muestras de madera y carbón vegetal son introducidos debido a la negligencia o ignorancia de las personas que recolectan y procesan las muestras. Algunos ejemplos son: ceniza de cigarrillo, pelo y fibras, papel de embalaje, aceite, grasa y pegamento.
#### [Efecto de la contaminación en los resultados de la datación radiocarbónica](#collapseOne)
El efecto de la contaminación de muestras de madera y carbón vegetal en la datación radiocarbónica depende del tipo de contaminante, del grado de contaminación y de la edad relativa de las muestras y los contaminantes.
Por ejemplo, si no se elimina la caliza antes de la datación, los resultados serán considerablemente más antiguos que la edad real de la madera o del carbón porque la caliza, que es de origen geológico y, por tanto, mucho más antigua que cualquier muestra arqueológica.
Los ácidos húmicos y fúlvicos se pueden unir a la superficie de la madera y del carbón vegetal e intercambiar carbono en un proceso conocido como adsorción. Este hecho puede provocar que la edad de radiocarbono de la muestra sea demasiado reciente o antigua, dependiendo de la edad del organismo que produjo los ácidos orgánicos. La penetración de raíces en las muestras de carbón vegetal o madera también introduce carbono moderno en las mismas.
Generalmente, los contaminantes con acción infinita añaden un número considerable de años a la edad real de una muestra de carbón vegetal o madera, mientras que el carbono moderno hace que cualquier muestra parezca significativamente más reciente.
Con el fin de obtener resultados precisos, los laboratorios de AMS realizan pretratamientos en todas las muestras de madera y carbón vegetal antes de someterlas a la datación por radiocarbono.
#### [Pretratamiento de muestras de madera o carbón vegetal](#collapseSix)
La eliminación de la contaminación sin la utilización de productos químicos es considerada un pretratamiento físico. El pretratamiento físico aplicado a la madera y el carbón en laboratorios de AMS incluye la eliminación de raicillas de plantas con el uso de pinzas, el raspado de la superficie con un escalpelo y la reducción del tamaño de la muestra.
Para aumentar la superficie de la muestra de cara a los pretratamientos posteriores, los laboratorios de AMS utilizan un martillo o un cincel para astillar la madera, que también puede ser reducida a serrín en un molino. Las muestras de carbón vegetal se trituran en una placa de Petri o un mortero.
#### [Pretratamiento químico de madera o carbón vegetal](#collapseTwo)
El [pretratamiento](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/pretratamiento-protocolos.htm "pretratamiento") químico se realiza antes de la datación por carbono-14 con AMS para asegurar que todos los posibles contaminantes han sido eliminados antes del análisis.
Cada laboratorio de AMS puede realizar pequeñas variaciones en el pretratamiento químico del carbón vegetal o la madera pero, en general, todos utilizan los mismos productos químicos. Las concentraciones químicas, las temperaturas, los períodos de exposición y el número de repeticiones dependen mucho de la condición y naturaleza de la muestra que está siendo analizada.
Los técnicos de los laboratorios de AMS bañan las muestras de madera y carbón vegetal con ácido clorhídrico (HCl) caliente para eliminar los carbonatos. Luego se aplica una solución alcalina como el hidróxido de sodio (NaOH) para eliminar los ácidos orgánicos restantes. El último paso es bañar la muestra con ácido para neutralizar la solución alcalina antes de secarla.
Cuando la fuente de carbono es soluble en una solución alcalina, las muestras de madera o carbón vegetal se bañan sólo en una solución ácida. El resultado, sin embargo, de la datación por radiocarbono refleja el contenido orgánico total.
En el caso de las muestras de madera demasiado antigua o contaminada, los técnicos de los laboratorios de AMS incluyen una etapa de extracción de celulosa después del tratamiento ácido- alcalino-ácido en la que sumergen la muestra en una solución de clorito sódico (NaClO2) con pH y temperatura controlados.
---
### [Kontamination von Holz und Holzkohle entfernen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kontamination-holz.htm)
**Published:** September 22, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
## Probenverunreinigung von Holzkohle- oder Holzproben
Die eine Holz- oder Holzkohleprobe umgebenden kohlenstoffhaltigen Materialien können den C-14 Gehalt schon verändert haben, als die Probe noch vergraben war oder entnommen und konserviert wurde. Jedes Material, das den Kohlenstoffgehalt einer Probe anreichert, bezeichnet man als Verunreinigung.
Natürliche Verunreinigungen bei Holz und Holzkohle bezeichnen im Ablagerungsmilieu aktive Komponenten, z.B. Humin- und Fulvinsäuren aus dem Boden. Diese Säuren entstehen während des mikrobiologischen Zerfalls von Pflanzenfasern und Tiergewebe. Darüber hinaus können in Holz- oder Holzkohleproben eingedrungene Wurzeln zur Anreicherung mit modernem Kohlenstoff führen. Abhängig vom Ausgrabungsort kann auch Kalkstein eine mögliche Verunreinigung darstellen.
Künstliche Verunreinigungen bei Holz- oder Holzkohleproben treten aufgrund von Unachtsamkeit während der Probenentnahme und Verarbeitung auf. Künstliche Verunreinigungen sind z.B. Tabakasche, Haare und Fasern, Papier des Verpackungsmaterials, Öl, Fett und sogar Kleber.
#### [Auswirkung von Verunreinigungen auf Kohlenstoff Datierungsergebnisse](#collapseOne)
Die Auswirkungen einer Kontamination auf Holz- oder Holzkohleproben, die einer AMS Radiokohlenstoff Datierung unterzogen wurden, hängen von folgenden Faktoren ab: Art der Verunreinigung, Grad der Verunreinigung und dem relativen Alter der Probe sowie der Verunreinigungssubstanz.
Wenn Kalkstein vor einer AMS Kohlenstoff Datierung nicht entfernt wurde, wird das Ergebnis wesentlich älter erscheinen als das tatsächliche Alter des Holzes oder der Holzkohle, da Kalkstein geologischen Ursprungs und folglich sehr viel älter als jede archäologische Probe ist.
Humin- und Fulvinsäuren können sich an die Oberfläche von Holz und Holzkohle anlagern und in einem Prozess, der Adsorption genannt wird, Kohlenstoff austauschen. Dieser Vorgang kann das Radiokohlenstoffalter einer Probe zu jung oder zu alt machen. Abhängig ist dies vom Alter des Organismus, der die organischen Säuren produzierte. Das Eindringen von Wurzeln in die Holzkohle- oder Holzproben fügt diesen ebenfalls modernen Kohlenstoff hinzu.
Im Allgemeinen fügen Verunreinigungssubstanzen unendlichen Alters dem eigentlichen Alter der Holzkohle- oder Holzprobe eine erhebliche Anzahl von Jahren hinzu, während moderner Kohlenstoff Proben erheblich jünger erscheinen lässt.
Um genaue Ergebnisse zu erhalten, führen AMS Labors an allen Holz- oder Holzkohleproben Vorbehandlungen durch, bevor sie der AMS-Radiokohlenstoff Datierung unterzogen werden.
#### [Physikalische Vorbehandlung von Holz oder Holzkohle](#collapseSix)
Die Entfernung von Verunreinigungen, ohne Chemikalien zu verwenden nennt man physikalische Vorbehandlung. In AMS Labors wird eine physikalische Vorbehandlung von Holz oder Holzkohle vorgenommen, diese beinhaltet die Entfernung von Pflanzenwürzelchen mittels Pinzetten, die Reinigung durch Abkratzen der Probenoberfläche mit einem Skalpell sowie die Zerkleinerung der Probe.
AMS Labors verwenden einen Hammer oder Meißel, um Holz zu zersplittern, es kann auch mittels Mühlen zu Sägemehl pulverisiert werden. Ein AMS-Labormitarbeiter zerstößt Holzkohleproben in einer Petrischale oder mithilfe von Stößel und Mörser. Die Zerkleinerung erfolgt, um die Oberfläche der Probe für die nachfolgenden Vorbehandlungsmethoden zu vergrößern.
#### [Chemische Vorbehandlung von Holz oder Holzkohle](#collapseTwo)
Damit sichergestellt ist, dass alle möglichen [Verunreinigungen](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-vorbehandlungsprotokolle.htm) vor der AMS C-14 Datierung entfernt wurden, wird im Labor eine chemische Vorbehandlung durchgeführt. Die unterschiedlichen AMS Labors haben leicht abgewandelte Verfahren zur chemischen Vorbehandlung von Holz oder Holzkohle, jedoch verwenden sie bei der Behandlung in der Regel die gleichen Chemikalien. Die chemischen Konzentrationen, Temperaturen, Anwendungsdauer und die Anzahl der Wiederholungen hängen größtenteils von dem Zustand und der Art der vorgelegten Probe ab.
Die Analysten eines AMS Labors waschen Holz- und Holzkohleproben in einer heißen Salzsäurelösung, um die Karbonate zu entfernen. Danach folgt eine Alkaliwaschung mit z.B. Natriumlauge (NaOH), um die verbliebenen organischen Säuren zu entfernen. Der letzte Schritt vor der Trocknung der Probe ist eine letzte Säurespülung, um das Alkali zu neutralisieren.
Es gibt auch Fälle, in denen Holz- oder Holzkohleproben nur in Säure gewaschen werden. Dies erfolgt, wenn die Kohlenstoffquelle sich in Alkali auflösen würde. Das Kohlenstoff Datierungsergebnis stellt allerdings den gesamten organischen Inhalt dar.
An Holzproben, die entweder zu alt oder zu verunreinigt sind, wird nach der Säure-Alkali-Säure Waschung eine Zelluloseextraktion vorgenommen. Die Zelluloseextraktion erfolgt, indem die Probe unter Kontrolle des pH-Wertes und der Temperatur in eine Natriumchlorit (NaClO2) Lösung getaucht wird.
---
### [Datação por radiocarbono por espectrometria de massas com aceleradores (AMS)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/acelerador-massa-espectrometria.htm)
**Published:** August 25, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- A datação por AMS é realizada com a aceleração de íons à energias cinéticas extremamente altas, seguida da análise da massa;
- Comparada à radiometria, a datação por AMS oferece mais precisão e requer quantidades muito menores de amostra;
- A análise por AMS não só é utilizada em arqueologia e geologia, mas também em outros campos, como a biomedicina e ciências oceânicas.
Existem duas técnicas para medir o teor de radiocarbono em amostras: a [datação radiométrica](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/radiometrico-plus.htm) e a datação por espectrometria de massas com aceleradores (AMS). Ambas técnicas são principalmente utilizadas na determinação do teor de carbono 14 de amostras arqueológicas e geológicas. Os dois métodos de [datação por radiocarbono](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/sobre-carbono-datacao.htm "datação por radiocarbono") utilizam padrões modernos, como o ácido oxálico e outros materiais de referência. Embora ambos sejam capazes de gerar resultados de alta qualidade, eles são fundamentalmente diferentes.
Os métodos de datação radiométrica detectam partículas beta da decomposição de átomos do carbono 14, enquanto a espectrometria de massas com aceleradores conta o número de átomos de carbono 14 presentes na amostra. Cada método tem vantagens e desvantagens.
## Espectrometria de massas com aceleradores
O espectrômetro de massas detecta átomos de elementos específicos, de acordo com seus pesos atômicos. No entanto, não tem a sensibilidade necessária para distinguir a linha isobárica atômica (átomos de elementos distintos com o mesmo peso atômico, tais como o carbono 14 e o nitrogênio 14, o isótopo mais comum do nitrogênio).
Graças à física nuclear, o espectrômetro de massas foi aperfeiçoado para separar um isótopo raro de uma massa vizinha abundante, possibilitando o surgimento da espectrometria de massas com aceleradores. O método foi desenvolvido para detectar carbono 14 em uma determinada amostra e ignorar os isótopos mais abundantes que inundam o sinal de carbono 14.
## Como funciona a técnica AMS?
Há essencialmente duas partes no processo de datação por radiocarbono por AMS. A primeira inclui a aceleração de íons à energias cinéticas extremamente altas e, em seguida, realiza-se a análise da massa.
São empregados dois sistemas de aceleradores para a datação por radiocarbono através da técnica. Um deles é o ciclotron e o outro é o acelerador eletrostático tandem.
## Análise por AMS no acelerador tandem
Antes de ser colocada no espectrômetro de massas com aceleradores, a amostra é pré-tratada e convertida em grafite sólido. Isto é feito pela conversão de dióxido de carbono em um catalisador de metal. Ao incinerar a amostra para convertê-la em grafite, são introduzidos outros elementos, como o nitrogênio 14.
Após convertida em poucos miligramas de grafite, a amostra é pressionada contra um disco de metal. Os materiais de referência também são pressionados contra discos de metal. Esses discos são acoplados a uma roda de comando para que possam ser analisados em sequência.
São disparados íons de uma pistola de césio na roda de comando, produzindo átomos de carbono negativamente ionizados. Esses átomos passam por dispositivos de focagem e por um ímã de injeção antes de alcançar o acelerador tandem, onde são acelerados para o terminal positivo por uma diferença de voltagem de dois milhões de volts.
Nessa fase, outros átomos carregados negativamente estão instáveis e não podem chegar ao detector. No entanto, os átomos de carbono com carga negativa passam para o extrator (um gás ou uma lâmina de metal), onde perdem os elétrons e emergem como átomos de carbono tríplices e carregados positivamente. Nesta fase, as moléculas que estejam presentes são eliminadas porque as mesmas não podem existir neste estado tríplice carregado.
Os átomos de carbono com carga positiva tríplice distanciam-se ainda mais do terminal positivo e passam por um outro conjunto de dispositivos de focagem, onde a massa é analisada.
Na análise de massa, um campo magnético é aplicado a essas partículas carregadas em movimento, o que faz com que as partículas se desviem da rota que estão percorrendo. Se as partículas carregadas têm a mesma velocidade e massas diferentes, como no caso dos isótopos de carbono, as partículas mais pesadas desviam menos. Em seguida, detectores em diferentes ângulos de deflexão contam as partículas.
Ao final de uma análise por AMS, os dados obtidos incluem não apenas o número de átomos de carbono 14 na amostra, mas também a quantidade de carbono 12 e carbono 13. A partir desses dados, é possível chegar ao índice de concentração dos isótopos, permitindo a avaliação do nível de fracionamento.
## Vantagens da análise por AMS
A maior vantagem que a datação por radiocarbono por AMS tem sobre os métodos radiométricos é que pede amostras muito pequenas. Os espectrômetros de massas com aceleradores requerem de 20 a 500 miligramas de certos tipos de amostras, enquanto os métodos convencionais precisam de pelo menos 10 gramas de amostras como [madeira](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-madeira.htm) e [carvão](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-carvao.htm), e até 100 gramas de [ossos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-ossos.htm) e sedimentos. As quantidades que a AMS requer geralmente são menores que as de métodos convencionais por um fator de 1.000.
A datação por radiocarbono é um processo destrutivo. Assim, devido à sua capacidade de analisar amostras minúsculas, a AMS é o método preferido por pesquisadores que desejam analisar pequenos artefatos, ou quando não podem sacrificar materiais caros ou raros.
Devido à sensibilidade do espectrômetro de massas com aceleradores, tornou-se possível datar amostras tão pequenas quanto partículas de sangue ou um grão ou semente.
A AMS também leva menos tempo para analisar o teor de carbono 14 em amostras, em comparação com os métodos de datação radiométrica que podem levar até dois dias. O tempo de execução de um espectrômetro de massas é de poucas horas por amostra.
Além disso, as medições por AMS costumam ser mais precisas e ter backgrounds mais baixos do que os métodos de datação radiométrica.
## Desvantagens da datação por radiocarbono por AMS
Embora seja uma ferramenta potente, um espectrômetro de massas com aceleradores também tem um alto custo. Montar e manter um espectrômetro de massas com aceleradores custa milhões de dólares.
Devido às pequenas quantidades de de amostras necessárias, o controle de contaminantes pode ser difícil. É necessário aplicar um pré-tratamento rigoroso para garantir a eliminação de contaminantes e evitar erros substanciais durante o processo de datação por carbono.
## Outras aplicações da técnica de AMS
Além das áreas de [arqueologia](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia.htm "arqueologia"), geologia e ciências oceânicas, a AMS é utilizada por laboratórios biomédicos que usam amostras “quentes” marcadas com carbono 14 no desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos.
O espectrômetro de massas com aceleradores também é utilizado em farmacocinética, perfilagem metabólica, toxicologia e microdosagem.
A AMS é empregada para medir os níveis naturais de carbono 14 em oceanos, e também para datar [depósitos sedimentares](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/ams-datacao-sedimentos.htm "depósitos sedimentares"). A **espectrometria de massas com aceleradores** foi utilizada na construção de um mapa tridimensional da distribuição de carbono 14 em carbono inorgânico dissolvido.
---
Aviso legal: Este vídeo está hospedado em um site de terceiros e poderá conter publicidade.
Este trecho de vídeo é parte do webinário Beta: [Uma introdução a análises isotópicas](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Uma introdução a análises isotópicas")
[Artigo Científico do Beta Analytic sobre Datação por AMS (PDF)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/PDF/AMS-Methodology.pdf)
---
### [Removing Contamination from Charcoal and Wood](https://www.radiocarbon.com/charcoal-wood.htm)
**Published:** April 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
## Charcoal or Wood Sample Contamination
The carbon-containing materials surrounding a [wood](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-wood.htm) or a [charcoal sample](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm) when it was still buried as well as those used during its collection and preservation might have already altered its **carbon 14** content. Any material that adds to the carbon content to a sample is considered a contaminant.
Natural contaminants to wood and charcoal are those introduced in the post-depositional environment like humic and fulvic acids in soil. These are acids produced by the microbial degradation of plant and animal tissues. Rootlet intrusions also introduce modern carbon on wood and charcoal samples. Limestone is also another possible contaminant depending on the excavation site.
Artificial contaminants to wood and charcoal samples are those introduced by negligence or unawareness of the people collecting and processing the samples. Artificial contaminants include ash from tobacco, hair and fibers, paper from packing material, oil, grease, and even glue.
## [\[VIDEO\] Radiocarbon Dating & the Old Wood Effect](#collapseThree)
Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
#### [Effect of Contamination on Carbon Dating Results](#collapseOne)
The effect of contamination on wood or charcoal samples subjected to **AMS radiocarbon dating** depends on the type of contaminant, degree of contamination, and the relative age of the samples and the contaminant.
If limestone has not been removed prior to AMS radiocarbon dating, the results will be considerably older than the wood or charcoal’s true age because limestone, being geological in origin, will be much older than any archaeological samples.
Humic and fulvic acids may attach to surfaces of wood and charcoal and exchange carbon in a process called adsorption. This occurrence can make the sample’s radiocarbon age too young or too old depending on the age of the organism that produced the organic acids. Penetration of roots on the charcoal or wood samples also introduce modern carbon into them.
In general, infinite-age contaminants add considerable number of years to the true age of a charcoal or wood sample while modern carbon make any sample significantly younger.
In order to get accurate results, AMS labs perform pretreatment on all wood and charcoal samples before subjecting them to radiocarbon dating.
#### [Physical Pretreatment of Wood or Charcoal](#collapseSix)
The removal of contamination without the use of chemicals falls under physical pretreatment. Physical pretreatment done on wood or charcoal in **AMS labs** involves the removal of plant rootlets using tweezers, cleaning by scraping off the surface with a scalpel, and reduction of sample size.
AMS labs use a hammer or chisel to splinter wood, which can also be pulverized into sawdust in mills. An AMS lab analyst crushes charcoal samples in a petri dish or with a mortar and pestle. Size reduction is done to increase the surface area of the sample for succeeding pretreatment.
#### [Chemical Pretreatment of Wood or Charcoal](#collapseTwo)
Chemical [pretreatment](http://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm) is done before AMS carbon 14 dating to ensure that all possible contaminants have been removed before the analysis.
Different AMS labs may have slight variations in their procedures for the chemical pretreatment of charcoal or wood, but most often than not, they use the same chemicals. Chemical concentrations, temperatures, exposure times, and number of repetitions greatly depend on the condition and nature of the sample submitted.
Analysts of AMS labs wash wood and charcoal samples with hot hydrochloric acid (HCl) to eliminate carbonates followed by an alkali like sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to remove the remaining organic acids. The last step is a final acid rinse to neutralize the alkali prior to sample drying.
There are also cases when the wood or charcoal samples are only acid washed. This is done when the carbon source is soluble in an alkali. The carbon dating result, however, reflects total organic content.
For wood samples that are either too old or too contaminated, AMS lab analysts add a cellulose-extraction step after the acid-alkali-acid treatment. Cellulose extraction is done by immersing the sample in a sodium chlorite (NaClO2) solution under controlled pH and temperature.
---
### [Sample Contamination and Pretreatment](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm)
**Published:** April 14, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Inaccurate results are obtained if contaminants are not removed.
- Physical pretreatment methods remove contaminants without using chemicals.
- Chemical pretreatment often involves acid and alkali rinses to dissolve contaminants and preserve the desired portion of a sample.
One of the basic assumptions in [carbon-14 dating](http://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm "carbon-14 dating") is that the sample being analyzed has undergone only radioactive decay and has remained unaltered by any other process over the years since it ceased interaction with the biosphere.
This assumption, however, is rarely true. The archaeological artifacts and geological specimens sent to labs for **radiocarbon dating** are usually found embedded or buried with other materials that may have affected their radiocarbon content. Any carbon-containing material that affects the carbon 14 content of any given sample is therefore a contaminant.
**Important Note on Pretreatment** – It is important to understand the pretreatments which are going to be applied to samples since they directly affect the final result. You are welcome to contact us to discuss the pretreatment or request that we contact you after the pretreatment (and prior to dating).
Materials such as charcoal, wood, peat, and textiles typically undergo the [acid-alkali-acid (AAA) method](https://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid) before radiocarbon dating.
Materials such as sediments and soils typically undergo acid washes (no alkali) before radiocarbon dating.
Materials such as shells and other materials where a date on the inorganic carbon (carbonate) is to be done typically undergo [acid etching](https://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Etch) before pretreatment.
Why does quality assurance matter in radiocarbon dating?Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.---
## Sources of Contamination
The occurrence of contamination can be natural or artificial. Natural contamination pertains to the introduction of contaminants to the sample by its surrounding material. For example, bone samples can be contaminated by the presence of limestone or organic acids in the soil (like humic or fulvic acids) where the bones were found. Another example of a natural contaminant is plant root penetration on wood, charcoal, or soil.
Artificial contamination refers to the introduction of contaminants by man during the collection, field conservation, or packaging of the samples. Labeling of bone samples with animal glue is an example of artificial contamination. Other contaminants that may be introduced during sample collection and packaging are biocides, conservation chemicals like polyvinyl acetate and polyethylene glycol, cigarette ash, and labels and wrappers that are made of paper.
## How do Contaminants Affect Radiocarbon Dating Results?
Contaminated samples, naturally, will have inaccurate results. The specific effect of the contaminant on radiocarbon dating results depends on the type of contaminant, the degree of contamination, and the relative ages of the sample and the contaminant.
Limestone is of geological origin and would be much older than any archaeological sample; hence, inclusion of limestone during the carbon 14 dating would make the sample older than its true age.
Humic and fulvic acids are naturally present in soil where microbial degradation of plants and animals has occurred. The effect of these organic acids on the sample, whether they would make the sample older or younger, depends on the age of their original organism.
When roots of plants penetrate wood, charcoal, soil, or bones, modern carbon is already introduced to them. This occurrence can make the samples seem younger than their true age.
The degree of contamination affects the magnitude of the inaccuracy in the carbon 14 dating results. In general, infinite-age contamination can make a sample considerably older while modern contamination can make the sample significantly younger than its true age.
Regardless of the carbon dating methodology employed, be it radiometric dating or the [accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) method](http://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm "accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) method"), a process must be done before analysis to get rid of all possible contaminants. This process is called pretreatment.
## Radiocarbon Dating Samples and their Pretreatment
Radiocarbon dating labs receive various materials for analysis but not all portions of the samples can be used. It must be noted that radiocarbon dating is only applicable to materials that were once part of a living organism. Bones, shells, wood, charcoal, peat, linen, wool, and parchment are the common materials submitted for radiocarbon testing. Metal and stones cannot be directly dated unless they have organic materials embedded in them.
There is no standard method for pretreatment applicable to all samples for **radiocarbon dating**. The pretreatment method employed depends on the type of sample and the possible contaminants. Radiocarbon dating labs must therefore be informed of the environmental conditions and preservation techniques done to the sample before carbon-14 analysis.
There are two types of pretreatment usually applied to samples for carbon dating—physical and chemical.
## Physical Pretreatment for Carbon Dating Samples
The physical pretreatment of samples for radiocarbon dating is generally done by removing contaminants without the use of chemicals followed by the reduction in sample size.
Physical pretreatment usually involves the removal of rootlets that intruded on the sample using tweezers or forceps. This is a straightforward method for most samples sent to carbon dating labs except for peat samples that have been dried where the rootlets may not be easily distinguished from the rest of the sample.
Another physical pretreatment done on samples for carbon dating involves the removal of contaminants by scraping off the exterior layers using the applicable equipment. Surgical scalpels are used to scrape contaminants off charcoal while dental drills are used on large bones. A dental drill or a carborundum paper is used in the pretreatment of shell exteriors.
When the visible contaminants have already been removed, the samples for carbon dating are then reduced in size by an applicable method to increase the surface area before further pretreatment. Shells, rocks, and bone samples are pulverized using a mortar and pestle. Charcoal is often crushed in a petri dish. Wood samples are hammered, chiseled, or turned into sawdust in a mill. **Radiocarbon dating** personnel treat soil samples by wet sieving a slurry; only the fine particles or macrofossils are radiocarbon dated.
## Chemical Pretreatment for Radiocarbon Dating Samples
Chemical pretreatment is done on samples for carbon 14 dating to further remove impurities. Radiocarbon dating labs do not necessarily follow the same procedures or chemical concentrations during pretreatment because they take into account the condition of the samples during submission. Most labs, however, use the same chemicals.
***Common Chemical Pretreatment Methods***
Charcoal, wood, most peat, and textiles typically undergo the acid-alkali-acid (AAA) method before radiocarbon dating. In some literature, this method is called acid-base-acid (ABA). The AAA pretreatment involves washing the samples with hot hydrochloric acid (HCl) followed by a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) wash. A final HCl acid wash is done before sample drying. Radiocarbon dating labs also apply the AAA method on old wood or highly contaminated wood samples followed by cellulose extraction.
There are also instances when carbon dating labs do not employ AAA method but only acid washings. This is applicable to samples with radiocarbon-rich components that are soluble in an alkali solution.
Bones are pretreated with cold HCl to extract collagen, which is the portion needed for radiocarbon dating. An alkali wash follows to ensure removal of secondary organic acids. The alkali wash is skipped when the sample is not well preserved and further washing will remove all organic substances.
For samples like shells and other calcareous materials, acid etches are done before radiocarbon dating.
### Further Reading:
- [Beta Analytic Standard Pretreatment Protocols](https://www.radiocarbon.com/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm "C14 lab pretreatment protocols")
- [Radiocarbon Dating Results Calibration](https://www.radiocarbon.com/calendar-calibration-carbon-dating.htm "calibration of C14 dating results")
- [Why Choose Beta Analytic?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/beta-analytic.htm "ISO 17025 AMS Lab in Miami")
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### [Datazione al radiocarbonio delle ossa](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-ams-ossa.htm)
**Published:** July 22, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Le ossa sono uno dei materiali più comunemente inviati ai laboratori per la datazione al radiocarbonio con [AMS (spettrometria di massa con acceleratore)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/spettrometro-di-massa-con-acceleratore.htm). Questo perché le ossa animali e umane sono spesso oggetto di studi archeologici. Molte delle informazioni che abbiamo sull’era preistorica sono state apprese grazie agli studi archeologici e alla datazione al [radiocarbonio delle ossa](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-le-ossa.htm). La datazione al radiocarbonio delle ossa è inoltre in grado di fornire informazioni più dettagliate sulle civiltà antiche.
## Componenti delle ossa
Un osso è composto di materia al 30% organica ed al 70% inorganica. La porzione organica è rappresentata dalle proteine; la porzione inorganica include il minerale idrossiapatite, un composto di fosfato di calcio, carbonato di calcio, fluoruro di calcio, idrossido di calcio e citrato. La parte proteica, principalmente collagene, garantisce resistenza e flessibilità alle ossa, mentre l’idrossiapatite fornisce rigidità e solidità strutturale.
In teoria è possibile datare sia i componenti organici, sia quelli inorganici. Tuttavia, la struttura reticolare aperta dell’idrossiapatite la rende facilmente contaminabile dai carbonati provenienti dalle falde acquifere. Non è inoltre possibile applicare la rimozione dei carbonati contaminanti tramite lavaggi con soluzione acida diluita, poiché l’idrossiapatite è solubile in acido.
I laboratori utilizzano la componente proteica dei campioni di ossa nella datazione con AMS, poiché questa è relativamente insolubile in acido e può essere facilmente separata dall’idrossiapatite e dagli altri carbonati.
Nei casi in cui la parte proteica dei campioni d’ossa non è ben conservata ed ha iniziato a degradarsi a causa di temperature elevate ed aggressione da parte di funghi o batteri, i laboratori con AMS effettuano la datazione al carbonio dei singoli amminoacidi per verificare se alcuni di essi presentano la stessa età radiocarbonica. Questo processo può essere svolto dai laboratori con AMS data la piccola quantità di campione richiesta. Tuttavia, si tratta di un processo costoso che richiede tempo. Non si raccomanda la datazione al radiocarbonio dei singoli amminoacidi, salvo quando necessario in caso di campioni di ossa antiche dove la presenza di quantità di contaminanti anche ridotte produce notevoli errori.
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## Ciclo vitale dei campioni d’ossa
Il ciclo vitale di un campione riflette il periodo totale di crescita dell’organismo ed il periodo di tempo in cui questo ha interagito con la biosfera. Per la maggior parte degli organismi dotati di ossa, il momento della morte è contemporaneo al termine degli scambi con la biosfera. Per questo motivo, l’età radiocarbonica di questi organismi alla morte è zero.
I risultati della datazione al radiocarbonio delle ossa non devono essere sottoposti ad una valutazione compensativa, tuttavia è necessario considerare il ciclo vitale di questi campioni. Le pubblicazioni scientifiche a riguardo indicano che le ossa non smettono di assimilare carbonio dall’atmosfera fino al momento della morte; esiste un periodo di transizione di circa 30 anni per le ossa umane e più breve per le ossa animali.
I dati sul ciclo vitale sono necessari, poiché influenzano la calibrazione dei risultati della datazione al radiocarbonio e, di conseguenza, il metodo di conversione dell’età radiocarbonica agli anni solari.
#### [Contaminazione dei campioni d’ossa](#collapseOne)
Qualsiasi materiale che contiene carbonio e che può influenzare il contenuto di carbonio-14 delle ossa è considerato un contaminante. Considerando il fatto che al ritrovamento le ossa sono spesso circondate da diversi tipi di materia organica, si tratta di uno dei tipi di campioni più contaminati che vengono inviati ai laboratori AMS per la datazione al radiocarbonio.
I contaminanti più comuni sono gli acidi umici e fulvici, che sono gli acidi organici presenti nel terreno prodotti dalla decomposizione microbica di tessuti vegetali e animali. Secondo la letteratura scientifica, gli altri composti organici che possono contaminare i campioni d’ossa sono polifenoli, polisaccaridi, lignina e collagene decomposto. A seconda del luogo degli scavi, le ossa possono anche essere contaminate dal calcare. Questi contaminanti sono considerati naturali, poiché sono entrati in contatto con le ossa per cause naturali.
I contaminanti artificiali, invece, sono quelli introdotti dall’uomo durante la raccolta, la conservazione o l’imballaggio dei campioni. Quando viene applicata colla animale alle ossa durante l’etichettatura, un contaminante è stato già introdotto nel campione. Questo perché la colla animale è chimicamente identica al campione d’ossa. I risultati prodotti da un laboratorio con AMS per questo campione non saranno accurati.
Altri contaminanti potenziali che possono essere introdotti nei campioni d’ossa dopo gli scavi includono biocidi, colla vinilica e glicole polietilenico (prodotti chimici conservanti), cenere di sigaretta ed etichette o confezioni di carta.
#### [Effetti dei contaminanti sui risultati di datazione al carbonio con AMS](#collapseSix)
Gli effetti della contaminazione di campioni d’ossa sottoposti alla datazione con AMS dipendono dal tipo di contaminante, dal grado di contaminazione e dall’età relativa dei campioni e del contaminante.
Se il calcare non è stato rimosso prima della datazione al carbonio con AMS, l’età radiocarbonica sarà molto più antica dell’età reale del campione. Il calcare ha origine geologica ed è quindi molto più antico di qualsiasi campione archeologico.
Anche la presenza di acidi umici e fulvici durante la datazione al radiocarbonio con AMS causa risultati inaccurati. A seconda dell’età dell’organismo che ha prodotto gli acidi organici, i risultati del laboratorio AMS potrebbero riflettere un’età radiocarbonica più antica o recente dell’età reale del campione d’ossa.
Le ossa possono anche essere esposte a fonti moderne di carbonio, a causa dell’intrusione di radichette. Le fonti moderne di carbonio possono rendere i risultati della datazione al carbonio con AMS di un osso più recenti della sua data reale.
In generale, i contaminanti con età infinita aggiungono un numero considerevole di anni all’età reale di un campione d’ossa, rendendolo più antico di quanto sia. Invece, il carbonio moderno rende l’osso significativamente più giovane.
Per prevenire queste imprecisioni, i laboratori AMS effettuano pretrattamenti su tutti i campioni d’ossa prima di sottoporli alla datazione al radiocarbonio con AMS.
#### [Pretrattamenti fisici delle ossa nei laboratori AMS](#collapseTwo)
I pretrattamenti fisici includono le operazioni effettuate sui campioni d’ossa senza l’uso di prodotti chimici. Alcuni esempi dei pretrattamenti fisici effettuati sulle ossa nei laboratori AMS sono la rimozione di radichette e la riduzione delle dimensioni del campione per frantumazione.
Il personale del laboratorio AMS effettua un indagine visiva dei campioni d’ossa ricevuti per verificare la presenza di contaminanti evidenti.
Le radichette sono rimosse utilizzando delle pinze o pinzette. Gli strati esterni contaminati dei campioni ossei vengono rimossi con un bisturi o un raschietto odontoiatrico.
I laboratori AMS controllano inoltre la durezza dell’osso. La morbidezza indica la potenziale assenza di collagene, che è necessario per la datazione al carbonio-14 con AMS.
Dopo la rimozione iniziale dei contaminanti visibili, il personale del laboratorio AMS frantuma i campioni ossei in un mortaio. La riduzione delle dimensioni serve ad aumentare l’area superficiale del campione per i pretrattamenti seguenti.
#### [Pretrattamenti chimici delle ossa nei laboratori AMS](#collapseThree)
Ogni laboratorio AMS può effettuare pretrattamenti chimici leggermente diversi, ma la maggior parte utilizza gli stessi reagenti nel trattamento dei campioni d’ossa. Il campione osseo frantumato viene sottoposto ad un ciclo di lavaggi a freddo con soluzione diluita di acido cloridrico (HCl) fino all’eliminazione dell’idrossiapatite e all’isolamento del collagene. Le radichette, se presenti, vengono quindi rimosse dal collagene.
Per garantire la completa rimozione degli acidi organici, il collagene viene sottoposto ad un lavaggio in soluzione basica, solitamente con idrossido di sodio (NaOH). I laboratori AMS, tuttavia, non effettuano il lavaggio basico quando il campione di collagene non è ben conservato e questo trattamento potrebbe rimuovere i materiali organici residui che possono essere datati.
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### [放射性碳定年和碳爆炸](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-bomb-carbon.htm)
**Published:** June 23, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- 爆炸效應是指核子試爆產生的“人造”放射性碳進入大氣。
- 目前科學家採用對照標準來解釋大氣中增加的人造放射性碳。
- 雖然核子試爆已被禁止，但是爆炸效應仍然存在。
放射性碳定年的方法基於任何特定時間全球碳14濃度的某些假設。其中一個假設為：全球大氣碳14（也稱為放射性碳）含量没有隨時間變化。而另一個假設是第一個假設的推論，即由於平衡，生物圈的總體放射性碳濃度和大氣相同。
宇宙射線產生的中子在大氣中和氮原子相互作用形成放射性碳，由此放射性碳開始進入全球的碳循環。產生的碳14與大氣中的氧原子反應，進而形成二氧化碳。此二氧化碳與碳12和碳13產生的二氧化碳没有什麼不同，因此，含有碳14的二氧化碳與其他碳同位素的二氧化碳擁有相同的命運。
大氣和生物圈之間進行混合和交換直到平衡建立。 [放射性碳定年](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/about-carbon-dating.htm "放射性碳定年") 在很大程度上取決於這一假設，因此一開始無需考慮碳14的其他來源。
如今，放射性碳科學家們不得不進行校正，不僅要將他們的放射性碳定年結果轉換成日曆年，而且要將影響全球碳14濃度的各種因素考慮進去，其中之一就是核子試爆。
## 影響全球碳14濃度的人類活動
兩種人類活動被公認為對全球放射性碳含量產生了不可挽回的改變：化石燃料的燃燒和核子試爆。
煤炭等礦物燃料的大量燃燒被稱為蘇斯效應，它明顯降低了大氣碳庫中的放射性碳濃度。與此相反， 1950年代和1960年代的核武器試驗卻大大增加了大氣中的碳14濃度。這種現象被稱為爆炸效應。
## 什麼是爆炸效應？
爆炸效應是指核彈產生的“人造”放射性碳進入大氣的現象。
核子試爆產生的反應之一會模擬大氣層產生大量非天然數量的碳14。核爆炸產生的巨大熱中子通量與大氣中存在的氮原子反應形成碳14。由此產生的碳14就是大家熟知的爆炸碳或人造放射性碳。
根據文獻記載，由於 1950年代和1960年代的核子試爆，使得1965年實測的大氣中碳14含量增加了近一倍。1963年至1965年間，爆炸碳的含量大約比正常水準高出100％。北半球的爆炸碳濃度在1963年達到高峰，南半球的爆炸碳濃度則在1965年左右達到高峰。
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## 爆炸效應對放射性碳定年的影響
人類活動给全球放射性碳濃度帶來的變化，使得碳14定年必須使用一種参考標準。放射性碳定年需要一種有機材料，這種有機材料没有受到化石燃料燃燒或核武器試驗所產生的碳14污染。
美國國家標準局儲備的草酸被選為放射性碳定年的標準。它的放射性碳含量理論上與公元1950年生長的木材樣品相同。引用 [碳定年結果](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-results.htm "碳定年結果")時，公元1950年為放射性碳時間標定的零點。
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本段影片節錄自BETA實驗室網路研討會: [同位素101: 穩定同位素分析導論](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "同位素101: 穩定同位素分析導論")
## 對放射性碳濃度的長期影響
即使禁止核子試爆後，爆炸效應仍然存在。據文獻記載，在某種程度上，由於全球碳交換循環，核子試爆過程中產生的多餘的碳14已經逐漸減少。根據草酸参考標準活度的實測，到1990年代，碳14含量比1950年的理論含量僅高出約20％。
爆炸碳本質上是注入人為的碳14。放射性碳科學家利用這一認知來檢測，關於碳14在各種碳庫混合率的理論。他們發現，樹木年輪不和其他樹木年輪交換放射性碳。這一事實支持了樹木年代學在放射性碳定年中的應用，特别是在建構放射性碳校正曲線中的應用。
另外，還有其他監測爆炸碳或放射性碳的研究存在。
地球化學海洋區域研究分析了大西洋、太平洋、印度洋和地中海的海洋水樣，並繪製標出了爆炸碳的存在。研究結果使模擬學家能够分析放射性碳的通路及其交流和滞留時間。
世界海洋環流實驗於1990年至2002年間，從溶解的無機碳中取得放射性碳測量值。
Reidar Nydal和Knut Lovseth從1962年至1993年間，測量了北半球和南半球大氣中，二氧化碳的放射性碳含量。
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### [骨頭的放射性碳定年](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-bones.htm)
**Published:** July 1, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
骨頭是最常被送到加速器質譜儀（AMS）實驗室進行定年的樣品之一，這是因為動物或人類的骨頭是常見的考古研究主題。
由於考古研究及骨頭的碳定年，我們才能取得史前時代的諸多資訊。尤其是骨頭的碳定年結果，讓我們更透徹的了解許多古文化。
## 骨頭的成分
骨頭是30%的有機成分，再加上70%的無機成分； 有機的部份是蛋白質，無機的部份是羥基磷灰石，其由磷酸鈣、碳酸鈣、氟化鈣、氫氧化鈣和檸檬酸所組成。蛋白質多為膠原，用來提供骨頭強度和韌性，而羥基磷灰石則提供硬度及穩固的結構。
理論上，有機及無機成分皆可進行定年；然而， 羥基磷灰石的開放式網格結構易受地下水所含碳酸鹽污染，而骨頭並不適用移除碳酸鹽污染的稀酸洗滌方式，因為羥基磷灰石可溶於酸。
實驗室會攝取骨頭樣品的蛋白質成分進行AMS定年，因為相對而言，蛋白質不溶於酸，所以可輕鬆地自羥基磷灰石和其它碳酸鹽成分中獨立出來。
在某些情況中，骨頭樣品的蛋白質保存狀況不佳，而且已受溫度及真菌或細菌影響，AMS定年實驗室會測試個別氨基酸的碳定年，看看是否都會得到相同的放射性碳定年年齡。因上述程序僅需少量樣品，所以適用AMS定年實驗室，不過，其費時也耗錢。尤其是古老的骨頭樣品，不建議針對個別氨基酸進行放射性碳定年，因為即使是最少程度的污染物都可能會導致相當大的誤差。
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## 骨頭樣品的年齡幅度
樣品的時間寬度代表，原始有機體的總成長，以及該有機體與生物圈互動的時間長短。對大部份長有骨頭的有機體來說，死亡時間從停止與生物圈互動的那一刻起算；所以，這些有機體死亡時的放射性碳定年年齡為零。
骨頭樣品有時間寬度，所以骨頭的放射性碳定年結果不需做年齡校正。文獻表示，骨頭死後才會停止吸收生物圈中的碳。人類骨頭與生命週期較短的動物骨頭，其周轉時間約為30年。時間寬度有其必要性，除了會影響放射性碳定年結果的校正，也會影響後續的日曆校正結果。
#### [骨頭樣品污染物](#collapseOne)
任何可能影響骨頭碳14含量的含碳材料都是污染物。骨頭埋藏處總是包含了各式各樣的有機物質，若將這點考慮進去，則送至AMS實驗室進行放射性碳定年的樣品中，骨頭可以說是最有可能被污染的樣品之一。
最常見的污染物為土壤中的有機酸：腐植酸和黃腐酸，於植物或動物組織進行生物分解時產生。根據文獻內容，其他會污染骨頭樣品的有機化合物為多酚、多醣、木質素和退化膠原。視挖掘地點而定，石灰石也會污染骨頭。這些污染物是因為自然現象才會接觸骨頭，屬自然污染物。
另一方面，人為污染物則指那些因採集、保存或包裝骨頭樣品時，由人所引起的污染。貼標籤時，如使用動物膠，則樣品已受污染，這是因為動物膠跟骨頭樣品擁有相同的化學性質，因此，此一樣品的AMS實驗結果會不正確。
骨頭樣品挖掘出來後，其他的潛在污染物為生物殺傷劑、聚醋酸乙烯酯和聚乙二醇（保護化學品）、煙灰，以及紙製標籤或包裝紙。
#### [污染物對AMS定年结果的影響](#collapseSix)
對進行AMS定年的骨頭樣品，污染物的影響視以下因子而定：污染物類型、污染程度，以及骨頭和污染物的相對年齡。
如AMS碳定年前，未移除石灰石，則放射性碳年齡將比樣品的實際年齡大上許多；石灰石屬地質成因，因此，它會比所有的考古樣品老。
進行AMS放射性碳定年時，若含腐植酸和黃腐酸，則會導致不正確的結果。視產出該有機酸的生物體年齡而定，AMS實驗室測出的放射性碳年齡可能比骨頭樣品的實際年齡年輕或年老。
由於植物的根系入侵，骨頭也有機會接觸到近代碳。近代碳會讓AMS碳定年測出年輕的骨頭，比骨頭的實際年齡年輕。
一般而言，無限年齡污染物會讓骨頭樣品測出可觀的年齡，使得此一骨頭樣品比實際年齡大很多。另一方面，近代碳則會讓骨頭樣品比實際年齡小很多。
為了避免這些錯誤結果，針對骨頭樣品，AMS實驗室在進行AMS放射性碳定年前，會先執行預處理。
#### [骨頭的物理預處理](#collapseTwo)
對欲進行碳定年的骨頭樣品，物理預處理指不使用化學製品所執行的處理程序。舉例說明，AMS實驗室對骨頭的物理預處理為去除植物根系，以及粉碎樣品來減少樣品量。
AMS實驗室人員會肉眼查看並去除明顯可見的污染物。
實驗室人員會使用鑷子或鉗子夾除根系，並用手術刀或牙鑽來刮除骨頭樣品上的污染外層。AMS實驗室也會檢查骨頭的硬度，柔軟的骨頭代表可能缺乏進行AMS碳14定年所需的膠原。
去除肉眼可見的污染物後，AMS實驗室人員會使用研缽和研杵來粉碎骨頭樣品。縮小樣品尺寸可增加樣品表面積，以便執行後續的預處理。
#### [骨頭的化學預處理](#collapseThree)
不同的AMS實驗室有不同的化學預處理步驟，但處理骨頭樣品時，它們常會使用一樣的化學品。
粉碎後的骨頭樣品會用稀釋過的冷鹽酸（HCI）重覆沖洗，直至除去羥基磷灰石並獨立出膠原來。如果有外來根系的話，會自膠原上移除。
為確保移除所有的有機酸，實驗室會使用鹼溶液（通常是氫氧化鈉NaOH）沖洗膠原。然而，當膠原樣品的保存狀況不佳，而沖洗程序可能會移除剩下可用來定年的有機物質時，AMS實驗室會略過此一鹼洗步驟。
---
### [뼈의 방사성탄소 연대측정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-bones.htm)
**Published:** February 1, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
뼈 시료는 연대측정을 하는 가장 흔한 물질 중에 하나인데 이는 인간이나 동물의 뼈가 고고학적 주제이기 때문입니다.
뼈 시료의 고고학적 연구와 방사성탄소 연대측정으로 인해 선사 시대에 대해 더 많은 것을 알게 되었으며, 연대 측정 결과로 인해 고대 문명에 대한 더 많은 정보가 가능해 졌습니다.
## 뼈의 구성 물질
뼈는 유기질 30%와 무기질 70%로 이루어져 있습니다. 유기질은 단백질로 이루어져 있으며, 무기질은 인산 칼슘 (calcium phosphate), 탄산 칼슘 (calcium carbonate), 불화 칼슘(calcium fluoride), 수산화 칼슘(calcium hydroxide), 구연산염(citrate)이 섞인 미네랄 수산화 인회석 (mineral hydroxyapatite)입니다. 대부분이 콜라겐인 단백질은 뼈의 강도와 유연성을 주는 반면, 수산화 인회석은 경직성과 뼈가 고체 형태를 이루게 합니다.
이론상으로 유기질과 무기질 모두 연대 측정을 할 수 있습니다만, 수산화 인회석의 격자 구조로 인해 지하수에서 오는 탄산염으로 쉽게 오염이 되며, 산에 수산화 인회석이 녹기 때문에 묽은 산 세척으로 이런 탄산염을 제거할 수 없습니다.
따라서 연대 측정을 하기 위해서는 뼈의 단백질 성분을 사용합니다. 이는 상대적으로 산에 녹지 않고, 따라서 수산화 인회석과 다른 탄산염을 쉽게 제거할 수 있기 때문입니다.
만약에 단백질의 보존 상태가 좋지 않고, 고온 상태로 균류나 박테리아로 인해 이미 분해된 상태라면, 각각의 아미노 산을 연대 측정하여 이들 모두가 같은 연대를 보여주는지 확인합니다. AMS 연대 측정은 아주 적은 시료로도 가능하므로, 이런 과정은 별 문제가 안되지만, 비용과 시간이 많이 소요됩니다. 따라서 극미량 수준의 오염원으로 인해 커다란 오차를 내는 오래된 뼈의 경우가 아니라면 이런 개별 아미노 산의 연대측정은 권장하지 않습니다.
---
면책조항: 이 비디오는 제3자의 사이트에 올렸으며, 광고가 포함되어 있습니다.
## 뼈 시료의 시간 너비 (Time-width)
어떤 시료의 시간 너비는 생명체의 원래의 전체 성장 과정과 이 생명체가 대기와 상호작용하는 시간 범위를 반영합니다. 뼈를 가지고 있는 대부분의 생명체가 죽었다는 것은 대기와 상호작용을 동시에 멈추웠다는 것을 말합니다. 따라서 죽은 시점의 이 생명체의 방사성탄소 연대는 0입니다.
뼈 시료의 방사성탄소 연대측정 결과는 나이 상쇄 (age offset)에 영향을 받지 않지만 시간 너비는 있습니다. 문헌에 따르면 뼈는 죽을 때까지 대기의 탄소와 지속적인 동화를 멈추지 않습니다. 사람의 뼈에는 대략 30년, 동물의 뼈에는 그보다 짧은 전이 시간이 있습니다.
시간 너비 데이터는 방사성탄소 연대측정 결과의 보정에 영향을 미치며, 결과적으로 방사성탄소 연대를 일반 년도로 환산하는 방법에 영향을 미치기 때문에 꼭 필요합니다.
#### [뼈 시료의 오염](#collapseOne)
뼈의 탄소 14 함유량에 영향을 미치는 모든 물질은 오염원입니다. 여러 종류의 유기물에 둘러싸인 채로 발견된 뼈의 경우라면 상당히 오염이 많이 되었을 것입니다.
가장 흔한 오염원은 부식 산 (Humic Acid)와 풀빅 산 (Fulvic Acids)이며, 이들은 토양에 있는 유기산으로 식물과 동물의 조직들이 미생물학적으로 분해해서 생깁니다. 문헌에 따르면 폴리 페놀 (Polyphenols), 다당류 (Polysaccharides), 리그닌(Lignins), 분해된 콜라겐 등이 뼈를 오염시킬 수 있는 또 다른 종류의 유기물들입니다. 발굴 지역에 따라 석회석에 오염될 수도 있으며, 이런 오염원들은 자연 발생적으로 뼈와 접촉하기 때문에 자연적 오염원이라 부릅니다.
반면 인공적 오염원은 뼈를 수집, 보관, 포장할 때 사람에 의해 발생합니다. 뼈 시료에 이름표를 붙일 때 동물성 접착제를 쓰게 되는 순간 시료는 이미 오염됩니다. 그 이유는 동물성 접착제와 뼈 시료가 화학적으로 반응하며, 이 시료에 의한 결과는 정확하지 않습니다.
발굴 후 오염 가능성이 있는 또 다른 잠재적 오염원은 살충제, 초산 비닐 수지 (polyvinyl acetate), 폴리에틸렌 글리콜 (polyethylene glycol) (보존 화학물질), 담배 재 그리고 종이로 만든 라벨이나 포장지입니다.
#### [AMS 방사성탄소 연대측정 결과의 오염 물질의 영향 ](#collapseSix)
AMS 연대측정하는 뼈 시료의 오염원의 영향력은 다음 요인에 따릅니다.: 오염원의 종류, 오염 정도, 뼈와 오염원의 상대적 나이.
만약 방사성 탄소 연대측정 전 석회질을 없애지 않으면, 방사성탄소 나이는 실제 시료의 나이보다 훨씬 더 많이 나오게 됩니다. 석회질은 지질학적으로 초창기 때의 것이라 어떤 고고학적 샘플보다 오랜된 것입니다.
방사성탄소 연대측정 중 부식 산과 풀빅 산이 있으면, 부정확한 결과가 나옵니다. 이런 유기산을 만들어낸 유기물질의 나이에 따라 방사성탄소 나이를 뼈 시료의 실제 나이보다 더 어리거나 더 많게 결과나 나옵니다.
뼈에 외부 식물의 뿌리가 파고 들어오면 상대적으로 새 탄소에 노출된 것이며, 이렇게 새로 끼여 든 탄소로 인해 뼈의 AMS 탄소 연대측정 결과는 실제 나이보다 훨씬 어리게 나옵니다.
일반적으로, 이렇게 실제 나이를 알 수 없을 정도로 오래된 오염원들은 뼈 시료의 실제 나이보다 더 많게 나오게 하며, 반면 최근에 끼어든 탄소는 적게 만듭니다.
이러한 부정확성을 방지하기 위해, 저희 연구소는 모든 뼈 시료의 전처리 과정을 철저히 하여 AMS 방사성탄소 연대측정에 영향을 끼치지 않게 최선을 다합니다.
#### [물리적 전처리 과정 ](#collapseTwo)
물리적 전처리 과정이란 화학물질을 전혀 사용하지 않은 방사성탄소 연대측정을 하기 위해 해하는 모든 과정을 말합니다. 저희 연구소에서 행하는 대표적인 물리적 전처리 과정은 식물 뿌리 제거와 시료를 부셔서 시료의 크기를 작게하는 것입니다.
우선 육안 검사를 통해 확실한 오염원을 찾습니다.
핀셋이나 겸자 집게를 사용해 뿌리 제거를 하며, 수술용 메스나 치과용 그릴을 사용하여 오염된 뼈 시료의 표면을 긁어냅니다.
또한 뼈의 강도를 확인합니다. 부드러우면 AMS 방사성탄소 연대측정을 하는데 필요한 콜라겐이 없을 가능성이 있다는 것을 보여줍니다.
초기 육안 검사로 오염원 제거 후, 절구통에다 갈아서 가루로 만듭니다. 이렇게 작게 가루로 만들면 전처리 과정 중 시료의 노출 면적은 커집니다.
#### [화학적 전처리 과정 ](#collapseThree)
각 AMS 연구소마다 화학적 전처리 절차가 약간씩 서로 다르지만 뼈 시료의 처리에는 거의 같은 화학 물질을 사용합니다.
가루가 된 뼈 시료는 수산화 인회석 제거와 콜라겐 분리될 때까지 희석된 찬 염산 (Hydrochloric Acid HCI)으로 반복해서 세척합니다. 뿌리가 있다면 뿌리를 콜라겐에서 제거합니다.
모든 유기산을 확실히 없애려면, 콜라겐을 가성 소다 (Sodium hydroxide NaOH)와 같은 알칼리 용액으로 세척합니다. 하지만 콜라겐 시료의 보관 상태가 안 좋고, 세척으로 인해 연대측정을 할 수 있는 유기질들이 없어질 가능성이 있을 때는 알칼리 세척을 안 합니다.
---
### [骨の放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-bones.htm)
**Published:** March 30, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
骨試料はAMS放射性炭素年代測定のために最もよく利用される物質です。これは、考古学研究においては動物や人間の骨が研究対象となることが多いという理由です。
骨の考古学的な調査と放射性炭素年代測定は先史時代について多くのことを解明してきました。また、古代文明についてもより掘り下げた情報が骨の放射性炭素年代測定により明らかになっています。
## 骨の成分について
骨は30%の有機質と70%の無機質で構成されています。 有機質はタンパク質で、無機質はリン酸カルシウム、炭酸カルシウム、フッ化カルシウム、水酸化カルシウム、クエン酸塩で構成されるハイドロキシアパタイト（リン酸カルシウム）です。主にコラーゲンから成るタンパク質は骨に強さと柔軟さの両方を与え、ハイドロキシアパタイトは、骨の硬い構造の基となります。
理論的には、有機質でも無機質でも年代測定が可能です。しかし無機質であるハイドロキシアパタイトは格子状のオープンな構造のため、地下水中の炭酸塩の影響を受けやすく、年代測定に適しません。ハイドロキシアパタイトは酸に溶けるため、希酸による前処理では汚染した炭酸塩を取り除けません。
ラボでは、有機質であるタンパク質を抽出して骨試料のAMS年代測定を行います。タンパク質は比較的、酸に溶けにくく、ハイドロキシアパタイト成分や他の炭酸塩と分離が可能だからです。
骨試料のタンパク質成分の保存状態が悪く、温かい場所にあったり、カビやバクテリアに侵されているためにタンパク質の分解が進んでいる場合は、アミノ酸の種類別に年代測定を行うことが可能です。それぞれのアミノ酸で同じ年代が得られるかどうか検証します。少量の試料で測定できるため、この方法はAMS測定機関では実行可能です。しかしこの方法を行うためには、かなりのコストと時間がかかります。古い骨試料の場合ごく僅かな汚染が大きな誤差を引き起こしてしまうため、よほど特殊な事情がない限り推奨いたしません。
---
免責事項:この動画はサードパーティーのサービスを利用しているため広告が表示されることがあります。
## 骨試料の年代幅
どの試料の年代幅も、個体の成長や生物圏と相互に関わりあっていた時間を反映しています。骨試料も同様で、生物圏との炭素交換を行わなくなるのは、その生物が死んだ時です。したがって、死んだ時点でのC14年代は0です。
骨の放射性炭素年代測定測定結果は、年代のオフセットの必要はありませんが、骨の試料には年代幅があります。研究文献によると、骨は死ぬまで生物圏から炭素を吸収するこをやめません。人骨にはおよそ30年、動物の骨にはそれよりも短い回転時間があります。
骨の年代幅のデータは必要なものとなります。年代測定の結果、そして暦年代に放射性炭素年代を変換する方法に影響を及ぼすからです。
#### [骨試料のコンタミネーション](#collapseOne)
測定結果に影響を及ぼしかねない炭素を含む物質は全て汚染物質とみなします。骨試料は、埋没環境により他の有機物と接触する機会が多いので、もっともコンタミネーションの影響を受けやすい試料種といえます。
典型的なコンタミネーションは、フミン酸やフルボ酸で、これらは植物や動物の組織の微生物分解によって生成される土壌中にある有機酸です。研究文献によると、その他にはポリフェノール、多糖、リグニン、腐食タンパク質などが汚染源となります。
掘削地によってはライムストーン（石灰岩）の影響を受けることもあります。これらの汚染は、自然要因によって骨に付着した、自然由来の汚染とみなします。
一方、人為的な汚染は、試料のサンプリングや保管中にしばしば起きます。ラベリングする際の動物性の接着剤の使用は、年代測定に供する試料には厳禁です。動物性の接着剤は骨試料と化学的には同一なため、年代測定結果が不正確なものとなります。 掘削後にコンタミネーションの要因となるものには他に、殺虫剤、ポリ酢酸ビニル、保存剤としてのポリエチレングリコール、タバコの灰、紙でできたラベルや包装紙があります。
#### [コンタミネーションの結果への影響](#collapseSix)
汚染が結果にどのように影響するかは、汚染の度合いや種類、骨と汚染源の相対年代によります。
ライムストーン（石灰岩）起源の炭素が前処理で完全に取り除かれない場合は、年代は古くシフトします。石灰岩は地質由来であるために、どの考古学的サンプルよりも年代がずっと古くなります。
フミン酸やフルボ酸による汚染も同様に、不正確な結果を引き起こします。有機酸を生成した有機物の年代によって、骨の実年代よりも年代を古くも新しくもシフトさせます。
骨は現代由来の植物根の侵入などにさらされることもあります。現代炭素は骨の年代を新しい年代にシフトします。
通常、無限の年代を示す汚染物質の混入は、骨の実年代よりも大幅に古い年代を結果に加えますが、一方現代炭素は実年代よりも格段に新しい年代にシフトさせます。
こうした不正確さを防ぐため、年代測定前に全ての骨に対して前処理を行います。
#### [骨試料の物理的前処理](#collapseTwo)
物理的前処理とは、年代測定前の化学物質を使わずに行う処理です。例としては、植物根の除去や粉砕してサンプルサイズを小さくすることなどがあります。
ラボでは、明らかな汚染がないか目視で確認します。
実験用のピンセットあるいは鉗子を用いて植物根を除去します。そして、外科用のメスや歯科用のドリルを使って、骨の表層の汚染を取り除きます。
試料の硬さもチェックします。骨の柔らかさは、AMS年代測定に必要なコラーゲンが不足していることを示唆しています。
目に見える範囲の汚染の除去が済んだら、すりこぎとすり鉢を用いてサンプルを粉砕します。表面積を増やすためサンプルサイズを縮小させ、化学処理に供します。
#### [骨試料の化学的前処理](#collapseThree)
ラボによって、化学的前処理の方法は多少異なりますが、通常は同じ化学物質を用いて骨試料を取扱います。
骨の鉱物成分（リン灰石）が除去され、コラーゲンが分離するまで、繰り返し冷希塩酸で粉砕された骨を処理します。 この操作の段階でも、微細な植物根などの存在を調べ、 存在する場合は除去します。
with alkali (アルカリ使用)の場合は、二次的有機酸の除去を確実にするため、水酸化ナトリウム（NaOH）でコラーゲンの処理を行います。 試料の保存状態が良くない場合は、without alkali (アルカリ不使用)となり、アルカリ処理によって測定可能な有機物が全て除去されないように、アルカリ処理を省略します。
参考記事：
- [「骨コラーゲンサンプルの追加測定項目」](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-bone-collagen/ "「骨コラーゲンサンプルの追加測定項目」")
- [放射性炭素年代測定：歯 vs 骨](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-miami-lab-teeth-bones/)
---
### [Datação Por Radiocarbono de Ossos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/ema-datacao-ossos.htm)
**Published:** August 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Os ossos são um dos materiais mais comumente enviados aos laboratórios de [espectrometria de massa com aceleradores (EMA)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/acelerador-massa-espectrometria.htm) para que seja feita a datação por radiocarbono. Isto se deve ao fato dos ossos humanos e de animais frequentemente serem objetos de estudos arqueológicos.
Muitas informações sobre a era pré-histórica foram descobertas devido aos estudos arqueológicos e à datação por radiocarbono de ossos. Informações mais detalhadas sobre civilizações antigas estão disponíveis devido aos resultados de [datações de ossos por radiocarbono](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-ossos.htm).
## Componentes de um Osso
Os ossos são 30% orgânicos e 70% inorgânicos. A porção orgânica é composta de proteína, enquanto a porção inorgânica é composta de hidroxiapatita mineral, a qual é uma combinação de fosfato de cálcio, carbonato de cálcio, fluoreto de cálcio, hidróxido de cálcio ecitrato. A proteína, que é principalmente colágeno, proporciona resistência e flexibilidade ao osso, enquanto a hidroxiapatita dá rigidez e uma estrutura sólida ao mesmo.
Teoricamente, os componentes orgânicos e inorgânicos podem ser datados. No entanto, a estrutura de treliça aberta da hidroxiapatita faz com que a mesma seja altamente contaminada com carbonatos de águas subterrâneas. A retirada dos contaminantes de carbonato através da lavagem com ácidos diluídos também não é aplicável porque a hidroxiapatita é solúvel em ácido.
Os laboratórios usam o componente de proteína de amostras de osso na datação por EMA porque ele é relativamente insolúvel em ácido e, portanto, pode ser facilmente isolado do componente de hidroxiapatita e de outros carbonatos.
Em muitos casos, quando a porção de proteína da amostra de osso não foi bem preservada e já começou a degradar-se devido a condições de calor e de ataques por fungos ou bactérias, os laboratórios de EMA fazem a datação por carbono de aminoácidos individuais para verificar se vários deles fornecem a mesma idade de radiocarbono. Este processo é possível nos laboratórios de datação por EMA porque é necessário usar apenas amostras pequenas. No entanto, este processo é dispendioso e leva tempo. A datação por radiocarbono de aminoácidos individuais não é recomendada, a menos que seja necessária, tal como no caso de amostras antigas de ossos onde a presença de níveis baixos de contaminantes produzem um erro significativo.
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## Cinética de Crescimento de Amostras de Osso
A cinética de tempo de uma determinada amostra reflete o crescimento total do organismo original e o período de tempo que o mesmo interagiu com a biosfera. Para a maioria dos organismos com ossos, o momento de sua morte é contemporâneo à sua cessação de intercâmbios com a biosfera. Por isso, a idade de radiocarbono destes organismos no momento de sua morte é zero.
Os resultados da datação de ossos por radiocarbono não precisam ser submetidos a uma compensação de idade, mas é importante considerar a cinética de crescimento das amostras de osso. Algumas publicações sugerem que um osso não para de assimilar carbono da biosfera até a morte; há um período de giro de aproximadamente 30 anos para os ossos humanos e um período mais curto para os ossos de animais.
Os dados de cinética de crescimento são necessários porque afetam a calibração dos resultados de radiocarbono e, consequentemente, a forma em que a idade de radiocarbono é convertida em anos civis.
#### [Contaminação de Amostras de Osso](#collapseOne)
Qualquer material que contém carbono e que pode afetar o conteúdo de carbono 14 de ossos é considerado um contaminante. Considerando que os ossos costumam ser encontrados com diferentes tipos de matéria orgânica, eles são indiscutivelmente uma das amostras mais altamente contaminadas que são submetidas aos laboratórios de EMA para a datação por radiocarbono.
Ácidos húmicos e fúlvicos são contaminantes comumente encontrados. Eles são ácidos orgânicos presentesno solo e que são produzidos pela degradação microbiana de plantas outecidos de animais. De acordo com algumas publicações, polifenóis, polissacarídeos, ligninas e colágeno degradado são outros exemplos de compostos orgânicos que podem contaminar as amostras de osso. Dependendo da localização da excavação, os ossos também podem estar contaminados pelo calcário. Estes contaminantes são considerados naturais porque entram em contato com os ossos devido a ocorrências naturais.
Por outro lado, os contaminantes artificiais são introduzidos pelo homem durante a coleta, conservação ou embalagem das amostras de osso. Quando aplicamos cola de origem animal ao osso durante a embalagem, introduzimos um contaminante ao mesmo. Isto se deve ao fato da cola de origem animal ser quimicamente idêntica à amostra de osso. Os resultados laboratoriais da análise por EMA desta amostra serão imprecisos.
Biocidas, acetato de polivinilo e polietileno glicol (produtos químicos de conservação), cinzas de cigarro, etiquetas ou invólucros feitos de papel também têm o potencial de contaminar as amostras de osso depois da excavação.
#### [Efeito de Contaminantes em Resultados de Datação por Carbono com EMA](#collapseSix)
O efeito da contaminação em amostras de osso submetidas à datação por EMA depende destes fatores: o tipo de contaminante, o grau de contaminação e a idade relativa dos ossos e do contaminante.
Se o calcário não tiver sido removido antes da datação por carbono com a técnica EMA, a idade radiocarbono será muito mais avançada do que a idade verdadeira da amostra. O calcário é de origem geológica e, portanto, sempre terá uma idade mais avançada do que qualquer amostra arqueológica.
A presença de ácidos húmicos e fúlvicos durante a datação por radiocarbono com a técnica EMA também leva a resultados imprecisos. Dependendo da idade do organismo que produziu os ácidos orgânicos, o resultado obtido pelo laboratório pode refletir uma idade de radiocarbono mais recente ou avançada do que a idade verdadeira da amostra de osso.
Os ossos também podem ser expostos a fontes modernas de carbono devido a intrusões de radículas de plantas. Fontes modernas de carbono podem fazer com que a datação de um osso pela técnica EMA apresente uma idade mais recente do que a idade verdadeira.
Geralmente, os contaminantes de idade infinita acrescentam um número considerável de anos à idade verdadeira de uma amostra de osso, tornando-a mais antiga do que é. O carbono moderno, por outro lado, faz com que a amostra pareça ser bem mais recente do que a sua idade verdadeira.
Para evitar essas imprecisões, os laboratórios de EMA fazem pré-tratamentos em todas as amostras de osso antes de submetê-las à datação por radiocarbono com a técnica EMA.
#### [Pré-tratamento Físico de Ossos em Laboratórios de EMA](#collapseTwo)
O pré-tratamento físico refere-se a processos feitos nas amostras de osso para a datação por carbono sem usar produtos químicos. A retirada de radículas de plantas e a diminuição do tamanho da amostra por trituração são exemplos de pré-tratamentos físicos feitosnos ossos em laboratórios de EMA. Funcionários do laboratório de EMA examinam visualmente as amostras de osso submetidas para análise para verificar a existência de contaminantes mais óbvios.
As radículas são removidas usando-se pinças ou fórceps. Um bisturi cirúrgico ou um instrumento dentário é usado para raspar as camadas exteriores contaminadas das amostras de osso.
Os laboratórios de EMA também verificam a rigidez do osso. Um osso macio indica a possível ausência de colágeno, que é necessário para a datação de carbono 14 por EMA.
Após a retirada inicial dos contaminantes visíveis, os funcionários do laboratório de EMA trituram as amostras de osso em um pilão. A amostra é dimuída em tamanho para aumentar a sua superfície durante os métodos seguintes de pré-tratamento.
#### [Pré-tratamento Químico de Ossos em Laboratórios de EMA](#collapseThree)
Pode haver pequenas variações nos processos de pré-tratamentos químicos de um laboratório de EMA para outro, mas eles costumam usar os mesmos produtos químicos no tratamento de amostras de osso. A amostra do osso triturado é lavada repetidamente com ácido clorídrico frio e diluído (HC1) até que a hidroxiapatita seja eliminada e o colágeno seja isolado. As radículas, se estiverem presentes, serão retiradas do colágeno.
Para garantir a completa remoção dos ácidos orgânicos, o colágeno é lavado com uma solução alcalina, geralmente hidróxido de sódio (NaOH). Os laboratórios de EMA, no entanto, omitem a lavagem alcalina quando a amostra de colágeno não está bem preservada e a lavagem pode remover os materiais orgânicos remanescentes que possam ser datados.
---
### [Datation Radiocarbone sur Os](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/ams-carbone-os.htm)
**Published:** July 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Les ossements sont parmi les matériaux les plus couramment envoyés aux laboratoires de spectrométrie de masse par accélérateur (AMS en anglais) pour la datation carbone 14 car les ossements animaux et humains font souvent l’objet d’études archéologiques.
Les résultats de datation carbone 14, dans le cadre de ces recherches archéologiques, nous ont permis de mieux comprendre l’ère préhistorique. C’est grâce à la datation par le radiocarbone qu’une connaissance plus approfondie sur les anciennes civilisations est rendue possible.
## Composition d’un os
Un os est composé de matière organique à 30%, principalement à base de protéines de collagène. Les 70% restants sont inorganiques, et constitués d’hydroxyapatite minérale, qui est une combinaison de phosphate de calcium, de carbonate de calcium, de fluorure de calcium, d’hydroxyde de calcium et de citrate. Le collagène fournit la force et la flexibilité de l’os tandis que l’hydroxyapatite donne à l’os sa structure solide et rigide.
En théorie, les deux composants organique et inorganique peuvent être datés. Cependant, à cause de sa structure en réseau ouvert, l’hydroxyapatite est fortement contaminée par les carbonates des eaux souterraines. L’élimination de ces contaminants n’est pas possible par dilution acide parce que l’hydroxyapatite est également soluble dans l’acide.
Les laboratoires utilisent pour la datation AMS la composante à base de protéines, celle-ci résistant relativement bien à l’acide, et étant donc plus simple à isoler de l’hydroxyapatite et autres carbonates.
Dans le cas où la partie protéique n’est pas assez bien préservée, et a été dégradée à cause d’un environnement trop chaud, ou des attaques fongiques ou bactériennes, les laboratoires procèdent à la datation d’acides aminés individuels et vérifient s’il y a concordance des âges pour la majorité d’entre eux. Ceci est possible parce que la datation radiocarbone par AMS ne nécessite que de petites quantités d’échantillons. Le processus reste cependant long et coûteux, et n’est recommandé que dans des cas extrêmes, comme pour de vieux os où la présence de contaminants en quantités infimes produira de grandes erreurs.
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## Échelle de temps des échantillons d’os
L’échelle de temps d’un organisme est caractéristique du temps de croissance et de la durée pendant laquelle celui-ci a interagi avec la biosphère. La plupart des organismes cessent tout échange de carbone avec la biosphère dès qu’ils meurent. D’où l’âge radiocarbone de zéro au moment de la mort.
Cependant, les recherches dans le domaine suggèrent qu’un os ne cesse pas d’assimiler du carbone C14 au moment de la mort, mais qu’il existe un délai approximatif de 30 ans pour les os humains et un délai plus court pour les os animaux.
Les données sur l’échelle du temps sont nécessaires pour l’étalonnage des résultats de datation et permettent de calibrer l’âge daté au radiocarbone à l’âge calendaire.
#### [Contamination des échantillons d’os](#collapseOne)
Tout matériau contenant du carbone peut potentiellement contaminer les échantillons d’os. Leur environnement contient souvent différents types de matières organiques, ce qui explique qu’ils soient parmi les échantillons les plus contaminés reçus dans les laboratoires qui réalisent les datations par AMS.
Les contaminants les plus communs sont les acides humiques et fulviques, qui sont des acides organiques présents dans les sols à la suite de la dégradation microbienne des tissus végétaux ou animaux. D’autres composés sont identifiés dans la littérature, comme les polyphénols, les polysaccharides, les lignines et les collagènes dégradés. Suivant le lieu de l’excavation, il peut y avoir également contamination par du calcaire. Ces contaminants sont naturels, car ils sont la conséquence de phénomènes naturels.
Les contaminants artificiels sont ceux qui sont introduits par l’homme durant les phases de collecte, de conservation ou de conditionnement des échantillons. Si de la colle animale est appliquée sur l’os pour l’étiquetage, alors il y a contamination, à cause de la similarité des structures chimiques. Les résultats des datations AMS seront alors inexacts.
D’autres contaminants potentiels pouvant être introduits après les fouilles sont les biocides, le polyacétate de vinyle et le polyéthylène glycol (produits chimiques de conservation), les cendres de cigarette et les étiquettes et emballages en papier.
#### [Effets des contaminants sur les résultats de la datation AMS](#collapseSix)
Les effets des contaminants sur les échantillons soumis à une datation AMS dépendent des facteurs suivants : type de contamination, degrés de contamination et âge relatif entre le contaminant et l’échantillon.
Le calcaire étant d’origine géologique, il est plus âgé que les échantillons archéologiques, et s’il n’est pas retiré avant la procédure de datation, l’âge radiocarbone paraîtra plus vieux que l’âge vrai de l’échantillon.
La présence d’acides humiques et fulviques conduira également à des résultats inexacts. Suivant l’âge de l’organisme qui a produit les acides, le résultat de la datation AMS donnera un âge apparent plus jeune ou plus vieux.
Les os peuvent aussi être exposés à des sources modernes de carbone, introduits par des radicelles, ce qui conduira certainement à un âge apparent rajeuni par rapport à l’âge véritable.
En général, les contaminations d’âge infini font apparaître les échantillons plus anciens, tandis que les contaminations au carbone moderne les font apparaître plus jeunes que l’âge réel.
Pour éviter ces erreurs, les laboratoires AMS effectuent des prétraitements sur les échantillons d’os avant de les soumettre à la datation.
#### [Prétraitement physique des os dans un laboratoire AMS](#collapseTwo)
Les prétraitements physiques sont des processus qui ne nécessitent pas d’utiliser de produits chimiques. Des exemples sont l’élimination de radicelles des plantes et la réduction de la taille de l’échantillon par broyage.
Le personnel examine visuellement les échantillons d’os pour vérifier la présence de contaminants visibles.
Les radicelles sont enlevées à l’aide de pinces. Un scalpel ou une fraise dentaire sont utilisés pour gratter les couches extérieures de leurs contaminants.
Les laboratoires vérifient également la dureté de l’os, afin de s’assurer qu’il y a suffisamment de collagène pour la datation. Son absence se traduit par une structure plus molle. Lorsque les contaminants visibles ont été éliminés, les ossements sont pulvérisés dans un mortier avec pilon, et leur taille est réduite afin d’augmenter la surface pour les traitements suivants.
#### [Prétraitement chimique des os dans un laboratoire AMS](#collapseThree)
Les différents laboratoires de datation radiocarbone n’utilisent pas toujours les mêmes procédures, mais les produits chimiques utilisés pour le traitement des os sont les mêmes.
L’échantillon d’os broyé est rincé avec une solution diluée d’acide chlorhydrique (HCl) jusqu’à ce que l’hydroxyapatite soit éliminée et le collagène isolé. Les radicelles qui sont restées accrochées sont détachées.
Pour assurer l’élimination complète des acides organiques, le collagène est lavé avec une solution alcaline, habituellement de l’hydroxyde de sodium (NaOH). Cette étape est toutefois ignorée si le collagène n’est pas dans un état de conservation suffisant, le lavage risquant de retirer les matériaux organiques restants qui peuvent encore être datés.
---
### [Datación radiocarbónica de huesos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-ema-huesos.htm)
**Published:** June 5, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
El hueso es uno de los materiales más enviados a los laboratorios de espectrometría de masas con aceleradores (AMS) para su datación, ya que normalmente son objeto de estudios arqueológicos.
Mucha de la información sobre épocas prehistóricas con la que contamos hoy en día fue recabada gracias a estudios arqueológicos y a la datación radiocarbónica, lo que ha contribuido a un mejor entendimiento de las civilizaciones antiguas.
## Componentes del hueso
Un hueso es 30% orgánico y 70% inorgánico. La parte orgánica es proteína, mientras que la porción inorgánica es hidroxiapatita mineral, una mezcla de fosfato de calcio, carbonato de calcio, fluoruro de calcio, hidróxido de calcio y citrato. La proteína, compuesta principalmente por colágeno, proporciona resistencia y flexibilidad al hueso, mientras que la hidroxiapatita mineral aporta su rigidez y estructura sólida.
En teoría, tanto los componentes orgánicos e inorgánicos pueden ser datados. Sin embargo, la estructura de red abierta de la hidroxiapatita hace que ésta esté altamente contaminada por carbonatos de aguas subterráneas. La extracción del carbonato contaminante mediante lavados ácidos diluidos no puede aplicarseporque la hidroxiapatita es soluble en ácido.
Los laboratorios utilizan el componente proteico de las muestras óseas para la datación por AMS porque es relativamente insoluble en ácido y, por tanto, puede aislarse fácilmente de la dehidroxiapatita y otros carbonatos.
Cuando la fracción de proteína de la muestra ósea no se ha conservado bien y ha comenzado a deteriorarse por el calor y los ataques de hongos o bacterias, los laboratorios de AMS datan los aminoácidos individuales para comprobar si varios de ellos proporcionan la misma edad de radiocarbono. Este proceso debe realizarse en laboratorios de datación por AMS, ya que las muestras son muy pequeñas. Sin embargo, este proceso es caro y lleva tiempo, por lo que no se recomienda la datación por radiocarbono de aminoácidos individuales a menos que sea necesaria, como en el caso de muestras óseas antiguas en las que la más mínima presencia de contaminación produce errores significativos.
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Exención de responsabilidad: Este video está alojado en un sitio externo y puede contener publicidad.
## Cinética de crecimiento en muestras óseas
La cinética de tiempo de una determinada muestra refleja el crecimiento total del organismo original y el periodo de tiempo que el mismo interactuó con la biosfera. Para la mayoría de los organismos con huesos, el momento de su muerte es contemporáneo a su cese de intercambios con la biosfera. Por lo tanto, la edad de radiocarbono de estos organismos es cero en el momento de su muerte.
Los resultados de datación de huesos por radiocarbono no necesitan ser sometidos a la compensación de edad, pero es importante tener en cuenta la cinética de crecimiento de las muestras de hueso. Algunas publicaciones indican que un hueso no para de asimilar carbono de la biosfera hasta la muerte; hay un período de rotación de unos 30 años para los huesos humanos y un menor tiempo para los huesos de animales.
Los datos de cinética de crecimiento son necesarios porque afectan la calibración de los resultados de radiocarbono y, en consecuencia, la manera en la que se convierte la edad de radiocarbono en años civiles.
#### [Contaminación de muestras óseas](#collapseOne)
Cualquier material con carbono, y que pueda afectar el contenido de carbono 14 de huesos, se considera un contaminante. Teniendo en cuenta que los huesos suele encontrarse junto a diferentes tipos de materia orgánica, son sin duda uno de los tipos de muestras con más contaminación que se envía a los laboratorios de AMS para su datación por radiocarbono.
Los contaminantes comúnmente encontrados son ácidos húmicos y fúlvicos, ácidos orgánicos presentes en el suelo que son producidos por la degradación microbiana de plantas o tejidos de animales. Según algunas publicaciones, otros compuestos orgánicos que puedan contaminar la muestra son polifenoles, polisacáridos, ligninas y colágeno degradado. Dependiendo de la ubicación de la excavación, los huesos pueden ser contaminados por caliza. Estos contaminantes son considerados naturales, ya que entran en contacto con los huesos debido a fenómenos naturales.
Por otra parte, los contaminantes artificiales son introducidos por el hombre durante la recogida, almacenamiento o embalado de las muestras. Por ejemplo, cuando se aplica pegamento de origen animal a la muestra ósea se introduce un contaminante, ya que el pegamento de origen animal es químicamente idéntico a la muestra de hueso, y el laboratorio generará resultados inexactos.
Biocidas, acetato de polivinilo y polietilenglicol (soluciones químicas), cenizas de cigarrillos, etiquetas o envolturas hechas de papel también tienen el potencial de contaminar las muestras de hueso después de la excavación.
#### [Efecto de los contaminantes en los resultados de una datación radiocarbónica por AMS](#collapseSix)
El efecto de la contaminación en muestras óseas datadas por AMS depende de los siguientes factores: tipo de contaminante, grado de contaminación, y la edad relativa de los huesos y el contaminante.
Si no se ha retirado la caliza antes de la datación radiocarbónica con AMS, la edad de radiocarbono será mucho mayor que la edad real de la muestra. La caliza es de origen geológico, por lo que siempre tendrá una edad superior a la de cualquier muestra arqueológica.
La presencia de ácidos húmicos y fúlvicos durante la datación radiocarbónica con AMS también lleva a resultados inexactos. Dependiendo de la edad del organismo que produjo los ácidos orgánicos, el resultado obtenido por el laboratorio puede reflejar una edad de radiocarbono inferior o superior a la verdadera edad de la muestra ósea.
Los huesos también pueden estar expuestos a fuentes modernas de carbono debido a las intrusiones de raicillas de plantas. Las fuentes modernas de carbono pueden ocasionar que la datación de un hueso por la técnica AMS presente fechas más recientes que las que son en realidad.
Generalmente, los contaminantes de acción infinita añaden un número considerable de años a la edad verdadera de una muestra de hueso, haciéndola más antigua de lo que es. El carbono moderno, por otra parte, hace que la muestra parezca más reciente que su verdadera edad.
Para evitar estos errores, los laboratorios de AMS hacen pretratamientos en todas las muestras de hueso antes de someterlas a la datación por radiocarbono con AMS.
#### [Pretratamiento físico de muestras óseas](#collapseTwo)
El pretratamiento físico se refiere a los procesos aplicados en las muestras óseas para su datación radiocarbónica sin utilizar productos químicos. La eliminación de las raicillas de plantas y la disminución del tamaño de la muestra mediante trituración son ejemplos de pretratamientos físicos.
El personal del laboratorio de AMS examinará visualmente las muestras óseas enviadas para detectar los contaminantes más obvios. Las raicillas se eliminan con pinzas o fórceps, y las capas superiores se raspan con un bisturí quirúrgico o un taladro dental para eliminar contaminantes externos.
Asimismo, también se verifica la rigidez del hueso: un hueso suave indica la posible ausencia de colágeno, que es necesario para la datación de carbono-14.
Después de la retirada inicial de los contaminantes visibles, las muestras son aplastadas en un mortero para aumentar su superficie durante los métodos siguientes de pretratamiento.
#### [Pretratamiento químico de muestras óseas](#collapseThree)
Pueden existir ligeras variaciones en los procesos de pretratamientos químicos que los diferentes laboratorios de AMS aplican a las muestras óseas, pero suelen utilizar los mismos productos químicos.
La muestra ósea triturada se lava varias veces con ácido clorhídrico (HCl) diluido y frío hasta que se elimina la hidroxiapatita y el colágeno aislado. Las raicillas, si están presentes, se retiran del colágeno.
Para asegurar la completa eliminación de los ácidos orgánicos, el colágeno se enjuaga con una solución alcalina, generalmente hidróxido de sodio (NaOH). Los laboratorios de AMS, sin embargo, omiten el lavado alcalino cuando la muestra de colágeno no está bien conservada y el lavado puede eliminar todos los materiales orgánicos restantes que podrían ser datados.
---
### [Radiokohlenstoff Datierung von Knochen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-knochen.htm)
**Published:** September 22, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Knochen werden am häufigsten an [Beschleuniger Massenspektromie Labors](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/massen-beschleunigung-spektrometrie.htm) (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry – AMS) gesendet, weil Knochen von Tieren oder Menschen oft für archäologische Studien ausgewertet werden.
Durch archäologische Studien und die Kohlenstoff Datierung konnte man viel über die prähistorische Zeit erfahren. Mit Hilfe der [C14-Datierung von Knochen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-knochen.htm) konnten auch tiefere Erkenntnisse über alte Zivilisationen erlangt werden.
## Zusammensetzung eines Knochens
Ein Knochen ist zu 30% organisch und zu 70% anorganisch. Der organische Anteil ist Protein, der anorganische Anteil ist das mineralische Hydroxyapatit, was eine Kombination aus Kalziumphosphat, Kalziumkarbonat, Kalziumfluorid, Kalziumhydroxid und Zitrat ist. Das Protein, das hauptsächlich Kollagen ist, verschafft dem Knochen Stärke und Flexibilität, dagegen verleiht das Hydroxyapatit dem Knochen Härte und eine feste Struktur.
Theoretisch können die organischen und anorganischen Bestandteile datiert werden. Die offene Gitterstruktur des Hydroxyapatits macht es jedoch hoch anfällig für Verunreinigungen durch Karbonate aus dem Grundwasser. Eine Entfernung der Karbonatverunreinigungen durch Dünnsäurewaschungen ist ebenso nicht möglich, da Hydroxyapatit säurelöslich ist.
Laboratorien verwenden zur AMS Datierung den Proteinanteil einer Knochenprobe, da diese relativ säureunlöslich sind und daher leicht aus den Hydroxyapatit Bestandteilen und anderen Karbonaten isoliert werden können.
In Fällen, in denen der Proteinanteil einer Knochenprobe nicht gut erhalten ist und sich aufgrund von warmen Bedingungen oder Angriffen durch Pilze oder Bakterien abgebaut hat, datieren AMS Datierungslaboratorien verschiedene Aminosäuren um zu überprüfen, ob einige von ihnen dasselbe Radiokohlenstoff Alter ergeben. Dieses Verfahren ist in AMS Datierungslabors durchführbar, da nur kleine Proben erforderlich sind. Dieses Verfahren ist allerdings teuer und zeitaufwändig. Die Radiokohlenstoff Datierung einzelner Aminosäuren ist nicht empfehlenswert, es sei denn es handelt sich um alte Knochenproben, bei denen das Vorhandensein von nur geringsten Verunreinigungen große Fehler ergeben würden.
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Haftungsausschluss: Dieses Video wird auf der Website Dritter bereit gestellt und kann Werbung enthalten.
## Zeitspanne von Knochenproben
Die Zeitspanne einer Probe reflektiert das gesamte Wachstum des ursprünglichen Organismus und die Zeitspanne, in der dieser Organismus mit der Biosphäre interagierte. Bei den meisten Organismen mit Knochen ist der Zeitpunkt ihres Todes auch der Zeitpunkt an dem der Austausch mit der Biosphäre eingestellt wurde. Daher ist das Radiokohlenstoffalter des Organismus bei seinem Tod Null.
Radiokohlenstoff Datierungsergebnisse von Knochen müssen keiner Alterskorrektur unterzogen werden, aber Knochenproben haben eine Zeitspanne. Die Literatur legt nahe, dass Knochen nach dem Tod des Organismus nicht aufhören Kohlenstoff aus der Biosphäre aufzunehmen; daher ist eine Umschlagsdauer von 30 Jahren bei menschlichen Knochen und ein kürzerer Zeitraum bei tierischen Knochen zu berücksichtigen.
Zeitspannendaten sind notwendig, da sie Auswirkungen auf die Kalibrierung von Radiokohlenstoff Ergebnissen haben und folglich auf die Weise, wie Radiokohlenstoff Alter in Kalenderjahre umgerechnet werden.
#### [Verunreinigungen von Knochenproben](#collapseOne)
Jedes Material, das Kohlenstoff enthält, kann den C-14 Gehalt von Knochen beeinflussen und wird als Verunreinigung eingestuft. Wenn man Knochen ausgräbt, sind diese sehr oft von unterschiedlichen Arten organischer Stoffe umgeben. Folglich sind Knochen wohl die am stärksten verunreinigten Proben, die an AMS Labors für eine Radiokohlenstoff Datierung eingeschickt werden.
Die üblichen Verunreinigungen sind Humin- und Fulvinsäuren. Dies sind organische Säuren, die in der Erde vorkommen und durch den mikrobiologischen Abbau von Pflanzen- oder Tiergeweben entstehen. Gemäß der Literatur sind Polyphenole, Polysaccharide, Lignin und abgebautes Kollagen weitere Bestandteile, die Knochenproben verunreinigen können. Abhängig von der Örtlichkeit der Ausgrabung können Knochen auch durch Kalkstein verunreinigt sein. Diese Verunreiniger werden als natürlich betrachtet, da sie mit den Knochen durch natürliche Prozesse in Kontakt kamen.
Künstliche Verunreiniger sind andererseits diejenigen, die von Menschenhand bei der Probennahme, Konservierung oder der Verpackung von Knochenproben hinzugefügt werden. Wenn etwa bei der Etikettierung von Knochen Glutinleim verwendet wurde, dann wurde der Probe bereits ein Verunreiniger zugeführt. Der Grund hierfür ist, dass Glutinleim mit der Knochenprobe chemisch identisch ist. AMS Laborergebnisse für diese Probe werden ungenau sein.
Nach der Ausgrabung können der Knochenprobe auch weitere mögliche Verunreinigung wie Biozid, Polyvinylacetat und Polyethylenglykol (Konservierungschemikalien), sowie Zigarettenasche, Etiketten oder Hüllen aus Papier zugefügt werden.
#### [Auswirkung von Verunreinigungen auf AMS Kohlenstoff Datierungsergebnisse](#collapseSix)
Die Auswirkungen einer Verunreinigung an Knochenproben, die einer AMS Datierung unterzogen wurden, hängt von folgenden Faktoren ab: Art der Verunreinigung, Grad der Verunreinigung und das relative Alter der Knochen und des Verunreinigers.
Wenn vor einer AMS Kohlenstoff Datierung der Kalkstein nicht entfernt wurde, wird das Radiokohlenstoff Alter wesentlich älter als das wahre Alter der Probe sein. Kalkstein ist geologischen Ursprungs und daher wesentlich älter als jede archäologische Probe.
Das Vorhandensein von Humin- und Fulvinsäuren während einer AMS Radiokohlenstoff Datierung wird ebenso zu ungenauen Ergebnissen führen. Abhängig vom Alter des Organismus, der die organischen Säuren produziert hat, kann das Ergebnis des AMS Labors ein jüngeres oder älteres Alter ergeben, verglichen mit dem wahren Alter der Knochenprobe.
Knochen können auch modernen Kohlenstoffquellen ausgesetzt gewesen sein, wie z.B. durch Intrusionen von kleinen Wurzeln. Moderne Kohlenstoffquellen machen das AMS Kohlenstoff Datierungsergebnis eines Knochens jünger als sein wahres Alter.
Im Allgemeinen fügen Verunreiniger unendlichen Alters dem wahren Alter der Knochenprobe eine erhebliche Anzahl von Jahren hinzu und machen diese älter als sie ist. Moderner Kohlenstoff andererseits macht eine Knochenprobe wesentlich jünger.
Um derartige Ungenauigkeiten auszuschließen, führen AMS Labors an allen Knochenproben Vorbehandlungen durch, bevor die Proben einer AMS Radiokohlenstoff Datierung unterzogen werden.
#### [Physikalische Vorbehandlung von Knochen in AMS Labors](#collapseTwo)
Die Entfernung von Verunreinigungen, ohne Chemikalien zu verwenden nennt man physikalische Vorbehandlung. Beispiele der physikalischen Vorbehandlung in AMS Labors von Knochen sind die Entfernung von Pflanzenwurzeln und die Reduktion der Probengröße durch Zerkleinern.
Das AMS Laborpersonal untersucht die Knochenprobeneinsendungen auf sichtbare Verunreinigungen.
Würzelchen werden unter Verwendung einer Pinzette oder Zangen entfernt. Ein chirurgisches Skalpell oder ein Dentalschaber werden verwendet, um verunreinigte äußere Lagen von den Knochenproben zu entfernen.
AMS Labors überprüfen auch die Knochenhärte. Weichheit zeigt ein mögliches Fehlen von Kollagen an, dieses wird allerdings für eine AMS C-14 Datierung benötigt.
Nach der anfänglichen Entfernung von sichtbaren Verunreinigungen zerkleinert das AMS Laborpersonal die Knochenproben mit einem Stößel in einem Mörser. Die Zerkleinerung erfolgt um die Oberfläche der Probe für die nachfolgenden Vorbehandlungsmethoden zu vergrößern.
#### [Chemische Vorbehandlung von Knochen in AMS Labors](#collapseThree)
Die unterschiedlichen AMS Labors führen leicht abgewandelte Verfahren im Rahmen der chemischen Vorbehandlung durch, jedoch verwenden alle Labors bei der Behandlung von Knochenproben die gleichen Chemikalien.
Die zerkleinerte Knochenprobe wird wiederholt in verdünnter kalter Chlorwasserstoffsäure (HCl) gewaschen, bis das Hydroxyapatit entfernt und das Kollagen isoliert ist. Sollte das Kollagen noch Würzelchen enthalten, dann werden diese entfernt.
Das Kollagen wird in einer Alkalilösung gewaschen, in der Regel Natriumhydroxid (NaOH), um eine komplette Entfernung der organischen Säuren sicher zu stellen. Wenn die Kollagenprobe nicht gut erhalten ist und die Waschung die verbliebenen organischen Materialien entfernen würde, dann überspringen die AMS Labors die Alkaliwaschung.
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### [Radiocarbon Dating Bones](https://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-bones.htm)
**Published:** April 28, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Bones are one of the most common materials sent to [accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) labs](https://www.radiocarbon.com/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm) for radiocarbon dating. This is because bones of animals or humans are often subjects of archaeological studies.
A lot about the prehistoric era has been learned due to archaeological studies and [radiocarbon dating of bones](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bones.htm). More in-depth information about old civilizations is also available due to radiocarbon dating results on bones.
## Components of a Bone
A bone is 30% organic and 70% inorganic. The organic portion is protein; the inorganic portion is the mineral hydroxyapatite, which is a combination of calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, calcium fluoride, calcium hydroxide, and citrate. The protein, which is mostly collagen, provides strength and flexibility to the bone whereas the hydroxyapatite gives the bone its rigidity and solid structure.
In theory, both organic and inorganic components can be dated. However, the open lattice structure of the hydroxyapatite makes it highly contaminated with carbonates from ground water. Removal of carbonate contaminants through dilute acid washing is also not applicable because hydroxyapatite is acid soluble.
Laboratories use the protein component of bone samples in **AMS dating** because it is relatively acid insoluble and, therefore, can be easily isolated from the hydroxyapatite component and other carbonates.
In cases when the protein portion of the bone sample is not well preserved and have already degraded due to warm conditions and fungal or bacterial attack, AMS dating labs carbon date individual amino acids to check if several of them give the same radiocarbon age. This process is doable in AMS dating labs because only small samples are required. However, this process is costly and time consuming. Radiocarbon dating individual amino acids is not recommended unless necessary as in the case of old bone samples where the presence of even small levels of contaminants produce a large error.
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## Time-width of Bone Samples
The time-width of any given sample reflects the total growth of the original organism and the span of time that organism interacted with the biosphere. For most organisms that have bones, the time of their death is contemporaneous with their cessation of exchange with the biosphere. Hence, these organisms’ radiocarbon age at death is zero.
**Radiocarbon dating results** on bones need not be subjected to an age offset but bone samples have time-width. Literature suggests that a bone does not cease to assimilate carbon from the biosphere until death; there is a turnover time of about 30 years for human bone and a shorter period for animal bone.
Time-width data is necessary because they affect calibration of radiocarbon results and, consequently, the way radiocarbon age is converted to calendar years.
#### [Bone Sample Contamination](#collapseOne)
Any carbon-containing material that may affect the carbon 14 content of bones is considered a contaminant. Considering that bones are often found surrounded by different kinds of organic matter, bones are arguably one of the most highly contaminated samples submitted to AMS labs for radiocarbon dating.
The common contaminants are humic and fulvic acids, which are organic acids present in soil that are produced by the microbial degradation of plant or animal tissues. According to literature, other organic compounds that can contaminate bone samples are polyphenols, polysaccharides, lignins, and degraded collagen. Depending on the location of the excavation, bones can also be contaminated by limestone. These contaminants are considered natural because they came in contact with the bones due to natural occurrences.
Artificial contaminants, on the other hand, are those that were introduced by man during the collection, conservation, or packaging of the bone samples. When bones are applied with animal glue during labeling, a contaminant has already been introduced to the sample. This is because animal glue is chemically identical to the bone sample. AMS lab results with this sample will be inaccurate.
Other potential contaminants that can be introduced to bone samples after excavation include biocides, polyvinyl acetate and polyethylene glycol (conservation chemicals), cigarette ash, and labels or wrappers that are made of paper.
#### [Effect of Contaminants on AMS Carbon Dating Results](#collapseSix)
The effect of contamination on bone samples that were subjected to AMS dating is dependent on these factors: type of contaminant, degree of contamination, and the relative age of the bones and the contaminant.
If limestone has not been removed prior to AMS carbon dating, the radiocarbon age will be much older than the sample’s true age. Limestone is of geological origin and will therefore be much older than any archaeological samples.
The presence of humic and fulvic acids during AMS radiocarbon dating will lead to inaccurate results as well. Depending on the age of the organism that produced the organic acids, the AMS lab’s result might reflect a radiocarbon age younger or older than the bone sample’s true age.
Bones can also be exposed to modern sources of carbon due to plant rootlet intrusions. Modern sources of carbon can make the AMS carbon dating result of a bone younger than its true age.
In general, infinite-age contaminants add considerable number of years to the true age of a bone sample, making it older than it is. Modern carbon, on the other hand, makes the bone sample significantly younger than its true age.
To prevent these inaccuracies, AMS labs perform pretreatment on all bone samples before subjecting them to AMS radiocarbon dating.
#### [Physical Pretreatment of Bones in AMS Labs](#collapseTwo)
Physical pretreatment refers to processes done on the bone samples for carbon dating without using chemicals. Examples of physical pretreatment done on bones in AMS labs are removal of plant rootlets and reduction of sample size by crushing.
AMS lab personnel visually examine bone sample submissions for obvious contaminants.
Rootlets are removed using a pair of tweezers or forceps. A surgical scalpel or a dental grill is used to scrape off contaminated exterior layers of bone samples.
AMS labs would also check the bone’s hardness. Softness indicates the potential absence of collagen, which is needed for AMS carbon 14 dating.
After initial removal of visible contaminants, AMS lab personnel crush bone samples in a mortar and pestle. Size reduction is done to increase the surface area of the sample during succeeding pretreatment methods.
#### [Chemical Pretreatment of Bones in AMS Labs](#collapseThree)
Different AMS labs may have slight variations in the procedure of chemical pretreatment, but they often use the same chemicals in treating bone samples.
The crushed bone sample is washed with dilute, cold hydrochloric acid (HCl) repeatedly until hydroxyapatite is eliminated and the collagen is isolated. Rootlets, if present, are further removed from the collagen.
To ensure the complete removal of organic acids, collagen is washed with an alkali solution, usually sodium hydroxide (NaOH). AMS labs, however, skip alkali washing when the collagen sample is not well preserved and the washing may remove the remaining organic materials that can still be dated.
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### [Datare le falde acquifere al radiocarbonio: concetti e applicazione pratica](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-le-falde-acquifere-al-carbonio.htm)
**Published:** July 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- La datazione al radiocarbonio può essere utilizzata per monitorare l’eccessivo pompaggio delle falde.
- Si raccomanda una datazione al radiocarbonio delle falde acquifere annuale o semestrale.
La datazione al radiocarbonio per l’analisi delle falde acquifere può offrire una tecnica per prevedere il sovra-pompaggio della falda prima che si contamini o che venga sfruttata eccessivamente. Per questo si veda lo studio “[Surface water contamination and remediation](http://www.radiocarbon.com/images/study1.pdf)” (pdf).
La [datazione al radiocarbonio](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-al-carbonio.htm "datazione al radiocarbonio") delle falde acquifere viene utilizzata assieme ad altre misure primarie di analisi idrologiche e chimiche classiche. La datazione al radiocarbonio produrrà risultati migliori se verranno effettuate misurazioni multiple o campionamenti sequenziali. I dati più utili provengono da questi confronti e non da età assolute.
In caso di misurazioni multiple, le età apparenti delle falde acquifere prelevate dalle pompe che si trovano a distanze diverse dall’affioramento della falda potrebbero essere un mezzo per verificare l’affluenza e anche individuare situazioni di sovra-pompaggio. In caso di campionamento sequenziale di un singolo pozzo ogni sei o dodici mesi, potrebbero esserci variazioni sull’età apparente dell’acqua in relazione al tempo. In particolare, l’età dell’acqua che si riduce col passare del tempo è in molti casi un fenomeno dovuto all’infiltrazione delle acque superficiali. La datazione al radiocarbonio è in grado di dare un segnale di imminente contaminazione dagli strati superficiali dell’acqua.
## Datare le falde acquifere al radiocarbonio
La datazione al radiocarbonio delle falde acquifere può dare informazioni sul periodo in cui l’acqua ha cessato di stare a contatto con l’atmosfera, cioè quando è andata sotto terra. Tuttavia, non è facile calcolare la percentuale di specie di carbonato che ha avuto origine dalle piante nell’affioramento della falda acquifera e dall’atmosfera, a differenza di quella aggiunta da antichi depositi carbonatici nella matrice della falda. Per questo motivo, la datazione al radiocarbonio delle falde acquifere è più utile se si effettua un campionamento ripetuto. In questo caso, l’ottenimento di età assolute con le incertezze che questo comporta non ha a che fare con i numeri primari utilizzati nelle interpretazioni del luogo. Le età apparenti non corrette sono i numeri principali, e vengono messe a confronto con le altre età apparenti dello studio. Ciò serve ad ovviare all’incertezza della correzione. In tutti i casi, i dati più utili provengono da questi confronti e non da età assolute. Inoltre, le età apparenti non corrette possono essere interpretate come età massima, cioè la vera età delle falde acquifere è uguale o inferiore all’età apparente.
Con l’estrazione dei carbonati delle acque tramite la datazione al radiocarbonio, le misurazioni saranno in grado di fornire informazioni sul ricambio dei depositi sotterranei, nonché sulle direzioni del flusso e sulla portata. Questo è valido per i campioni da 10 a 40.000 anni.
Le acque superficiali e le precipitazioni che si infiltrano nel terreno contengono piccole quantità di anidride carbonica estratta dall’aria. Lasciando l’atmosfera, l’acqua entra in contatto con l’aria del suolo, dove la pressione parziale della vegetazione (respirazione tramite radici) generata dall’anidride carbonica è molto più forte. Il contenuto radiocarbonico di queste sorgenti è il cosiddetto livello “moderno” e viene utilizzato per il riferimento nei calcoli sull’età. In media, vengono campionati in una falda acquifera da 20 a più di 60 pozzi. Se il numero dei pozzi scende a meno di dieci, lo studio non sarà sufficientemente rappresentativo e, in questo caso, l’interpretazione delle età sarà spesso ambigua.
Nel caso di falde acquifere contenenti carbon fossile, come la torba o la lignite, la datazione al radiocarbonio può dare risultati ambigui e per tali falde non deve essere effettuata questa tecnica di datazione. Le acque provenienti da sorgenti di superficie possono fornire “età” apparenti utili, ma esiste inevitabilmente un problema con la correzione della diluizione del carbonio perché si può generare un grande effetto isotopico quando l’anidride carbonica sotto pressione nell’acqua viene liberata. In tal caso, non può essere calcolata la “miglior stima dell’età”.
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Avvertenza: questo video è ospitato su un sito esterno e potrebbe contenere pubblicità.
Questo estratto fa parte del webinar di Beta Analytic – [Isotopi 101: Carbonio disciolto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "Isotopi 101: Carbonio disciolto").
## Prevedere la contaminazione e i limiti di sfruttamento delle falde acquifere
All’aumentare della densità della popolazione, la richiesta di risorse idriche aumenta in modo esponenziale. Uno sviluppo eccessivo può portare ad un’offerta limitata, con effetti maggiori nei distretti più lontani dalla zona di ricambio della falda acquifera.
Poiché i terreni poco utilizzati in genere circondano aree popolate, lo sviluppo residenziale e industriale si estende in direzioni che riflettono il massimo rendimento commerciale. Tuttavia, se le aree in via di sviluppo invadono le aree di ricambio, la perforazione di nuovi pozzi per soddisfare l’improvvisa domanda può portare ad una scarsità di acqua, se il pompaggio supera il ricambio.
Monitorando continuamente l’età radiocarbonica delle acque all’interno dei pozzi di un distretto, è disponibile l’evidenza empirica per rendersi conto dell’eccessivo sfruttamento prima che diventi fuori controllo. Una volta che sono state costruite abitazioni o industrie, è molto difficile limitare il loro approvvigionamento idrico. La datazione al radiocarbonio delle acque è un meccanismo utile per monitorare, comprendere e controllare lo sfruttamento delle falde acquifere.
*Figura 1 – l’età radiocarbonica delle falde acquifere come fattore dipendente dalla distanza dall’affioramento della falda acquifera. Questo caso mostra le curve del flusso laminare delle falde acquifere con tre tassi di pompaggio che si trovano a distanze diverse dal limite di affioramento. L’ultimo pozzo sta pompando eccessivamente e attira acqua dai livelli superficiali.*
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## Monitorare il contenuto radiocarbonico delle falde acquifere
Il monitoraggio del contenuto radiocarbonico di un pozzo in relazione al fattore tempo può rivelare sia la stabilità che le modifiche nelle acque della sorgente alla testa della pompa. Se l’età radiocarbonica dell’acqua si riduce ogni anno, significa che acque più giovani vengono assorbite dalla superficie. Questo potrebbe essere causato, per esempio, da un eccesso di pompaggio del pozzo o trivellazioni estese di pozzi in altre aree. In entrambi i casi, ciò indica che le acque superficiali eventualmente contaminate potrebbero infiltrarsi nelle scorte di acqua potabile.
*Figura 2 – l’età radiocarbonica di una falda acquifera da campionamento annuale di un singolo pozzo. In questo caso, è stato iniziato un nuovo sistema di pompaggio in questo pozzo nel 1995, aumentando notevolmente la velocità di pompaggio in questa zona. La datazione al radiocarbonio dovrà essere ripetuta per vedere se c’è un’indicazione dell’aumento della corrente discendente delle acque poco profonde, o se la curva si appiattisce prima che le acque superficiali comincino ad inserirsi.*
La datazione al radiocarbonio dà i risultati più attendibili se viene effettuato un campionamento annuale o biennale dai singoli pozzi. I valori ottenuti vengono comparati a quelli degli anni precedenti. La situazione più desiderabile è che le età radiocarboniche delle acque campionate in sequenza (ogni sei o dodici mesi) da un particolare pozzo rimangano le stesse nel corso degli anni.
Dal momento che il radiocarbonio si trova naturalmente nelle falde acquifere, questa determinazione viene fatta senza alcuna aggiunta alla falda. Inoltre, la determinazione viene eseguita prima che si verifichi una qualche forma di contaminazione. Questo ha forti implicazioni economiche e ambientali per la gestione delle risorse idriche all’interno e tra i distretti.
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### [加速器質譜儀放射性碳定年](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm)
**Published:** June 23, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- AMS定年包括加速離子到高動能的能量，然後進行質量分析。
- 儘管較輻射測試定年法昂貴，但是AMS定年方法的精準度更佳，而且只需少量樣品。
- 除了考古學和地質學，AMS定年還被應用在其他領域，例如生物醫學研究和海洋科學研究。
測量樣品中的放射性碳有兩種技術—[透過輻射測試法定年和透過加速器質譜儀(AMS)定年](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/radiometric-plus.htm)。這兩種方法被廣泛地用來測試考古文物和地質樣品的碳14含量。 這兩種 [放射性碳定年](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/about-carbon-dating.htm "radiocarbon dating") 採用近代標準，例如草酸和其他参考材料。儘管兩種放射性碳定年方法都能得出高品質的結果，但是它們的基本原理是不相同的。
輻射測試法檢測的是碳14原子的β粒子衰變，而加速器質譜儀計算的是樣品目前的碳14原子數量。兩種碳定年方法各有其優缺點。
## 加速器質譜儀
質譜儀根據原子量檢測特定元素的原子。然而，它們卻没有能力區别原子等壓線（不同元素的原子擁有相同的原子量，比如碳14和氮14，這種最常見的氮同位素 ）。
由於原子核物理學, 質譜儀經微調，已可自眾多的鄰近質量中，分離出罕見的同位素，從而產生了加速器質譜儀。其最終發展成一種能忽略碳14訊號周邊繁多同位素，並檢測出樣品中碳14的方法。
## 加速器質譜儀是如何進行的?
加速器質譜儀的放射性碳定年過程含兩部分。第一部分是加速離子到非常高的動能能量，第二部分是隨之其後的質量分析。
常見於加速器質譜儀的加速系統有二，一為粒子迴旋加速器，一為串列靜電加速器。
## 使用串列加速器的AMS分析
預處理完之後，將欲使用加速器質譜儀進行放射性碳定年的樣品，轉化成固體石墨形式。轉化方式是將樣品轉換成二氧化碳之後，接著在金屬催化劑的作用下進行石墨化。燃燒樣品將其轉化成石墨，但其同時，也會使其他元素進入樣品，比如氮14。
當樣品最終被轉化成幾毫克的石墨後，它們被壓在一個金屬盤上。對照材料同樣也被壓在金屬盤子上。之後，將這些金屬盤子安裝於輪靶上以便依序進行分析。
之後將來自銫槍的離子射向輪靶，產生負離子化碳原子。這些負離子化碳原子穿過聚焦裝置和注射磁體後到達串列加速器，而後透過兩百萬伏特的高壓電加速到正極端子。
在這個階段，其他帶負電荷的原子因為不穩定而無法到達探測器。而這些帶負電荷的碳原子會轉移到剝離器（一個氣體或金屬箔），在那裡它們將失去電子，成為三價的帶正電碳原子。在這個階段，出現的分子可能被消除掉，因為它們無法存在於這種三價帶電狀態。
帶有三價正電荷的碳原子進一步加速遠離正極端子，穿過另一套聚焦裝置，進行質量分析。
在質量分析中，將磁場套用在這些移動的帶電粒子上，使其偏離移動路徑。如果帶電離子有相同的速度但擁有不同的質量，如同碳同位素的情況，較重的粒子偏離得最小。不同偏轉角度的探測器就能計算粒子數。
在AMS定年的最後階段，不僅收集到樣品中的碳14原子數量，也收集到了碳12和碳13的數量。從這些數據就可推知同位素的濃度比，其可用於評估分餾的等級。
## AMS放射性碳定年的優點
對比輻射測試方法定年，AMS放射性碳定年最大的優點就是樣品量小。對於某些樣品，加速器質譜儀僅需20至500毫克的量，然而常規的方法則需要較多的量，如 [木頭和木炭](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm "wood and charcoal")至少需10克，而[骨頭](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-bones.htm "bones")和沉積物至少需100克。一般而言，加速器質譜儀需要的樣品量少於常規方法的1000倍。
放射性碳定年是一個破壞性過程。因此，其在分析樣品，尤其是微量樣品的能力，對於擁有少量文物的考古學家，以及因材料昂貴或稀有，而無法破壞的研究人員來說，加速器質譜儀是他們的選擇。
由於加速器質譜儀的靈敏度，如血液粒子、穀粒或種子等小粒子碳定年皆有辦法進行。
比起輻射測試方法需要1或2天的時間，加速器質譜儀分析樣品中碳14含量需時更短，一個樣品僅需幾小時即可完成。
最後，不可不提的是，相對於輻射測試法，AMS測量通常精準度更高，而背景值也較低。
## AMS放射性碳定年的缺點
加速器質譜儀雖然是強大的工具，也是昂貴的工具。建置和維護加速器質譜儀需要花費數百萬美元。
由於樣品量太小的關係，污染物控制也很困難。需要執行嚴格的預處理，以確保污染物已清除且不會導致碳定年過程出現重大誤差。
## AMS的其他應用
除了[考古學](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/archaeology.htm "考古學")、地質學和海洋科學研究以外，使用標有14C＂熱＂樣品的生物醫學實驗室，也透過AMS來開發藥物。
加速器質譜儀也被應用於藥物動力學、代謝物分析、毒理學和微劑量給藥。
AMS可用來確定海洋裡碳14的自然豐度、檢測 [沉積層](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-sediments.htm "sedimentary deposits")的碳定年，也可用來繪製分布在溶解無機碳的碳14三維地圖。
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免責聲明：本視頻託管於第三方網站中，可能包含廣告。
本段影片節錄自BETA實驗室網路研討會: [同位素101: 穩定同位素分析導論](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "同位素101: 穩定同位素分析導論")
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### [加速器質量分析法(AMS法)による放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm)
**Published:** March 16, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- 加速器質量分析法では、高エネルギーでイオンを加速し質量分析を行います
- 加速器質量分析法(AMS法)は、放射能分析法（Radiometric法）と比較すると高価ですが、より高精度で、微量試料の測定も可能です
- 加速器質量分析法(AMS法)は、地質学、考古学などの他に、海洋学、生物医学の分野でも用いられています
[放射性炭素年代測定](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/about-carbon-dating.htm "放射性炭素年代測定") の測定方法には放射能分析法[（Radiometric法）](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/radiometric-plus.htm)と加速器質量分析法（AMS法）があります。どちらの分析法も地質試料などの放射性炭素（C14）の濃度を測定するのに利用され、いずれの放射性炭素年代測定法もシュウ酸などの標準試料を基準にします。放射能分析法でも質量分析法でも、放射性炭素年代測定において高品質な年代を得ることができますが、根本的な原理が異なります。
放射能分析法(Radiometric法) では炭素14の放射性壊変で放出されるβ線を計測するのに対して、加速器質量分析法(AMS法)では炭素14原子を直接計数します。 放射能分析法にも質量分析法にも、それぞれ長所、短所があります。
## 加速器質量分析法(AMS法)とは
質量分析法は、原子量に応じて質量を分析する方法です。しかし質量分析法では、同重体（原子番号が異なるが質量が等しい核種：例えば炭素14と窒素14） を区別できません。
原子物理学の進歩によって、質量分析計は質量が類似する核種から特定の核種のみを分離し、分析できるように改良され、現在の加速器質量分析法が誕生しました。この質量分析法によって、提供された試料の放射性炭素のみを検出することが可能となり、炭素14の測定を困難にしていた同重体の存在を考慮する必要がなくなりました。
上記のような理由で放射性炭素年代測定にAMSを用いた質量分析法が盛んに利用されるようになりました。
## 加速器質量分析装置(AMS)の仕組み
**加速器質量分析装置 (AMS）**. による放射性炭素年代測定では、(1)イオンを高エネルギーで加速し、(2)質量分析を行います。
放射性炭素年代測定の質量分析法において一般的に使用される加速器には、サイクロトロン加速器とタンデム加速器があります。
## タンデム加速器を使用したAMS放射性炭素年代測定
放射性炭素年代測定の際、加速質量分析装置で使用できるよう、測定試料から固形のグラファイトを調製します。具体的には、前処理をした試料を用いて、燃焼または酸性化し、CO2を生成後、金属触媒による還元によりグラファイトが調製されます。グラファイト調製時に、試料を燃焼を行いますが、その際、試料に窒素14（N14）などの元素も取り込まれます。
試料を用いて調製された数ミリグラムのグラファイトは、金属ディスクに充填されます。この時に放射性炭素年代測定を行う試料の他に、標準試料・バックグラウンド試料も金属ディスクに充填します。こうした金属ディスクがターゲットホルダーに取り付けられ、AMS測定が行われます。
セシウムガンからイオンがターゲットホルダーに照射され負イオン炭素を生成します。その後、加速器部に導入される前に、インジェクション・マグネット、その他装置を通過します。 この段階で、他の不安定な負イオンは除去されます。負イオン炭素原子は、加速器部に導入され、ガスまたは金属フォイルのストリッパにより陽イオンに変換されます。その際に、同じ質量の分子イオン（13CHなど）は取り除かれます。+3価のイオンのみが選別され、さらに装置を通過して、質量分析を受けます。
質量分析法では、磁場を通過することによって、質量を選別します。原子が磁場を通過する際、軽い質量の原子は重い質量の原子よりよく曲がります。
炭素14年代測定のAMSでは、14C、13C、12Cの同位体比を測定します。
## AMS法による放射性炭素年代測定の長所
AMSを使用した質量分析法で行われる放射性炭素年代測定法では、放射能分析（Radiometric法）と比較し、非常に少ない炭素量で測定が可能です。従来の方法では、[木材](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/archaeology.htm "木材")や炭化物の場合少なくとも10g、骨や[堆積物](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-sediments.htm "堆積物") の場合100g程度の試料が必要でしたが、加速器質量分析（AMS）で必要とされる試料の量は、試料の種類によって20mg～500mg（最小100μg炭素）です。
つまり、加速器質量分析法（AMS法）では、従来法の1/1000の試料での測定が可能なのです。
微量で分析が可能な加速器質量分析（AMS）法は、少量の遺物を扱う考古学者や、非常に高価または希少な試料を扱う研究者に好まれている分析法です。
また、非常に感度が高く、微量な試料（有孔虫化石、種一粒）などでも測定可能です。
放射性炭素測定にかかる時間も、放射能分析（Radiometric法）を用いた測定時間が1-2日、AMSを使用した質量分析法では2-3時間/試料と、大幅に少なくなります。
また、放射能分析（Radiometric法）と比較し、高い精度を得ることでき、低バックグラウンドでの測定が可能です。
## 加速器質量分析装置（AMS）による放射性炭素年代測定の短所
加速器質量分析装置は、放射能分析（Radiometric法）に比べ装置・維持コストが高価です。 AMSを1基を維持するのには数億円の費用が必要です。
また、微量な試料で測定が可能であることから、コンタミネーションをコントロールすることが難しいため、汚染物質が排除され、放射性炭素年代測定の工程において大きな誤差が生じないよう厳密に管理された環境での前処理、測定が必要です。
## 他の分野における加速器質量分析装置（AMS）の利用
考古学、地質学、海洋科学などの調査以外にも、生体医学の分野において、新薬開発のため14Cで標識された試料を用いてAMSが利用されています。
また、AMSはマイクロドージングを用いた薬物動態研究にも用いられています。
また堆積物の年代測定と同様に、海洋における天然レベルの炭素14濃度を測定し、溶存無機炭素の炭素14の三次元的な分布図を作成するためにも加速器質量分析装置が用いられています。
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免責事項:この動画はサードパーティーのサービスを利用しているため広告が表示されることがあります。
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### [가속기 질량 분석법을 이용한 방사성 탄소 연대 측정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm)
**Published:** January 22, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- AMS 연대 측정 방식은 질량 분석 후 엄청나게 높은 운동 에너지로 이온들을 가속합니다.
- 방사 측정에 의한 연대 측정보다 가격은 비싸지만, 훨씬 정밀하며, 소량의 샘플만 있어도 측정 가능합니다.
- 고고학과 지질학 이외, 생의학 연구나 해양 과학 연구 같은 다른 분야에서도 사용 가능합니다.
방사성 탄소를 측정하는 방법에는 두 가지가 있습니다 [방사 측정과 가속기 질량 분석(AMS).](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/radiometric-plus.htm) 고고학 유물과 지질학 샘플의 탄소 14 함유량을 측정하는데 처음에는 이 두 방법이 같이 사용되었는데, 이 두 방법은 옥살 산과 참고 물질과 같은 최근 표준 물질을 사용합니다. 이 두 방법은 모두 좋은 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 결과를 알려주지만 배경 이론은 완전히 다릅니다.
방사 측정에 의한 연대 측정 방법은 탄소 14 원자가 소멸하면서 내는 베타 입자를 측정하지만, 가속기 질량 분석은 샘플에 있는 탄소 14 원자의 수를 셉니다. 서로 장단점이 있습니다.
## 가속기 질량분석법
가속기 질량 분석법은 각각의 원자 무게에 따라 각각의 원자들을 감지하지만 원자들의 등압선을 구별할 만큼 예민하지 못합니다. (질소의 가장 대표적인 동위 원소인 질소 14와 탄소 14의 경우처럼, 서로 다른 원자들이지만 서로 같은 무게를 가진 원자들)
핵물리학 덕분에, 풍부하게 있는 주변 물질에서 희귀한 동위 원소를 분리해주는 질량 분석기가 발전해 왔으며, 이런 가속기 질량 분석법이 탄생했습니다. 샘플에 있는 탄소 14을 탐지하고, 탄소 14가 있다는 신호를 헷갈리게 하는 다양한 다른 동위 원소들을 분리하도록 가속기 질량 분석법은 발전해 왔습니다.
## 작동 방법
가속기 질량 분석법을 이용한 탄소 연대 측정 작업에는 꼭 필요한 두 작업이 있는데 첫째는 매우 높은 운동 에너지로 이온을 가속하는 작업이며, 두 번째는 질량 분석을 하는 것입니다.
두 개의 가속 시스템이 있는데, 하나는 사이클로트론 (cyclotron)이고 다른 하나는 동시 정전기 가속 장치 (tandem electrostatic accelerator)입니다.
## 동시 가속 장치 (Tandem Accelerator)를 이용한 가속기 질량 분석법
가속기 질량 분석을 위해 우선 사전 처리 후 샘플을 고체 형태의 흑연으로 바꿔 준비합니다. 금속 촉매를 이용하여 흑연화 과정을 통해 이산화탄소로 전환함으로써 이루어진다. 하지만 샘플을 태워 흑연으로 만들면, 질소 14와 같은 다른 성분들이 발생합니다.
마침내 샘플들이 아주 작은 몇 밀리 그램 정도의 흑연으로 바뀌게 되었을 때, 금속 원형 판으로 눌러 둡니다. 참고 물질 또한 금속 원형 판으로 눌러 둡니다. 이 금속 원형 판들을 정해진 원형 바퀴에 올려 놓아 차례대로 분석합니다.
정해진 바퀴에서 세슘 총으로 이온을 쏘면, 음이온화된 탄소 원자들이 만들어 지며 이 음이온화된 탄소 원자는 동시 가속 장치에 도달하기 전에 집중 장치와 주입 마그네트 (focusing devices and an injection magnet)을 통과하며, 이 동시 가속 장치에 있는 양극 단자에서 200만 볼트 전압 차로 음이온화된 탄소 원소들을 가속합니다.
이 단계에서 다른 음전기를 띈 원자들은 불안정하여 감지기에 도달하지 못하지만 음전기를 띈 탄소 원자들은 스트립퍼 (가스나 금속 포일)로 이동합니다. 그리고 이 스트립퍼에서 전자를 잃게 되고, 3중 양전기를 띈 탄소 원자가 되며, 이 단계에서 기존에 있던 분자들은 3중 전기를 띈 상태로는 존재할 수 없어서 모두 없어집니다.
3중 양전기를 띈 탄소 원자들은 양극 단자에서 멀리 떨어지게 더 가속화하며, 질량 분석하는 또 다른 여러 개의 집중 장치를 통과합니다.
질량 분석에서 이렇게 움직이는 전하 입자들에 자기장을 이용하며 움직이는 길을 바꾸게 합니다. 탄소의 동위 원소처럼 만약 같은 속도의 전하 입자지만 질량이 서로 다르다면 무거운 입자들은 작은 쪽으로 방향을 틉니다. 방향 바꾸는 여러 각도에서 탐지기는 입자들을 셉니다.
AMS 작동 후의 데이터는 샘플의 탄소 14 원자 수 일뿐 아니라 탄소 12와 탄소 13의 수입니다. 이 데이터로 동위 원소의 농도 비율을 알 수 있어 분류 정도를 평가할 수 있습니다.
## 장점.
AMS 방사성 탄소 연대 측정법이 방사 측정 방법보다 더 좋은 장점은 샘플이 소량 필요하다는 것입니다. AMS 방사성 탄소 연대 측정하기 위한 샘플은 20 밀리그램에서 최대 500 밀리그램이 필요한 반면, 방사 측정 방법을 위해 나무와 석탄 같은 샘플은 10그램, 뼈와 퇴적물 같은 샘플은 100그램 정도가 필요합니다. 가속기 질량분석법은 일반적으로 기존의 방식보다 1,000배나 적은 샘플을 필요로 합니다.
방사성 탄소 연대 측정은 자꾸 작게 분석해 가는 과정입니다. 따라서 아주 미세한 샘플도 분석할 수 있기 때문에 고고학자들이 아주 작은 유물들이나 너무 귀중하고 귀한 물질들이 망가지게 하면 안되기 때문에 선택하는 방법입니다.
가속기 질량 분석 법은 상당히 예민하여 혈흔, 곡물 알, 씨앗 같이 작은 샘플들도 연대 측정할 수 있습니다.
가속기 질량 분석 법은 또한 샘플 분석 시간이 적게 걸립니다. 반면에 방사 측정 방법은 1-2일 정도 소요됩니다. 가속기 질량 분석 법은 단 몇 시간이면 됩니다.
마지막으로, AMS 측정은 방사 측정법 보다 훨씬 정밀하며, 기초 자료가 적게 필요합니다.
## 단점
가속기 질량 분석 기기는 좋은 기계이긴 하지만 상당히 비싸며, 설치하거나, 유지하는데 상당히 많은 돈이 듭니다.
작은 샘플로도 작업이 가능하기 때문에 오염 물질을 통제하기 어렵습니다. 오염 물질을 확실히 제거하기 위해 사전 처리를 철저하게 하면 연대 측정 과정 중에 심각한 오류가 발생하지는 않습니다.
## 이외의 응용 분야
AMS는 [고고학](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/archaeology.htm "고고학"), 지질학, 해양학 이외에도, 의약품 개발 연구에 있어서 방사성탄소가 들어있는 샘플을 사용하는 바이오의학 실험실에서도 사용됩니다.
또한 약물 동력 학, 대사 산물 프로파일링, 독성 학, 극 미세 투여 (microdosing) 분야 등에서도 사용합니다.
퇴적 광상 연대 측정, 해양 내 탄소 14의 자연 존재 비율을 알기 위해 연대 측정을 사용하며, 또한 용존 무기 탄소 내 탄소 14의 3차원 지도를 만들어 탄소 14가 어떻게 퍼져 있는지 보여주는데 AMS 연대 측정을 사용하고 있습니다.
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면책조항: 이 비디오는 제3자의 사이트에 올렸으며, 광고가 포함되어 있습니다.
이 비디오 인용은 Beta 연구소 웨비나의 일부입니다: [동위원소 기초: 동위원소 분석 소개](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "동위원소 기초: 동위원소 분석 소개")
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### [Datazione al radiocarbonio con spettrometria di massa con acceleratore](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/spettrometro-di-massa-con-acceleratore.htm)
**Published:** July 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- La datazione AMS include l’accelerazione degli ioni ad energie cinetiche straordinariamente elevate, seguita da un’analisi della massa.
- Anche se più costosa della datazione radiometrica, la datazione AMS ha una maggiore precisione e richiede minori quantità di campione.
- Oltre che in archeologia e geologia, la datazione AMS viene utilizzata in campi come la ricerca biomedica e le scienze oceaniche.
Esistono due tecniche per misurare il contenuto di radiocarbonio dei campioni—la [datazione radiometrica](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/radiometric-plus.htm) e la datazione AMS (spettrometria di massa con acceleratore). Le due tecniche sono utilizzate principalmente per determinare il contenuto di carbonio-14 di reperti archeologici e campioni geologici. Questi due metodi di [datazione al radiocarbonio](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-al-carbonio.htm "Datazione al radiocarbonio") utilizzano standard moderni come l’acido ossalico ed altri materiali di riferimento. Sebbene entrambi questi metodi garantiscano risultati di alta qualità, sono basati su principi fondamentali differenti.
I metodi di datazione radiometrica rilevano le particelle beta del decadimento degli atomi di carbonio-14, mentre gli spettrometri di massa con acceleratore conteggiano il numero di atomi di carbonio-14 presenti nel campione. Entrambi i metodi presentano vantaggi e svantaggi.
## Spettrometria di massa con acceleratore
Gli spettrometri di massa rilevano gli atomi di elementi specifici in base al loro peso atomico. Tuttavia non hanno la sensibilità necessaria a distinguere le isobare atomiche (atomi di elementi diversi che hanno lo stesso peso atomico, come per il carbonio 14 e l’azoto 14—il più comune isotopo di azoto).
Grazie alla fisica nucleare, gli spettrometri di massa sono stati adattati per separare un isotopo raro da una grande massa vicina, segnando la nascita della spettrometria di massa con acceleratore. È stato così finalmente sviluppato un metodo per rilevare il carbonio-14 in un campione, ignorando gli isotopi più abbondanti che ne sovrastano il segnale.
## Come funziona l’AMS?
Il processo di datazione al radiocarbonio con AMS si divide essenzialmente in due parti. La prima fase prevede l’accelerazione degli ioni ad energie cinetiche straordinariamente elevate, la seconda l’analisi della massa.
Esistono due tipi di acceleratori comunemente utilizzati per la datazione al radiocarbonio con AMS. Uno è il ciclotrone, l’altro è l’acceleratore elettrostatico tandem.
## Analisi AMS con acceleratore Tandem
Dopo il pretrattamento, i campioni sono preparati per essere utilizzati in uno spettrometro di massa con acceleratore convertendoli in grafite solida. Questo avviene convertendo i campioni in anidride carbonica con successiva grafitizzazione in presenza di un catalizzatore metallico. Bruciando i campioni per convertirli in grafite, tuttavia, si introducono nel campione anche altri elementi come l’azoto-14.
Una volta che i campioni sono stati convertiti in pochi milligrammi di grafite, vengono pressati su un disco di metallo. Anche i materiali di riferimento vengono pressati su dischi di metallo. Questi dischi vengono montati su un supporto rotante in modo che possano essere analizzati in sequenza.
In seguito, ioni vengono sparati sui campioni da una pistola al cesio, producendo atomi di carbonio ionizzati negativamente. Questi passano attraverso i dispositivi di focalizzazione ed un magnete a iniezione prima di raggiungere l’acceleratore tandem, dove sono accelerati verso il terminale positivo da una differenza di tensione di due milioni di volt.
In questa fase, gli altri atomi con carica negativa sono instabili e non possono raggiungere il rivelatore. Gli atomi di carbonio con carica negativa, tuttavia, passano su di uno “stripper” (un gas o un foglio di metallo) dove perdono gli elettroni ed emergono come atomi di carbonio con tripla carica positiva. In questa fase, eventuali molecole presenti vengono eliminate, poiché non possono esistere in questo stato di tripla carica.
Gli atomi di carbonio con tripla carica positiva accelerano ulteriormente allontanandosi dal terminale positivo e passano attraverso un altro set di dispositivi di focalizzazione dove avviene l’analisi della massa.
Nell’analisi della massa, un campo magnetico viene applicato a queste particelle in movimento, che vengono deviate dal proprio percorso. Se le particelle cariche hanno la stessa velocità, ma masse differenti, come nel caso degli isotopi di carbonio, le particelle più pesanti subiscono una deviazione minore. I rilevatori posti a diversi angoli di deviazione contano quindi le particelle.
Al termine del ciclo AMS, i dati raccolti non includono solo il numero di atomi di carbonio-14 nel campione, ma anche la quantità di atomi di carbonio-12 e carbonio-13. Con questi dati, è possibile conoscere il rapporto di concentrazione degli isotopi e valutare il loro livello di frazionamento.
## Vantaggi dell’analisi AMS
Il principale vantaggio che la datazione al radiocarbonio con AMS offre rispetto ai metodi radiometrici è la ridotta quantità di campione richiesta. Gli spettrometri di massa con acceleratore richiedono da un minimo di 20 ad un massimo di 500 milligrammi per campioni per i quali i metodi convenzionali richiedono almeno 10 grammi, ad esempio [legno e carbone](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-il-carbone-con-il-carbonio.htm "Legno e carbone"), e fino a 100 grammi per [ossa](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-le-ossa.htm "Ossa") e sedimenti. Gli spettrometri di massa con acceleratore richiedono solitamente minori quantità di campione rispetto ai metodi tradizionali, con un rapporto di 1 a 1.000.
La datazione al radiocarbonio è un processo distruttivo. Per questo motivo, grazie alla capacità di analizzare quantità di campione anche estremamente ridotte, la spettrometria di massa con acceleratore è il metodo scelto dagli archeologi che vogliono datare piccoli artefatti e da chi non può distruggere materiali molto costosi o rari.
Grazie alla sensibilità della spettrometria di massa con acceleratore, è stata resa possibile la datazione al carbonio di piccole particelle di sangue, granelli o semi.
Inoltre la spettrometria di massa con acceleratore richiede meno tempo per analizzare il contenuto di carbonio-14 rispetto ai metodi di datazione radiometrici che possono richiedere uno o due giorni. Uno spettrometro di massa con acceleratore impiega poche ore per campione.
Infine, è necessario tenere presente che le misurazioni AMS raggiungono di norma una maggiore precisione ed un contesto ristretto rispetto ai metodi di datazione radiometrica.
## Svantaggi della datazione al radiocarbonio con AMS
Uno spettrometro di massa con acceleratore è uno strumento molto potente, ma altrettanto costoso. Mettere e mantenere in funzione uno spettrometro di massa con acceleratore richiede milioni di dollari.
Date le piccole quantità di campione utilizzate è inoltre difficile controllare i contaminanti. Sono necessari pretrattamenti rigorosi per assicurarsi che i contaminanti vengano eliminati e non generino errori sostanziali durante il processo di datazione al carbonio.
## AMS – Altre applicazioni
Oltre che in [archeologia](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/archeologia.htm "Archeologia"), geologia e nelle scienze oceaniche, l’analisi AMS viene impiegata anche nei laboratori biomedici, su campioni “caldi” sottoposti a misurazioni del carbonio-14 nell’ambito della ricerca medica.
La spettrometria di massa con acceleratore viene inoltre utilizzata in farmacocinetica, metabolomica, tossicologia e microdosaggio.
L’AMS è utilizzata per determinare i livelli di abbondanza naturale del carbonio-14 negli oceani, oltre che per datare al carbonio i [depositi sedimentari](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-i-sedimenti-con-l-ams.htm "Depositi sedimentari"). La spettrometria di massa con acceleratore è stata utilizzata per realizzare una mappa tridimensionale della distribuzione del carbonio-14 nel carbonio inorganico disciolto.
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Avvertenza: questo video è ospitato su un sito esterno e potrebbe contenere pubblicità.
Questo estratto fa parte del webinar di Beta Analytic: [Introduzione agli isotopi: nozioni di base sull’analisi isotopica](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Introduzione agli isotopi: nozioni di base sull'analisi isotopica")
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### [Datation radiocarbone par spectrométrie de masse par accélérateur](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/spectrometrie-acceleration-masse.htm)
**Published:** June 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- La datation AMS consiste à accélérer des ions à de très hautes énergies cinétiques, avant de procéder à une analyse de masse.
- Bien qu’elle soit plus chère que la datation radiométrique, la datation AMS permet une plus grande précision et l’analyse nécessite moins de matière.
- En plus de la géologie et de l’archéologie, la datation AMS est également utilisée dans d’autres domaines, comme dans la recherche biomédicale et dans les recherches en sciences océanographiques.
Il existe deux techniques pour mesurer le contenu en radiocarbone des échantillons : par [datation radiométrique](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/radiometric-plus.htm) ou par spectrométrie de masse par accélérateur (AMS). Les deux méthodes de [datation par le radiocarbone](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/a-propos-datation-carbone.htm "datation radiocarbone") sont utilisées principalement pour déterminer la teneur en carbone dans les artefacts archéologiques et les échantillons géologiques. Elles utilisent des standards modernes comme l’acide oxalique ainsi que d’autres références. Bien qu’elles donnent des résultats de haute qualité, elles sont fondamentalement différentes dans leurs principes.
La datation radiométrique détecte les particules bêta émises lors de la désintégration du carbone 14, alors que la spectrométrie de masse par accélérateur compte le nombre d’atomes de carbone 14 présents dans l’échantillon. Les deux méthodes ont leurs avantages et leurs inconvénients.
## La spectrométrie de masse par accélérateur
Un spectromètre de masse détecte des atomes spécifiques grâce à leur masse atomique. Ils n’ont pas la sensibilité suffisante pour distinguer deux atomes isobares (atomes de différents éléments avec une même masse atomique, comme dans le cas du carbone 14 et de l’azote 14, le plus répandu des isotopes d’azote).
Grâce à la physique nucléaire, les spectromètres de masse ont été affinés pour séparer un isotope rare d’un élément de masse proche, aboutissant à la méthode AMS. Il est devenu possible de détecter un atome de carbone 14 présent dans un échantillon, tout en ignorant les isotopes abondants qui peuvent troubler le signal.
## Fonctionnement de l’analyse AMS
Elle se compose essentiellement de deux étapes : la première phase consiste à accélérer les ions jusqu’à une très haute énergie cinétique, avant de passer à la deuxième phase consistant en l’analyse de masse.
Deux systèmes d’accélération sont couramment utilisés dans la datation par AMS. Le cyclotron et l’accélérateur électrostatique Tandem.
## Analyse AMS dans un accélérateur Tandem
Après le prétraitement, les échantillons sont convertis en graphite solide, en vue de leur entrée dans le spectromètre. Cela est réalisé par conversion en dioxyde de carbone, qui est ensuite transformé en graphite en présence d’un catalyseur métallique. Cette étape de combustion introduit également d’autres éléments comme l’azote 14.
Les quelques milligrammes de graphite ainsi obtenus, ainsi que les matériaux de référence, sont pressés sur des pastilles métalliques, qui seront montées sur l’appareil pour l’analyse.
Des ions de césium bombardent la cible, produisant des atomes de carbone ionisés négativement, qui passent ensuite à travers les dispositifs de focalisation, et un aimant d’injection, avant d’atteindre l’accélérateur tandem, où ils seront accélérés grâce à une différence de tension de deux millions de volts.
A ce stade, les autres atomes chargés négativement sont instables et ne peuvent atteindre le détecteur. Les atomes de carbone chargés négativement, toutefois, atteignent l’éplucheur (gaz ou feuille de métal) où ils perdent des électrons et apparaissent avec une charge positive triple. Les autres molécules, ne pouvant avoir cette charge, sont alors éliminées.
Les carbones triplement chargés positivement sont de nouveau accélérés loin de la borne positive et passent à travers une série de dispositifs de focalisation où l’analyse de masse à lieu.
Un champ magnétique est appliqué aux particules chargées en mouvement, qui va les faire dévier. Si les particules chargées ont la même vélocité mais des masses différentes, comme dans le cas des isotopes de carbone, les particules les plus lourdes dévieront moins. Des détecteurs sont placés à différents angles pour compter les particules.
À la fin d’une série de test AMS, les résultats permettent de connaître la quantité de carbone 14 dans l’échantillon, ainsi que des carbones 12 et 13. À partir de ces données, il est possible de déterminer le ratio de concentration des isotopes.
## Avantages de l’analyse AMS
Le plus grand avantage de la datation par la méthode AMS par rapport à la méthode radiométrique est la taille réduite de l’échantillon nécessaire. Entre 20 et 500 milligrammes suffisent dans la plupart des cas, par rapport à 10 grammes pour [le bois et le charbon](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-charbon.htm "le bois et le charbon") dans les méthodes conventionnelles, et 100 grammes d’[ossements](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-os.htm "ossements") et de sédiments. Il y a globalement un facteur 1000 entre les deux méthodes.
La datation étant un processus destructif, une analyse par AMS, qui ne réclame que des quantités infimes, est la méthode de prédilection pour les archéologues avec de petits artefacts, et pour tous ceux qui ont des matériaux rares ou coûteux.
Leur sensibilité accrue les autorise à étudier des particules aussi fines que du sang, des céréales ou des graines.
Le temps d’analyse est lui aussi réduit par rapport à une analyse radiométrique, qui peut durer de un à deux jours. Quelques heures suffisent habituellement pour un échantillon.
Enfin, il convient de noter que les mesures obtenues atteignent généralement une plus grande précision avec un bruit de fond plus bas.
## Inconvénients de la datation par AMS
Un accélérateur à spectrométrie de masse est un outil puissant, mais très coûteux à construire et à entretenir. Plusieurs millions de dollars sont nécessaires.
La petite taille des échantillons rend le contrôle des contaminations plus délicat. Un prétraitement rigoureux est nécessaire afin de les éviter, et de minimiser les erreurs éventuelles lors du processus de datation.
## Autres applications de l’analyse AMS
La spectrométrie de masse par accélérateur est souvent associée à l’archéologie, à la géologie et à l’océanographie, mais elle est également utilisée par des laboratoires biomédicaux qui utilisent des échantillons marqués avec du carbone 14 pour l’élaboration de médicaments.
Elle peut être utilisée en pharmacocinétique, profilage métabolique, toxicologie et microdosage.
Elle sert à déterminer les niveaux d’abondance naturelle de carbone 14 dans les océans ainsi qu’à dater les [dépôts sédimentaires](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-sma-sediments.htm "dépôts sédimentaires"). Cette méthode a permis de construire une carte tridimensionnelle de la distribution de carbone 14 dans le carbone inorganique dissous.
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Cet extrait vidéo fait partie du webinaire de Beta Analytic: [Introduction à l’analyse isotopique](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Introduction à l'analyse isotopique")
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### [La espectrometría de masas con aceleradores en la datación radiocarbónica](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/acelerador-masa-espectrometria.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- La datación por AMS consiste en acelerar los iones a energías cinéticas extraordinariamente altas para realizar un análisis de masa.
- Aunque más cara que la datación radiométrica, la datación por AMS tiene una mayor precisión y es adecuada para muestras pequeñas.
- Además de en arqueología y geología, la datación por AMS también se utiliza en otros campos como la investigación biomédica o en oceanografía.
Existen dos técnicas de medición de radiocarbono en muestras: a través de [datación radiométrica](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/radiometrica-plus.htm) y por espectrometría de masas con aceleradores (AMS). Las dos técnicas se utilizan principalmente en la determinación de contenido de carbono 14 de objetos arqueológicos y muestras geológicas. Estos dos métodos de [datación por radiocarbono](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/sobre-carbono-datacion.htm "datación por radiocarbono") usan estándares modernos tales como ácido oxálico y otros materiales de referencia y, aunque los dos métodos de datación por radiocarbono producen resultados de alta calidad, tienen principios fundamentalmente diferentes.
Los métodos de datación radiométrica detectan partículas beta a partir del decaimiento de átomos de carbono 14, mientras los espectrómetros de masas con aceleradores cuentan el número de átomos de carbono 14 presentes en la muestra. Ambos métodos tienen ventajas y desventajas.
## Espectrómetro de masas con aceleradores
Los espectrómetros de masas detectan átomos de elementos específicos de acuerdo a sus pesos atómicos. Sin embargo, no tienen la sensibilidad para distinguir isobaros atómicos (átomos de elementos diferentes que tienen el mismo peso atómico, tal como en el caso del carbono 14 y el nitrógeno 14, el isótopo más común de nitrógeno).
Gracias a la física nuclear, los espectrómetros de masas se pudieron ajustar para separar un isótopo raro de una masa vecina abundante, naciendo así el espectrómetro de masas con aceleradores y un método para detectar el carbono 14 en una muestra ignorando los abundantes isótopos que inundan la señal de carbono 14.
## ¿Cómo funciona el AMS?
La datación por radiocarbono a través de espectrómetro de masas con aceleradores consta de dos partes fundamentales: la primera parte consiste en acelerar los iones a energías cinéticas extraordinariamente altas y el siguiente paso consiste en realizar un análisis de masa.
Hay dos sistemas aceleradores comúnmente utilizados para datación por radiocarbono con un espectrómetro de masas con aceleradores: el ciclotrón, y el acelerador electrostático en tándem.
## Análisis de AMS con acelerador en tándem
Después del pretratamiento, las muestras a datar se preparan para el espectrómetro de masas con aceleradores, convirtiéndolas en una forma de grafito sólido. Esto se realiza mediante la conversión a dióxido de carbono con la subsiguiente grafitización en presencia de un catalizador metálico. Sin embargo, al quemar las muestras para convertirlas en grafito, se introducen otros elementos en la misma, como nitrógeno 14.
Cuando las muestras han sido finalmente transformadas en unos pocos miligramos de grafito, se introducen en un disco de metal. Asimismo también se introducen otros materiales de referencia son también presionados en estos discos de metal, que se montan luego en una rueda de referencia para que puedan analizarse de manera secuencial.
Posteriormente, se bombardean de cesio contra la rueda de referencia, produciendo átomos de carbono ionizados negativamente que pasan a través de dispositivos de enfoque y un imán de inyección antes de alcanzar el acelerador en tándem, donde son aceleran hacia la terminal positiva por una diferencia de voltaje de dos millones de voltios.
En esta etapa, otros átomos cargados negativamente son inestables y no pueden llegar al detector. Los átomos de carbono con carga negativa, sin embargo, pasan al stripper (un gas o una lámina de metal) donde pierden los electrones y emergen como átomos triples, cargados positivamente. Aquí, las moléculas que puedan estar presentes son eliminadas, ya que no pueden existir en este estado de carga triple.
Los átomos de carbono con triple carga positiva alejan aún más de la terminal positiva y pasan a través de otro conjunto de dispositivos de enfoque en el que se produce el análisis de masa.
En el análisis de masa, se aplica un campo magnético a estas partículas cargadas en movimiento, lo que provoca que las partículas se desvíen de la ruta que estaban recorriendo. SI las partículas cargadas tienen la misma velocidad pero diferentes masas, como en el caso de los isótopos de carbono, las partículas más pesadas se desvían con menos intensidad. Finalmente, los detectores con diferentes ángulos de desviación cuentan las partículas.
Al final del proceso de AMS se obtiene el número de átomos de carbono 14 en la muestra, así como la cantidad de carbono 12 y carbono 13. A partir de estos datos, la relación de la concentración de los isótopos permite evaluar el nivel de fraccionamiento.
## Ventajas del análisis por AMS
La mayor ventaja que la datación por radiocarbono AMS tiene sobre el método radiométrico es que no necesita muestras grandes. Los espectrómetros de masas con aceleradores apenas necesitan muestras de 20 mg a 500 mg, mientras que los métodos convencionales necesitan por lo menos 10 gramos de muestra de materiales como la madera y el carbón vegetal, o unos 100 gramos para huesos y sedimentos. En general, los espectrómetros de masas con aceleradores suelen muestras 1.000 veces menores que los métodos convencionales.
La datación por radiocarbono es un proceso destructivo. Por lo tanto, debido a su capacidad para analizar pequeñas cantidades de muestras, el espectrómetro de masas con aceleradores es el método preferido de los arqueólogos que no cuentan con muestras más grandes o que no pueden destruir materiales muy costosos o raros.
Gracias a la sensibilidad de los espectrómetros de masas con aceleradores es posible datar partículas tan pequeñas como partículas de sangre, granos o semillas.
La espectrometría de masas con aceleradores también es un método más rápido que los métodos de datación radiométricos, que pueden necesitar uno o dos días. El espectrómetro de masas con aceleradores tiene un tiempo de ejecución de pocas horas por muestra.
Por último, cabe señalar que las mediciones AMS suelen tener una mayor precisión y necesitan menores referencias que los métodos de datación radiométricos.
## Desventajas de la datación de radiocarbono por AMS
Un espectrómetro de masas con aceleradores es una poderosa herramienta, pero también es muy costoso. Configurar y mantener una de estas máquinas cuesta millones de dólares.
Asimismo, porque se utiliza para muestras pequeñas, el control de los contaminantes es difícil. Son necesarios pretratamientos rigurosos que garanticen que los contaminantes han sido eliminados y no inducirán a errores substanciales durante el proceso de datación.
## Otras aplicaciones del análisis por AMS
Aparte de en la [arqueología](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/arqueologia.htm "archaeology"), la geología y la oceanografía, el análisis por AMS también se utiliza en laboratorios biomédicos en muestras “calientes” marcadas con 14C para el descubrimiento de fármacos.
Los espectrómetros de masas con aceleradores también se utilizan en farmacocinética, perfiles de metabolitos, toxicología, y micro dosificación.
También se utilizan para determinar los niveles de abundancia natural de carbono 14 en los océanos, así como para datar los [depósitos sedimentarios](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/ams-datacion-sedimentos.htm "depósitos de carbono fecha sedimentaria"). La espectrometría de masas con aceleradores también se ha utilizado en la construcción de un mapa tridimensional de la distribución de carbono 14 en carbono inorgánico disuelto.
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Exención de responsabilidad: Este video está alojado en un sitio externo y puede contener publicidad.
Este vídeo forma parte del webinario de Beta Analytic: [Una introducción al análisis de isótopos estables](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Una introducción al análisis de isótopos estables")
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### [C-14 Datierung mittels Massenbeschleunigungsspektrometrie](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/massen-beschleunigung-spektrometrie.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Bei der AMS Datierung werden die Ionen mittels hohen kinetischen Energien beschleunigt und danach dem Massenanalysator zugeführt.
- Die AMS Datierung ist teurer als die radiometrische Datierung, allerdings ist die AMS Datierung auch präziser und benötigt eine kleinere Probenmenge.
- Neben der Archäologie und der Geologie wird die AMS Datierung auch in weiteren Bereichen, wie der biomedizinischen Forschung und den Meereswissenschaften, angewendet.
Es gibt zwei Verfahren, um das C-14 in einer Probe zu messen—die [radiometrische Datierung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/radiometrisch-plus.htm) und die Massenbeschleunigungsspektrometrie (AMS). Die zwei Verfahren werden hauptsächlich dazu verwendet die C-14 Anteile in archäologischen Artefakten oder geologischen Proben zu bestimmen. Beide C-14 Datierungsverfahren benutzen moderne Standards, wie Oxalsäure oder andere Vergleichsstoffe. Beide C-14 Datierungsmethoden erzeugen hochqualitative Befunde, jedoch unterscheiden sich die Verfahren grundlegend.
Die radiometrischen Datierungsmethoden messen die Betapartikel, die durch den Zerfall von C-14 Atomen entstehen, während die Massenbeschleunigungsspektrometrie die Anzahl der C-14 Atome in der Probe zählt. Beide Kohlenstoff Datierungsmethoden haben Vor- und Nachteile.
## Massenbeschleunigungsspektrometrie
Massenspektrometer erkennen Atome bestimmter Elemente an ihrer Atommasse. Sie verfügen allerdings nicht über die Empfindlichkeit um Isobare (Atome von verschiedenen Elementen, die das gleiche Atomgewicht haben, wie z.B. C-14 und Stickstoff-14—das häufigste Isotop in Stickstoff) unterscheiden zu können.
Dank der Kernphysik wurden die Spektrometer fein abgestimmt, um so ein seltenes Isotop von seiner üppigen Nachbarmasse trennen zu können. Damit war die Massenbeschleunigungsspektrometrie geboren. Endlich war eine Methode entwickelt worden, die das C-14 in einer Probe messen kann und dabei die reichlich vorhandenen Isotope, die die C-14 Signale überschwemmen, ignoriert werden.
## Wie funktioniert die AMS?
Der Prozess der C-14 Datierung mittels Massenbeschleunigungsspektrometrie besteht im Wesentlichen aus zwei Teilen. Der erste Teil umfasst das Beschleunigen der Ionen auf außerordentlich hohe kinetische Energien und der anschließende Schritt ist die Auswertung im Massenanalysator.
Es gibt zwei Beschleuniger-Systeme, die häufig für eine C-14 Datierung durch die Massen Beschleunigung Spektrometrie eingesetzt werden. Eines ist das Zyklotron und das andere ist der Elektrostatische Tandembeschleuniger.
## AMS Analyse mittels Tandembeschleuniger
Nach der Vorbehandlung werden die Proben, deren C-14 datiert werden sollen, auf die Behandlung mit dem Massenbeschleunigungsspektrometer vorbereitet, indem sie in eine feste Graphitform konvertiert werden. Dies wird erreicht durch die Umwandlung in Kohlendioxid mit anschließender Graphitisierung in Gegenwart eines Metallkatalysators. Durch das Brennen und Konvertieren der Proben zu Graphit kommen die Proben allerdings auch mit anderen Elementen, wie z.B. Stickstoff-14 in Kontakt.
Wenn die Proben auf diese Weise letztendlich in ein paar Milligramm Graphit konvertiert wurden, werden sie auf eine Metallscheibe gepresst. Es werden auch Referenzmaterialien auf Metallscheiben gepresst. Diese Metallscheiben werden dann auf eine Zielscheibe montiert, damit sie der Reihe nach analysiert werden können.
Ionen werden dann aus einer Cäsiumpistole auf die Zielscheibe abgefeuert, dadurch werden negativ ionisierte Kohlenstoffatome erzeugt. Diese negativ ionisierten Kohlenstoffatome werden dann durch Fokussiergeräte und einen Injektionsmagnet geleitet, bevor sie den Tandem Beschleuniger erreichen, der die Atome dann durch den positiven Anschlusspunkt bei einer Spannungsdifferenz von zwei Millionen Volt beschleunigt.
In dieser Phase sind andere negativ geladenen Atome instabil und können den Detektor nicht erreichen. Die negativ geladenen Kohlenstoffatome allerdings bewegen sich weiter zum Stripper (eine Gas- oder Metallfolie), wo sie ihre Elektronen verlieren und zu dreifach positiv geladenen Atomen werden. In dieser Phase werden Moleküle eliminiert, weil diese in der dreifach geladenen Umgebung nicht bestehen können.
Die dreifach positiv geladenen Atome bewegen sich bei weiterer Beschleunigung weiter vom positiven Terminal weg und gelangen durch weitere Fokussiergeräte, in denen dann die Massenanalyse stattfindet.
Bei der Massenanalyse werden diese beweglichen geladenen Teilchen einem Magnetfeld ausgesetzt. Dies hat zur Folge hat, dass die Partikel von ihrem ursprünglichen Weg abkommen. Wenn die geladenen Teilchen die gleiche Geschwindigkeit, aber eine unterschiedliche Masse aufweisen, wie im Fall der C-Isotope, werden die schwereren Teilchen zuletzt abgelenkt. Detektoren mit unterschiedlichen Ablenkwinkeln zählen dann die Partikel.
Der Befund am Ende eines AMS Durchlaufs gibt nicht nur Aufschluss über die Anzahl der C-14 Atome in der Probe, sondern auch die Menge der C-12 und C-13 Atome. Aus diesen Daten kann man das Konzentrationsverhältnis von Isotopen erkennen. In Folge dessen wiederum lässt sich eine Bewertung des Ausmaßes der Fraktionierung abgeben.
## Vorteile der AMS Analyse
Der größte Vorteil der AMS Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung gegenüber den radiometrischen Verfahren ist die kleine Probenmenge. Massenbeschleunigungsspektrometer benötigen nur zwischen 20 und 500 Milligramm einer Probe, wobei konventionelle Methoden mindestens 10 Gramm für eine Holz- oder Holzkohleprobe benötigen. Für eine Knochen- oder Sedimentprobe sogar bis zu 100 Gramm. Massenbeschleunigungsspektrometer benötigen circa 1.000-mal weniger Probenmaterial als konventionelle Methoden.
Durch die Radiokohlenstoff-Datierung werden die Proben zerstört. Darum wird die AMS Datierung von vielen Archäologen bevorzugt, weil sie nur eine kleine Probenmenge benötigt und die Archäologen verständlicherweise keine kleinen, teuren oder wertvollen Artefakte zerstören möchten.
Die Massenbeschleunigungsspektrometer sind so sensibel, dass man sogar kleine Partikel, wie etwa Blutpartikel, ein Korn oder einen Samen datieren kann.
Die AMS Datierung benötigt für eine Analyse von Proben außerdem weniger Zeit als das radiometrische Verfahren, welches 1-2 Tage dauern kann. Dagegen benötigt ein Massenbeschleunigungsspektrometer für eine Probe nur wenige Stunden.
Schließlich ist noch festzuhalten, dass AMS-Messungen in der Regel eine höhere Präzision und geringere Hintergründe aufweisen, als radiometrischen Datierungsverfahren.
## Nachteile der AMS Radiokarbon Datierung
Die Massen Beschleunigung Spektrometrie ist ein leistungsstarkes Werkzeug, aber auch teuer. Der Aufbau und die Instandhaltung eines Massenbeschleunigungsspektrometers kostet mehrere Millionen Dollar.
Auf Grund der geringen Probenmenge ist die Prüfung auf Kontaminaten schwierig. Eine rigorose Vorbehandlung ist nötig um sicherzustellen, dass alle Verunreinigungen eliminiert wurden und diese somit nicht zu erheblichen Fehlern bei der Kohlenstoff-Datierung führen können.
## Andere Anwendungsgebiete der AMS
Neben [Archäologie](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/archaologie.htm "Archäologie"), Geologie und Ozeanforschung wird AMS außerdem von biomedizinischen Laboren für “heiße” Proben verwendet, die mit 14C markiert wurden, um Drogen zu entdecken.
Massenbeschleunigungsspektrometer werden auch in der Pharmakokinetik, Metabolitdarstellung, Toxikologie und Mikrodosierung eingesetzt.
Die AMS wird auch verwendet, um natürlich vorkommende Ebenen von C-14 in den Ozeanen und sedimentäre Ablagerungen zu datieren. Die Massenbeschleunigungsspektrometrie wurde benutzt, um eine drei-dimensionale Karte der C-14 Verteilung in gelöstem anorganischem Kohlenstoff zu erstellen.
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Haftungsausschluss: Dieses Video wird auf der Website Dritter bereit gestellt und kann Werbung enthalten.
Dieser Videoauszug ist Teil des Webinars von Beta Analytic: [Isotope: Eine Einführung in die Isotopenanalyse](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Isotope: Eine Einführung in die Isotopenanalyse")
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### [年輪年代と放射性炭素年代の較正](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/tree-ring-calibration.htm)
**Published:** March 16, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- 木年輪が炭素年代測定の放射性炭素年代を較正するために利用されます。
- 全地球的な放射性炭素濃度は経年変動しているため、放射性炭素年代をそのまま暦年代に読み替えることができません。
- 放射性炭素年代の暦年代への変換は較正曲線を用いて行われ、結果は年代の幅で示されます。 較正の方法には交点法と確率法があります。
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免責事項:この動画はサードパーティーのサービスを利用しているため広告が表示されることがあります。
## 放射性炭素年代、半減期、放射性炭素年代の較正
暦年代への較正を行っていない放射性炭素年代は一般的に西暦1950年を基準年（0年）としたBP (Before Present またはBefore Physics) で報告されます。
BPは他の年代測定方法でも用いられることがありますが、放射性炭素年代測定とは定義が異なりますので注意が必要です。
放射性炭素年代測定において用いられる半減期は「5568年」で、これはウイリアム・リビーによって決められました。
ケンブリッジの半減期(5730年)はより正確とされていますが、途中で半減期を変更することで生じる混乱を避けるために用いられていません。
よって、放射性炭素年代では半減期を5568年とし、大気の炭素14濃度が過去から現在まで同じであるという前提で計算されますのですが、実際の大気炭素14濃度は変動しているため、放射性炭素年代を暦年代としてそのまま利用することができないのです。
そのため、放射性炭素年代の暦年代への変換が必要となります。
その手段として最も汎用性が高いものが、年輪年代（デンドロ・クロノロジー）を利用したものです。
## デンドロ・クロノロジーと放射性炭素年代
デンドロ・クロノロジーは木が1年に1年輪を形成して生長することを利用することから、「年輪年代法」と呼ばれます。
木年輪のパターンを解析することによって、年輪がいつ形成されたものかを特定するのです。
このデンドロ・クロノロジーの知見は炭素年代測定に重要な役割を果たしました。
デンドロ・クロノロジーによって年代のわかっている木年輪の炭素年代測定を行うことで、放射性炭素年代の正確度を検証することができました。
1950年代、著名なDutchman Hessel de Vriesらの科学者が多くの検証を行い、年輪年代と放射性炭素年代が一致しないことを確認しました
今でも年輪年代法は、放射性炭素年代の較正において最も重要な役割を果たしています。
年輪年代と放射性炭素年代の比較により、約11000年前までの放射性炭素年代較正が可能です。(注)主に較正のために使用される木は、ブリスルコーン松(アメリカ)とオーク（ドイツ）です。
## 放射性炭素年代の年輪較正
原理的には、炭素14を測定する炭素年代測定を行う試料の放射性炭素濃度と、既知年代年輪の放射性炭素濃度を比較することによって、測定試料の実年代を決定することは簡単です。
もし既知年代年輪と測定試料の放射性炭素年濃度が同じであったら、測定試料の年代はその年輪の年代であると結論できるからです。
しかし、実際にはそう簡単に実年代を決定することはできません。
その主な理由は、年輪の放射性炭素年代にも、炭素年代測定を行う試料の放射性炭素年代にも誤差があるからです。従って、一般的に較正された放射性炭素年代は、単年ではなく、ある程度の幅をもって示されます。放射性炭素年代の較正のためには較正曲線が必要であり、確率法または交点法によって結果が示されます。
## 較正曲線
最初の較正曲線は、連続した年輪年代を利用して、約8000年前まで作成されました。
これは、1960年代におけるWesley Ferguson 、Hans Suessらの功績です。Suessの曲線はブリスルコーン松の年輪を基本に作成されました。
Suessの曲線以来多くの較正曲線が発表されました。しかしその数が増えるにつれて、新たな問題が生じることとなりました。
後に加速器質量分析(AMS)による高精度な放射性炭素年代測定が一般的に利用されるようになりさらに較正曲線の改良が進み、ベルファスト研究所によるアイリッシュ・オークの年輪年代に基づいた高精度の較正曲線が作成されました。
今日、国際的に認められた暦年代較正曲線は、約B.C.48000 まで到達しています。(Reimer et. al., INTCAL13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0 – 50000 yrs cal BP, Radiocarbon 55(4), 2013)
1950年以降に関しては、非常に多くの大気C14濃度のデータが得られており、そうしたデータは1950年以降の若い試料の暦年代を得るのに有効です。(Hua, et. al. Atmospheric Radiocarbon for the period 1950-2010, Radiocarbon, 55(4), 2013).
一般的な [較正曲線](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/calendar-calibration-carbon-dating.htm "較正曲線") のX軸は較正年代、Y軸は放射性炭素年代を示します。
## 較正における慣習
較正された年代に関しては、単にBC, AD, BPと記述するより、cal BC, cal AD, cal BPと記載するほうが混乱を避けられるでしょう。
cal BC, cal ADは西暦年に相当しますが、cal BPは1950年が基準年となります。
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免責事項:この動画はサードパーティーのサービスを利用しているため広告が表示されることがあります。
## 放射性炭素年代の記載
結果の報告では、較正暦年代だけでなく、較正されていない放射性炭素年代、較正のデータセット、較正方法、較正結果の確かさ(確率)も併記されるべきです。
*最終更新：2016年5月*
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### [방사성 탄소의 나이테 보정](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/tree-ring-calibration.htm)
**Published:** January 27, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- 나이테는 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 결과를 보정하는데 사용합니다.
- 결과의 보정은 시간에 따른 전세계 방사성 탄소 농도 변화 설명에 꼭 필요합니다.
- 보정 곡선에 쓰이는 절편 법이나 확률 법으로 계산한 연령 범위로 보정 결과를 보고합니다.
방사성 탄소 (radiocarbon)라고도 불리는 탄소 14는 자연적으로 생긴 탄소의 동위 원소입니다. 불안정적이며, 탄소12와 탄소13과 달리 방사성을 가지고 있습니다. 탄소는 99%의 탄소 12, 1%의 탄소 13, 그리고 수백만분의 1인 탄소 14로 구성되어 있습니다.
방사성 탄소 연대 측정에서는 연대 측정 결과를 기록하고, 방사성 탄소 연대을 일반 달력 연대로 바꾸기 위해 보정이 필요합니다.
---
면책조항: 이 비디오는 제3자의 사이트에 올렸으며, 광고가 포함되어 있습니다.
이 비디오 인용은 Beta 연구소 웨비나의 일부입니다: [동위원소 기초: 동위원소 분석 소개](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "동위원소 기초: 동위원소 분석 소개")
## 측정 단위, 반감기, 보정의 필요성
서기 1500년을 0 (zero) BP로 정의한 연대 BP는 보정되지 않은 방사성 탄소 연대입니다. BP는 “Before Present (현재 전)”나 “Before Physics (물리학 전)”의 약자입니다. BP 계산 공식은 다른 연대 결정 기술에서도 쓰이지만 조금씩 다르게 정합니다. 예를 들어 열발광학 연대 측정에서는 BP를 서기 1980년으로 정합니다.
또한 탄소 연대 측정 계산에서 사용하는 반감기는 화학자 Willard Libby씨가 밝힌 값인 5568년이지만 캠브릿지 반감기라 알려진 5730년보다 더 정확하지는 않습니다. 비록 덜 정확하지만, 캠브릿지 반감기 발견 전후에 생긴 방사성 탄소 연대를 비교해 봤을 때 불확실과 오류를 피하기 위해 Libby씨의 반감기를 그냥 사용합니다.
방사성 탄소 연대 측정은 대기권의 방사성 탄소의 농도는 1950년처럼 항상 일정하며, 탄소 14의 반감기는 5568년이라는 가정 하에 시작합니다. 방사성 탄소 결과의 보정은 오랜 기간 동안 방사성 탄소의 대기 중 농도 변화를 설명하는데 필요합니다. 지구의 지자기 변동, 화석 연료 과다 사용, 핵 실험등과 같은 여러 이유로 인해 농도에 변화가 생겼습니다.
보정은 연륜 연대학에서 가장 일반적으로 많이 씁니다.
## 연륜 연대학과 방사선 탄소 연대 측정
연륜 연대학이란 나무가 자라면서 나이테를 만든다는 현상에 기초한 과학이며, 나이테 연대학이라 하기도 합니다. 연륜 연대학자들은 나무나 오래된 목재의 나이테 성장 패턴을 분석하고 비교하여, 과거에 일어난 사건과 환경에 미친 요인들을 연구하여 연대를 측정합니다. 그들은 각각의 나이테를 형성한 달력 연대를 정확하게 알 수 있습니다.
연륜 연대학적 발견들은 초창기 방사성 탄소 연대 측정에서 중요한 역할을 했습니다. 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 방법의 정확성을 확인하기 위해 나이테가 제공해준 정확한 연대가 꼭 필요했습니다. 1950년대 후반, 여러 과학자 (특히 네덜란드인인 Hessel de Vries)들은 방사성 탄소 연대와 나이테의 방사성 탄소 연대 결과를 통해 얻은 일반 달력 연대 사이의 차이를 확인할 수 있었습니다. 따라서 연륜 연대학은 나이테를 사용하여 연대를 측정합니다.
이직도 방사성 탄소 측정 결과를 보정하는 데 나이테를 사용합니다. 다른 달력 나이를 가진 나이테 목록에는 지난 11,000년까지 거슬러 올라간 기록들이 있습니다. 참고로 미국산 브리슬콘 파인 (Bristlecone pine) (Pinus aristata)와 아일랜드와 독일에서 볼 수 있는 물에 사는 오크 (Quercus sp.)가 자주 사용됩니다. 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 실험실들은 다른 종류의 나무에서 오는 데이터를 사용한다고 알려져 있습니다.
## 방사성 탄소 연대 나이테의 보정
이론상, 어떤 탄소를 함유한 샘플의 연대는 이 샘플의 방사성 탄소 함유 량을 일반 달력 연대를 아는 나이테를 가진 샘플의 방사성 탄소 함유 량과 비교하면 쉽게 알 수 있습니다. 만약 샘플의 방사성 탄소 함유 량과 나이테의 탄소 함유 량이 같으면 같은 연대라고 결론을 내릴 수 있습니다.
하지만 실제로 나이테의 보정은 여러 요인들로 인해 그리 간단치 않습니다. 여러 요인 중에서 가장 커다란 요인은 각 나이테의 개별 측정만 행해지며 샘플의 정확성에 한계가 있다는 것입니다. 그래서 일반 달력 연대에 오차가 생기게 됩니다.
그래서 실제 보정 결과는 절대 값으로 주어지지 않고 연대의 범위로 표시합니다. 연대의 범위는 절편 법과 확률 법으로 계산을 하며, 이 두 가지 방법 모두 보정 커브가 필요합니다.
## 보정 커브
방사성 탄소 연대 측정을 위한 첫 째 보정 커브는 8,000년 전으로 거슬러 올라가 연속적인 일련의 나이테에 기반을 둡니다. 1960년대에 Wesley Ferguson씨는 이 일련의 나이테를 만들었으며, Hans Suess씨가 유용한 보정 커브를 처음으로 발표하는데 도움을 주었습니다. 브리슬콘 파인 (Bristlecone pine)으로 만든 Suess씨의 보정 커브는 일반 달력 축에 나이테를 사용합니다.
Suess씨의 보정 커브 이후 많은 보정 커브들이 발표되었습니다. 하지만 많은 보정 커브들의 확산으로 인해 해결책보다는 더 많은 문제들이 발생했습니다. 수년 후에, 가속기 질량 분석법 사용과 초정밀 방사성 탄소 연대의 도입으로 인해 새로운 보정 커브가 생겼습니다. 북아일랜드 Belfast 연구소에서 아일랜드 산 오크 나무로 연륜 연대학을 이용해 초정밀 방사성 탄소 연대의 보정커브를 발표했습니다.
최근 국제적으로 공인된 보정 곡선 커브 (calendar calibration curves)는 거의 48000 BC까지 올라갑니다. (Reimer et. al., INTCAL13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0 – 50000 yrs cal BP, Radiocarbon 55(4), 2013). 1950년 후부터 대기 중 방사성탄소 농도에 관한 많은 량의 데이타가 존재합니다. 이런 최근의 데이타는 최근 물질에 대한 연대 값을 설명하는데 매우 유용하게 활용됩니다. (Hua, et. al. Atmospheric Radiocarbon for the period 1950-2010, Radiocarbon, 55(4), 2013).
전형적인 탄소 14의 보정 커브는 x축은 “Dendro timescale(연륜 척도)”이며, y축는 방사성 탄소 연대 수입니다.
## 보정에 관한 협약
cal BC, cal AD, cal BP 사용은 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 결과를 연륜 연대학 적으로 보정하여 사용한다는 권장 사항에 대한 협약입니다. 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 결과는 정확해야 합니다. 따라서 단순히 BC, AD, BP로 보고할 수는 없으며, cal BC, cal AD 는 일반 달력의 년도인 BC와 AD와 정확히 일치하지만, cal BP는 1950년 이전의 연대라는 사실입니다.
---
면책조항: 이 비디오는 제3자의 사이트에 올렸으며, 광고가 포함되어 있습니다.
이 비디오 인용은 Beta 연구소 웨비나의 일부입니다. [동위원소 기초: 동위원소 분석 소개](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "동위원소 기초: 동위원소 분석 소개")
## 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 결과
방사성 탄소 연대 측정 결과에는 보정하지 않은 결과, 실제 사용한 보정 커브, 사용한 보정 방법, 보정 전 원래의 결과의 수정 여부를 모두 포함해야 하며, 또한 보정 오차와 관련한 정확한 범위도 포함해야 합니다.
*최신 업데이트 : May 5, 2016*
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### [Calibração de Radiocarbono por Anéis de Árvores](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arvore-anel-calibracao.htm)
**Published:** August 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Os anéis de árvores são utilizados para calibrar medidas de radiocarbono.
- A calibração é necessária para levar em conta as mudanças na concentração global de radiocarbono ao longo do tempo.
- Os resultados de calibrações são divulgados como faixas etárias, que são calculadas pelo método de interceptação ou probabilidade, os quais utilizam curvas de calibração.
O carbono 14 é um isótopo natural do elemento carbono. Ele também é chamado de “radiocarbono” porque é instável e radioativo, em comparação com o carbono 12 e o carbono 13. O carbono consiste de 99% carbono-12, 1% carbono-13, e cerca de uma parte por milhão de carbono-14. Os resultados de datação por carbono 14 são divulgados em anos de radiocarbono e é necessário fazer calibração para converter os anos de radiocarbono em anos civis.
---
Aviso legal: Este vídeo está hospedado em um site de terceiros e poderá conter publicidade.
Este trecho de vídeo é parte do webinário Beta: [Uma introdução a análises isotópicas](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Uma introdução a análises isotópicas")
## Unidades de Medida, Meia-vida e a Necessidade de Calibração
As medições de radiocarbono não calibradas costumam ser divulgadas em anos AP, sendo que 0 (zero) AP corresponde a 1950 DC. AP significa “Antes do Presente” ou “Antes da Física”. Deve-se observar que um sistema de numeração AP também é utilizado em outras técnicas de datação, mas é definido de uma forma diferente, tal como no caso da datação por termoluminescência, onde AP é definido como 1980 DC.
Também é importante observar que a meia-vida utilizada em cálculos de datação por carbono equivale a 5.568 anos, o valor calculado pelo químico Willard Libby, e não o valor mais preciso de 5.730 anos, que é conhecido como a meia-vida de Cambridge. Embora seja menos precisa, a meia-vida calculada por Libby foi mantida para evitar inconsistências e erros quando se comparam resultados de análises por carbono 14 que foram divulgados antes e depois que a meia-vida de Cambridge foi derivada.
As medições por radiocarbono são baseadas na suposição de que a concentração de carbono 14 atmosférico se manteve constante, tal como era em 1950, e que a meia-vida do carbono14 corresponde a 5.568 anos. É necessário fazer a calibração dos resultados de radiocarbono para levar em conta as mudanças na concentração atmosférica do carbono 14 ao longo do tempo. Estas mudanças foram provocadas por diversos fatores, incluindo flutuações no momento geomagnético da terra, queima de combustíveis fósseis e testes nucleares, entre outros.
O método mais popular e frequentemente utilizado em calibração é a dendrocronologia.
## Dendrocronologia e Datação por Carbono
A ciência da dendrocronologia é baseada no fenômeno de que as árvores costumam crescer pela adição de anéis, o que leva ao nome de datação por anéis de árvores. Os dendrocronologistas datam eventos e variações em ambientes no passado, analisando e comparando padrões de crescimento de anéis de árvores e madeira antiga. Eles podem determinar o ano civil exato em que cada anel da árvore foi formado.
As descobertas dendrocronológicas desempenharam um importante papel no início da datação por radiocarbono. Anéis de árvores proporcionaram material necessário de idade verdadeiramente conhecida para verificar a exatidão do método de datação por carbono 14. No final da década de 50, vários cientistas (e especialmente o holandês Hessel de Vries) foram capazes de confirmar a discrepância entre as idades de radiocarbono e as idades em anos civis através de resultados obtidos pela datação por carbono de anéis de árvores. Os anéis de árvores foram datados através da dendrocronología.
Atualmente, anéis de árvores continuam sendo utilizados para calibrar determinações por radiocarbono. Coleções de anéis de árvores de diferentes idades estão disponíveis para fornecer registros que remontam aos últimos 11.000 anos. As árvores que costumam ser utilizadas como referências são o pinheiro Pinus aristata, encontrado nos EUA, e o carvalho Quercus sp., da Irlanda e Alemanha. Sabe-se que os laboratórios de datação por radiocarbono têm utilizado dados de outras espécies de árvores.
## Calibração de Radiocarbono por Anéis de Árvores
Em princípio, a idade de uma determina amostra carbonífera pode ser facilmente determinada comparando-se o conteúdo de radiocarbono da mesma com um anel de árvore com uma idade civil conhecida. Se uma amostra contem a mesma proporção de radiocarbono que a do anel da árvore, é seguro concluir que ambas têm a mesma idade.
Na prática, a calibração por anéis de árvores não é tão simples devido a muitos fatores, o mais significante dos quais é que as medições individuais feitas nos anéis de árvores e na amostra têm precisão limitada e, por esta razão, obtem-se uma série de possíveis anos civis.
Os resultados de calibrações costumam ser divulgados como uma faixa etária e não um valor absoluto. As faixas etárias são calculadas pelo método de intercepção ou pelo método de probabilidade, sendo que ambos precisam de uma curva de calibração.
## Curvas de calibração
A primeira curva de calibração para datação por radiocarbono foi baseada em uma sequência contínua de anéis de árvores que remonta a 8.000 anos. Essa sequência de anéis de árvores, instituída por Wesley Ferguson na década de 60, ajudou Hans Suess a publicar a primeira curva de calibração útil. A curva de Suess, baseada no pinheiro Pinus aristata, utilizou anéis de árvores para o seu eixo calendário.
Muitas curvas de calibração foram publicadas desde a curva de Suess, mas a proliferação das mesmas trouxe mais problemas do que soluções. Nos últimos anos, o uso de espectrômetros de massa com aceleradores (AMS) e a introdução de datação por carbono de alta precisão também geraram curvas de calibração. Uma curva de calibração por radiocarbono de alta precisão publicada por um laboratório em Belfast, na Irlanda do Norte, utilizou dados de dendrocronologia baseados no carvalho irlandês.
Hoje em dia, as curvas de calibração internacionalmente acordadas vão até cerca de 48.000 A.C. (Reimer et. al., INTCAL13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0 – 50000 yrs cal BP, Radiocarbon 55(4), 2013). Para o período após 1950, há dados em abundância disponíveis acerca da concentração atmosférica de radiocarbono. Esses dados pós-modernos são muito úteis em alguns casos para ilustrar a idade de calendário de materiais muito jovens (Hua, et. al. Atmospheric Radiocarbon for the period 1950-2010, Radiocarbon, 55(4), 2013).
Uma típica [curva de calibração](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/calendario-calibracao-carbono-datacao.htm "curva de calibração") por carbono 14 teria um calendário ou escala de tempo dendro no eixo-x (anos civis) e anos de radiocarbono refletidos no eixo-y.
## Convenções de calibração
O uso do calendário AC, calendário DC, ou até mesmo calendário AP é a convenção recomendada para divulgar resultados de datação por radiocarbono dendrocronologicamente calibrados. Os resultados de datação por radiocarbono devem ser claros e, portanto, não devem ser divulgados simplesmente como AC, DC ou AP. Os calendários AC e DC correspondem exatamente aos anos históricos normais AC e DC, enquanto o calendário AP refere-se ao número de anos antes de 1950.
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Aviso legal: Este vídeo está hospedado em um site de terceiros e poderá conter publicidade.
Este trecho de vídeo é parte do webinário Beta: [Uma introdução a análises isotópicas](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Uma introdução a análises isotópicas")
## Resultados de Datação por Radiocarbono
Os resultados de datação por carbono devem incluir os resultados não calibrados, a curva de calibração utilizada, o método de calibração empregado e quaisquer correções feitas aos resultados originais antes da calibração. O nível de confiança referente às faixas etárias calibradas também deve ser explicado.
*Última atualização: 5 de maio, 2016*
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### [Datazione al radiocarbonio e dendrocronologia](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/calibrazione-degli-anelli-degli-alberi.htm)
**Published:** July 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Gli anelli degli alberi vengono utilizzati per calibrare le misurazioni al radiocarbonio.
- La calibrazione è necessaria per tenere conto delle variazioni nella concentrazione globale del radiocarbonio nel tempo.
- I risultati della calibrazione sono riportati come intervalli di età, calcolati con i metodi dell’intercetta o delle probabilità, che utilizzano le curve di calibrazione.
Il carbonio-14 è un isotopo naturale dell’elemento carbonio. È anche chiamato “radiocarbonio” poiché instabile e radioattivo rispetto al carbonio-12 ed al carbonio-13. Il carbonio è composto per il 99% da carbonio-12, per l’1% da carbonio-13 e per circa una parte su un milione da carbonio-14. I risultati della datazione al carbonio-14 vengono riportati in anni radiocarbonici, ed è quindi necessaria una calibrazione per convertirli in anni solari.
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Avvertenza: questo video è ospitato su un sito esterno e potrebbe contenere pubblicità.
Questo estratto fa parte del webinar di Beta Analytic: [Introduzione agli isotopi: nozioni di base sull’analisi isotopica](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Introduzione agli isotopi: nozioni di base sull'analisi isotopica")
## Unità di misura, emivita ed i motivi della calibrazione
Le misurazioni al radiocarbonio non calibrate sono di solito riportate in anni BP, dove 0 (zero) BP corrisponde al 1950 DC. BP significa “Before Present” (prima del presente) o “Before Physics” (prima della fisica). Tenere presente che il termine BP viene utilizzato anche in altre tecniche di datazione, ma ha valori differenti, come nel caso della datazione con termoluminescenza dove BP corrisponde all’anno 1980 DC.
È inoltre necessario notare che l’emivita utilizzata nei calcoli della datazione al carbonio corrisponde a 5568 anni, il valore elaborato dal chimico Willard Libby, e differisce dal valore più accurato di 5730 anni noto come emivita Cambridge. Anche se è meno preciso, l’emivita di Libby è stata mantenuta per evitare incongruenze o errori nella comparazione dei risultati con le analisi al carbonio-14 prodotte prima e dopo la derivazione dell’emivita Cambridge.
Le misurazioni al radiocarbonio si basano sul presupposto che la concentrazione atmosferica di carbonio-14 sia rimasta costante dal 1950 e che l’emivita del carbonio-14 sia di 5568 anni. La calibrazione dei risultati del radiocarbonio è necessaria per tenere conto delle variazioni nella concentrazione atmosferica di carbonio-14 nel corso del tempo. Tali modifiche sono state determinate da diversi fattori, tra cui, ma non solo, le fluttuazioni del campo geomagnetico terrestre, l’uso di combustibili fossili ed i test nucleari.
Il metodo più frequente e più utilizzato per la calibrazione è con la dendrocronologia.
## Dendrocronologia e datazione al carbonio
La dendrocronologia si basa sul fenomeno della crescita degli alberi ad addizione di anelli, per questo il nome “datazione con gli anelli degli alberi”. I dendrocronologi datano gli eventi e le variazioni negli ambienti del passato analizzando e comparando le strutture di crescita degli anelli degli alberi e del legno invecchiato. Possono determinare l’anno esatto in cui si è formato ogni anello.
I risultati della dendrocronologia hanno avuto un ruolo importante nei primi anni della datazione al radiocarbonio. Gli anelli degli alberi fornivano materiale di età realmente conosciuta per verificare l’accuratezza del metodo di datazione al carbonio-14. Verso la fine degli anni ’50, diversi scienziati (in particolare l’olandese Hessel de Vries) confermarono la discrepanza tra le età radiocarboniche e le età in anni solari con risultati raccolti con la datazione al carbonio degli anelli degli alberi. Gli anelli furono datati con la dendrocronologia.
Gli anelli degli alberi vengono tuttora utilizzati per calibrare le misurazioni al radiocarbonio. Oggi sono disponibili numerosi archivi di anelli degli alberi di età differenti che forniscono informazioni sugli ultimi 11000 anni. Gli alberi più spesso utilizzati come riferimenti sono il pino dai coni setolosi (Pinus aristata) negli Stati Uniti e la quercia (Quercus sp.) in Irlanda e in Germania. Alcuni [laboratori di datazione al radiocarbonio](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/archeologia-lab.htm "Laboratori di datazione al radiocarbonio") utilizzano dati provenienti da specie di alberi diverse.
## Calibrazione con gli anelli degli alberi – Radiocarbonio
In linea di principio, l’età di un campione contenente carbonio può essere facilmente determinata confrontandone il contenuto di radiocarbonio con quello dell’anello di un albero di età nota (anni di calendario). Se un campione contiene, in proporzione, la stessa quantità di radiocarbonio dell’anello di un albero, è possibile concludere che abbiano la stessa età.
Nella pratica, la calibrazione con gli anelli degli alberi è difficoltosa a causa di molti fattori, il più importante dei quali è che le misurazioni effettuate sugli anelli e sul campione hanno una precisione limitata, che genera come risultato una serie di anni di calendario possibili.
I risultati della calibrazione sono spesso prodotti come fasce d’età e non come valore assoluto. Le fasce d’età vengono calcolate con i metodi dell’intercetta o delle probabilità, che necessitano di una curva di calibrazione.
## Curve di calibrazione
La prima curva di calibrazione per la datazione al radiocarbonio era basata su una sequenza continua di anelli di alberi che risaliva fino a 8.000 anni fa. Questa sequenza, stabilita da Wesley Ferguson nel 1960, ha permesso a Hans Suess di pubblicare la prima curva di calibrazione utile. La curva di Suess, basata sul pino dai coni setolosi, utilizzava gli anelli degli alberi per l’asse del calendario.
Dopo la curva di Suess sono state pubblicate molte altre curve di calibrazione, ma la loro proliferazione ha portato più problemi che soluzioni. Negli anni successivi, anche l’uso degli spettrometri di massa con acceleratore e l’introduzione delle datazioni al carbonio ad alta precisione ha portato alla creazione di nuove curve di calibrazione. Una curva di calibrazione del radiocarbonio ad alta precisione è stata pubblicata da un laboratorio di Belfast (Irlanda del Nord) utilizzando i dati dendrocronologici raccolti dalla quercia irlandese.
Ad oggi, le curve di calibrazione per gli anni di calendario internazionalmente accettate arrivano al 48000 AC (Reimer et. al., INTCAL13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0 – 50000 yrs cal BP, Radiocarbon 55(4), 2013). Per il periodo seguente al 1950, è disponibile una grande quantità di dati relativi alla concentrazione di radiocarbonio nell’atmosfera. Questi dati risultano molto utili, in alcuni casi, per rappresentare l’età di calendario di materiali molto recenti (Hua, et. al. Atmospheric Radiocarbon for the period 1950-2010, Radiocarbon, 55(4), 2013).
Una tipica [curva di calibrazione](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/calibrazione-anni-solari.htm "Curva di calibrazione") per il carbonio-14 presenta una scala temporale dendrocronologica o agli anni solari sull’asse x (anni solari) e gli anni radiocarbonici riflessi sull’asse y.
## Convenzioni sulle calibrazioni
L’uso degli anni cal AC e DC, o anche cal BP, rappresenta la convenzione consigliata per indicare i risultati della datazione al radiocarbonio dendrocronologicamente calibrati. I risultati della datazione al carbonio devono essere chiari, quindi non è sufficiente riportarli come AC, DC o BP. Gli anni cal AC e DC corrispondono esattamente ai normali anni storici, mentre cal BP indica il numero di anni prima del 1950.
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Questo estratto fa parte del webinar di Beta Analytic: [Introduzione agli isotopi: nozioni di base sull’analisi isotopica](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Introduzione agli isotopi: nozioni di base sull'analisi isotopica")
## Risultati della datazione al radiocarbonio
I risultati della datazione al carbonio devono includere i risultati non calibrati, la curva e il metodo di calibrazione utilizzati e le eventuali correzioni apportate al risultato originale prima della calibrazione. Deve inoltre essere incluso il livello di certezza corrispondente agli intervalli calibrati.
*Ultimo aggiornamento 5 maggio 2016*
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### [Étalonnage par les cernes d'arbres](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/etalonnage-cernes-arbres.htm)
**Published:** June 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- L’étalonnage des résultats est basé sur les cernes de croissance d’arbres.
- Est nécessaire pour prendre en compte les changements dans la concentration globale de carbone 14 à travers le temps.
- Les résultats d’étalonnage sont reportés sous forme d’intervalles calculés par interception ou par calcul de probabilités, grâce aux courbes de calibration.
Le carbone 14 est un isotope naturel de l’atome de carbone, aussi appelé radiocarbone, à cause de son instabilité par rapport aux autres isotopes comme le carbone 12 et le carbone 13. Le carbone se compose à 99% de carbone 12, 1% de carbone 13 et environ une partie par million de carbone 14. Les résultats de datation au carbone 14 sont exprimés en années radiocarbones, et l’étalonnage permet d’effectuer la conversion en années calendaires.
---
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Cet extrait vidéo fait partie du webinaire de Beta Analytic: [Introduction à l’analyse isotopique](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Introduction à l'analyse isotopique")
## Unités de mesures, demi-vie, et nécessité de la calibration
Les mesures radiocarbones non-calibrées sont généralement exprimées en années BP, où le zéro est défini en 1950 du calendrier grégorien. Les initiales BP viennent de l’expression anglaise Before Present (avant le présent), ou parfois Before Physics (avant la physique) par certains. La notation est également utilisée par d’autres techniques de datation, mais elle est définie différemment, comme en thermoluminescence, où le zéro équivaut à l’année 1980.
Il est également intéressant de noter que la demi-vie du carbone 14 utilisée pour les calculs est de 5568 ans, valeur déterminée par Willard Libby, et non la valeur plus précise de 5730 ans, connue comme la demi-vie Cambridge. Bien que moins précise, la première valeur a été conservée pour éviter d’introduire des incohérences ou des erreurs lors de comparaison avec des résultats antérieurs à la valeur Cambridge.
Ces méthodes sont basées sur l’hypothèse que la concentration du carbone 14 est restée constante depuis 1950, avec la demi-vie de 5568 ans. Les calibrations servent à tenir compte des changements dans l’atmosphère dus en partie aux fluctuations du moment géomagnétique de la Terre, à la combustion de combustibles fossiles et aux essais nucléaires.
La méthode la plus populaire et la plus utilisée pour l’étalonnage est la dendrochronologie.
## Dendrochronologie et datation carbone
La dendrochronologie est une méthode scientifique basée sur le fait que les arbres se développent en accumulant des anneaux de croissance. Leur analyse permet la datation des événements et des variations de l’environnement, en les faisant correspondre aux années de formation des anneaux.
Les avancées dans ce domaine ont joué un rôle important lors des débuts de la datation par le radiocarbone, en permettant d’en vérifier l’exactitude à travers du matériel d’âge connu. Dans les années 1950, plusieurs scientifiques (notamment le néerlandais Hessel de Vries) avaient confirmé les écarts systématiques de la datation radiocarbone appliquée à des cernes datés par dendrochronologie.
De nos jours, elle sert à calibrer les mesures radiocarbones. Des bibliothèques de cernes de différentes périodes sur les 11.000 dernières années sont disponibles. Les arbres utilisés le plus souvent sont le pin Bristlecone (pinuslongaeva) et les chênes des périodes lacustres (Quercus sp.) en Irlande et Allemagne. [Les laboratoires de datation radiocarbone](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/beta-datation-radiocarbone.htm "Les laboratoires de datation radiocarbone") peuvent utiliser également des données issues d’autres arbres.
## Résultats calibrés par dendrochronologie
En principe, l’âge d’un échantillon carboné peut facilement être déterminé en comparant son contenu radiocarbone avec celui d’un cerne d’âge connu. Si les proportions correspondent entre les deux, il est raisonnable de conclure qu’ils ont le même âge.
Dans la pratique, la calibration n’est pas directe, en raison de plusieurs facteurs, limitant la précision des mesures et introduisant des intervalles s’étendant sur plusieurs années.
Par conséquent, les résultats sont souvent communiqués sous forme d’une tranche d’âge et non comme une valeur fixe. Ces plages sont obtenues par interception ou par calcul de probabilités, à l’aide des courbes de calibration.
## Courbes de calibration
La première courbe de calibration radiocarbone était basée sur une séquence continue de cernes remontant jusqu’à 8000 ans en arrière. La séquence, établie par Wesley Ferguson dans les années 1960, a permis à Hans Suess de réaliser la première courbe de calibration utile, qui reposait sur le pin bristlecone, avec les cernes en abscisses.
Plusieurs courbes ont été publiées depuis, mais leur prolifération a amené son lot de complications. L’usage de la spectrométrie de masse par accélérateur, et globalement de méthodes de datation à haute précision, a également permis de réaliser de nouvelles courbes de calibration. Une courbe très précise a été publiée par un laboratoire de Belfast, en Irlande du Nord, grâce à des données de dendrochronologies réalisées sur des chênes irlandais.
Aujourd’hui, les courbes de calibrations reconnues à l’échelle internationale atteignent des dates jusqu’à 48000 BC (Reimer et. al., INTCAL13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0 – 50000 yrs cal BP, Radiocarbon 55(4), 2013). Pour la période après 1950, une grande quantité de données est disponible sur la concentration en carbone atmosphérique. Ces données post-modernes sont très utiles dans certains cas pour illustrer un âge calendaire de matériaux très jeunes (Hua, et. al. Atmospheric Radiocarbon for the period 1950-2010, Radiocarbon, 55(4), 2013).
Une [courbe de calibration](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/calendrier-calibration-datation-carbone.htm "courbe de calibration") typique aura les années calendaires ou l’échelle de temps dendro sur l’axe des abscisses, et l’année radiocarbone sur l’axe des ordonnées.
## Conventions d’étalonnage
L’emploi de cal BC, cal AD ou cal BP est la convention recommandée pour citer les résultats radiocarbones calibrés par dendrochronologie. Par souci de clarté, utiliser simplement BC, AD ou BP n’est pas suffisant. Cal BC et cal AD correspondent aux années historiques BC (avant J.-C.) et AD (après J.-C.), tandis que cal BP fait référence aux années avant 1950.
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Cet extrait vidéo fait partie du webinaire de Beta Analytic: [Introduction à l’analyse isotopique](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Introduction à l'analyse isotopique")
## Résultats de datation radiocarbone
Les résultats de datation radiocarbone doivent inclure les résultats non-calibrés, la courbe d’étalonnage utilisée, la méthode de datation employée, et toutes les corrections appliquées au résultat avant étalonnage. Le degré de confiance des intervalles de calibration doit être également cité.
*Dernière mise à jour le 5 mai 2016*
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### [Calibración radiocarbónica con anillos de árboles](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/arbol-anillo-calibracion.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Los anillos de árboles son usados para calibrar las mediciones de radiocarbono.
- La calibración de los resultados es necesaria para tener en cuenta los cambios en la concentración global de radiocarbono a través del tiempo.
- Los resultados de la calibración se presentan como los grupos de edad calculados por el método de intersección o el método de probabilidad, que utilizan las curvas de calibración.
El carbono-14 es un isótopo natural del elemento carbono. También se le llama “radiocarbono” ya que es inestable y radioactivo en relación del carbono-12 y carbono-13. El carbono se compone de 99% de carbono-12, 1% de carbono-13 y aproximadamente de una parte por millón de carbono-14. Los resultados de la datación de carbono-14 se comunican en fechas radiocarbónicas, y la calibración es necesaria para convertir los años radiocarbónicos en años de calendario.
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## Unidades de medida, vida media y necesidad de calibración
Las mediciones de radiocarbono sin calibrar generalmente se reportan en años BP donde 0 (cero) BP es definido como 1950DC. Cabe señalar que el término BP también se utiliza en otras técnicas de datación pero se define de manera diferente, como en el caso de datación por termo-luminiscencia, en la que BP es definido como 1980DC.
También debe tenerse en cuenta que la vida media utilizada en los cálculos de la datación radiocarbónica es de 5.568 años, el valor elaborado por el químico Willard Libby, y no el valor más exacto de 5.730 años, que es conocido como la vida media de Cambridge. A pesar de que es menos precisa, la vida media de Libby se mantuvo para evitar inconsistencias o errores cuando se comparan resultados de pruebas de carbono-14 que se produjeron antes y después de que se obtuviese la vida media de Cambridge.
Las mediciones de radiocarbono se basan en el supuesto de que la concentración atmosférica de carbono-14 ha permanecido constante tal y como era en 1950 y que la vida media del carbono-14 es 5.568 años. La calibración de los resultados de radiocarbono es necesaria para tener en cuenta de los cambios en la concentración atmosférica de carbono-14 a través de los años. Estos cambios fueron provocados por varios factores como las fluctuaciones en el momento geomagnético de la tierra, la quema de combustibles fósiles y las pruebas nucleares.
El método más popular y frecuente usado para calibración es por dendrocronología.
## Dendrocronología y la datación radiocarbónica
La ciencia de la dendrocronología se basa en el fenómeno de que los árboles crecen generalmente por adición de anillos, de ahí el nombre de datación por anillos de árboles. Los dendrocronologistas datan los eventos y variaciones ambientales en el pasado mediante el análisis y la comparación de patrones de crecimiento de los anillos de los árboles y madera envejecida. Así pueden determinar el año de calendario exacto en que cada anillo del árbol fue formado.
Los descubrimientos dendrocronológicos han desempeñado un importante papel en los primeros años de datación por radiocarbono. Los anillos de árboles proporcionaron el material de edad conocida que era necesario para comprobar la exactitud del método de datación por carbono-14. Durante finales de la década de 1950, varios científicos (en particular el holandés Hessel de Vries) fueron capaces de confirmar la discrepancia entre las fechas de radiocarbono y las fechas de calendario a través de resultados obtenidos de la datación de carbono de anillos de árboles. Los anillos de árboles fueron datados por dendrocronología.
En la actualidad, los anillos de los árboles todavía se utilizan para calibrar determinaciones de radiocarbono. Existen bibliotecas de anillos de árboles de diferentes edades de calendario disponibles para proporcionar los registros que se remontan a los últimos 11.000 años. Los árboles normalmente utilizados como referencia son el Pino de Colorado (Pinus aristata), que se encuentra en Estados Unidos, y el roble (Quercus sp.) de Irlanda y Alemania. También se conocen otros [laboratorios de datación por radiocarbono](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-laboratorio.htm "de laboratorios de datación por radiocarbono") que usan datos de otras especies de árboles.
## Calibración radiocarbónica con anillos de árboles
En principio, la edad de una muestra carbonosa determinada se puede determinar fácilmente mediante la comparación de su contenido de radiocarbono a la de un anillo de árboles con una edad cronológica conocida. Si la muestra tiene la misma proporción de radiocarbono que la del anillo del árbol, se puede concluir con seguridad que son de la misma edad.
En la práctica, la calibración con anillos de árboles no es tan sencilla debido a varios factores. El más importante es que las mediciones individuales hechas en los anillos de los árboles y la muestra tienen una precisión limitada, por lo que se obtiene un intervalo de posibles años de calendario.
En efecto, los resultados de la calibración se dan a menudo como una serie de edades en lugar de un valor absoluto. Las series de edades se calculan ya sea por el método de intercepción o por el de probabilidad, siendo que ambos necesitan una curva de calibración.
## Las curvas de calibración
La primera curva de calibración para la datación por radiocarbono se basa en una continua sucesión de anillos de árboles que se remonta a 8.000 años. Esta sucesión de anillos de árboles, creada por Wesley Ferguson en la década de 1960, ayudó a Hans Suess a publicar la primera curva de calibración útil. La curva de Suess, con base en el pino de Colorado, usó los anillos de árboles para su eje de calendario.
Desde la curva de Suess se han publicado muchas curvas de calibración, pero su proliferación trajo más problemas que soluciones. En años posteriores, el uso de espectrómetros de masas con aceleradores y la introducción de datación por carbono de alta precisión han generado nuevas curvas de calibración. Una curva de calibración de radiocarbono de alta precisión, publicada por un laboratorio en Belfast, Irlanda del Norte, usó datos de dendrocronología del roble irlandés.
Hoy en día, las curvas de calibración de calendario convenidas internacionalmente se remontan a cerca de 48000 BC (Reimer et. al., INTCAL13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0 – 50000 yrs cal BP, Radiocarbon 55(4), 2013). Para el período posterior a 1950 existe una gran cantidad de información sobre la concentración de radiocarbono en la atmósfera. Estos datos postmodernos son muy útiles en algunos casos para ilustrar un año de calendario de materiales muy recientes (Hua, et. al. Atmospheric Radiocarbon for the period 1950-2010, Radiocarbon, 55(4), 2013).
Una curva de calibración típica de carbono-14 tendría una escala de tiempo dendrocronológico o de calendario, en el eje x (años de calendario), y los años radiocarbónicos reflejados en el eje y.
## Convenios de calibración
El uso de cal BC, cal AD, o incluso cal BP es la convención recomendada para citar resultados de datación por radiocarbono dendrocronológicamente calibrados. Los resultados de la datación por carbono deben ser claros, por lo que no deben ser reportados simplemente como BC, AD, o BP. Cal BC y cal AD corresponden exactamente a años históricos normales BC y AD, mientras que cal BP se refiere al número de años antes de 1950.
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## Resultados de la datación por radiocarbono
Los resultados de la datación por carbono deben incluir los resultados no calibrados, la curva de calibración utilizada, el método de calibración empleado y todas las correcciones hechas a los resultados originales antes de la calibración. El nivel de confianza correspondiente a los rangos de calibración también debe incluirse.
*Última actualización: 5 de mayo de 2016*
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### [C-14 Baumring Kalibrierung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/baum-ring-kalibrierung.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Man verwendet Baumringe, um C-14 Messungen zu kalibrieren.
- Kalibrierung von Befunden ist nötig, weil man die sich über die Zeit verändernde globale C-14 Konzentration berücksichtigen muss.
- Die Ergebnisse der Kalibrierung werden als Altersbereiche angegeben. Diese Ergebnisse werden mit Hilfe der “Schnittpunktmethode” oder der “Wahrscheinlichkeitsmethode” berechnet. Beide Methoden greifen auf Kalibrierungskurven zurück.
C-14 ist ein natürlich vorkommendes Isotop im Element Kohlenstoff. Es wird auch als “Radiokarbon” bezeichnet, weil es im Vergleich zu C-12 und C-13 instabil und radioaktiv ist. Kohlenstoff besteht aus 99% Karbon 12, 1% Karbon 13 und ca. einem Teil Karbon 14 pro Million. C-14 Datierungsbefunde werden in C-14 Jahren angegeben. Man muss diese dann kalibrieren, um C-14 Jahre in Kalenderjahre umrechnen zu können.
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Dieser Videoauszug ist Teil des Webinars von Beta Analytic: [Isotope: Eine Einführung in die Isotopenanalyse](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Isotope: Eine Einführung in die Isotopenanalyse")
## Maßeinheiten, Halbwertszeit und die Notwendigkeit der Kalibrierung
Nicht kalibrierte C-14 Messungen werden gewöhnlich in BP Jahren dargestellt, wobei 0 (Null) BP als das Jahr 1950 definiert ist. BP steht für “Before Present” oder wie manche es auch nennen “Before Physics”. Es sollte erwähnt werden, dass eine BP Notation auch bei anderen Datierungstechniken verwendet wird, allerdings ist sie dann anders definiert, wie etwa bei der Thermolumineszenz Datierung. Dort ist BP als das Jahr 1980 definiert.
Die Halbwertszeit, die für die C-14 Datierungsberechnungen verwendet wird, beträgt 5.568 Jahre. Dieser Wert wurde von dem Chemiker Willard Libby erarbeitet. Für die Berechnungen wird nicht die genauere Halbwertszeit von 5730 Jahren, auch bekannt als Cambridge Halbwertszeit, angewandt. Obwohl sie weniger genau ist, wurde die Libby-Halbwertszeit beibehalten, um Unstimmigkeiten oder Fehler beim Vergleich von Kohlenstoff-14 Testergebnissen, die vor und nach der Cambridge-Halbwertszeit produziert wurden, zu vermeiden.
Die C-14 Messungen basieren auf der Annahme, dass die atmosphärische C-14 Konzentration seit 1950 konstant geblieben ist und das die Halbwertszeit von C-14 5.568 Jahre beträgt. Die Kalibrierung von C-14 Befunden ist nötig, um Änderungen, die im Laufe der Zeit in der atmosphärischen Konzentration von Kohlenstoff-14 auftreten, berücksichtigen zu können. Diese Veränderungen wurden durch verschiedene Faktoren verursacht, wie etwa Schwankungen im magnetischen Moment der Erde, der Verbrennung fossiler Brennstoffe und Atomtests.
Die beliebteste und meist benutzte Kalibrierungsmethode ist die Dendrochronologie.
## Dendrochronologie und Kohlenstoff Datierung
Die Wissenschaft der Dendrochronologie basiert auf dem Phänomen, dass Bäume in der Regel durch Addition von Ringen wachsen, darauf basiert auch der Name Baumring-Datierung. Durch Analysieren und Vergleichen von gewachsenen Ringen aus Bäumen und gealtertem Holz, datieren Dendrochronologen Ereignisse und Veränderungen in der Umgebung, die in der Vergangenheit stattgefunden haben. Sie können das exakte Kalenderjahr bestimmen, in dem jeder Baumring ausgebildet wurde.
Dendrochronologische Erkenntnisse spielten in den frühen Tagen der Radiokarbon-Datierung eine wichtige Rolle. Baumringe stellten ein Material bereit, dessen Alter man genau kannte und somit war es möglich, die Exaktheit der C-14 Datierungsmethode genau zu überprüfen. In den späten 1950er Jahren waren mehrere Wissenschaftler (vor allem der Holländer Hessel de Vries) in der Lage, die Diskrepanz zwischen Radiokohlenstoffalter und Kalenderalter durch Ergebnisse von schon datierten Baumringen zu bestätigen.
Heutzutage werden Baumringe immer noch dazu benutzt, die C-14 Datierungsergebnisse zu kalibrieren. Bibliotheken der Baumringe aus verschiedenen Kalenderjahren sind nun verfügbar und liefern Datensätze, die bis in die letzten 11.000 Jahre zurück reichen. Bäume, die oft als Referenz verwendet werden, sind die Bristlecone Kiefer (Pinus aristata), die in den USA vorkommt und die Nassholzeiche (Quercus sp.), die in Irland und Deutschland vorkommt. C-14 Datierungslabore sind aber auch dafür bekannt, Daten von anderen Baumarten zu benutzen.
## C-14 Baumring Kalibrierung
Im Prinzip kann das Alter einer bestimmten kohlenstoffhaltigen Probe leicht durch den Vergleich des Radiokohlenstoffanteils mit dem eines Baumring mit einem bekannten Kalenderalter bestimmt werden. Wenn eine Probe den gleichen Radiokohlenstoffanteil aufweist wie der eines Baumrings, lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass die Probe und der Baumring gleich alt sind.
In der Praxis ist die Baum-Ring-Kalibrierung aufgrund von vielen Faktoren nicht so einfach. Der wichtigste Faktor ist, dass die einzelnen Messungen an den Baumringen und der Probe eine begrenzte Genauigkeit aufweisen und man somit eine Reihe möglicher Kalenderjahre erhält.
Und in der Tat werden die Ergebnisse der Kalibrierung oft als eine Altersspanne und nicht als absoluter Wert angegeben. Altersspannen werden entweder durch das Schnittpunkt Verfahren oder das Wahrscheinlichkeitsverfahren berechnet, beide Verfahren sind allerdings auf eine Kalibrierungskurve angewiesen.
## Kalibrierungskurven
Die erste Kalibrierungskurve, die für die C-14 Datierung entwickelt wurde, basierte auf einer kontinuierlichen Baumringsequenz und reichte 8.000 Jahre zurück. Diese Baumring Sequenz wurde von Wesley Ferguson in den 1960ern entwickelt und half Hans Suess, die erste Kalibrierungskurve zu veröffentlichen. Die Suess Kurve basierte auf der Bristlecone Kiefer und sie benutze Baumringe auf der Kalender Achse.
Seit der Suess-Kurve sind viele Kalibrierungskurven veröffentlicht worden, aber ihre Verbreitung brachte mehr Probleme als Lösungen. In späteren Jahren wurden durch die Nutzung von Beschleuniger-Massenspektrometern und die Einführung von hochpräzisen Kohlenstoffdatierungen ebenfalls Kalibrierungskurven generiert. Eine hochpräzise Radiokarbon-Kalibrierkurve wurde von einem Labor in Belfast, Nordirland veröffentlicht. Sie basiert auf den Dendrochronologie Daten der irischen Eiche.
Heutzutage reichen die international anerkannten Kalender-Kalibrierungskurven bis ca. 48.000 BC (Reimer et. al., INTCAL13 und Marine13 Radiokarbon Alters-Kalibrierungskurven 0 – 50000 Jahre cal BP, Radiokarbon 55(4), 2013). Für den Zeitraum nach 1950 liegen viele Daten bzgl. der atmosphärischen Konzentration von Radiokarbon vor. Diese postmodernen Daten sind in einigen Fällen sehr nützlich, um ein kalendarisches Alter von sehr jungen Materialien zu illustriert (Hua, et. al. Atmospheric Radiocarbon for the period 1950-2010, Radiocarbon, 55(4), 2013).
Eine typische Kohlenstoff-14 Kalibrierkurve hat eine Kalender- oder Dendro-Zeitskala auf der x-Achse (Kalenderjahre) und Radiokohlenstoffjahre auf der y-Achse.
## Kalibrierungskonventionen
Die Verwendung von cal BC, cal AD oder sogar cal BP ist die empfohlene Konvention für das Zitieren dendrochronologisch kalibrierter Radiokohlenstoff Messergebnissen. C-14 Datierungsbefunde müssen klar sein, daher sollten sie nicht einfach als BC, AD oder BP dargestellt werden. Cal BC und cal AD entsprechen genau den normalen historischen Jahren BC und AD, während cal BP sich auf die Anzahl der Jahre vor 1950 bezieht.
---
Haftungsausschluss: Dieses Video wird auf der Website Dritter bereit gestellt und kann Werbung enthalten.
Dieser Videoauszug ist Teil des Webinars von Beta Analytic: [Isotope: Eine Einführung in die Isotopenanalyse](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Isotope: Eine Einführung in die Isotopenanalyse")
## C-14 Datierungsbefunde
C-14 Datierungsbefunde müssen folgende Punkte enthalten: Die unkalibrierten Ergebnisse, welche Kalibrierungskurve benutzt, welche Kalibrierungsmethode angewandt wurde und jegliche Korrektur, die an den originalen Ergebnissen vor der Kalibrierung vorgenommen wurden. Es muss ebenfalls eine Angabe über die Sicherheitswahrscheinlichkeit der kalibrierten Messbereiche enthalten sein.
*Letztes Update 5. Mai 2016*
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### [了解同位素分餾作用](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/isotopic-fractionation.htm)
**Published:** June 23, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
穩定同位素碳13（13C）和碳12（12C）的同位素分餾指的是，由於原子量不同而在自然生物化學反應過程中造成碳同位素比例浮動。1此類變化與時間和自然界的放射性衰變無關。這是放射性碳實驗室的常用做法，用於對樣品分餾時進行放射性碳活動校正。測出的年齡稱為“標準年齡”，意味着測量活動已經 -25 o/oo（每千分一）和VPBD修正。校正部分必須從常規放射性碳年齡中加上或减去。
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Beta實驗室的測試費用已包含δ13C處理費以及C14測試費。實驗室也可單獨提供δ13C處理（水樣品除外）。請聯繫實驗室諮詢實際費用。
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免責聲明：本視頻託管於第三方網站中，可能包含廣告。
本段影片節錄自BETA實驗室網路研討會: [同位素101: 穩定同位素分析導論](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "同位素101: 穩定同位素分析導論")
## 測試同位素分餾的意義
為了提供精準的放射性碳定年結果，利用穩定同位素C13和C12來校正同位素分餾效應是非常必要的。此校正可以校準現代參考標準和樣品資料之間新陳代謝與呼吸作用差異所產生的誤差。其測量單位為“δ13C”。
BETA實驗室測試兩個δ13C值
– 一個值用於校正總分餾效應（自然、化學和AMS）。
這個值沒有在報告中顯示，它是被用來計算校正“常規放射性碳年齡”的。請注意：報告中的“常規放射性碳年齡”是經過同位素分餾校正之後的結果。
– BETA實驗室同時會測試第二個δ13C值，使用同位素比值質譜儀測試得出的（IRMS δ13C）。
此值即可代表樣品本身的值並顯示於報告中。它才是學術研究所需要的值。
相較之下，報告“AMS δ13C”會造成誤導和誤解。放射性碳相關研究人員應該注意在他們的研究中使用哪個δ13C值，到底是IRMS δ13C還是AMS δ13C。如果是AMS δ13C，則不能用於飲食結構或代謝途徑的研究。BETA實驗室出具的報告中δ13C值都是透過IRMS測得的。
## 同位素分餾的產生和測量
碳在地球化學過程發生了遷移，因此碳元素（12C、13C 和14C）的均衡分布發生了變化。Craig (1953)首次指出，在一些生物化學過程中會造成碳元素平衡的改變。 例如，植物在光合作用傾向於吸收含有輕碳同位素（12C）的CO2 ，所以經過光合作用後，同位素C13較大氣中的自然比例少了1.8%(Harkness, 1979)。相反地，溶解於海洋中的無機碳與大氣中的CO2相比,13C增加了0.7%。
14C/12C比例（精準測量而得）的同位素分餾範圍大約是測得13C/12C比例的2倍。若同位素分餾發生在自然過程中，那麼則可透過測量樣品中的13C/12C比例進行校正。該比例可透過普通質譜儀測得。樣品所測得的同位素豐度將表達為δ13C，這代表了樣品與國際PDB標準物質（一種碳酸鹽物質）之間每千分碳13含量的差别。(Keith et al., 1964; Aitken, 1990)。δ13C值代表與PDB標準偏差的千分數。 PDB為美國南卡羅來納州白堊系皮狄組地層內似箭石的碳氧同位素豐度比，可用作碳同位素的國際統一標準。該術語現已修改為VPDB (Coplen, 1994)。
δ13C值能反映出許多關於環境的重要資訊，如樣品是從何而來，或者是否由多種材料混合而成，這是因為樣品的同位素值可以反映出直接環境的同位素豐度。以貝類生物為例，一般海洋生物的δ13C值在 -1 至+4 o/oo（每千分）之間，而生活在河流的貝類，它們的δ13C值則介於 -8 至-12 o/oo（每千分）之間。因此，若我們不清楚貝類生活的具體環境，我們可以透過對δ13C結果進行分析，從而推斷出最有可能的生活環境。
分餾同時也可用來描述由非自然原因引起的同位素比例變化。例如，實驗室可透過許多方法對樣品進行分餾；從某階段至下一個階段，或從實驗室的某單位至另一單位的未完全轉化樣品。如在輻射測試法中，在準備制碳化鋰時，未完全合成的乙炔可能造成合成量不高並同時出現分餾。同樣地，在真空系統中，若氣體轉換没有與總量保持平衡，則也會出現分餾誤差。在這種情況下，較大或較小的原子更受青睞。但是，若樣品能完全轉化（如固體轉化為氣體、乙炔轉化為苯），則不會出現由實驗室引起的分餾。
## 常規放射性碳年齡（BP）和C13/12校正
放射性碳測試被稱為常規放射性碳年齡（或CRA） ，是根據 Stuiver 及 Polach（1977）於Radiocarbon期刊發表的参數而定。在進行CRA測試時，對過去C14活動程度設定為不變。假定C14活動程度與國際絕對放射性碳活動標準保持一致。
The **常規放射性碳年齡 BP** 是根據放射性碳衰變公式計算得出/p>
**t=-8033 ln(Asn/Aon)**
-8033表示14C的平均生命週期（Stuiver and Polach, 1977）。Aon是近代活動標準（按分鐘計算）、Asn是樣品的同等cpm，而ln代表自然對數。
**CRA** 遵守以下公約：
- 半衰期為5568年；
- 採用 Oxalic Acid I或II 作為近代放射性碳標準；
- 將樣品同位素分餾校正為每千-25.0的正常值或基值（相對於VPDB標準中的δ13C比例）
- 零BP為公元1950年 ，如所有C14年齡都從1950年前開始計算 ；
- 假定全球C14含量一直保持不變。
### 參考資料:
1\. Royal Ervin Taylor, Radiocarbon Dating: An Archaeological Perspective (1987), Academic Press
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### [同位体分別効果](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/isotopic-fractionation.htm)
**Published:** March 30, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
安定同位体である炭素13 (13C) と炭素12 (12C) の同位体分別効果は主に生化学プロセスによる炭素同位体の変動によって起こります。
まず、変動は時間の経過に対しては独立しており元の値を保持します。1
そして、炭素年代測定法で測定した放射性炭素年代を算出する際、同位体分別効果の補正を行うことが通常の手続きとなっています。炭素安定同位体比：δ13Cを-25 o/oo (per mille)(VPBD)に”標準化”して年代を算出するきまりとなっているのです。
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Beta Analyticでは、炭素年代測定時の炭素安定同位体の測定費用が炭素14分析費用に含まれています。
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免責事項:この動画はサードパーティーのサービスを利用しているため広告が表示されることがあります。
## 同位体分別効果補正のための安定同位体比測定
正確で精度の高い放射性炭素測定値を得るために炭素安定同位体(13C,12C)を用いた”同位体分別”の補正が必要です。
この同位体分別効果は、標準試料(modern reference standard)と測定試料における代謝および 呼吸回路の違いによって生じます。安定同位体の測定値は“δ13C”として表記されます。
Beta Analytic では2つの方法でδ13Cを測定します:
１．同位体分別補正用のAMSによる δ13C測定(AMS δ13C)
この値は弊社の報告書に記載されませんが、正確な“Conventional Radiocarbon Age”を算出するために用いられます。
※注意：報告する際の慣習で “Conventional Radiocarbon Age” は同位体分別補正後の年代を意味し ます。
２．安定同位体比測定質量分析によるδ13C測定(IRMS δ13C)。
この値が試料の真の安定同位体比を示します。
このIRMS δ13Cの値が、学術研究や論文等で必要とされるため、弊社の報告書ではこの値を記載します。
“AMS δ13C” を報告することは間違った解釈を与える可能性がありますので、
放射性炭素測定値を取り扱う場合、記載されているδ13C値がIRMS δ13C によるものか AMS δ13Cによるものか常に気を付ける必要があり ます。
もしそれがAMS δ13Cであるならば、それは食性研究や代謝回路の研究には用いることができませんのでご注意ください。
Betaから報告されるδ13Cは、すべてIRMSによるものです。
## 同位体分別効果の起因と測定
自然界において炭素の地球化学的な移動によって炭素の同位体(12C,13C,14C)の平衡分配に変動が起こります。
Craig (1953) がある生化学プロセスによってこの変動が起こることを最初に発見しました。
例えば光合成によってある同位体が優先的に選択されるため、光合成の前と後では同位体比に変化が起きます。光合成の後には大気中のCO2と比較してC13が1.8%減少します。(Harkness, 1979) 海水に溶けた無機炭素においては、大気中のCO2それと比較してC13が0.7%増加します。
14C/12C比は13C/12C比と比較しておおよそ2倍の同位体分別効果があります。
測定試料に同位体分別効果が起こっている場合、安定同位体13C/12Cを測定することによって放射性炭素年の同位体分別効果を見積もることができます。
炭素安定同位体比は標準試料PDBに対する千分率δ13C(o/oo)で表します。(Keith et al., 1964; Aitken, 1990) PDB（Pee Dee Belemnite）はアメリカ・サウスカロライナ州の Pee Dee 層から産出するベレムナイトの化石です。最近ではPDB標準試料の枯渇のためVPDBが用いられます。(Coplen, 1994)
炭素安定同位体比は試料が産出した環境の情報を知るうえで重要な指標となります。
試料の安定同位体比は試料が存在した環境の安定同位体比を反映するからです。例えば海洋性の貝ではδ13Cは -1から+4 o/ooの範囲にあるのが一般的です。
一方陸生の貝では-8から-12 o/ooとなります。貝試料の生息環境が不明な場合は炭素安定同位体比を測定することによって推測することができます。
同位体分別効果は自然の作用以外でも起こります。
例えば実験の過程で、ある段階から次の段階に移る時、転換が不完全ですと同位体分別が生じます。液体シンチレーション法の場合ですと、炭化リチウム処理時にアセチレンの合成が不完全ですと同位体分別が起こります。
同様に、真空ライン中でガスを移動させる際、全ガスが完全な平衡状態でなければ同位体分別が起こります。次の段階へ進むときに（e.g. 固体から気体へ、アセチレンからベンゼンへなど）転換が完全であればこのような同位体分別は起こりません。
## Conventional radiocarbon ages (BP) とC13/12 補正
Radiocarbon 誌のStuiver and Polach (1977)の著作によって放射性炭素年代（conventional radiocarbon age (CRA))が定義されました。
The **Conventional Radiocarbon Age BP** は次式によって計算されます。
**t=-8033 ln(Asn/Aon)**
ここでは、
-8033 は炭素14の平均寿命 (Stuiver and Polach, 1977)
**Aon** は現代標準のアクティヴィティ(cpm )
**Asn** は測定試料のアクティヴィティ(cpm )
を指します。
この放射性炭素年代（Conventional Radiocarbon Age）は、
- リビーの半減期を用いること
- Oxalic Acid I or II もしくはそれに準拠する標準試料を用いること
- 安定同位体(C13)を-25‰に規格化することによって同位体分別の補正を行うこと
- AD1950を基準年(0 yBP) とすること
- 放射性炭素濃度は一定であったと仮定する
とされています。
また誤差は統計誤差を用い、炭素年代測定の結果の報告書には “±” と記されます。
### 参考:
1\. Royal Ervin Taylor, Radiocarbon Dating: An Archaeological Perspective (1987), Academic Press
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### [동위 원소 분별 작용의 설명](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/isotopic-fractionation.htm)
**Published:** January 27, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
탄소의 동위 원소인 안정적인 탄소 13 (13C) 와 탄소 12 (12C)의 동위 원소 분별 작용은 이들 탄소의 원자 질량의 작용으로 자연적으로 일어나는 생화학적 과정의 결과로서 탄소 동위 원소의 비율에 변동이 생기는 것입니다. 이런 변동 사항은 시간과 자연적 방사성 소멸과는 상관이 없습니다.1 샘플 분별 작용 때문에 방사성 탄소 활동을 수정하는 것은 일반적인 일입니다. 그 결과로 생긴 연대를 “정상”이라고 합니다. 이것은 측정하는데 VPBD와 관련하여 -25 o/oo (per mille)로 수정했다는 것을 의미합니다. 일반 방사성 탄소 연대에서 이런 수정 요인들을 고려하여 반드시 더하거나 빼야 합니다.
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Beta Analytic의 연대 측정 요금에는 이미 C14 분석과 더불어 δ13C 측정 비용이 포함되어 있습니다. 따라서 δ13C 측정 값을 C14 분석과 상관없이 제공해 드리지만 물 샘플은 예외입니다. 요금에 문의 사항이 있으시면 연락 바랍니다.
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면책조항: 이 비디오는 제3자의 사이트에 올렸으며, 광고가 포함되어 있습니다.
이 비디오 인용은 Beta 연구소 웨비나의 일부입니다: [동위원소 기초: 동위원소 분석 소개](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "동위원소 기초: 동위원소 분석 소개")
## 동위원소 분별 작용 측정의 중요성
정확, 정밀한 방사성탄소 측정값을 위해 안정 동위원소인 13C와 12C를 이용한 “동위원소 분별 작용”의 수정이 반드시 필요합니다. 이러한 에러를 줄이는 보정 요소들은 현대 참고 기준 물질과 측정 시료 사이의 물질 대사 과정과 호흡 과정에서 발생합니다. 측정 값은 “δ13C”라는 용어를 사용합니다.
Beta 연구소에서는 2개의 δ13C 값을 측정합니다:
– 하나는 전체 분별 작용 (자연상태, 화학적, AMS 발생)을 보정하는데 이용하는 값입니다.
이 값은 보고서에는 적혀있지 않지만, “일반 방사성탄소 연대 (Conventional Radiocarbon Age)”을 수정하는데 쓰입니다. 중요: 보고서에서 쓰인 “일반 방사성탄소 연대 (Conventional Radiocarbon Age)”이라는 용어는 결과값이 동위원소 분별 작용을 수정했다는 것을 의미합니다.
– 두번째는 별도의 동위원소 질량 분석기 (isotope ratio mass spectrometer)로 측정한 δ13C 값이며 이를 IRMS δ13C이라 합니다.
이 값은 시료 자체의 값이며, 보고서에 보여주는 값입니다.
“AMS δ13C” 값은 잘못 해석되어질 수 있습니다. 따라서 방사성탄소를 사용하는 연구자들은 그들 연구에서 사용된 δ13C 값이 IRMS δ13C 인지 AMS δ13C 값인지 반드시 알아야 합니다. 만약 AMS δ13C 이라면 , 먹이 사슬이나 대사 작용 과정 연구에 사용할 수 없습니다. Beta 연구소의 보고서에 적혀있는 δ13C 값은 모두 IRMS에서 측정한 값입니다.
## 동위 원소 분별 작용의 발생과 측정
탄소가 자연 상태에서 지질 화학적 전이를 하는 동안 분별 작용으로 인해 탄소 동위 원소들 (탄소12, 탄소13, 탄소14)의 평형 상태가 깨집니다. Craig씨 (1953)는 어떤 생화학적 과정으로 인해 탄소 동위 원소들 간의 평형 상태가 깨진다는 것을 처음으로 발견했습니다. 식물의 광합성 운동과 같은 일부 과정은 동위 원소간에 서로 호의적입니다. 광합성 작용 후 탄소13은 대기에 있는 자연 상태의 비율과 비교해 보면 1.8% 줄어듭니다. (Harkness,1977). 반대로 바닷물에 녹아있는 무기질 탄소는 대기 이산화 탄소와 비교하면 탄소13이 0.7% 많습니다.
14C/12의 비율 (반드시 정확하게 측정되어야 함) 에서 동위 원소 분별 작용이 13C/12C의 비율에서 측정한 동위 원소 분별 작용보다 거의 두 배가 됩니다. 동위 원소 분별 작용이 자연 상태에서 일어 났다면 연대 측정할 샘플에서 탄소 13과 탄소12의 비율을 측정해서 수정하면 됩니다. 일반적인 질량 분석기로 이 비율을 측정할 수 있습니다. 측정할 샘플의 동위 원소 비율을 델타 13C라 하며, 이것은 샘플에 있는 탄소13 량과 국제 표준인 PDB 탄산염에 있는 탄소 13량 사이를 천분의 몇 단위(mille 당)로 표시합니다. (Keith et al., 1964; Aitken, 1990). 따라서 델타 13C의 값은 PDB 기준으로 mille 당 (천분의 몇) 편차를 보여줍니다. PDB는 미국 South Carolina의 Peedee에 있는 백악질 베렘나이트 (Cretaceous belemnite) 형성과 관련 있는데, 최근에 VPDB로 이름이 바뀌었습니다 (Coplen, 1994).
샘플의 델타 13C 값은 샘플이 온 지역의 환경 그리고 만들어질 때 어떤 물질들이 섞였나 하는 상당히 중요한 정보를 줍니다. 왜나면 샘플의 동위 원소 값은 그때 그 상황이 일어났던 때의 동위 원소 형성과 깊은 관련이 있기 때문입니다. 해양성 조개 껍질의 경우 델타 13C 값이 -1 and +4 o/oo (per mille)인 반면, 민물 조개 껍질은 -8 and -12 o/oo (per mille)입니다. 따라서 그 조개 껍질의 자란 환경을 정확히 알지 못할 경우 델타 13C 값을 분석해서 가장 유사한 환경을 결정할 수 있습니다.
또한 분별 작용은 인공적 원인으로 생길 수 있는 탄소 동위 원소의 다양한 비율일 수도 있습니다. 예를 들어 실험실에서 여러 원인으로 분별 작용이 일어날 수 있습니다. 예를 들자면 샘플이 어떤 상태에서 다른 상태로 완전히 전환되지 않았거나, 실험실 한 쪽에서 다른 쪽으로 완전히 전환되지 않은 경우입니다. 액체 섬광 계측기의 경우 리티움 카바이드 (Lithium Carbide)를 준비하는 동안 아세틸렌이 제대로 합성하지 못하면 제대로 만들어지지 않고 동시 분별 작용이 일어납니다. 비슷한 경우로 만약에 가스 샘플이 전체적으로 평형 상태가 되지 못하면 진공 상태에 있는 가스 전이로 인해 분별 작용이 일어나 에러가 납니다. 이런 경우 대 질량이나 소 질량의 원자들이 선호됩니다. 하지만 만약에 전체 샘플이 어떤 한 상태에서 완전히 다른 상태로 전환될 수 있다면, (즉 고체에서 기체로, 아세틸렌에서 벤젠으로) 실험실에서 생기는 분별 작용은 일어나지는 않을 것입니다.
## 일반 방사성 탄소 연대 (BP)와 C13/12 교정
일반 방사성 탄소 연대 (Conventional Radiocarbon Age or CRA)라는 용어를 사용하는 방사성 탄소 측정 결과는 Radiocarbon이라는 잡지에서 Stuiver와 Polach (1977)이 설명하는 것처럼 일정한 매개 변수를 이용해 구합니다. 과거에 행해진 시간과 무관한 C14의 활동 수준을 CRA 측정치에 가정합니다. 이런 이론적인 C14 활동 수준은 국제 방사성 탄소 기준 절대값의 활동 수준과 동일합니다.
**일반 방사성 탄소 연대 BP** 는 방사성 탄소 소멸 공식을 사용해 계산합니다.
**t=-8033 ln(Asn/Aon)**
-8033은 14C의 평균 수명 시간을 나타내며 (Stuiver와 Polach, 1977). **Aon** 은 분당 현재 기준 활동 수이며, **Asn** 은 샘플에 대한 동등한 CPM이며, **‘ln’** 은 자연적인 로그 값입니다.
A **CRA** 는 다음 사항을 기초로 이루어집니다.
- 반감기는 5568년이다.
- 최근 방사성 탄소 표준으로 옥살 산 I과 II를 사용한다.
- 탄산염 표준 VPDB (분별 작용과 델타C13 값 이상)에서 δ13C 비율과 관련하여 정상화되거나 25.0 per mille의 기본 값으로 샘플의 동위 원소 분별 작용(델타 C13)을 수정한다. ;
- 0 BP을 서기 1950년으로 정한다. 즉 모든 탄소14의 나이는 1950년에서 뒤로 간다.
- 모든 탄소 14은 시간이 지나도 항상 일정한 상태로 유지한다는 가정.
### 참고 문헌:
1\. Royal Ervin Taylor, Radiocarbon Dating: An Archaeological Perspective (1987), Academic Press
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### [Compreendendo o Fracionamento Isotópico](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/fracionamento-isotopico.htm)
**Published:** August 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
O fracionamento isotópico de isótopos estáveis de carbono, carbono 13 (C13) e carbono 12 (C12) refere-se à flutuação nas razões de isótopos de carbono como resultado de processos bioquímicos naturais, em função da sua massa atômica.1 Variações como tal não estão relacionadas ao tempo e ao enfraquecimento radioativo natural. A correção das atividades de radiocarbono para o fracionamento de amostras é uma prática comum nos laboratórios de radiocarbono. As idades resultantes são conhecidas como “normalizadas”, ou seja, a atividade medida é modificada em relação a -25 o/oo (por mil) com respeito ao padrão VPDB. O fator de correção deve ser adicionado ou subtraído da idade de radiocarbono convencional.
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As taxas cobradas pela Beta Analytic incluem as medições de δ13C em conjunto com a análise de C14. O laboratório também faz medições da razão δ13C independentemente da análise de C14, com exceção das amostras de água. Favor enviar um email ao laboratório para perguntar sobre os preços.
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Aviso legal: Este vídeo está hospedado em um site de terceiros e poderá conter publicidade.
Este trecho de vídeo é parte do webinário Beta: [Uma introdução a análises isotópicas](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Uma introdução a análises isotópicas")
## A importância da medição do fracionamento isotópico
Para se obter determinações por radiocarbono tanto exatas quanto precisas, é necessário realizar uma correção do “fracionamento isotópico” com o uso dos isótopos estáveis 13C e 12C. Esses fatores de correção eliminam erros causados por diferenças em rotas metabólicas e respiratórias entre o material moderno padrão de referência e o material da amostra. O termo utilizado para a unidade dessa medição é “δ13C”.
Dois valores δ13C são medidos no Beta Analytic:
– Um é o valor aplicável à correção para o fracionamento total (natural, químico e por AMS).
Esse valor não é reportado, mas utilizado para produzir a “Idade Convencional por Radiocarbono” correta. É importante observar que as convenções de relatório que utilizam a terminologia “Idade Convencional por Radiocarbono” indicam que o resultado foi corrigido pelo fracionamento isotópico.
– O Beta também mede um segundo valor δ13C em um espectrômetro de massa de razões isotópicas (δ13C por IRMS).
Esse valor representa a amostra em si e é reportado. É o valor que se espera utilizar em publicações.
Em comparação, reportar o “δ13C por AMS” é enganoso e sujeita o resultado à má interpretação. Usuários de radiocarbono devem saber se o δ13C que utilizam em suas pesquisas é o δ13C por IRMS ou por AMS. No caso do δ13C por AMS, o resultado não poderá ser usado em estudos de rotas dietéticas ou metabólicas. Os valores δ13C reportados pelo Beta são sempre os valores medidos por IRMS.
## Ocorrência e Medição do Fracionamento Isotópico
O fracionamento durante a transferência geoquímica do carbono na natureza produz variações na distribuição de equilíbrio de isótopos de carbono (12C, 13C e 14C). Craig (1953) identificou pela primeira vez que certos processos bioquímicos alteram o equilíbrio entre os isótopos de carbono. Alguns processos, tal como a fotossíntese, favorecem um isótopo em detrimento de outro. Depois da fotossíntese, o isótopo C13 se esgota em 1,8% em comparação com suas proporções naturais na atmosfera (Harkness, 1979). Inversamente o carbono inorgânico dissolvido nos oceanos é geralmente enriquecido com 13C em 0,7%, em comparação ao dióxido de carbono atmosférico.
O grau de fracionamento isotópico na razão 14C/12C (que deve ser medida com precisão) é aproximadamente o dobro da taxa 13C/12C medida. Se o fracionamento isotópico ocorrer em processos naturais, a correção pode ser feita medindo a razão do isótopo 13C em relação ao isótopo 12C na amostra que está sendo datada. A razão é medida utilizando-se um espectrômetro de massa comum. A composição isotópica da amostra que está sendo medida é expressa como delta13C, que representa as partes por diferença em milhares (por mil) entre o teor de carbono 13 da amostra e o padrão internacional PDB de carbonato (Keith et al, 1964;. Aitken, 1990). Portanto, um valor d13C representa o desvio por milhar (parte por milhar)em relação ao padrão de PDB. PDB se refere à formação de belemnites cretáceos em Peedee, na Carolina do Sul, EUA. Esta nomenclatura foi recentemente alterada para VPDB (Coplen, 1994).
O valor delta C13 de uma amostra pode produzir informações importantes sobre o meio ambiente de onde veio a amostra ou sobre as misturas de materiais utilizados para produzi-la pois o valor isotópico da amostra reflete a composição isotópica do ambiente imediato. No caso dos crustáceos, por exemplo, as conchas marinhas normalmente possuem um valor de DC13 entre -1 e +4 o/oo (por mil), enquanto que as conchas encontradas em rios possuem um valor de -8 e -12 o/oo (por mil). Portanto, no caso em que o ambiente preciso da concha não seja conhecido, é possível determinar o ambiente mais provável através da análise do resultado de dC13.
O fracionamento também descreve variações nas razões isotópicas de carbono provocadas por causas não naturais. Por exemplo, as amostras podem ser fracionadas no laboratório através de diferentes meios; a conversão incompleta da amostra de um estágio para outro ou de uma parte do laboratório para outra. Em Contagem de Cintilação Líquida, por exemplo, a síntese incompleta de acetileno durante a preparação de carbonato de lítio pode resultar em um baixo rendimento e fracionamento simultâneo. Semelhantemente, a transferência de gases em um sistema de vácuo pode envolver erros de fracionamento se não for permitido que a amostra de gás se equilibre ao longo do volume total. Átomos de massa maior ou menor poderão ser favorecidos em uma situação como essa. Se, no entanto, toda a amostra é completamente convertida de uma forma para outra (ex. de sólido para gás, de acetileno a benzeno), o laboratório não faz nenhum fracionamento.
## Idades Convencionais de Radiocarbono (AP) e Correção C13/12
Uma medição de radiocarbono, conhecida como idade convencional de radiocarbono (ouICR), é obtida com o uso de um conjunto de parâmetros descritos por Stuiver e Polach (1977), na publicação “Radiocarbon”. Um nível de atividade de C14 independente do tempo para o passado é presumido na medição da ICR. A atividade deste nível hipotético de atividade de C14 é igual à atividade do padrão internacional absoluto de radiocarbono.
A **Idade Convencional de Radiocarbono AP** é calculada usando a equação de enfraquecimento de radiocarbono
**t=-8033 ln(Asn/Aon)**
Onde -8033 representa o tempo médio de vida do 14C (Stuiver e Polach, 1977). **Aon** é a atividade em contagens por minuto do padrão moderno, **Asn** é a cpm equivalente para a amostra. **‘ln’** representa o logarítimo natural.
A **ICR** abrange as seguintes convenções recomendadas:
- uma meia vida de 5.568 anos;
- o uso de Ácido Oxálico I ou II como o padrão moderno de radiocarbono;
- correção devido ao fracionamento isotópico da amostra (deltaC13) para um valor normalizado ou de base de -25.0 por mil em comparação à razão de δ13C no padrão VPDB de carbonato;
- o uso do ano 1950 dC como sendo AP 0 – ou seja, todas as idades de C14 voltam no tempo a partir de 1950;
- a suposição de que todos os reservatórios de C14 permaneceram constantes ao longo do tempo.
### Referência:
1\. Royal Ervin Taylor, Radiocarbon Dating: An Archaeological Perspective (1987), Academic Press
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### [Comprendere il frazionamento isotopico](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/frazionamento-isotopico.htm)
**Published:** July 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Il frazionamento isotopico degli isotopi stabili del carbonio-13 (13C) e del carbonio-12 (12C) si riferisce alla fluttuazione del rapporto degli isotopi del carbonio risultante dai processi biochimici naturali in funzione della loro massa atomica.1 Tali variazioni non sono influenzate dal tempo e dal naturale decadimento radioattivo. È prassi comune nei laboratori correggere le attività radiocarboniche per il frazionamento dei campioni. Le età risultanti vengono definite “normalizzate”, il che significa che l’attività misurata viene modificata rispetto a -25 o/oo (per mille) rispetto allo standard VPBD. Il fattore di correzione deve essere aggiunto o sottratto all’età radiocarbonica convenzionale.
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Le tariffe di Beta Analytic includono la misurazione del δ13C, in congiunzione alle analisi C14. Il laboratorio offre inoltre misurazioni δ13C separate rispetto all’analisi C14, fatta eccezione per i campioni d’acqua. Si prega di contattare il laboratorio per email per informazioni sulle tariffe.
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Avvertenza: questo video è ospitato su un sito esterno e potrebbe contenere pubblicità.
Questo estratto fa parte del webinar di Beta Analytic: [Introduzione agli isotopi: nozioni di base sull’analisi isotopica](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Introduzione agli isotopi: nozioni di base sull'analisi isotopica")
## Significato della misurazione del frazionamento isotopico
Per fornire una misurazione del radiocarbonio accurata e precisa, è necessario correggere il dato ottenuto per il “frazionamento isotopico” utilizzando gli isotopi 13C e 12C. Questa correzione rimuove l’errore introdotto dalle differenze nelle vie metaboliche e nella respirazione tra il campione e il materiale moderno di riferimento. L’unità di misura è denominata “δ13C”.
Nel laboratorio di Beta Analytic vengono analizzati due valori δ13C:
– Uno è il valore utilizzabile per la correzione del frazionamento totale (naturale, chimico e prodotto dall’AMS).
Questo valore non viene riportato, ma viene utilizzato per produrre l’”età radiocarbonica convenzionale” corretta. Importante: L’uso del termine convenzionale “età radiocarbonica convenzionale” indica che i risultato è stato corretto per il frazionamento isotopico.
– L’altro valore viene misurato attraverso uno spettrometro di massa isotopica (IRMS δ13C).
Questo è il valore che viene riportato, poiché è rappresentativo del campione e idoneo all’uso nella letteratura scientifica.
Al contrario, il δ13C misurato nell’AMS, se riportato, risulta fuorviante e può essere interpretato in modo errato. I ricercatori che utilizzano il radiocarbonio devono sempre verificare se il δ13C che utilizzano è stato ottenuto tramite IRMS o tramite AMS. L’AMS δ13C non può essere utilizzato per gli studi sulla paleodieta o sulle vie metaboliche. I valori δ13C riportati da Beta sono sempre misurati tramite IRMS.
## Occorrenza e misurazione del frazionamento isotopico
Il frazionamento che si verifica durante il trasferimento geochimico di carbonio in natura produce delle variazioni nella distribuzione di equilibrio degli isotopi di carbonio (12C, 13C e 14C). Craig (1953) scoprì per primo che alcuni processi biochimici alterano l’equilibrio tra gli isotopi di carbonio. Alcuni processi, come ad esempio la fotosintesi, favoriscono un isotopo rispetto ad un altro e quindi dopo un fenomeno di questo tipo, l’isotopo 13C si riduce dell’1,8% rispetto ai rapporti naturali nell’atmosfera (Harkness, 1979). Al contrario, il carbonio inorganico disciolto negli oceani subisce normalmente un arricchimento di 13C dello 0,7% rispetto all’anidride carbonica presente nell’atmosfera.
Il grado di frazionamento isotopico nel rapporto 14C/12C (che deve essere misurato con precisione) è all’incirca il doppio di quello del rapporto 13C/12C misurato. Se il frazionamento isotopico si verifica nei processi naturali, può essere effettuata una correzione misurando il rapporto tra l’isotopo 13C e l’isotopo 12C nel campione da datare. La misurazione avviene con uno spettrometro di massa ordinario. La composizione isotopica del campione analizzato viene espressa come delta13C, che rappresenta la differenza in millesimi tra il contenuto di carbonio-13 del campione e quello del carbonato standard internazionale PDB (Keith et al, 1964;. Aitken, 1990). Un valore di d13C rappresenta quindi la deviazione per mille rispetto allo standard PDB. PDB indica la formazione delle belemniti del Cretaceo a Peedee in South Carolina (Stati Uniti). Tale nomenclatura è stata recentemente cambiata in VPDB (Coplen, 1994).
Il valore delta C13 di un campione può fornire informazioni importanti sull’ambiente di provenienza e sulle miscele di materiali utilizzati per produrlo, dal momento che il valore degli isotopi del campione riflette la composizione isotopica dell’ambiente circostante. Nel caso dei molluschi, ad esempio, le conchiglie marine possiedono normalmente un valore d13C compreso tra -1 e +4 o/oo (per mille), mentre quelle di fiume possiedono un valore compreso tra -8 e -12 o/oo (per mille). Pertanto, nel caso in cui non si conosca l’origine esatta della conchiglia, è possibile determinare l’ambiente più probabile analizzando il risultato d13C.
Il frazionamento descrive inoltre le variazioni dei rapporti isotopici del carbonio dovute a cause non naturali. I campioni possono essere frazionati in laboratorio con molti metodi, con una conversione incompleta del campione nel trasferimento da uno stadio all’altro o da una parte di laboratorio ad un’altra. Nel conteggio a scintillazione liquida, ad esempio, una sintesi incompleta dell’acetilene durante la preparazione del carburo di litio può causare una bassa resa ed un contemporaneo frazionamento. Allo stesso modo, il trasferimento di gas in un sistema a vuoto può comportare errori nel frazionamento se il campione non viene lasciato equilibrare nel suo volume totale. Gli atomi con massa maggiore o minore possono essere avvantaggiati da questa situazione. Se, tuttavia, l’intero campione viene convertito completamente da una forma all’altra (ad esempio da solido a gas, da acetilene a benzene), allora non si verificherà alcun frazionamento causato dal laboratorio.
## Età radiocarbonica convenzionale (BP) e correzione C13/12
È possibile misurare il radiocarbonio, indicato come età radiocarbonica convenzionale o CRA, utilizzando un gruppo di parametri indicati da Stuiver e Polach (1977) nella rivista Radiocarbon. Nel misurare la CRA si considera un livello di attività C14 passata indipendente dal tempo. Il livello ipotetico di attività C14 è uguale allo standard internazionale assoluto del radiocarbonio.
L’**età radiocarbonica convenzionale BP** viene calcolata con l’equazione di decadimento del radiocarbonio
**t=-8033 ln(Asn/Aon)**
Dove -8033 rappresenta la vita media del 14C (Stuiver e Polach, 1977). **Aon** indica l’attività in conteggi al minuto dello standard moderno, **Asn** è il cpm equivalente per il campione. **‘ln’** rappresenta il logaritmo naturale.
Una **CRA** comprende le seguenti convenzioni raccomandate:
- un’emivita di 5568 anni;
- l’uso di acido ossalico I o II come standard radiocarbonico moderno;
- la correzione del frazionamento isotopico (deltaC13) del campione ad un valore normalizzato o base del -25,0 per mille rispetto al rapporto δ13C nello standard di carbonato VPDB;
- l’uso del 1950 DC come 0 BP, questo significa che tutte le età C14 tornano indietro nel tempo a partire dal 1950;
- l’ipotesi che tutti i serbatoi di C14 siano rimasti costanti nel tempo.
### Riferimenti::
1\. Royal Ervin Taylor, Radiocarbon Dating: An Archaeological Perspective (1987), Academic Press
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### [Comprendre le fractionnement isotopique](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/fractionnement-isotopique-carbone.htm)
**Published:** June 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Le fractionnement d’isotopes stables du carbone 13 (13C) et du carbone 12 (12C) correspond à la fluctuation dans le rapport des isotopes du fait des processus biochimiques en fonction de leur masse atomique.1 Ces variations sont indépendantes du temps et de la décroissance radioactive naturelle. Il est habituel dans les laboratoires de datation de corriger l’activité du radiocarbone avec le fractionnement de l’échantillon. Les âges obtenus sont dits “normalisés” ce qui signifie que la mesure de l’activité est modifiée d’environs 25 pour mille par rapport au VPBD. Le facteur de correction doit être ajouté ou soustrait de l’âge obtenu de manière conventionnelle.
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Les tarifs de Beta Analytic comprennent les mesures δ13C dans le cadre de l’analyse du carbone 14. Le laboratoire effectue également la mesure δ13C INDÉPENDAMMENT de celle du C14 sauf pour des échantillons d’eau. Veuillez nous contacter pour les tarifs actualisés.
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Cet extrait vidéo fait partie du webinaire de Beta Analytic: [Introduction à l’analyse isotopique](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Introduction à l'analyse isotopique")
## Importance de la mesure du fractionnement isotopique
Afin de fournir des déterminations radiocarbone à la fois précises et exactes, il est nécessaire de corriger le « fractionnement isotopique » à l’aide des isotopes stables 13C et 12C. Cette correction compense l’erreur introduite par les différences de mécanisme métaboliques et respiratoires entre le matériau standard de référence moderne et le matériau de l’échantillon. L’unité de mesure est appelée « δ13C ».
Deux valeurs δ13C sont mesurées par Beta Analytic :
– L’une est la valeur applicable pour corriger le fractionnement total (naturel, chimique et AMS). Cette valeur n’est pas indiquée dans le rapport, mais elle est utilisée pour produire l’« âge radiocarbone conventionnel ». Important : les conventions de rapport utilisant la terminologie « âge radiocarbone conventionnel » indiquent que le résultat a été corrigé pour le fractionnement isotopique.
– Beta mesure également une seconde valeur δ13C dans un spectromètre de masse de rapport isotopique (IRMS δ13C).
Cette valeur est représentative de l’échantillon en lui-même et est indiquée dans le rapport. C’est la valeur que la littérature scientifique attend.
A titre de comparaison, le rapport « AMS δ13C » est trompeur et peut entraîner des erreurs d’interprétation. Les utilisateurs de dates radiocarbone devraient toujours savoir si la valeur δ13C qu’ils utilisent pour leurs recherches a été obtenue par IRMS ou par AMS. S’il s’agit d’une valeur δ13C obtenue par AMS, elle ne peut pas être utilisée pour les études sur les mécanismes alimentaires ou métaboliques. Les valeurs δ13C reportées par Beta sont toujours les valeurs mesurées dans l’IRMS.
## Existence et mesure du fractionnement isotopique
Le fractionnement naturel pendant le transfert géochimique du carbone produit une variation de l’équilibre de distribution des isotopes de 12C, 13C et 14C. En 1953, Craig fut le premier à identifier que certains processus biochimiques modifient l’équilibre entre les isotopes du carbone. Certains processus comme la photosynthèse, par exemple, favorisent un isotope par rapport aux autres en diminuant le C13 de 1.8% par rapport au rapport naturel dans l’atmosphère (Harkness, 1979). Au contraire, le carbone inorganique dissous dans les océans est enrichi de 0.7% en carbone 13 par rapport au CO2 atmosphérique. L’importance du fractionnement isotopique pour le rapport 14C/12C (qui doit être mesuré avec précision) est environ le double de celui mesuré pour le rapport 13C/12C. Le fractionnement isotopique est un processus naturel et la correction peut être réalisée en mesurant le ratio de l’isotope 13C sur le 12C dans l’échantillon à dater. Le rapport est établi en utilisant un spectromètre ordinaire. La composition isotopique de l’échantillon est mesurée en delta de 13C qui représente la différence de particules pour mille entre le carbone 13 de l’échantillon et le contenu de l’échantillon carbonate standard PBD (Keith et al., 1964; Aitken, 1990). Une valeur de delta 13C représente alors la déviation pour mille par rapport au standard de PBD. Le PBD correspond à la formation de bélemnite du crétacée à Peedee en Caroline du Sud, Etats Unis. Cette nomenclature a récemment été remplacée par VPBD (Coplen, 1994). La valeur de delta 13C d’un échantillon peut fournir des informations capitales sur l’environnement duquel il provient ou sur le mélange de matériaux qui le compose, car la valeur de l’isotope de l’échantillon est un reflet de la composition isotopique de l’environnement immédiat. Dans le cas d’un crustacé par exemple, ceux provenant de la mer ont une valeur de 13C entre -1 et + 4 pour mille alors que les ceux provenant des rivières ont une valeur entre -8 et -12 pour mille. Ainsi dans le cas précis où l’environnement du crustacé est inconnu, il est possible de déterminer l’environnement le plus probable avec le delta de 13C. Le fractionnement décrit aussi les variations des rapports isotopiques modifiés par des causes non naturelles. Par exemple les échantillons peuvent être fractionnés dans le laboratoire par plusieurs moyens : conversion incomplète d’une étape à l’autre ou d’un endroit du laboratoire à l’autre. Dans le comptage par scintillation liquide par exemple, la synthèse incomplète de l’acétylène pendant la préparation au carbure de lithium peut conduire à un mauvais rendement et à un fractionnement surajouté. De la même façon, le transfert de gaz dans le système sous vide conduit à une erreur sur le fractionnement si l’échantillon de gaz ne peut pas s’équilibrer dans le volume total. Les atomes de masse plus importante ou plus faible peuvent être favorisés dans ces conditions. Si malgré tout la totalité de l’échantillon est convertie complètement d’une forme à l’autre (par exemple solide vers gaz, acétylène vers benzène) alors le fractionnement lié au laboratoire ne se produira pas.
## L’âge carbone 14 conventionnel (BP) et correction C13/12
Une mesure du radiocarbone appelée l’âge carbone 14 conventionnel (ou CRA) est obtenue en utilisant des paramètres décrits par Stuiver et Polach (1977) dans la revue Radiocarbon. Un niveau d’activité 14C indépendant du temps pour le passé est l’hypothèse retenue pour la mesure du CRA. L’activité du niveau hypothétique de C14 est égale à l’activité du standard international absolu du radiocarbone. **L’âge carbone 14 conventionnel BP** est calculé grâce à l’équation de décroissance radioactive suivante :
**t=-8033 ln(Asn/Aon)**
Où -8033 représente la durée de vie moyenne du C14 (Stuiver et Polach, 1977). **Aon** est l’activité en coup par minute du standard moderne et **Asn** est l’équivalent en cpm de l’échantillon. **‘ln’** représente le logarithme. Un **CRA** comprend les conventions suivantes :
- Une demi-vie de 5568 ans
- L’utilisation de l’acide oxalique I ou II comme standard de radiocarbone moderne
- La correction pour le fractionnement isotopique (delta 13C) pour une valeur de base ou normalisée de -0,25 pour mille relativement au rapport δ13C pour le standard carbonate VPDB
- L’utilisation de l’année 1950 pour le BP zéro pour que tous les âges de C14 remontent le temps à partir de 1950.
- L’hypothèse que tous les réservoirs de C14 sont restés constants dans le temps.
### Référence:
1\. Royal Ervin Taylor, Radiocarbon Dating: An Archaeological Perspective (1987), Academic Press
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### [Comprendiendo el fraccionamiento isotópico](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/fraccionamiento-isotopico.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
El fraccionamiento isotópico de los isótopos estables de carbono, el carbono-13 (C13) y el carbono-12 (C12) se refiere a la fluctuación en las razones de isótopos de carbono como resultado de los procesos bioquímicos naturales como una de su masa atómica.1 Estas variaciones no están relacionadas con el tiempo y el decaimiento radiactivo natural. La corrección de las actividades del radiocarbono con el fraccionamiento de las muestras es una práctica común en los laboratorios de radiocarbono. Las edades resultantes son conocidas como “normalizadas”, es decir, la actividad medida se modifica en relación a -25 o/oo (por mil) con respecto al estándar VPDB. El factor de corrección debe ser añadido o sustraído de la edad de radiocarbono convencional.
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Beta Analytic incluye las mediciones de δ13C en el precio de la datación por C14. El laboratorio también realiza mediciones de δ13C de manera independiente al análisis de C14, con la excepción de las muestras de agua. Si desea conocer nuestros precios, por favor envíe un correo electrónico al laboratorio.
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Exención de responsabilidad: Este video está alojado en un sitio externo y puede contener publicidad.
Este vídeo forma parte del webinario de Beta Analytic: [Una introducción al análisis de isótopos estables](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Una introducción al análisis de isótopos estables")
## La importancia de medir el fraccionamiento isotópico
Para generar determinaciones radiocarbónicas exactas y precisas, es necesario corregir el “fraccionamiento isotópico” usando los isótopos 13C y 12C. Esta corrección elimina el error introducido por las diferencias en las vías metabólica y respiratoria entre el material del estándar de referencia moderno y el material de la muestra. La unidad de medida se denomina “δ13C”.
Beta Analytic mide dos valores δ13C:
– Uno es el valor aplicable para corregir el fraccionamiento total (natural, químico y derivado de AMS).
Este valor no es citado en el informe, pero se utiliza para generar la “Edad de Radiocarbono Convencional” correcta. Importante: Convencionalmente, el uso de la terminología “Edad de Radiocarbono Convencional” en un informe indica que el resultado ha sido corregido en función del fraccionamiento isotópico.
– Beta también mide un segundo valor δ13C en un espectrómetro de masas de relaciones isotópicas (IRMS δ13C). Este valor es representativo de la muestra misma y es citado en el informe. Éste es el valor que la literatura especializada espera.
En contraste, citar el valor “AMS δ13C” es confuso y se presta a interpretaciones equivocadas. Los usuarios de radiocarbono siempre deberían considerar si el valor δ13C que están usando en su investigación es el valor IRMS δ13C o el valor AMS δ13C. Si se trata del valor AMS δ13C, no puede utilizarse en estudios de vías alimentarias o metabólicas. Los valores δ13C citados en los informes de Beta siempre son los valores medidos en el IRMS.
## Ocurrencia y medición del fraccionamiento isotópico
El fraccionamiento durante la transferencia geoquímica de carbono en la naturaleza produce variaciones en la distribución de equilibrio de los isótopos de carbono (12C, 13C y 14C). Craig (1953) fue el primero en identificar por primera vez que ciertos procesos bioquímicos alteran el equilibrio entre los isótopos de carbono. Algunos procesos, como la fotosíntesis, favorecen un isótopo sobre el otro. Después de la fotosíntesis, el isótopo C13 se agota en 1,8% en comparación con sus proporciones naturales en la atmósfera (Harkness, 1979). A la inversa, el carbono inorgánico disuelto en los océanos suele ser enriquecido con 13C en un 0,7% en comparación con el dióxido de carbono atmosférico.
El grado de fraccionamiento isotópico en la razón 14C/12C (que debe ser medida con precisión) es aproximadamente el doble de la razón 13C/12C medida. Si el fraccionamiento isotópico ocurre en procesos naturales, la corrección puede realizarse mediante la medición de la razón del isótopo 13C en comparación con el isótopo 12C en la muestra que está siendo datada. La razón se calcula utilizando un espectrómetro de masas común. La composición isotópica de la muestra que se está midiendo se expresa como delta13C, que representa la diferencia de partes por mil entre el contenido de carbono-13 de la muestra y el estándar internacional PDB de carbonato (Keith et al, 1964; Aitken, 1990). Por tanto, un valor d13C representa la desviación por mil (partes por mil) en relación al estándar PDB. PDB se refiere a la formación de belemnitas del Cretáceo en Pee Dee, Carolina del Sur, EE.UU. Esta nomenclatura ha sido modificada recientemente a VPDB (Coplen, 1994).
El valor δ13C de una muestra puede producir información importante sobre el entorno de donde proviene la muestra o sobre las mezclas de materiales utilizados en su producción ya que el valor isotópico de la muestra refleja la composición isotópica del entorno inmediato. En el caso de los crustáceos, por ejemplo, las conchas marinas suelen tener un valor de dC13 de entre -1 y +4 o/oo (por mil), mientras que las conchas encontradas en ríos tienen un valor de -8 y -12 o/oo (por mil). Por tanto, si no se conoce el entorno de una concha, es posible determinar el entorno más probable analizando el resultado de dC13.
El fraccionamiento también describe variaciones en las razones isotópicas de carbono provocadas por causas naturales. Por ejemplo, las muestras pueden ser fraccionadas en el laboratorio mediante procesos diferentes: conversión incompleta de la muestra de una etapa a otra o de una parte del laboratorio a otra. En el Recuento de Centelleo Líquido, por ejemplo, la síntesis incompleta de acetileno durante la preparación del carbonato de litio puede resultar en un bajo rendimiento y fraccionamiento simultáneamente. De manera similar, la transferencia de gases en un sistema de vacío puede implicar en errores de fraccionamiento si no ha sido permitido que la muestra de gas se equilibre a lo largo del volumen total. Los átomos de masa mayor o menor podrán ser favorecidos en una situación como esta. Si, sin embargo, se convierte completamente toda la muestra de una forma a otra (por ejemplo, de sólido a gas, de acetileno a benceno), el laboratorio no hace ningún fraccionamiento.
## Edades convencionales de radiocarbono (BP) y corrección C13/12
Una medición de radiocarbono, conocida como edad convencional de radiocarbono (o ECR), se obtiene utilizando un conjunto de parámetros descritos por Stuiver y Polach (1977), en la publicación “Radiocarbon”. Un nivel de actividad de C14 independiente del tiempo para el pasado es asumido en la medición de la ECR. La actividad de este nivel hipotético de actividad de C14 es igual a la actividad del estándar de radiocarbono internacional absoluto.
La **edad convencional de radiocarbono (BP)** se calcula utilizando la ecuación del decaimiento del radiocarbono
**t=-8033 ln(Asn/Aon)**
Donde -8033 representa el tiempo promedio de vida del 14C (Stuiver y Polach, 1977). Aon es la actividad en recuentos por minuto del estándar moderno; Asn es el rpm equivalente para la muestra; e **‘ln’** representa el logaritmo natural.
La **ECR** comprende las siguientes convenciones recomendadas:
- una vida promedia de 5.568 años;
- el uso de ácido oxálico I o II como estándar moderno de radiocarbono;
- la corrección con el fraccionamiento isotópico de la muestra (δ13C) para un valor normalizado o de base de -25.0 por mil en comparación con la razón de δ13C en el estándar VPDB de carbonato;
- el uso del año 1950 DC como BP = 0;
- la suposición de que todos los reservorios de C14 permanecerán constantes a lo largo del tiempo.
### Referencia:
1\. Royal Ervin Taylor, Radiocarbon Dating: An Archaeological Perspective (1987), Academic Press
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### [Isotopenfraktionierung verstehen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/isotopische-fraktionierung.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Die isotopische Fraktionierung von stabilen Kohlenstoffisotopen Kohlenstoff-13 (C13) und Kohlenstoff-12 (C12) bezieht sich auf die Fluktuation in dem Kohlenstoffisotop Verhältnis als eine Funktion ihres Atomgewichtes als Ergebnis von natürlichen biochemischen Prozessen.1 Variationen als solches stehen nicht in Beziehung zu Zeit oder dem natürlichen radioaktiven Zerfall. In den Radiokohlenstoff Labors ist es alltäglich, die Radiokohlenstoffaktivitäten für die Probenfraktionierung zu korrigieren. Die sich ergebenden Alter werden als „normiert” bezeichnet, was bedeutet, dass die gemessene Aktivität im Hinblick von VPBD um -25 o/oo (Promille) abgewandelt wird. Der Korrekturfaktor muss dem konventionellen Radiokohlenstoffalter addiert oder von ihm subtrahiert werden.
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Die Beta Analytic Gebühren enthalten in Verbindung mit der C14 Analyse schon δ13C Messungen. Unser Labor bietet, außer für Wasserproben, ebenfalls δ13C Messungen an, die NICHT mit der C14 Datierung in Verbindung stehen. Bitte senden Sie dem Labor eine E-Mail, um die Preise zu erfahren.
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Haftungsausschluss: Dieses Video wird auf der Website Dritter bereit gestellt und kann Werbung enthalten.
Dieser Videoauszug ist Teil des Webinars von Beta Analytic: [Isotope: Eine Einführung in die Isotopenanalyse](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Isotope: Eine Einführung in die Isotopenanalyse")
## Signifikanz der Messung der Isotopenfraktionierung
Um korrekte und präzise Radiokohlenstoff Bestimmungen liefern zu können, ist es erforderlich, die “Isotopenfraktionierung” mittels den stabilen Isotopen 13C und 12C zu korrigieren. Dieser Korrekturfaktor wirkt Fehlern entgegen, die durch metabolische und respiratorische Verlaufsunterschiede zwischen dem modernen Referenzstandardmaterial und dem Probenmaterial aufkommen können. Die Messeinheit wird als “δ13C” bezeichnet.
Beta Analytic misst zwei δ13C-Werte:
– Ein Wert wird angewendet, um die Gesamtfraktionierung (natürlich, chemisch und AMS) zu korrigieren. Dieser Wert wird nicht berichtet, sondern verwendet, um das korrekte “konventionelle Radiokohlenstoffalter” zu ermitteln.
Wichtig: Terminologie wie “konventionelles Radiokohlenstoffalter” in Berichtskonventionenindiziert, dass das Ergebnis gemäß Isotopenfraktionierung korrigiert wurde.
– Beta misst darüber hinaus einen zweiten δ13C-Wert in einem Isotopenverhältnis-Massenspektrometer (IRMS δ13C). Dieser Wert ist repräsentativ für die Probe selbst und erscheint im Bericht. Dieser Wert ist in der Literatur anzugeben.
Wird der “AMS δ13C” Wert berichtet, ist dies irreführend und offen für Fehlinterpretationen. Forscher, die mit Radiokohlenstoffdaten arbeiten, sollten sich immer im Klaren darüber sein, ob es sich bei dem in ihrer Forschung verwendeten δ13C-Wert, um IRMS δ13C oder AMS δ13C handelt. Der AMS δ13C Wert, kann nicht für Studien des diätetischen oder Stoffwechselwegs verwendet werden. Bei von Beta berichtete δ13C-Werte handelt es sich immer um mittels IRMS gemessene Werte.
## Vorkommen und Messung der isotopischen Fraktionierung
Die Fraktionierung in der Natur während des Transfers von Kohlenstoff bewirkt Veränderungen in der gleichmäßigen Verteilung von Kohlenstoffisotopen (C12, C13 und C14). Craig (1953) hat als erster erkannt, dass bestimmte biochemische Prozesse das Gleichgewicht zwischen den Kohlenstoffisotopen verändern. Einige Prozesse, wie beispielsweise die Photosynthese, ziehen ein Isotop den anderen vor, daher ist nach der Photosynthese das Isotop C13 im Vergleich zu den natürlichen Verhältnissen in der Atmosphäre um 1,8 % dezimiert (Harkness, 1979). Umgekehrt ist der in den Meeren gelöste anorganische Kohlenstoff allgemein in Relation zum atmosphärischen Kohlendioxid um 0,7 % reicher an C13.
Das Ausmaß der isotopischen Fraktionierung auf das C14/C12 Verhältnis (was exakt gemessen werden muss) ist ungefähr doppelt so hoch wie das im δ13C Verhältnis gemessene. Wenn die isotopische Fraktionierung in natürlichen Prozessen erfolgt, kann eine Korrektur durch die Messung des Verhältnisses des Isotops C13 zum Isotop C12 in der zu datierenden Probe erfolgen. Das Verhältnis wird unter Verwendung eines normalen Massenspektrometers ermittelt. Die isotopische Zusammensetzung der gemessenen Probe wird als Delta C13 (dC13) ausgedrückt, das den Promille Unterschied zwischen dem Kohlenstoff 13 Inhalt der Probe und dem internationalen PDB Standardkohlenstoff ausdrückt (Keith et al., 1964; Aitken, 1990). Ein dC13 Wert stellt dann die Promille-Abweichung vom PDB Standard dar. PDB bezieht sich auf die Kreidezeit Belemniten Formation in Peedee, Südkalifornien USA. Die Nomenklatur wurde kürzlich in VPDB geändert (Coplen, 1994).
Der DeltaC13 Wert einer Probe kann wichtige Informationen im Hinblick auf die Umwelt, aus der die Probe stammt oder die Mischung von Materialien, die zu ihrer Erstellung verwendet wurden erbringen, da der Isotopwert der Probe die isotopische Zusammensetzung der direkten Umgebung widerspiegelt. Im Fall von Schalentieren beispielsweise, besitzen Meeresmuscheln typischerweise einen dC13 Wert von zwischen -1 und +4 o/oo (Promille), dagegen besitzen Flussmuscheln einen Wert von zwischen -8 und -12 o/oo (Promille). In Fällen, in denen die genaue Umwelt der Muscheln nicht bekannt ist, ist es dann möglich, die wahrscheinlichste Umwelt mit der Analyse des dC13 Ergebnisses zu bestimmen.
Die Fraktionierung beschreibt auch die Veränderungen in den Isotopenverhältnissen von Kohlenstoffen, die durch nicht natürliche Ursachen entstanden sind. Beispielsweise können Proben im Labor mit verschiedenen Mitteln fraktioniert werden: Unvollständige Umwandlung einer Probe aus der einen Phase zur anderen oder von einem Teil des Labors zu einem anderen. Bei der Flüssigszintillationszählung z.B. kann eine unvollständige Synthese von Azetylen während der Lithiumkarbid Präparation zu einem geringen Ergebnis und gleichzeitig Fraktionierung ergeben. Gleichermaßen kann der Transfer von Gasen in einem Vakuumsystem einen Fraktionierungsfehler mit sich bringen, wenn das Probengas nicht die Möglichkeit hat, sich über das ganze Volumen auszudehnen. In einer derartigen Situation können Atome mit größeren oder geringeren Atomgewichten bevorzugt werden. Wenn allerdings die gesamte Probe vollständig von einem zum anderen Zustand umgewandelt (z. B. fest zu Gas, Azetylen zu Benzol) wird, dann wird keine vom Labor induzierte Fraktionierung vorkommen.
## Konventionelle Radiokohlenstoffalter (BP) und C13/12 Korrektur
Damit eine Radiokohlenstoff Messung, als konventionelles Radiokohlenstoffalter (auch CRA) bezeichnet werden kann, werden eine Reihe von Parametern verwendet, die von Stuiver und Polach (1977) im Radiocarbon Journal skizziert wurden. Bei der Messung eines CRA wird für die Vergangenheit ein zeitunabhängiger Level von C14 Aktivität angenommen. Die Aktivität dieses hypothetischen Grades an C14 Aktivität ist gleich der Aktivität des absoluten internationalen Radiokohlenstoff Standards.
Das **Konventionelle Radiokohlenstoffalter BP** wird unter Verwendung der ‘Radiocarbon Decay Equation’ berechnet.
**t=-8033 ln(Asn/Aon)**
Hier stellt -8033 die mittlere Lebensdauer von C14 dar (Stuiver und Polach, 1977). **Aon** ist die Aktivität in Zähler pro Minute des modernen Standards, **Asn** ist der äquivalente Zähler pro Minute Wert für die Probe. **In** stellt den natürlichen Logarithmus dar.
Ein **CRA** umfasst folgende empfohlenen Konventionen:
- eine Halbwertzeit von 5.568 Jahren;
- die Verwendung von Oxalsäure I oder II als moderner Radiokohlenstoffstandard;
- Korrektur um die isotopische Fraktionierung (deltaC13) der Probe um einen normierten oder Grundwert von -25,0 Promille relativ zum δ13C Verhältnisses im Karbonat Standard VPDB
- die Verwendung von 1950 AD als 0 BP, z. B. alle C14 Alter gehen auf die Zeit von 1950 zurück;
- die Annahme, dass alle C14 Reservoire über die Zeit konstant geblieben sind.
### Referenz:
1\. Royal Ervin Taylor, Radiocarbon Dating: An Archaeological Perspective (1987), Academic Press
---
### [放射性碳定年簡介](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/about-carbon-dating.htm)
**Published:** June 23, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- 碳14 是放射性非常微弱的碳同位素；也稱為放射性碳，它是一個同位素計時器。
- 放射性碳定年僅適用於有機和一些無機材料（不適用於金屬）。
- 氣體正比技術、液體閃爍技術以及加速器質譜是三種主要的放射性碳定年方法。
放射性碳定年技術對現代人類產生了重要影響，成為20世紀最重大的發現之一。没有其他科學方法能像放射性碳定年技術那樣，不僅改變了人類對現在的認識，也改變了人類對數千年前已經發生事件的認識。
[考古學](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/archaeology.htm "考古學") 和其他人文科學使用放射性碳定年證明或反駁各種理論。多年來，碳14定年也被應用於地質學、水文學、地球物理學、大氣科學、海洋學、古氣候學，甚至生物醫學領域。
## 碳定年的基本原理
放射性碳（或稱碳14）同位素是不穩定和弱放射性的碳元素。碳12和碳13是穩定的同位素。
碳14由於受到宇宙射線中子對氮14原子的作用，於大氣上層不斷形成。它在空氣中迅速氧化，形成二氧化碳並進入全球碳循環。
動物和植物在它們的一生中都從二氧化碳中吸收碳14。當它們死亡後，就停止與生物圈的碳交換，其碳14含量開始減少，減少的速度由放射性衰變决定。
放射性碳定年本質上是一種用來測量剩餘放射能的方法。
## 測量放射性碳的主要方法
有三種主要技術用於測量任一樣品的碳14含量：氣體正比計數、液體閃爍計數和 [加速器質譜](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm "accelerator mass spectrometry").
氣體正比計數計算樣品發射的β粒子，是一種傳統放射性定年技術。β粒子是放射性碳衰變的產物。在此方法中，碳樣品首先轉換成二氧化碳氣體，然後才在氣體正比計數器上進行測量。
液體閃爍計數是另一種放射性碳定年技術，在1960年代很受歡迎。在此方法中，樣品為液體形式，並添加了閃爍體。當閃爍體與β粒子相互作用時會產生閃光。一個裝有樣品的小瓶在兩個光電倍增管之間通過。只有當兩個設備都有閃光，才能計數。
加速器質譜（AMS）是一種現代化的放射性碳定年法，被認為是衡量樣品放射性碳含量較為有效的方法。在此方法中，直接測量碳14與碳12和碳13的相對含量。該方法不計算β粒子，而是計算樣品中存在的碳原子數量以及同位素的比例。
## 可進行放射性碳定年的材料
並不是所有的材料都可以進行放射性碳定年。大多數有機物（不是所有）都可以進行碳定年。此外，一些無機物質，如貝殼的文石（主要是CaCo3）成分，雖然為無機物，但是也可以進行碳定年（只要礦物的形成有吸收碳14，並保持與大氣的碳14濃度相當即可）。
自採用該方法以來，已進行過碳定年的樣品包括 [木炭](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm "radiocarbon dating charcoal")、[木頭](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-wood.htm "AMS dating wood")、樹枝, [種子](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-seeds.htm "AMS dating seeds and grains")、[骨頭](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-bones.htm "bones")、[貝殼](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-shells.htm "shells")、皮革、[泥炭](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-peat.htm "AMS dating peat")、湖泊淤泥, [土壤](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-sediments.htm "AMS dating sediment or soil")、頭髮、[陶瓷](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-pottery.htm "pottery")、[孢粉](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-pollen.htm "AMS dating pollen")、壁畫、珊瑚、血液殘留物、[布料](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-textiles.htm "fabrics")、紙或羊皮紙、樹脂和[水](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm "water")等等。
在分析這些物質的放射性碳含量之前，先要對它們進行物理和化學預處理以去除可能存在的污染物。
## 放射性碳定年標準
透過測量某一年齡不詳樣品的碳14含量，並將該結果與近代和背景樣品中的碳14活性進行比較，可以測定出它的放射性碳年齡。
放射性碳定年實驗室採用的主要現代化標準是Oxalic Acid I，它是由美國馬里蘭州國家標準與技術研究所制定的 。該標準中的草酸來自於1955年的甜菜。Oxalic Acid I中約95％的放射性碳活性等於絶對放射性碳標準所測量的放射性碳活性，即1890年未受化石燃料效果影響的木材。
當 Oxalic Acid I 儲備幾乎完全消耗掉時，科學家又制定了另一個取自於1977年法國甜菜糖蜜的標準。新的標準稱為 Oxalic Acid II，其證明在放射性碳含量方面僅與草酸略有不同。多年來，相繼制定了其他二級放射性碳標準。
為了去除樣品分析過程中獲得的結果夾雜背景材料的活性，還要測定背景材料的放射性碳活性。測得的樣品放射性碳定年結果，須扣除背景放射性碳活性的值。被分析的背景樣品通常是諸如煤、褐煤和石灰石等年齡古老的地質作用形成物質。
## 放射性碳定年
放射性碳測試被稱為常規放射性碳年齡（CRA）。CRA公約包括（一）採用Libby半衰期、（二）採用Oxalic Acid I 、Oxalic Acid II 或任何適當的二級標準作為近代放射性碳標準、（三）將樣品同位素分餾校正為每千-25.0的正常值或基值（相對於南卡羅來納州Peedee白堊紀箭石地層中，碳酸鹽岩標準VPDB中的碳12/碳13比例）、（四）零BP（迄今）為公元1950年，以及（五）全球放射性碳含量不變的假設。
由於 [放射性碳定年結果](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-results.htm "radiocarbon dating result")報告中還包括標準誤差，因此採用“±”值。這些值透過統計方法獲得。
## 放射性碳定年的先驅
美國物理化學家 Willard Libby在後二戰時期領導一支科學家團隊開發了一種測量放射性碳活動的方法。他被視為首位主張，生命物質中可能存在名為放射性碳或碳14的不穩定碳同位素的科學家。
Libby先生和他的科學家團隊發表了一篇文章，概述在有機樣品中首次發現放射性碳的情況。Libby先生也是首位測量放射性衰變率，並把5568年± 30年定為半衰期的科學家。
1960年，Libby先生被授予諾貝爾化學獎，以此認可他在開發放射性碳定年中做出的努力。
參考文獻:
1\. American Chemical Society National Historic Chemical Landmarks. Discovery of Radiocarbon Dating (accessed October 31, 2017).
2\. Sheridan Bowman, Radiocarbon Dating: Interpreting the Past (1990), University of California Press
---
免責聲明：本視頻託管於第三方網站中，可能包含廣告。
本段影片節錄自BETA實驗室網路研討會: [同位素101: 穩定同位素分析導論](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "同位素101: 穩定同位素分析導論")
---
### [放射性炭素年代測定の基礎知識](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/about-carbon-dating.htm)
**Published:** March 16, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- 炭素14(C14 or 14C)はわずかに放射能を放出する炭素同位体です「放射性炭素」とも呼ばれており、同位体クロノメーターでもあります
- 放射性炭素年代測定法は有機物や一部の無機物で測定が可能です（金属は測定できません）
- ガスプロポーショナルカウンティング、液体シンチレーションカウンティング、 加速器質量分析法(AMS法)が主な測定方法です
## 炭素年代測定法とは？
放射性炭素年代測定は、生物由来の炭素系物質が存在した客観的な年代を推定のための方法です。
その「年代」は、試料の放射性炭素（C14）の量を測定し、国際的に使用されている標準物質と比較することによって推定できます。
この炭素年代測定の発明は20世紀の人類の発明の中でも最も重要なもののひとつであり、過去数万年から現代にいたるまでの地球そして人類の歴史を解明するには、放射性炭素年代測定が不可欠です。
[考古学](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/archaeology.htm "考古学")、人類学においてセオリーの立証または反証の根拠として、この炭素年代測定法が使用されていますし、地質学、水文学、地球物理学、大気科学、海洋学、古気候学など幅広い分野でも応用されてきました。
## 放射性炭素年代測定の基本原理
放射性炭素(C14)は炭素の同位体のひとつで、放射性物質です。炭素の安定同位体には、C12とC13があります。
放射性炭素は大気圏上層で、宇宙線の二次中性子と窒素の反応によって生成されます。
生成された放射性炭素は大気中でただちに酸化され二酸化炭素として地球圏の炭素サイクルに組み込まれます。
植物は光合成によって放射性炭素を含んだ二酸化炭素を取り込み、動物も食物連鎖によって放射性炭素を取り込みます。それら生物の生命が終わると、生物圏の炭素のやりとりも終了します。
その時から、放射性炭素はその放射性崩壊の割合に従って減っていきます。
## 放射性炭素の測定方法
試料の放射性炭素（C14）量を測るには主に三つの手法があります。ガスプロポーショナルカウンティング法、液体シンチレーションカウンティング法、 [加速器質量分析法(AMS)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm "加速器質量分析 AMS")です。
ガスプロポーショナルカウンティングは、試料を二酸化炭素に変え、ガスプロポーショナルカウンタによって放射性炭素濃度を測定します。
液体シンチレーションカウンティングは1960年代から普及した方法です。液体に調製された試料にシンチレーターと呼ばれる光を発生する物質が加えられます。シンチレーターはベータ粒子が入ると光ります。試料は2つの光電子増倍管の間に置かれ両方の光電子増倍管に光が記録された時のみカウントされます。
加速器質量分析法(AMS)は三つの方法の中では一番新しいものです。この質量分析法ではC12,C13に対する放射性炭素の比が直接計測されます。
## 放射性炭素年代測定の対象物
全ての物質が質量分析法を用いた放射性炭素年代測定の対象になるわけではありません。
炭素年代測定は炭素を含む物質が対象となります。つまり、炭素を含む有機物や、貝・アラゴナイトなどの無機物などは、炭素年代測定をすることが可能です。
これまでに、 [炭](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm "炭"), [木](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-wood.htm "木"), [種](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-seeds.htm "種"), [骨](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-bones.htm "骨"), [貝](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-shells.htm "貝"), 革, [ピート](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-peat.htm "ピート"), [土壌](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-sediments.htm "土壌"), [土器付着物](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-pottery.htm "土器付着物"), [花粉](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-pollen.htm "花粉"), サンゴ, [繊維](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-textiles.htm "繊維"), 紙 [水](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm "水") といった様々な試料の放射性炭素年代測定がなされてきました。
放射性炭素年代測定を行うためには、二次的に混入した炭素を取り除くために、物理的および化学的な試料の前処理が必要です。
## 放射性炭素年代測定の標準試料（スタンダード）
年代のわからない試料の年代は、放射性炭素年代測定によって得た試料の放射性炭素（C14）濃度と、標準試料および放射性炭素を含まない試料（バックグラウンド試料）の放射性炭素濃度を比較することによって決められます。
最初の標準試料はアメリカの規格基準局が発行したシュウ酸標準体Oxalic Acid I（HOxI）です。このシュウ酸は1955年の甜菜から調製されました。Oxalic Acid I の放射性炭素濃度に0.95を乗じた値は化石燃料の影響を受けていない1890年の木の放射性炭素濃度(absolute radiocarbon standard)に相当します。
Oxalic Acid Iがほぼ消費された後、1977年にフランスのビート糖蜜から放射性炭素年代測定に使用される新しい標準試料Oxalic Acid II（HOxII）が調製されました。 Oxalic Acid IIの放射性炭素量は Oxalic Acid Iの放射性炭素量と殆ど変りません。
ここ何年もの時間をかけて、次なる炭素年代測定に使用できる標準物質が作り試みが続けられています。
また炭素年代測定を行う際には、質量分析法を用いた分析中に得られる結果以外の影響を差し引くため、標準試料以外に、放射性炭素をほぼ含まないバックグラウンド試料の放射性炭素濃度も測定されます。
つまり、バックラウンド試料の放射性炭素濃度を、測定試料の放射性炭素濃度から差し引くのです。
バックグラウンド試料には通常、石炭、亜炭、石灰岩といった地質学的に非常に古いことがわかっているもの（いわゆるinfinite ageの物質）が用いられます。
## 放射性炭素年代について
放射性炭素測定の結果、つまり物質の推定年代は、「放射性炭素年代（Conventional Radiocarbon Age：CRA）」と呼ばれます。
この放射性炭素年代（Conventional Radiocarbon Age）は、
(a)リビーの半減期を用いること
(b) Oxalic Acid I or II もしくはそれに準拠する標準試料を用いること
(c)安定同位体(C13)を-25‰に規格化することによって同位体分別の補正を行うこと
(d)AD1950を基準年(0 yBP) とすること
(e)放射性炭素濃度は一定であったと仮定する
と定義されています。
また誤差は統計誤差を用い、放射性炭素年代測定の [結果](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-results.htm "結果")の報告書には “±” と記されます。
## 放射性炭素年代測定法の開発者
アメリカの物理化学者 ウイラード・リビー博士(Willard Libby)は第二次大戦後、放射性炭素の測定方法を開発するためのチームを率いていました。リビー博士は初めて生命体には放射性炭素(C14)が存在していることを唱えました。
リビー博士とそのチームは初めて有機物試料の放射性炭素を測定するのに成功し、論文を発表しました。また初めて放射性炭素年の半減期 (リビーの半減期5568±30年)を測定しました。
1960年、リビー博士は放射性炭素年代測定法の開発に尽力した功績でノーベル化学賞を受賞しました。
### 参照資料:
1\. American Chemical Society National Historic Chemical Landmarks. [Discovery of Radiocarbon Dating](https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/radiocarbon-dating.html "Discovery of Radiocarbon Dating") (accessed October 31, 2017).
2\. Sheridan Bowman, Radiocarbon Dating: Interpreting the Past (1990), University of California Press
### もっと炭素年代測定について知りたい方へ:
[加速器質量分析(AMS)による放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm "加速器質量分析(AMS)による放射性炭素年代測定")
[放射性炭素年代の暦年代較正](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/calendar-calibration-carbon-dating.htm "放射性炭素年代の暦年代較正")
[放射性炭素年代測定と核実験期限放射性炭素（Bomb Carbon)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-bomb-carbon.htm "放射性炭素年代測定と核実験期限放射性炭素（Bomb Carbon)")
[放射測定(レディオメトリック法)による年代測定とは?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-radiometric-dating/ "加速器質量分析(AMS)による放射性炭素年代測定")
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免責事項:この動画はサードパーティーのサービスを利用しているため広告が表示されることがあります。
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### [방사성 탄소 연대: 서론](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/about-carbon-dating.htm)
**Published:** January 22, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- 방사성 탄소라고도 불리는 탄소 14는 탄소의 아주 약한 방사성 동위 원소이며, 동위 원소를 측정하는 지침입니다.
- 방사성 탄소 연대 측정은 유기물과 몇몇 무기물에서만 가능합니다. (금속에는 할 수 없음).
- 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 기본 방법에는 가스 비례 계수기 (Gas Proportional counting), 액체 섬광 계수기(Liquid scintillation counting), 가속기 질량 분석 (accelerator Mass spectrometry) 세 가지가 있습니다.
- 방사성 탄소 연대 실험실에서는 최근 표준으로 옥살 산 I과 옥살 산 II을 사용합니다.
- 방사성 탄소 연대 측정의 결과는 일반 방사성 탄소 연대 (Conventional Radiocarbon Age)로 보고합니다.
방사성 탄소 연대 기술은 현 인류에 영향을 많이 미친20세기 가장 중대한 발견 중 하나입니다. 다른 어떤 과학적 측정 방법도 인류가 현재 존재하는 일뿐 아니라 수천 년 전에 일어났던 일까지 알 수 있게 해 것은 없습니다.
[Archaeology](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/archaeology.htm "고고학과") 이외 인문 과학에서 자신의 이론을 입증하거나 틀렸음을 입증하는데 방사성 탄소 연대를 사용하며 또한 오랫동안 지질학, 수문 학, 지구 물리학, 대기 과학, 해양학, 고기후학, 바이오 의학 분야에서 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 기술을 응용해 사용하고 있습니다.
## 기본 원리
방사성 탄소 혹은 탄소 14는 탄소의 동위 원소로서 불안정하고 약한 방사성을 가지고 있으며, 반면에 탄소 12와 탄소 13은 안정된 동위 원소입니다.
탄소 14는 질소 14의 원자에 있는 중성자의 영향으로 상층 대기에서 지속적으로 만들어지며, 이산화 탄소를 만들기 위해 공기 중에서 빠르게 산화하여, 전체 탄소 사이클로 들어갑니다.
식물과 동물은 살아있는 동안 이산화 탄소로부터 탄소 14를 받아들이지만, 죽으면 생물 권과 탄소 교환을 중단하며, 체내에 남아있는 탄소 14는 방사성 소멸 공식에 따라 감소하기 시작합니다.
방사성 탄소 연대 측정 방법은 기본적으로 방사성 잔류량을 측정하기 위해 고안된 방법 입니다.
## 방사성 탄소를 측정하는 기본 방법들
샘플의 탄소 14 함유량을 측정하는 세 가지 기본 방법이 있습니다 – 가스 비례 계수기 (gas proportional counting), 액체 섬광 계수기 (liquid scintillation counting), 가속기 질량 분석기 ([accelerator mass spectrometry](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm "accelerator mass spectrometry")).
방사성 탄소 연대 측정 기술인 액체 섬광 계수기 방법은 1960년대에 많이 사용했던 방법입니다. 이 방법은 샘플이 액체 상태여야 하며, 신틸레이터를 추가합니다. 신틸레이터는 베타 입자와 서로 작용하여 섬광을 만듭니다. 샘플이 담긴 유리병을 두 개의 광전 배증관 사이로 지나가게 하면, 이 장치에 섬광이 기록되면서 측정이 이루어집니다.
가속기 질량 분석 (AMS)는 방사성 연대 측정하는데 있어서 가장 효과적인 방법으로 알려진 최신 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 방법입니다. 이 방법은 탄소 14 함유량을 현존하는 탄소 12와 탄소 13와 서로 상대적으로 직접 측정합니다. 베타 입자를 세지 않고 샘플에 있는 탄소 원자 수와 동위 원소 비율을 측정합니다.
## 방사성 탄소 연대 측정을 할 수 있는 물질들
모든 물질로 방사성 탄소 연대 측정을 할 수 없습니다. 유기물질의 화합물은 전부는 아니지만 대부분 연대 측정할 수 있습니다. 껍질에 있는 아라고나이트 합성물 같은 몇몇 무기 물질은 대기권과 균형을 이루려는 탄소 14 동화 작용으로 인해 미네랄을 합성하는데, 이를 이용하여 연대 측정할 수 있습니다.
방사성 탄소 연대 측정 방법이 시작된 이후 연대 측정한 샘플은 다음과 같습니다. [석탄, 나무](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm "석탄, 나무"), 잔가지, 씨앗, [뼈](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-bones.htm "뼈"), [껍질](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-shells.htm "껍질"), 가죽, 토탄, 호수 진흙, 토양, 털, [도자기](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-pottery.htm "도자기"), 꽃가루, 벽화, 산호, 혈액 잔여물, [직물](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-textiles.htm "직물"), 종이나 양피지, 수지, 물 [등등](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/groundwater-carbon-dating-sampling.htm "water").
실험 분석 전, 물리적, 화학적 사전 처리를 하여 오염 물질을 제거합니다.
## 방사성 탄소 연대 측정의 표준
정확한 연대를 알 수 없는 샘플의 방사성 탄소 연대 측정은 이 샘플의 탄소 14의 함유량을 측정하고, 최근 샘플과 기본 자료 샘플의 탄소 14의 활동 결과를 비교해 결정합니다.
방사성 탄소 연대 측정 실험실에서 사용하는 최근 표준은 미국 메릴랜드 주에 있는 미국 국립 표준 기술원 (the National Institute of Standards and Technology)에서 얻은 옥살 산 I입니다. 이 옥살 산은 1955년도 사탕무에서 왔으며, 옥살 산 I의 방사성 탄소 활동의 약 95%가 절대 기준이 되는 방사성 탄소(화석 연료 영향을 받지 않은 1890년 나무)의 활동 측정치와 일치합니다.
모든 옥살 산 I을 사용해 없어져서, 1977년도 프랑스산 사탕무에서 또 다른 표준을 만들었는데, 이 새 표준인 옥살 산 II은 방사성 탄소 함유량 면에서 옥살 산 I과 거의 같으며, 아주 미세한 차이만 있다는 것이 밝혀졌습니다. 수년에 걸쳐서 다른 두 번째 표준을 만들어 왔습니다.
기초 자료로 쓰이는 물질의 방사성 탄소의 활동을 결정하여 샘플 분석 결과의 오차를 제거합니다. 방사성 탄소 활동의 기초 자료를 측정하고, 얻은 값을 샘플의 결과에서 제합니다. 분석한 기초 자료가 되는 샘플들은 석탄, 갈탄, 석회석과 같이 보통 지질학적으로 엄청 오래된 물질입니다.
## 방사성 탄소 연대 측정값
일반 방사성 탄소 나이 (CRA)로 방사성 탄소 측정값을 정합니다. CRA는 (a) Libby씨의 반감기 사용, (b) 최근 방사성 탄소 기준으로 옥살 산I 나 II 혹은 다른 적절한 이차 기준 사용, (c) 탄산염 기준인 VPDB에서 탄소 12와 탄소 13 비율에 상대적으로 -25.0 per mille의 정상 값이나 기준 값으로 샘플의 동위 원소 분류법 수정 – 사우스 캐롤리나의 피디에서 크레타 섬 전석 형성 과정, (d) 0 (zero) BP (Before present: 현재 전)을 서기 1950년으로 정함. (e) 전체적인 방사성 탄소 수준은 거의 일정하다는 가정으로 계산합니다.
방사성 탄소 연대 측정 결과 보고서에는 “±”값으로 오차 범위가 기록되며, 이 오차 범위는 통계적 의미를 가집니다.
## 개척자
미국의 물리 화학자 Willard Libby씨는 2차 세계 대전 이후에 방사성 탄소 활동 측정 방법을 개발하기 위해 과학자 팀을 짜서 이끕니다. 그는 방사성 탄소 혹은 탄소 14로 불리는 불안정한 탄소 동위 원소가 생물체에 존재하고 있다는 사실을 밝혀낸 첫 과학자였습니다.
Libby씨와 그의 팀은 유기물 샘플에서 처음으로 방사성 탄소를 탐지한 내용을 요약한 첫 논문을 발표합니다. 그리고 처음으로 방사성 탄소의 소멸 시간을 측정하고, 반감기가 5568년±30년이라는 것을 알아낸 사람도 Libby씨 입니다.
1960년, Libby씨는 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 방법을 개발한 노력을 인정받아 화학 분야에서 노벨상을 받습니다.
**References:**
1\. American Chemical Society National Historic Chemical Landmarks. Discovery of Radiocarbon Dating (accessed October 31, 2017).
2\. Sheridan Bowman, Radiocarbon Dating: Interpreting the Past (1990), University of California Press
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면책조항: 이 비디오는 제3자의 사이트에 올렸으며, 광고가 포함되어 있습니다.
이 비디오 인용은 Beta 연구소 웨비나의 일부입니다: [동위원소 기초: 동위원소 분석 소개](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "동위원소 기초: 동위원소 분석 소개")
---
### [Datação por Radiocarbono: Uma Introdução](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/sobre-carbono-datacao.htm)
**Published:** August 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Carbono-14 é um isótopo radioativo fraco do Carbono; também conhecido como radiocarbono, é um cronômetro isotópico.
- A datação por radiocarbono só é aplicável a materiais orgânicos e a alguns materiais inorgânicos (não é aplicável aos metais).
- A contagem proporcional de gás, a contagem por cintilação líquidae a espectrometria de massas com aceleradores são os três métodos principais de datação por radiocarbono.
O impacto da técnica de datação por radiocarbono sobre o homem moderno a tornou em uma das mais significativas descobertas do século 20. Nenhum outro método científico tem conseguido revolucionar a compreensão do homem, não somente do seu presente mas também de eventos que aconteceram há milhares de anos.
A [arqueologia](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia.htm "arqueologia") e outras ciências humanas usam a datação por radiocarbono para provar ou refutar teorias. Ao longo dos anos, a datação por carbono 14 também tem encontrado aplicações em geologia, hidrologia, geofísica, ciência atmosférica, oceanografia, paleoclimatológica e até mesmo na biomedicina.
## Princípios Básicos de Datação por Carbono
Radiocarbono, ou carbono 14, é um isótopo do elemento carbono instável e levemente radioativo. Os isótopos estáveis são carbono 12 e carbono 13.
O carbono 14 está continuamente sendo formado na atmosfera superior pelo efeito dos nêutrons de raios cósmicos nos átomos de nitrogênio 14. Ele é rapidamente oxidado no ar, formando dióxido de carbono, e entra no ciclo de carbono global.
As plantas e os animais assimilam o carbono 14 a partir do dióxido de carbono ao longo de suas vidas. Ao morrerem, eles deixam de intercambiar carbono com a biosfera e seu conteúdo de carbono 14 começa a diminuir a uma taxa determinada pela lei de decadência radioativa.
A datação por radiocarbono é essencialmente um método desenvolvido para medir a radioatividade residual.
## Principais Métodos de Medição de Radiocarbono
Três técnicas principais são utilizadas na medição do teor de carbono 14 de uma determinada amostra – contagem proporcional de gás, contagem de cintilação líquida e espectrometria de massas com aceleradores.
Contagem proporcional de gás é uma técnica convencional de datação radiométrica que conta as partículas beta emitidas por uma determinada amostra. Partículas beta são produtos da decomposição de radiocarbono. Neste método, a amostra de carbono é convertida ao gás dióxido de carbono antes que a medição seja feita em contadores proporcionais de gás.
A Contagem de cintilação líquida é outra técnica de datação por radiocarbonoque foi popular na década de 60. Neste método, a amostra está em forma líquida e um cintilador é adicionado. Este cintilador produz um flash de luz quando interage com uma partícula beta. Um frasco com uma amostra é passado entre dois fotomultiplicadores, e somente quando ambos os dispositivos registram o flash de luz, uma contagem é feita.
A espectrometria de massas com aceleradores (EMA) é um método moderno de datação por radiocarbono que é considerado a forma mais eficiente de medir o conteúdo de radiocarbono de uma amostra. Neste método, o conteúdo de carbono 14 é diretamente medido em relação ao carbono 12 e carbono 13 presente. O método não conta partículas beta mas o número de átomos de carbono presentes na amostra e a proporção dos isótopos.
## Materiais Datáveis por Radiocarbono
Nem todos os materiais podem ser datados por radiocarbono. A maioria, se não todos, os compostos orgânicos podem ser datados. Algum material inorgânico, como o componente de aragonite de uma concha, também pode ser datado desde que a formação do mineral tenha envolvido assimilação de carbono 14 em equilíbrio com a atmosfera.
As amostras que foram datadas por radiocarbono desde a introdução deste método incluem: [carvão, madeira](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-carvao.htm "carvão, madeira"), galhos, sementes, [ossos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-ossos.htm "ossos"), [conchas](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-conchas.htm "conchas"), couro, turfa, lama de lagos, solo, cabelo, [cerâmica](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/ams-datacao-ceramica.htm "cerâmica"), pólen, pinturas de parede, corais, resíduos de sangue, [tecidos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/ams-datacao-texteis.htm "tecidos"), papel ou pergaminho, resinas e [água](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/aguas-subterraneas-carbono-datacao-amostragem.htm "água"), entre outros.
Pré-tratamentos físicos e químicos são feitos nesses materiais para remover possíveis contaminantes antes de serem analisados por seu conteúdo de radiocarbono.
## Normas da Datação por Radiocarbono
A idade radiocarbono de uma certa amostra de idade desconhecida pode ser determinada através da medição do seu conteúdo de carbono 14 e comparando os resultados aos da atividade de carbono 14 de amostras modernas e antecedentes.
O principal padrão moderno utilizado por laboratórios de datação por radiocarbono era o Ácido Oxálico I obtido do Instituto Nacional de Padrões e Tecnologia, em Maryland. Este ácido oxálico originou de beterrabas em 1955. Cerca de 95% da atividade de radiocarbono do Ácido Oxálico I é igual à atividade de radiocarbono medida do padrão absoluto de radiocarbono – uma madeira de 1890 não afetada pelos efeitos de combustíveis fósseis.
Quando os estoques de Ácido Oxálico I estavam quase totalmente consumidos, outro padrão foi obtido a partir do melaço de beterraba francesa colhida em 1977. O novo padrão, designado Ácido Oxálico II, apresentou apenas uma pequena diferença em relação ao Ácido Oxálico I em termos de conteúdo de radiocarbono. Ao longo dos anos, outros padrões secundários de radiocarbono foram introduzidos.
A atividade de radiocarbono de materiais de fundo também é determinada para remover a sua contribuição aos resultados obtidos durante a análise de uma amostra. A atividade de radiocarbono do antecedente é medida e os valores obtidos são diminuídos dos resultados da datação por radiocarbono da amostra. As amostras de referência analisadas geralmente são de origem geológica e de idade infinita, tais como o carvão, linhita e calcário.
## Medidas de datação por Radiocarbon
Uma medição por radiocarbono é denominada uma idade convencional de radiocarbono (ICR). As convenções ICR incluem (a) uso da teoria de meia-vida de Libby, (b) uso de Ácido Oxálico I ou II ou qualquer outro padrão secundário apropriado, tal como o padrão de radiocarbono moderno, (c) correção para fracionamento isotópico da amostra a um valor normalizado ou valor base de -25.0 por milem relativa à proporção de carbono 12/carbono 13 no padrão de carbonato VPDB – Formação de belemnites cretáceos em Peedee, na Carolina do Sul, (d) AP zero (Antes do Presente) é definida comoAC 1950, e (e) o pressuposto de que os níveis globais de radiocarbono são constantes.
Erros padrões também são relatados em um resultado de datação por radiocarbono, daí os valores “±”. Estes valores foram obtidos por meios estatísticos.
## Pioneiro da Datação por Radiocarbono
O físico e químico americano Willard Libby liderou uma equipe de cientistas depois da Segunda Guerra Mundial para desenvolver um método de medição da atividade do radiocarbono. Ele foi o primeiro cientista a ter sugerido que o isótopo de carbono instável, conhecido como radiocarbono ou carbono 14, podia existir em matéria viva.
O senhor Libby e sua equipe de cientistas foram capazes de publicar um documento que resume a primeira detecção de radiocarbono em uma amostra orgânica. Foi também Mr. Libby quem primeiro mediu taxa de decomposição de radiocarbono e estabeleceu 5568 anos ± 30 anos como a meia-vida.
Em 1960, o Sr. Libby recebeu o Prêmio Nobel de Química em reconhecimento pelos seus esforços no desenvolvimento da datação por radiocarbono.
**Referências:**
1\. American Chemical Society National Historic Chemical Landmarks. Discovery of Radiocarbon Dating (accessed October 31, 2017).
2\. Sheridan Bowman, Radiocarbon Dating: Interpreting the Past (1990), University of California Press
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### [Datazione al radiocarbonio: un'introduzione](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-al-carbonio.htm)
**Published:** July 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Il carbonio-14 è un isotopo di carbonio debolmente radioattivo; noto anche come radiocarbonio, è un cronometro isotopico.
- La datazione al radiocarbonio è applicabile solo per alcuni materiali organici e inorganici (non per i metalli).
- Il conteggio proporzionale a gas, il conteggio a scintillazione liquida e la spettrometria di massa con acceleratore sono i tre principali metodi di datazione al radiocarbonio.
L’impatto della tecnica di datazione al radiocarbonio sulla vita dell’uomo moderno l’ha resa una delle scoperte più significative del 20esimo secolo. Nessun altro metodo scientifico ha rivoluzionato la comprensione dell’uomo non solo del proprio presente, ma anche di eventi accaduti migliaia di anni fa.
L’[archeologia](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/archeologia.htm "Archeologia") ed altre scienze umane utilizzano la datazione al radiocarbonio per sostenere o confutare teorie. Nel corso degli anni, la datazione al carbonio-14 ha trovato applicazione in geologia, idrologia, geofisica, scienza atmosferica, oceanografia, paleoclimatologia ed anche biomedicina.
## Principi di base della datazione al radiocarbonio
Il radiocarbonio, o carbonio-14, è un isotopo dell’elemento carbonio instabile e leggermente radioattivo. Gli isotopi stabili sono il carbonio-12 e il carbonio-13.
Il carbonio-14 si forma continuamente nell’alta atmosfera, per effetto dei neutroni dei raggi cosmici sugli atomi di azoto-14. Si ossida rapidamente nell’aria per formare anidride carbonica ed entra nel ciclo globale del carbonio.
Piante ed animali, nel corso della loro vita, assimilano carbonio-14 dall’anidride carbonica. Quando muoiono, lo scambio di carbonio con la biosfera termina ed il loro contenuto di carbonio-14 inizia a diminuire ad un tasso determinato dalla legge del decadimento radioattivo.
La datazione al radiocarbonio è essenzialmente un metodo progettato per misurare la radioattività residua.
## Principali metodi di misurazione del radiocarbonio
Esistono tre tecniche principali per la misurazione del contenuto di carbonio-14 di un campione— il conteggio proporzionale a gas, il conteggio a scintillazione liquida e la [spettrometria di massa con acceleratore](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/spettrometro-di-massa-con-acceleratore.htm "Spettrometria di massa con acceleratore").
Il conteggio proporzionale a gas è una tecnica di datazione radiometrica convenzionale che conteggia le particelle beta emesse da un campione. Le particelle beta sono prodotti del decadimento del radiocarbonio. Con questo metodo, il carbonio del campione viene convertito in anidride carbonica gassosa prima della misurazione nel contatore proporzionale a gas.
Il conteggio a scintillazione liquida è un’altra tecnica di datazione al radiocarbonio, popolare negli anni ’60. Con questo metodo, il campione è in forma liquida e viene aggiunto uno scintillatore. Questo produce un lampo di luce quando interagisce con una particella beta. Una provetta contenente il campione viene passata tra due fotomoltiplicatori ed il conteggio avviene solo quando entrambi i dispositivi registrano il lampo di luce.
La spettrometria di massa con acceleratore (AMS) è un metodo moderno di datazione al radiocarbonio ed è considerato il modo più efficiente di misurare il contenuto di radiocarbonio di un campione. Con questo metodo, il contenuto di carbonio-14 viene misurato direttamente in relazione al carbonio-12 e carbonio-13 presenti. Questo metodo non prevede il conteggio delle particelle beta, ma del numero di atomi di carbonio presenti nel campione e la proporzione degli isotopi.
## Materiali databili con il radiocarbonio
Non tutti i materiali possono essere datati al radiocarbonio. La maggior parte dei composti organici, se non tutti, può essere datata. Anche alcuni materiali inorganici, come l’aragonite contenuta nelle conchiglie, possono essere datati, ammesso che la formazione del minerale abbia incluso l’assimilazione di carbonio-14 in equilibrio con l’atmosfera.
I campioni che sono stati sottoposti alla datazione al radiocarbonio fino ad oggi includono [carbone, legno](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-il-carbone-con-il-carbonio.htm "Carbone, legno"), ramoscelli, semi, [ossa](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-le-ossa.htm "Ossa"), [conchiglie](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-le-conchiglie-al-carbonio.htm "Conchiglie"), [cuoio,](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-pelle.htm) [torba](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-ams-torba.htm), fango lacustre, terreno, peli, [vasellame](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-la-ceramica-con-l-ams.htm "Vvasellame"), [polline](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-ams-polline.htm), pitture murali, coralli, residui di sangue, [tessuti](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-i-tessuti-con-l-ams.htm "Tessuti"), carta o pergamena, resine, [acqua](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/campionamento-falde-acquifere.htm "Acqua") ed altri ancora.
Su questi materiali vengono effettuati pretrattamenti fisici e chimici per rimuovere i possibili contaminanti prima di sottoporli all’analisi del contenuto di radiocarbonio.
## Standard della datazione al radiocarbonio
L’età radiocarbonica di un campione di età sconosciuta può essere determinata misurandone il contenuto di carbonio-14 e confrontando il risultato con l’attività del carbonio-14 in campioni moderni e di riferimento.
Il principale standard moderno utilizzato nei laboratori di datazione al radiocarbonio era l’acido ossalico I, ottenuto dal National Institute of Standards and Technology del Maryland (Stati Uniti). Questo acido ossalico era stato estratto dalle barbabietole da zucchero nel 1955. Circa il 95% dell’attività radiocarbonica dell’acido ossalico corrisponde all’attività radiocarbonica misurata dello standard radiocarbonico assoluto—del legno nel 1890 non influenzato dagli effetti dei carburanti fossili.
Quando le scorte di acido ossalico I erano state quasi completamente esaurite, fu realizzato un nuovo standard con melassa di barbabietole francesi nel 1977. Il nuovo standard, l’acido ossalico II, aveva solo una lieve differenza rispetto all’acido ossalico I in termini di contenuto di radiocarbonio. Nel corso degli anni, sono stati realizzati altri standard radiocarbonici secondari.
Viene determinata anche l’attività radiocarbonica dei materiali di riferimento, per rimuoverne il contributo dai risultati ottenuti nel corso dell’analisi di un campione. Viene misurata l’attività radiocarbonica di riferimento e i valori ottenuti vengono detratti dai risultati della datazione al radiocarbonio del campione. I campioni di riferimento analizzati sono solitamente di origine geologica ed hanno età infinita come il carbon fossile, la lignite ed il calcare.
## Misurazioni per la datazione al radiocarbonio
Una misurazione radiocarbonica viene definita come età radiocarbonica convenzionale (CRA). Le convenzioni CRA includono: (a) l’utilizzo dell’emivita di Libby, (b) l’utilizzo di acido ossalico I o II, o di un appropriato standard secondario come standard radiocarbonico moderno, (c) la correzione del frazionamento isotopico del campione ad un valore normalizzato o di base del -25,0 per mille relativo al rapporto di carbonio-12/carbonio-13 nello standard del carbonato VPDB – la formazione delle belemniti del Cretaceo a Peedee nel South Carolina, Stati Uniti), (d) zero BP (Before Present) che viene identificato nel 1950 DC e (e) il presupposto che i livelli globali di radiocarbonio siano costanti.
Anche gli errori standard sono riportati nei [risultati della datazione al radiocarbonio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-radiocarbonio-risultati.htm "Risultati della datazione al radiocarbonio"), indicati con valori “±”. Questi valori sono derivati con metodi statistici.
## Il pioniere della datazione al radiocarbonio
Dopo la fine della Seconda Guerra Mondiale il chimico fisico americano Willard Libby guidò un team di scienziati allo sviluppo di un metodo di misurazione dell’attività radiocarbonica. È riconosciuto come il primo scienziato ad aver suggerito che nella materia vivente potesse esistere un isotopo instabile di carbonio chiamato radiocarbonio o carbonio-14.
Libby ed il suo team di scienziati pubblicarono un documento che riassumeva la prima rilevazione di radiocarbonio in un campione organico. Libby è stato inoltre il primo a misurare il tasso di decadimento del radiocarbonio, stabilendo un’emivita di 5568 ± 30 anni.
Nel 1960 Libby ha ricevuto il Premio Nobel per la Chimica, a riconoscimento dei suoi sforzi nello sviluppo della datazione al radiocarbonio.
**Riferimenti:**
1\. American Chemical Society National Historic Chemical Landmarks. Discovery of Radiocarbon Dating (accessed October 31, 2017).
2\. Sheridan Bowman, Radiocarbon Dating: Interpreting the Past (1990), University of California Press
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### [Comment fonctionne la datation au carbone 14](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/a-propos-datation-carbone.htm)
**Published:** June 25, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Le carbone 14 est un isotope faiblement radioactif du carbone, également connu en tant que “radiocarbone”, il est un chronomètre isotopique.
- La datation par le radiocarbone est applicable uniquement aux matières organiques et à certains matériaux inorganiques (elle ne s’applique pas aux métaux).
- Le comptage proportionnel à gaz, le comptage à scintillation liquide et la spectrométrie de masse par accélérateur sont les trois principales méthodes de datation radiocarbone.
L’impact de la technique de datation radiocarbone sur l’homme moderne en fait l’une des découvertes les plus importantes du 20ème siècle. Aucune autre méthode scientifique n’a autant révolutionné la compréhension non seulement du présent, mais aussi des événements qui se sont produits il y a des milliers d’années.
[L’archéologie](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/archeologie.htm "L'archéologie") et d’autres sciences humaines utilisent la datation radiocarbone pour confirmer ou infirmer des théories. Au fil des années, elle a trouvé des applications en géologie, hydrologie, géophysique, science atmosphérique, océanographie, paléoclimatologie et en biomédecine.
## Principes de base de la datation radiocarbone
Le radiocarbone, ou carbone 14, est un isotope du carbone instable et faiblement radioactif. Les isotopes stables étant les carbones 12 et 13.
Le carbone 14 est continuellement généré dans la haute atmosphère par les collisions entre les rayons cosmiques et l’azote 14. Il est rapidement oxydé dans l’air pour former du dioxyde de carbone et entre de fait dans le cycle global du carbone.
Il est assimilé par les plantes et les animaux de leur vivant. À leur mort, les échanges de carbone cessent avec la biosphère, et le contenu en isotope carbone 14 décroit à un taux fixé par les lois de désintégration radioactive.
La datation par le radiocarbone a pour but de mesurer la radioactivité résiduelle.
## Méthodes principales de mesure du radiocarbone
Il existe trois techniques principales pour mesurer le carbone 14 d’un échantillon : le comptage proportionnel à gaz, le comptage à scintillation liquide et la [spectrométrie de masse à accélérateur](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/spectrometrie-acceleration-masse.htm "spectrométrie de masse à accélérateur").
Le comptage proportionnel à gaz est une technique conventionnelle qui compte les particules bêta émises par l’échantillon, qui sont produites lors des réactions de désintégration du carbone. L’objet à étudier est converti en dioxyde de carbone avant la mesure.
Le compteur à scintillation liquide fut très populaire dans les années 1960. On ajoute un scintillateur à l’échantillon qui est sous forme liquide. Il sert à signaler les particules bêta qui le traversent en émettant un flash. Deux photomultiplicateurs utilisés en coïncidence mesurent les photons.
La spectrométrie de masse à accélérateur (AMS) est une méthode plus récente, et est considérée comme la plus efficace pour la mesure du radiocarbone. La fraction du carbone 14 est directement mesurée par rapport aux atomes de carbone 12 et 13. Le procédé compte directement les atomes de carbone et la proportion des différents isotopes, et non les particules bêta associées.
## Matériaux se prêtant à la datation
Tous les matériaux ne se prêtent pas à la datation radiocarbone. La majorité des composés organiques, voire la totalité d’entre eux, peuvent faire l’objet de datation. Certains matériaux inorganiques, comme la base d’aragonite des coquilles, sont éligibles tant que la formation se fait en assimilant du carbone 14 de l’atmosphère.
Les échantillons datables incluent entre autres [charbons, bois](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-charbon.htm "charbon, bois"), brindilles, [graines](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-semences.htm), [os](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-os.htm "os"), [coquillages](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-coquilles.htm "coquillages"), [cuir](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-cuir.htm), [tourbe](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-ams-tourbe.htm), boue, sol, cheveux, [poterie](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-sma-poteries.htm "poterie"), [pollen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-ams-pollen.htm), peintures murales, coraux, résidus de sang, [tissus](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-sma-textiles.htm "tissus"), papier ou parchemin, résines et [eau](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/echantillons-datation-carbone-eaux-souterraines.htm "water").
Les prétraitements physiques et chimiques réalisés en première étape permettent d’éliminer les éventuels contaminants, afin d’éliminer leur impact sur la procédure d’analyse du radiocarbone.
## Références standards pour la datation
L’âge radiocarbone d’un échantillon d’âge inconnu peut être déterminé grâce à son contenu en carbone 14, en comparant le résultat de l’activité à des échantillons de références et des échantillons modernes.
La principale référence moderne utilisée par les laboratoires était l’acide oxalique I du “National Institute of Standards and Technology” du Maryland, qui provenait de betteraves en 1955. Près de 95% de l’activité de l’acide oxalique I est égale à l’activité de la référence radiocarbone absolue : du bois de 1890 non affecté par les effets de combustibles fossiles.
Lorsque les stocks d’acide oxalique ont été presque entièrement consommés, une autre référence a été définie à partir d’une récolte de mélasses de betterave en 1977 : l’acide oxalique II, qui ne diffère en contenu radiocarbone que légèrement de l’acide oxalique I. D’autres références secondaires ont depuis été élaborées.
Les activités de bruit de fond des autres matériaux sont déterminées lors de l’analyse de l’échantillon et leur contributions sont soustraites du résultat de l’analyse. Ces fonds sont généralement d’origine géologique d’âge infini, comme le charbon, le lignite et le calcaire.
## Mesures de datation par le radiocarbone
Une mesure radiocarbone est exprimée en âge radiocarbone conventionnel (ARC), qui utilise (a) le temps de demi-vie de Libby, (b) l’acide oxalique I ou II, ou une autre référence secondaire comme la référence carbone moderne, (c) la correction pour le fractionnement isotopique à une valeur normalisée à -25 pour mille du ratio de carbone 12/carbone 13 dans la référence de carbone VPDB (fossile de belemnite du crétacé du site de Pee Dee en Caroline du Sud). (d) le zéro BP (avant le présent) et défini en 1950, (e) l’hypothèse que les niveaux globaux de radiocarbone sont constants.
Les erreurs-types sont relevées dans [le résultat de datation](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-radiocarbone-rapport.htm "le résultat de datation") avec les symboles ±. Elles sont obtenues grâce à des méthodes statistiques.
## Pionnier de la datation par le radiocarbone
Le physicien et chimiste américain Willard Libby a dirigé une équipe de scientifiques après la seconde guerre mondiale dans le but de développer une méthode de mesure de l’activité radiologique du carbone 14. Il est reconnu comme étant le premier scientifique à avoir envisagé que l’isotope de carbone instable, appelé radiocarbone ou carbone 14, puisse exister dans la matière vivante.
Libby et son équipe ont publié les premiers résultats de détection du radiocarbone dans un échantillon biologique. Il est également le premier à en avoir mesuré la désintégration, en déduisant un temps de demi-vie de 5568 ans±30 ans.
En 1960, il reçoit le prix Nobel de chimie en reconnaissance de ses efforts dans le développement de la méthode de datation par le radiocarbone.
**Références:**
1\. American Chemical Society National Historic Chemical Landmarks. Discovery of Radiocarbon Dating (accessed October 31, 2017).
2\. Sheridan Bowman, Radiocarbon Dating: Interpreting the Past (1990), University of California Press
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### [Que es el carbono 14 y como funciona](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/sobre-carbono-datacion.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- El carbono-14 es un isótopo de carbono débilmente radioactivo; también se conoce como radiocarbono, y es un cronómetro isotópico.
- La datación por radiocarbono es solamente aplicable a materiales orgánicos y a algunos materiales inorgánicos (no es aplicable a metales).
- El recuento proporcional de gas, el recuento de centelleo líquido, y la espectrometría de masas con aceleradores son los tres principales métodos de datación por radiocarbono.
El impacto que la técnica de la datación por radiocarbono ha tenido en el hombre moderno la ha convertido en uno de los descubrimientos más significativos del siglo XX. Ningún otro método científico ha logrado revolucionar tanto la comprensión del hombre tiene de su presente y su pasado.
La [arqueología](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/arqueologia.htm "arqueología") y otras ciencias humanas utilizan la datación por radiocarbono para probar o refutar teorías. Con los años, la datación por carbono-14 también ha encontrado aplicaciones en geología, hidrología, geofísica, ciencia atmosférica, oceanografía, paleo-climatología, e incluso en biomédica.
## Principios básicos de la datación por radiocarbono
El radiocarbono, o carbono-14, es un isótopo del elemento carbono que es inestable y débilmente radioactivo. Los isótopos estables son el carbono-12 y el carbono-13.
El carbono 14 se forma continuamente en la atmosfera superior por el efecto de los neutrones de rayos cósmicos sobre los átomos de nitrógeno-14, oxidándose rápidamente en el aire para formar dióxido de carbono y entrar en el ciclo global del carbono.
Las plantas y los animales asimilan el carbono-14 a partir del dióxido de carbono durante toda su vida. Cuando mueren, dejan de intercambiar carbono con la biósfera y su contenido de carbono-14 empieza a disminuir a una tasa determinada por la ley del decaimiento radioactivo.
La datación por radiocarbono es, básicamente, un método diseñado para medir la radioactividad residual.
## Principales métodos de medición de radiocarbono
Hay tres técnicas principales utilizadas para medir el contenido de carbono-14 de cualquier muestra: recuento proporcional de gas, recuento de centelleo líquido, y espectrometría de masas con aceleradores.
El recuento proporcional de gas es una técnica convencional de datación radiométrica que cuenta las partículas beta emitidas por una muestra dada. Las partículas beta son productos del decaimiento del radiocarbono. En este método, la muestra de carbono se convierte primero en gas de dióxido de carbono antes de que la medición en contadores de gas proporcional se lleve a cabo.
El recuento de centelleo líquido es otra técnica de datación por radiocarbono que era popular en la década de 1960. En este método, la muestra está en estado líquido y se agrega un contador de centelleo. Éste produce un destello de luz cuando interactúa con una partícula beta. Un vial con una muestra se pasa entre dos fotomultiplicadores, y solo cuando ambos dispositivos registran el destello de luz, se realiza el recuento.
La espectrometría de masas con aceleradores (AMS) es un método moderno de datación por radiocarbono que está considerado como la forma más eficiente de medir el contenido de radiocarbono de una muestra. En este método, el contenido de carbono-14 se mide directamente en relación al carbono-12 y al carbono-13 presente. El método no tiene en cuenta las partículas beta, sino el número de átomos de carbono presentes en la muestra y la proporción de los isótopos.
## Materiales que pueden ser datados con radiocarbono
No todos los materiales pueden ser datados por radiocarbono. La mayoría, si no todos, de los compuestos orgánicos pueden ser datados. Algunos materiales inorgánicos, como el aragonito de una concha pueden ser datados siempre y cuando su formación mineral supusiese la asimilación de carbono-14 en equilibrio con la atmósfera.
Los materiales que han sido datados por radiocarbono desde la creación del método incluye [carbón](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-carbon.htm "carbon"), [madera](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-madera.htm "madera"), [semillas](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-ema-semillas.htm "semillas"), [huesos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-huesos.htm "huesos"), [cuero](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-carbono-cuero.htm "cuero"), [turba](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-ema-turba.htm "turba"), barro de lago, [suelo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/ams-datacion-sedimentos.htm "suelo"), cabello, [cerámica](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/ams-datacion-ceramica.htm "cerámica"), [polen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-ema-polen.htm "polen"), pinturas murales, corales, residuos de sangre, [tejidos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/ams-datacion-textiles.htm "tejidos"), papel o pergamino, resinas, y [agua](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/aguas-subterraneas-carbono-datacion-muestreo.htm "agua"), entre otros.
Los pretratamiento físicos y químicos realizados sobre estos materiales eliminan los posibles contaminantes antes de analizar su contenido de radiocarbono.
## Normas de la Datación por Radiocarbono
La edad de radiocarbono de una determinada muestra de edad desconocida se puede determinar midiendo su contenido de carbono 14 y comparando el resultado con la actividad del carbono 14 en muestras modernas y de antecedentes.
La norma principal moderna usada por laboratorios de datación por radiocarbono fue el Acido Oxálico I obtenido del National Institute of Standards and Technology in Maryland. Este ácido oxálico vino de la remolacha azucarera en 1955. Alrededor de 95% de la actividad de radiocarbono del Acido Oxálico I es igual a la actividad medida de radiocarbono de la norma absoluta de radiocarbono—una madera en 1890 no afectada por los efectos de los combustibles fósiles.
Cuando las existencias de Acido Oxálico I fueron casi totalmente consumidas, otra norma se hizo a partir de un cultivo de melaza de remolacha francesa de 1977. La nueva norma, Acido Oxálico II, se comprobó como teniendo solamente una pequeña diferencia con Acido Oxálico I en términos de contenido de radiocarbono. Con los años, otras normas secundarias de radiocarbono se han hecho.
Actividad de radiocarbono de materiales antecedentes también están decididos a eliminar su contribución de los resultados obtenidos durante el análisis de una muestra. Actividad de antecedentes de radiocarbono se mide, y los valores obtenidos se deducen de los resultados de la datación por radiocarbono de la muestra. Muestras analizadas de antecedentes son usualmente de origen geológico de edad infinita, como el carbón, lignito, y piedra caliza.
## Mediciones de la datación por radiocarbono
Una medición de radiocarbono se denomina edad radiocarbónica convencional (CRA). Las convenciones de CRA incluyen (a) el uso de la vida media de Libby; (b) el uso de ácido oxálico I o II, o cualquier otro estándar secundario apropiado como estándar de radiocarbono moderno; (c) la corrección para el fraccionamiento isotópico de la muestra a un valor normalizado o de -25,0 por mil en relación con la proporción de carbono-12/carbono-13 en el estándar de carbonato VPDB (las belemnitas del Cretácico de la formación Pee-Dee, en Carolina del Sur); (d) cero BP (antes del presente) es definido como 1950 DC; y (e) el supuesto de que los niveles mundiales de radiocarbono son constantes.
Los errores estándar también se comunican con el resultado de la datación por radiocarbono, de ahí el “±” en los valores. Estos valores se han obtenido por medios estadísticos.
## Pionero en la datación por radiocarbono
El físico químico estadounidense Willard Libby dirigió un equipo de científicos después de la II Guerra Mundial para desarrollar un método que midiese la actividad del radiocarbono y se le atribuye el haber sido el primer científico que sugirió que el isótopo inestable del carbono, denominado radiocarbono o carbono-14, pudiese existir en la materia viva.
Libby y su equipo de científicos publicaron un artículo que resumía la primera detección de radiocarbono en una muestra orgánica. Asimismo, Libby midió por primera vez la tasa de decaimiento del radiocarbono y estableció que su vida media era de 5.568 años ± 30 años.
En 1960, Libby fue galardonado con el Premio Nobel de Química en reconocimiento a sus esfuerzos por desarrollar la datación por radiocarbono.
**Referencias:**
1\. American Chemical Society National Historic Chemical Landmarks. Discovery of Radiocarbon Dating (accessed October 31, 2017).
2\. Sheridan Bowman, Radiocarbon Dating: Interpreting the Past (1990), University of California Press
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Exención de responsabilidad: Este video está alojado en un sitio externo y puede contener publicidad.
Este vídeo forma parte del webinario de Beta Analytic: [Una introducción al análisis de isótopos estables](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Una introducción al análisis de isótopos estables")
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### [Radiokohlenstoff Datierung: Eine Einführung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/uber-karbon-datierung.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- C-14 ist ein schwach radioaktives Isotop des Kohlenstoffs. Es ist auch als Radiokohlenstoff oder Radiokarbon bekannt. Es ist ein isotopischer Zeitmesser.
- Die C-14 Datierung kann man nur für organische und wenige anorganische Materialien (nicht für Metalle) verwenden.
- Die Gasproportionalzählung, die flüssigen Szintillationszähler und die Beschleuniger-Massenspektrometrie sind die drei Hauptmethoden der C-14 Datierung.
Der Einfluss der C-14 Datierungstechnik auf die modernen Wissenschaften hat sie zu einer der bedeutendsten Entdeckungen des 20. Jahrhunderts gemacht. Kein anderes wissenschaftliches Verfahren hat es geschafft, das Verständnis über den Menschen so zu revolutionieren. Sie hat nicht nur dabei geholfen die Gegenwart, sondern auch das Geschehen in der Vergangenheit zu verstehen, auch wenn diese tausende Jahre lang zurückliegt.
Die Archäologie und andere Wissenschaften, die sich mit dem Menschen befassen, verwenden die C-14 Datierung, um Theorien zu beweisen oder zu widerlegen. Im Laufe der Jahre hat die C-14 Datierung auch Einzug in Geologie, Hydrologie, Geophysik, Atmosphärenforschung, Ozeanographie, Paläoklimatologie und sogar der Biomedizin gehalten.
## Grundlagen der Karbon Datierung
Radiokarbon oder C 14 ist ein Isotop im Element Kohlenstoff, welches instabil und leicht radioaktiv ist. Die stabilen Isotope sind C 12 und C 13.
Durch den Effekt der kosmischen Neutronenstrahlung auf die Nitrogen 14 Atome wird kontinuierlich C-14 in der oberen Atmosphäre geformt. Es oxidiert schnell in der Luft und bildet Kohlenstoffdioxid. Danach tritt es in den globalen Kohlenstoffkreislauf ein.
Pflanzen und Tiere nehmen ihr ganzes Leben lang C-14 über das Kohlendioxid auf. Wenn sie sterben, stellen sie den Kohlenstoffaustausch mit der Biosphäre ein und ihr C-14 Anteil beginnt mit einer Geschwindigkeit zu zerfallen, die durch das Gesetz des radioaktiven Zerfalls bestimmt wird.
Die C-14 Datierung ist in erster Linie ein Verfahren, das entwickelt wurde, um verbliebene Radioaktivität zu messen.
## Die grundsätzlichen Verfahren zur C-14 Messung
Es gibt drei grundsätzliche Techniken um den C-14 Anteil einer Probe zu messen— die Gasproportionalzählung, die flüssige Szintillationszählung und die Beschleuniger-Massenspektrometrie.
Die Gasproportionalzählung ist eine konventionelle radiometrische Datierungstechnik, die abgestrahlte Beta Partikel einer Probe zählt. Beta Partikel entstehen als Produkt des radioaktiven Zerfalls. Bei dieser Methode wird die Kohlenstoffprobe zuerst in Kohlenstoffdioxid Gas konvertiert und dann erst wird die Messung mit Hilfe eines Gasproportionalzählers vorgenommen.
Die Flüssig-Szintillation-Zählung ist eine weitere C-14 Datierungstechnik, die in den 1960ern beliebt war. Bei dieser Methode ist die Probe flüssig und ihr wird ein Szintillator hinzugefügt. Dieser Szintillator produziert einen Lichtblitz, wenn er mit den Beta Partikeln interagiert. Die Probe wird in einer Phiole zwei Photomultiplier präsentiert und nur, wenn beide Geräte einen Lichtblitz registrieren, wird dieser auch gezählt.
Die Beschleuniger-Massenspektrometrie(AMS) ist die moderne C-14 Datierungsmethode. Sie gilt als effizienter, wenn man den C-14 Anteil einer Probe messen will. Bei dieser Methode wird der C-14 Anteil relativ zum C-12 und C-13 Vorkommen gemessen. Dieses Verfahren zählt zwar nicht die Beta Partikel, dafür aber die Anzahl der Kohlenstoffatome, die in der Probe enthalten sind und die Proportion der Isotope.
## Materialien, die C-14 datiert werden können
Nicht alle Materialien können C-14 datiert werden. Aber die meisten, wenn nicht sogar alle, organischen Komponenten können datiert werden. Manche anorganische Materie, wie der Aragonit Anteil einer Schale, können ebenfalls datiert werden, sofern bei der Bildung des Minerals eine Aufnahme von C-14 im Gleichgewicht mit der Atmosphäre stattfand.
Proben, die seit der Einführung der C-14 Datierung datiert wurden, sind unter anderem: [Holzkohle](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-holzkohle.htm "radiocarbon dating charcoal"), [Holz](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-holz.htm "AMS dating wood"), Zweige, [Samen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-samen.htm "AMS dating seeds and grains"), [Knochen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-knochen.htm "bones"), [Muscheln](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-schalen.htm "shells"), [Leder](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-leder.htm), [Torf](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-torf.htm "AMS dating peat"), See Schlamm, [Erde](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-sedimente.htm "AMS dating sediment or soil"), Haare, [Keramik](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-keramik.htm "pottery"), [Pollen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-pollen.htm "AMS dating pollen"), Wandmalereien, Korallen, Blutreste, [Textilien](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/ams-datierung-textilien.htm "fabrics"), Papier oder Pergament, Harze und [Wasser](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/grundwasser-dic.htm "water").
An den Materialien werden vor der Analyse des Radiokarbonanteils physische und chemische Vorbehandlungen durchgeführt, um mögliche Verunreinigungen zu entfernen.
## C-14 Datierungsstandards
Das C-14 Alter einer bestimmten Probe, deren Alter unbekannt ist, kann durch das Messen ihres C-14 Anteils und durch Vergleichen des Befunds mit der C-14 Aktivität von schon datierten Proben des gleichen Materials ermittelt werden.
C-14 Datierungslabore benutzen als modernen Standard Oxalsäure I, die sie vom National Institute of Standards and Technology in Maryland beziehen. Diese Oxalsäure wurde 1955 erstmals aus Zuckerrüben gewonnen. Rund 95% der C-14 Aktivität in Oxalsäure I ist gleich der gemessenen C-14 Aktivität des absoluten C-14 Standards — einem von fossilen Brennstoffeffekten unbeeinflusst gebliebenes Stück Holz aus dem Jahre 1890.
Als die Oxalsäure I Vorräte fast völlig aufgebraucht waren, wurde 1977 ein anderer Standard aus französischem Zuckerrübensirup festgelegt. Oxalsäure II war nun der neue Standard und sie wies nur einen kleinen Unterschied in ihrem C-14 Anteil gegenüber Oxalsäure I auf. Im Laufe der Jahre wurden weitere C-14 Standards entwickelt.
Die C-14 Aktivität von Hintergrundmaterialien wird auch bestimmt, um ihren Einfluss auf die Probenanalyse und den daraus resultierenden Befunden zu neutralisieren. Die Hintergrund C-14 Aktivität wird gemessen und die daraus gewonnenen Werte werden von den C-14 Datierungsbefunden abgezogen. Gewöhnlich werden Hintergrundproben analysiert, die geologischen Ursprungs und grenzenlos alt sind, wie Kohle, Braunkohle oder Kalkstein.
## Die C-14 Datierungsmessungen
Eine C-14 Messung wird als konventionelles C-14 Alter bezeichnet(CRA). Die CRA Konventionen beinhalten (a) Die Verwendung der Libby Halbwertszeit, (b) Die Verwendung von Oxalsäure I oder II, oder eines anderen modernen Standards, der sich als C-14 Standard eignet, (c) Korrektur der Proben Isotopenfraktionierung auf einen Normal- oder Grundwert von -25.0 Promille, relativ gesehen zum C-12 und C-13 Karbonatstandard in VPDB – Cretaceous belemnite formation at Peedee in South Carolina, (d) Das Jahr Null BP (Before Present) ist als das Jahr 1950 definiert und (e) unter der Annahme, dass das globale C-14 Niveau konstant ist.
Standardfehler werden auch im C-14 Datierungsbefund angegeben, daraus resultieren die “±” Werte. Diese Werte wurden auf statistischem Wege abgeleitet.
## Der Pionier der C-14 Datierung
Der amerikanische physikalische Chemiker Willard Libby führte in der Zeit nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg ein Team aus Wissenschaftlern mit dem Ziel an, ein Verfahren zu entwickeln, das Radioaktivität messen kann. Er gilt als der erste Wissenschaftler, der annahm, dass das instabile Kohlenstoff-Isotop, auch Radiokarbon oder C-14 genannt, in lebender Materie vorhanden sein könnte.
Libby und sein Team aus Wissenschaftlern hatten es geschafft eine Abhandlung über die erste Entdeckung von C-14 in einer organischen Probe zu veröffentlichen. Außerdem war Libby der erste, der die C-14 Zerfallsrate gemessen hat und 5568 Jahre ± 30 Jahre als Halbwertszeit eingeführt hat.
1960 wurde Libby für seine Leistungen und die Entwicklung der C-14 Datierung mit dem Nobel Preis in Chemie ausgezeichnet.
**Verweise:**
1\. American Chemical Society National Historic Chemical Landmarks. Discovery of Radiocarbon Dating (accessed October 31, 2017).
2\. Sheridan Bowman, Radiocarbon Dating: Interpreting the Past (1990), University of California Press
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Haftungsausschluss: Dieses Video wird auf der Website Dritter bereit gestellt und kann Werbung enthalten.
Dieser Videoauszug ist Teil des Webinars von Beta Analytic: [Isotope: Eine Einführung in die Isotopenanalyse](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopes-webinar/ "Isotope: Eine Einführung in die Isotopenanalyse")
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### [Old Wood Effect（古木効果）を理解する](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/old-wood-effect.htm)
**Published:** March 30, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
[炭化物](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm)と[木材](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-wood.htm)は加速器質量分析法(AMS)による放射性炭素年代測定で最もよく使われる物質です。複雑な前処理を必要としないため、炭化物や木材は放射性炭素年代測定に適しています。放射性炭素年代測定のパイオニアであるWillard Libbyは、最も信頼性の高い物質として炭化物を挙げています。
## 年代幅と古木の問題
有機物の年代幅とは、有機物の成長、そして生物圏との炭素交換の期間を指します。年代幅は、サンプルの暦年代較正に影響を与えます。木材の年代幅は、[放射性炭素年代測定](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/about-carbon-dating.htm)に用いられる木の試料にどれだけの年輪数があるかと関係します。しかし炭化物かけらの場合は、定量化できない年代幅を持っているかもしれません。
放射性炭素年代測定では、生物の死は、生物圏との炭素交換の終わりと同義であるという前提に立っています。もしこの前提が成り立たないのであれば、例えば木が枯れ死した時の放射性炭素年代が0年でなくなります。
木片や炭化物片の年代を測定する際、年輪の成長を測定することになります。木は年輪を増やしながら成長し、年輪は木が倒れた時に生物圏との炭素交換をやめます。従って、芯材（内側）と辺材（外側）の放射性炭素年代は異なり、芯材の方が辺材より年代が大幅に古くなります。
炭化物や木の炭素年代測定を行う場合は、年代は特定できますが、サンプルが短命な植物や小枝がサンプルでない場合は、木の成長過程のどの部分をサンプリングするかによって数百年の誤差が生じる可能性があります。
また、放射性炭素年代測定は試料がいつ使われたのかではなく、試料となった有機物がいつ生きていたのかを教えてくれるものです。 測定試料と史実をリンクさせる場合は間違った結論に導かないように“古木の問題”を考慮しなくければなりません。
伐採年とは違う年における木材の使用、木材の再利用も年代測定という観点からすると“古木の問題”となります。木材はいわゆる“寝かせ”の期間があります。 建築材の中には後世の建築に再利用されるものもあります。
こういった古木の問題は、非常に定量するのが難しいですが、年代の解釈において常に考慮されなければいけません。[放射性炭素年代測定の結果](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-results.htm)が、測定対象の内容に対して古すぎることがあるからです。
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免責事項:この動画はサードパーティーのサービスを利用しているため広告が表示されることがあります。
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### [고목 효과 (Old Wood Effect)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/old-wood-effect.htm)
**Published:** February 1, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
[목탄 (Charcoal)](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm) 과 [목재 (wood)](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-wood.htm) 가속기 질량 분석법(AMS) 방사성탄소 연대측정에 가장 많이 사용되는 시료들입니다. 복잡한 전처리 과정을 하지 않아도 되어서 연구소들이 선호합니다. 방사성탄소 연대측정 법의 선구자인 Willard Libby씨는 목탄 시료가 방사성탄소 연대측정에 가장 좋은 재료라고 말했습니다.
## 시간 나비와 고목 문제
생명체의 시간 나비는 자연과 더불어 성장하고 상호 교환하는 기간과 관련 있습니다. 이 시간 나비는 시료의 방사성탄소 연대결과를 달력 연대로 전환하는 방법에 영향을 끼칩니다. 목재 시료의 시간 나비는 [방사성탄소 연대측정](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/about-carbon-dating.htm)을 하는 나무의 나이테 수에 따라 달라지지만, 목탄 시료는 시간 나비를 수량화 못합니다.
방사성탄소 연대측정의 가장 중요한 가정 중 하나는 죽는 시간이 바로 자연과 탄소 교환을 멈추는 시간이라는 것입니다. 이게 사실이 아니라면 나무와 같은 생명체가 죽었을 때의 방사선탄소 연대는 0이 아닐 것입니다.
목재나 목탄 조각의 연대측정 시, 연대측정되는 그 시기의 나이테의 성장 과정입니다. 나무는 자라면서 나이테가 쌓이며 죽자마자 나이테들은 자연과 탄소 교환을 중지합니다. 따라서 나무의 가운데 부분인 심재와 바깥 부분인 변재의 방사성탄소 연대는 커다란 차이가 나며, 심재가 변재보다 훨씬 더 오래된 것입니다.
탄소 연대측정하는 목탄이나 목재 시료들의 경우, 명확한 나이를 가지고 있으나 짧은 생명을 가진 나무 조각이나 잔가지가 아닌 이상 수백 년의 오차가 있을 수 있습니다
따라서 어떤 시료의 방사성탄소 연대는 물질이 쓰여진 시점이 아니라 그 나무가 언제 살아 있었는지 말해 줍니다. 따라서 이런 “고목” 문제는 어떤 사건과 내용이 유물과 연결되어 있을 때 경우 잘못된 결론을 피하기 위해 반드시 고려해야 합니다.
‘고목’ 문제에 더불어 고려해야 할 것이 나무를 일찍 베었으나 늦게 사용했거나 재사용한 경우일 겻입니다. 연대측정할 시료 쓰인 목재가 실제 사용 전에 숯이나 나무로 가공되었을 수도 있습니다. 잘 썩지 않는 강목은 수년 후에 다른 건축물에 재사용될 수도 있습니다.
이런 퇴적 과정의 영향은 정확히 수량화할 수 없지만 방사성탄소 연대측정 결과 ([carbon 14 dating results](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-results.htm))가 내용물의 실제 연대보다 더 오래되었다고 나올 수도 있기 때문에 무시할 수 없습니다.
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면책조항: 이 비디오는 제3자의 사이트에 올렸으며, 광고가 포함되어 있습니다.
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### [Comprendere l'effetto legno antico](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/effetto-legno-antico.htm)
**Published:** July 22, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Il [carbone](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-il-carbone-con-il-carbonio.htm) e il [legno](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-ams-legno.htm) sono due dei materiali più utilizzati nella datazione al radiocarbonio con AMS (spettrometria di massa con acceleratore). I laboratori AMS preferiscono datare carbone e legno, perché questi materiali non richiedono pretrattamenti complessi. Willard Libby, il pioniere della datazione al radiocarbonio, fu il primo a sostenere che il carbone è il materiale più affidabile per la datazione al carbonio.
## Il problema del legno antico ed il ciclo vitale
Il ciclo vitale di un organismo ne rappresenta l’intero periodo di crescita e scambio con la biosfera. Il ciclo vitale influenza il modo in cui l’età radiocarbonica di un campione viene convertita agli anni solari. Il ciclo vitale del legno dipende dal numero di anelli su cui viene effettuata la [datazione al radiocarbonio](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-al-carbonio.htm). I frammenti di carbone, tuttavia, possono avere un ciclo vitale non quantificabile.
Una dei principali presupposti alla base della datazione al radiocarbonio è che il momento della morte di un organismo coincida con il termine del suo scambio di carbonio con la biosfera. In caso contrario, come nel legno, l’età radiocarbonica dell’organismo al momento della morte non è pari a zero.
Quando si effettua la datazione al radiocarbonio di un pezzo di legno o di carbone, l’evento che viene datato è la crescita degli anelli dell’albero. Gli alberi crescono aggiungendo anelli e questi anelli smettono di scambiare carbonio con la biosfera una volta completati. Per questo motivo, l’età radiocarbonica del durame (fascia centrale) e dell’alburno (fascia esterna) non coincidono, il primo è infatti significativamente più antico del secondo.
Qualsiasi campione di carbone o di legno datato al carbonio presenta un’età apparente, che può causare errori quantificabili anche in centinaia di anni, salvo nei casi in cui vengano scelte specie di alberi o piante a vita breve.
L’età radiocarbonica di un campione permette di conoscere quando l’organismo è vissuto e non quando il materiale proveniente da tale organismo è stato utilizzato. È necessario tenere in considerazione il problema del “legno antico” per non giungere a conclusioni errate quando si collegano artefatti ad un evento o contesto.
Anche l’utilizzo ed il riutilizzo differiti sono processi che contribuiscono al problema del “legno antico”. Il carbone o il legno potrebbero essere stati stagionati prima dell’utilizzo reale del legname da cui proviene il campione sottoposto a datazione al radiocarbonio. I legni duri che sono molto resistenti alla decomposizione potrebbero essere stati riutilizzati in nuove strutture negli anni successivi.
Gli effetti di questi processi potrebbero non essere quantificabili, ma non devono essere sottovalutati, poiché potrebbero causare [risultati di datazione al carbonio-14](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-radiocarbonio-risultati.htm) troppo antichi per il contesto di riferimento.
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### [Comprendre l'effet Vieux Bois](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/effet-vieux-bois.htm)
**Published:** June 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
[Le charbon de bois](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-charbon.htm) et [le bois](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-bois.htm) font partie des matériaux les plus fréquemment soumis à la datation radiocarbone par spectrométrie de masse par accélérateur (AMS). Ils sont particulièrement appréciés au sein des laboratoires AMS de par la faible complexité du prétraitement nécessaire. Willard Libby, le pionnier de la datation radiocarbone, a identifié le charbon de bois comme le matériau le plus fiable à ce jour pour la datation carbone.
## Échelle de temps et effet vieux bois
L’échelle de temps d’un organisme est caractéristique du temps de croissance et de la durée pendant laquelle celui-ci a interagi avec la biosphère. Elle influence la façon dont l’âge radiocarbone est converti en années calendaires. Dans le cas du bois, l’effet est prononcé à cause du nombre de cernes d’arbres inclus lors de la datation. Il n’est pas quantifiable pour le charbon de bois.
Une hypothèse fondamentale en datation radiocarbone consiste à considérer que l’organisme cesse tout échange de carbone avec la biosphère au moment de sa mort. Cette hypothèse ne s’applique pas toujours, notamment pour le bois, et l’âge zéro ne correspond pas à la date de fin de vie.
Lors de l’ [analyse radiocarbone](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/a-propos-datation-carbone.htm) d’une pièce de bois ou de charbon, la datation porte sur la croissance de l’arbre d’origine. Celle-ci s’effectue par les ajouts successifs d’anneaux, qui cessent tout échange de carbone avec la biosphère une fois fixés. Ainsi, l’âge radiocarbone ne sera pas le même pour le bois de cœur et le bois d’aubier, le premier étant beaucoup plus vieux que le dernier.
Tout échantillon de charbon ou de bois aura un âge apparent qui peut être entaché d’erreurs, allant jusqu’à plusieurs siècles, à moins de provenir d’espèces à courte durée de vie ou de petites brindilles.
L’âge radiocarbone de l’échantillon nous renseigne sur la période où l’organisme était en vie, et non sur sa période d’utilisation. L’effet “vieux bois” doit être pris en compte afin de ne pas aboutir à des conclusions erronées en liant l’artefact à un événement ou un contexte.
Un usage différé ou une réutilisation peuvent contribuer à l’effet “vieux bois”. Le morceau de bois d’origine n’est pas nécessairement contemporain à la période d’utilisation des charbons et autres échantillons de bois qui sont soumis à la datation radiocarbone. Ceci est particulièrement vrai pour les bois de feuillus qui sont très résistants dans le temps et peuvent être utilisés ou réutilisés sur plusieurs années.
Les effets de ces processus ne sont pas toujours quantifiables, mais ne doivent pas être ignorés pour autant, sinon [les résultats de la datation au carbone 14](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-radiocarbone-rapport.htm) peuvent se révéler plus vieux que le contexte qui est daté.
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### [Entendiendo el efecto de la madera antigua](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-madera-antigua.htm)
**Published:** June 5, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
El [carbón vegetal](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-carbon.htm) y la [madera](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-madera.htm) son dos de los materiales más utilizados en la datación radiocarbónica con espectrometría de masas con aceleradores (EMA). Los laboratorios de EMA prefieren datar el carbono del carbón vegetal y la madera por porque estos materiales no requieren pretratamientos complejos. Willard Libby, el pionero en la datación por radiocarbono, identificó el carbón vegetal como el material más fiable para la datación radiocarbónica.
## La amplitud temporal y el problema de la madera antigua
La amplitud temporal de un organismo se refiere a su crecimiento total y su periodo de intercambio con la biosfera. La amplitud temporal de una muestra afecta la manera en la que se convierte la edad de radiocarbono en edad de calendario. La amplitud temporal de una madera depende del número de anillos considerados en la [datación por radiocarbono](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/sobre-carbono-datacion.htm). Sin embargo, los fragmentos de carbón vegetal pueden tener una amplitud temporal que no puede ser cuantificada.
Una de las principales suposiciones de la datación por radiocarbono es que cuando un organismo muere deja intercambiar carbono con la biosfera. Si éste no es el caso, como ocurre con la madera, la edad radiocarbónica del organismo no es cero en el momento de su muerte.
Al datar un trozo de madera o carbón vegetal por radiocarbono, el evento datado es el crecimiento del anillo del árbol. Los árboles crecen mediante la adición de anillos, y ellos dejan de intercambiar carbono con la biosfera cuando son cortados. Por lo tanto, la edad de radiocarbono del duramen y la albura de un árbol en particular no será la misma si el núcleo más profundo es significativamente mayor que la albura.
Cualquier muestra de carbón vegetal o madera datada por radiocarbono tendrá una edad aparente que puede tener errores de hasta cientos de años, a menos que se seleccionen especies de árboles o ramas que no hayan vivido mucho.
La edad de radiocarbono de una muestra puede revelar cuándo el organismo estaba vivo pero no cuándo se utilizó el material de este organismo. Debe tenerse en cuenta el problema de la “madera antigua” para evitar conclusiones erróneas mediante la vinculación de los artefactos a los acontecimientos y contextos.
El uso tardío y la reutilización son procesos que también contribuyen al problema de la “madera antigua”. El carbón vegetal o la madera pueden haber sido tratados antes del uso de la madera original de la que provenía la muestra enviada para su datación radiocarbónica. Las maderas duras que son muy resistentes a la descomposición pueden haber sido reutilizadas en otras estructuras en años posteriores.
Es posible que los efectos de estos procesos de deposición no puedan ser cuantificados, pero no deben ser descuidados porque los [resultados de la datación por carbono 14](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/arqueologia-ejemplo-informe.htm) pueden ser demasiado antiguos para el contexto que está siendo datado.
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### [Den Altholzeffekt verstehen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/altholzeffekt-verstehen.htm)
**Published:** September 22, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
[Holzkohle](http://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm) und [Holz](http://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-wood.htm) sind die beiden am häufigsten verwendeten Materialien für eine Beschleuniger Massenspektrometrie (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry -AMS) Radiokohlenstoffdatierung. AMS Labors bevorzugen es, Holzkohle und Holz zu datieren, da diese Materialien keine komplexen Vorbehandlungen erfordern. Williard Libby, Pionier der Radiokohlenstoffdatierung, hat Holzkohle als das verlässlichste Material für das Kohlenstoffalter identifiziert.
## Zeitspanne und das Altholzproblem
Die Zeitspanne eines Organismus bezieht sich auf sein gesamtes Wachstum und den Zeitraum des Austauschs mit der Biosphäre. Die Zeitspanne wirkt sich darauf aus, wie das Radiokohlenstoffalter einer Probe in das Kalenderalter umgerechnet wird. Die Zeitspanne von Holz hängt von der Anzahl der Baumringe ab, die im Rahmen der [Radiokohlenstoff Datierung](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-labor.htm) untersucht werden. Holzkohlefragmente können allerdings eine Zeitspanne aufweisen, die nicht quantifiziert werden kann.
Eine der Hauptannahmen bei der Radiokohlenstoff Datierung ist, dass der Zeitpunkt des Absterbens des Organismus auch den Zeitpunkt darstellt, zu dem der Organismus keinen weiteren Kohlenstoff mit der Biosphäre austauschte. Wenn dies, wie bei Holz, nicht der Fall ist, entspricht das Radiokohlenstoffalter des Organismus bei seinem Absterben nicht Null.
Wenn man das Radiokarbondatum von Holz oder Holzkohle analysiert, wird das Wachstum der Baumringe datiert. Bäume wachsen durch das Hinzufügen von Ringen und diese tauschen, nachdem der Baum gefällt wurde, keinen weiteren Kohlenstoff mit der Biosphäre aus. Dennoch wird das Radiokohlenstoffalter des Kernholzes und des Splintholzes eines Baumes nicht dasselbe sein, denn das innerste Kernholz ist wesentlich älter als das Splintholz.
Radiokarbondatierte Holz- und Holzkohleproben weisen ein scheinbares Alter auf; Abweichungen bis zu Hunderten von Jahren können auftreten, es sei denn, kurzlebige Baumarten oder Zweige wurden zur Radiokohlenstoffdatierung ausgewählt.
Das Radiokohlenstoffalter einer Probe sagt etwas darüber aus, wann der Organismus rezent war, nicht jedoch, wann das von dem Organismus stammende Material verwendet wurde. Das „Altholz” Problem muss hier berücksichtigt werden, um falsche Rückschlüsse zu vermeiden, wenn Artefakte mit einem Ereignis und Kontext in Verbindung gebracht werden sollen.
Verzögerte Verwendung und Wiederverwendung sind Prozesse, die zum “Altholz” Problem beitragen. Holzkohle oder Holz kann vor der Verwendung gelagert worden sein. Harthölzer sind sehr Verfallsresistent und könnten zu späteren Zeitpunkten in anderen Strukturen wiederverwendet worden sein.
Die Auswirkungen dieser Ablagerungsprozesse sind nicht quantifizierbar, müssen aber besonders in Betracht gezogen werden, wenn [C-14 Datierungsergebnisse](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/radiokohlenstoff-labor-report.htm) im Zusammenhang mit dem datierten Kontext als zu alt erscheinen.
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### [Understanding the Old Wood Effect](https://www.radiocarbon.com/old-wood-effect.htm)
**Published:** April 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
[Charcoal](http://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm) and [wood](http://www.radiocarbon.com/ams-dating-wood.htm) are two of the most widely used materials for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating. AMS labs prefer to carbon date charcoal and wood because these materials do not need complex pretreatment. Willard Libby, the pioneer of **radiocarbon dating**, identified charcoal to be the most reliable material to carbon date.
## Time-Width and the Old Wood Problem
The time-width of an organism refers to its total growth and exchange period with the biosphere. The time-width affects the way radiocarbon age is converted into calendar age for a sample. A wood’s time-width depends on the number of tree rings taken for [radiocarbon dating](http://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm). Fragments of charcoal, however, may have a time width that can’t be quantified.
One of the main assumptions of radiocarbon dating is that the organism’s time of death is also the time it ceased carbon exchange with the biosphere. If this is not the case, such as in wood, the radiocarbon age of the organism at death is not zero.
When radiocarbon dating a piece of wood or charcoal, the event dated is the growth of the tree ring. Trees grow by the addition of rings, and these rings stop exchanging carbon with the biosphere once they are laid down. Thus, the radiocarbon age of a single tree’s heartwood and sapwood will not be the same with the innermost heartwood being significantly older than the sapwood.
Any charcoal or wood sample that is carbon dated will have an apparent age, which may result in errors of up to hundreds of years unless short-lived tree species or twigs are selected for radiocarbon dating.
A sample’s **radiocarbon age** can tell us when the organism was alive and not when the material from that organism was used. The “old wood” problem must be taken into account to avoid wrong conclusions when linking artifacts to event and context.
Delayed use and reuse are processes that also contribute to the “old wood” problem. Charcoal or wood could have been seasoned prior to the actual use of the timber that provided the sample that has been radiocarbon dated. Hardwoods that are very resilient against decay could have been reused in other structures in later years.
The effects of these depositional processes may not be quantifiable but should not be overlooked because the [carbon 14 dating results](http://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-results.htm) might turn out to be too old for the context being dated.
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**Reference:**
Sheridan Bowman, Radiocarbon Dating: Interpreting the Past (1990), University of California Press
### Other Topics:
- [Bomb Carbon](https://www.radiocarbon.com/carbon-dating-bomb-carbon.htm "What is bomb carbon?")
- [Isotopic Fractionation](https://www.radiocarbon.com/isotopic-fractionation.htm "C13/C12 Isotopic Fractionation")
- [Tree-ring Calibration](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tree-ring-calibration.htm "About Dendrochronology")
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### [地下水碳定年 – 概念及實際應用](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/groundwater-carbon-dating.htm)
**Published:** June 23, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- 放射性碳定年可用於監測含水層的過度抽水。
- 建議每年或每半年進行地下水放射性碳定年服務。
地下水放射性碳測試可以作為監視地下蓄水層是否被過分開採的工具，用以防止地下蓄水層被污染或者被過分開發，詳見 “[地表水污染和補救](http://www.radiocarbon.com/images/study1.pdf)” (pdf)。
地下水[放射性碳定年](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/about-carbon-dating.htm "放射性碳定年") 主要是結合古水文和化學分析的測量方法。當涉及多樣測量或者順序取樣時，放射性碳定年將得出最好的結果。最有效的數據來自這些對比而不是來自絶對年齡。
如果是多樣測量，從位於含水層岩層露頭各處的泵浦取得、測出的地下水表面年齡，可用來檢驗流量，也可用來查驗是否有過度開採的狀況。如果是對同一口井，每6個月或者每12個月順序取樣，隨著時間標繪每次水表面年齡的變化。尤其是，如果水的年齡隨著時間變年輕了，這通常是由於開採到更多淺水層的原因。對於即將被污染的地表層水，放射性碳定年有事先發現的潛力。
## 地下水放射性碳定年
地下水放射性碳定年可以指出，地底層的水停止和空氣等其他物質直接接觸的時間，例如水何時流入地下。然而，對於來自含水層露頭區和空氣層的活植物，在計算它們產生的碳酸鹽種類百分比時，還需考慮到含水層矩陣中古代碳沉積的作用，這增加了許多不確定因素，使得定年結果存在誤差。由於這個原因，地下水的放射性碳定年在重覆取樣的時候最為有用。在這個情況下，存在不確定因素而獲得的絶對年齡並不是解讀的主要數據。未校正的表面年齡才是主要數據。研究中，它們拿來和其他表面年齡進行比對。這可以大幅度的修正不確定因素。在所有情況下，最有效的數據都是來自這些比對，而不是來自絶對年齡。同樣地，未修正的表面年齡也可以被解讀為最大年齡，舉例說明，地下水的真實年齡可能等於或者小於它們的表面年齡。
透過萃取水中的碳酸鹽來進行放射性碳定年，該測量可以提供有關地下水沉積補给，以及水流流向和速率的訊息。適用的樣品年齡：10-40,000 年。
從空氣中吸收後，含有少量二氧化碳的地表水和降雨流入地下。離開大氣層後，水開始接觸到土壤氣體，在這裡植物（根的呼吸作用）氣體分壓產生的二氧化碳要高得多。這些來源中的放射性碳被稱為“近代”級別，在年齡計算中作為参考。一般情況下，一個含水層需從20至60口以上的水井中取樣。若取樣少於10口井則不適合研究，在此情況下，年齡的解釋會不够準確。
若含水層含有化石碳，如泥炭或者褐煤，那麼放射性碳定年可能會出現模棱兩可的結果，而這些含水層也不適合運用放射性碳定年這個方法繼續研究。來自表層的水能够提供有用的表面“年齡”，但是存在著一個無法避免的問題，那就是碳稀釋校正，因為在水中，二氧化碳在壓力下很容易形成氣泡湧出，因而出現同位素效應。在這種情況下，我們無法計算出“最佳預計年齡”。
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本段影片節錄自BETA實驗室網路研討會 – [同位素101: 溶解態的碳](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "同位素101: 溶解態的碳").
## 預防含水層污染和開採限制
隨著人口密度的增加，人們對含水層的需求也將成倍增加。但是過度開發最終將導致供水不足，尤其是距離含水層補给區最遠的地區，產生的影響將最大。
由於未得到充分利用的土地一般都環繞人口稠密區，因此住宅和工業開發都盡量向工業產量最高的方向擴展。然而，當開發區域侵占到補給區，當抽水超過補給時，為滿足迫切需求而鑽的新井就有可能造成供水短缺。
透過定期監測區域内水井系統的水放射性碳年齡，可以在情況失控前，避免過度開發。一旦住宅或產業已建成，要限制供水將會變得非常困難。幸運的是，水的放射性碳定年可以提供一種機制，用來監測、了解和控制含水層的開採。
*表 1 – 地下水放射性碳定年可用作顯示距離含水層露頭的函數。這個案例顯示，距離露頭不同距離的三種抽水速率，所呈現的地下水層流動曲線。最後一口井已過度開採並且從淺水層引入了水。*
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## 監測地下水放射性碳含量
定期監測水井的放射性碳含量，可以了解泵浦頭處水源的穩定性和變化。水的放射性碳年齡逐年下降表示地表水已渗入地下水。這可能是過度抽取水井或其他區域的擴大鑽井作業造成。兩種情況都顯示，被污染的地表水最終有可能滲入飲用水供應系統。
*表 2 – 每年對同一口井採樣並進行地下水放射性碳定年檢測。I在這個案例中，這口井在1995年導入了一個新的抽水系統， 大大提高了這個區域的抽水速率。放射性碳定年將用來觀察，淺水層是否有下沈的趨勢，或著在表面水開始入侵之前，曲線是否開始變得平緩。*
針對同一口井，最好是每年或每半年進行一次放射性碳定年檢測。獲得的數據將會與之前年度取得的數據做比對。最理想的情況是，順序採樣（每6個月或12個月）後，同一口井的水放射性碳年齡多年來都維持不變。
由於放射性碳會在地下水中自然生成，因此這種檢測不需要在含水層中添加任何的物質。此外，檢測要在供水没有被污染之前進行。這對地區内和地區之間的水資源管理具有重要的經濟和環境影響。
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### [地下水の放射性炭素年代測定 - 概念と応用](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/groundwater-carbon-dating.htm)
**Published:** March 30, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- 地下水の放射性炭素年代をモニタリングすることによって過剰揚水による地下水の汚染、枯渇を未然に防ぎます。
- 一年に一度、半年に一度などの定期的なモニタリングをお勧めいたします。
地下水の放射性炭素年代測定は過剰揚水による帯水層の汚染や枯渇を未然に防ぐための有用なデータを提供します。 モデル事例、 [井戸の汚染と復旧](http://www.radiocarbon.com/images/study1.pdf) （pdf）も参照していただければ幸いです。
地下水の[放射性炭素年代](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/about-carbon-dating.htm "放射性炭素年代")によって、一般的な化学成分分析、同位体分析と同様重要な情報を得ることができます。地下水の放射性炭素年代は、複数地点での同時測定・同じ地点での連続観測によってより意味のある情報を提供します。 データを単一の絶対年代として見るのではなく、相対的な変化を捉えることが重要です。
複数地点での同時測定を行った場合、みかけC14年代(apparent age)の涵養域からの距離に応じた変化によって、フローレートの確認をするのと同時に、ある地点での過剰揚水の可能性の有無を検討することができます。一年に一度または半年に一度というような連続観測では、年代の経時的な相対変化を追うことによって、ある帯水層に他の帯水層からの混入がないかを検討することが可能です。年代が若くなる傾向がある時は、より浅い帯水層から新しい地下水を引き込んでいる可能性が考えられます。
## 地下水の放射性炭素年代
地下水の放射性炭素年代は、涵養域から採水地点までの滞留時間を意味しています。しかし、二次的に付加される無機炭素などの不確定な要因によって、絶対年代を決定するのは困難です。そのため、地下水の放射性炭素年代は複数地点の測定または連続観測による年代の相対的な違いを検討することが一番良い方法です。その際は、同位体補正を行っていない、みかけC14年代(apparent age)を用います。 絶対年代という観点からいえば、一般的にみかけC14年代はその地下水がそれより古くはない(maximum age)ということを示唆しています。
地下水の放射性炭素年代測定では、溶存無機炭素を抽出してそのC14を測定します。年代値は滞留時間はもとより、流向、流量率も示唆します。適用可能な年代幅は10年～4万年程度です。
降水・表層水が地下に浸透する時、大気中の二酸化炭素をわずかに含んでいます。土壌中の空気との接触により取り込む二酸化炭素の方がより多いといえます。その時点での放射性炭素はModernであると想定され、年代の算出の基準となります。
化石由来の炭素を含む石炭層などの対水層の地下水は、不確定要素が避けられないため、放射性炭素年代測定の適用は難しいといえます。また、無機炭素がガスとして容易に抜けてしまうような環境の表層水でも放射性炭素年代の適用は困難です。
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免責事項:この動画はサードパーティーのサービスを利用しているため広告が表示されることがあります。
## 地下水の適切な利用量を予測します
人口が増加するにつれて水の利用量も急激に増えます。 行き過ぎた開発は、最終的には水の供給量の減少につながり、その影響は涵養域から遠い地区にさえ大きな影響を与えます。 高い生産性を追い求めて土地の開発を進めた結果、 開発が涵養域にまで及び、 水の需要に追いつくために新しく掘削された井戸の揚水量が涵養量を超えると、たちまち水不足の問題につながる可能性があります。 井戸水の放射性炭素年代を定期的に調べることによって、 深刻な事態に陥る前に水の利用量が適切かどうかを予測することができます。 従来の方法ではいったん開発が進んでしまうとなかなか使い過ぎを防ぐのは困難でした。 なぜなら使い過ぎかどうかを見極めること自体が難しいからです。 放射性炭素年代測定は誰にでもわかりやすい方法でこの問題を解決します。
*図1- 涵養域からの距離と放射性炭素年代の関係（概念図）。この図はある地下水流動系において3か所でくみ上げを行った場合のモデルです。3番目の井戸で過剰揚水を行った結果、浅層地下水を引き込んでしまっています。*
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## 地下水の放射性炭素年代をモニタリングする
定期的に放射性炭素年代を測定することによって、 地下水の供給源の変化をチェックすることができます。 つまり年代値が若くなっていく傾向にあれば、 対象の帯水層が新しい水を引き込んできている可能性があります。 このような現象は、例えば過剰な揚水や、新たに井戸がたくさん掘削されることによって起こります。
*図2 – 井戸の地下水放射性炭素年代の経時変化（概念図)。このモデルでは1995年に新たな井戸のシステムが導入され揚水量の増加がありました。それ以降帯水層への浅層地下水の混入が始まったことが放射性炭素年代によって明らかにされました。*
特定の帯水層を6ヶ月ないし12か月の間隔でモニタリングし放射性炭素年代測定値の経年変化を調べることが理想です。地下水にはもともと放射性炭素が存在しているので何もトレーサーを付加する必要がありません。そして汚染が始まる前に現象をとらえることが可能です。井戸の汚染や枯渇を未然に防ぐことができるので井戸管理の観点からするととても合理的で経済的な調査方法です。
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### [지하수 방사성 연대 측정 - 개념과 적용 사례](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/groundwater-carbon-dating.htm)
**Published:** January 27, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 방법으로 지하수가 있는 대수 층의 과잉 양수를 감시할 수 있습니다.
- 매년 또는 반년마다 지하수 방사성 탄소 연대 측정을 권장합니다.
방사성 탄소 연대 측정 기법을 지하수 분석에 적용하면 지하수를 품고 있는 지층인 대수 층이 오염되거나, 과잉 개발 전에 대수 층에서 과잉으로 물을 퍼내는 것을 예견할 수 있습니다. 샘플 연구서인 “[Surface water contamination and remediation(pdf)](http://www.radiocarbon.com/images/study1.pdf)” 을 참고하시기 바랍니다.
[지하수](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/about-carbon-dating.htm "지하수") 방사성 탄소 연대 측정은 고전적 수문학 측정 기법과 화학적 분석을 병행합니다. 방사성 탄소 연대 측정을 여러 번 하여 결과를 비교하거나, 일련의 샘플을 측정하였을 때 가장 좋은 결과를 얻을 수 있습니다. 연대 자체가 유용한 데이터가 아니라, 그 연대들을 서로 비교하는 것입니다.
여러 번 측정할 경우, 대수 층 노두로 부터 여기 저기 떨어져 있는 펌프에서 나온 지하수의 명확한 연대 측정 결과로 유동률을 증명할 수 있으며, 과잉 양수 상황을 설명해 주기도 합니다. 매 6개월이나 1년마다 각 원천에서 연속적으로 샘플 작업을 하는 경우, 명확한 연대 측정 결과로 시간에 대한 어떻게 변화 했는지 알 수 있습니다. 특히 물의 나이가 시간에 지남에 따라 어리게 나온다면, 대개 수막이 더 얕은 쪽으로 내려갔기 때문이며, 물의 표면 층이 금방 오염되었다는 것을 알 수 있습니다.
## 지하수 방사성 탄소 연대 측정
지하수 방사성 탄소 연대 측정을 하게 되면 언제 물이 대기권과 접촉하지 않았는지, 즉 지하로 내려갔는지 알 수 있습니다. 하지만 대수 층 모체에 있는 아주 오래된 탄산염 퇴적층이 쌓인 대수 층 노두와는 반대로, 대수 층 노두와 대기권에서 살고 있는 식물에서 생긴 여러 종류의 탄산염 함유량을 계산하는 것은 어렵습니다. 이런 이유로 지하수 방사성 탄소 연대 측정은 계속 반복해서 샘플 작업을 하는 것이 가장 좋습니다. 이런 상황에서, 불확실한 절대 연대는 그 장소 해석에 쓰이는 원래의 연대가 아니며, 수정되지 않은 연대가 원래 연대입니다. ; 연구에서 수정되지 않은 명백한 연대를 다른 명백한 연대와 비교 하면 불확실한 수정 문제는 대부분 없어집니다. 대부분 가장 쓸만한 데이터는 이런 비교 방법에서 오지, 절대 연대에서 오는 것은 아닙니다. 따라서 수정되지 않은 명백한 연대를 최대 나이로 해석할 수 있습니다: 즉 지하수의 실제 연대는 명백한 연대와 같거나 어립니다.
방사성 탄소 연대 측정을 하기 위해 물에 있는 탄산염을 추출함으로써, 지하수 침전이 언제 다시 생겼는지, 그리고 흐름의 방향과 흐름 속도에 관한 정보를 알 수 있습니다. 이는 10년에서 40,000년 된 샘플에 적용합니다.
땅으로 스며든 지표수와 빗물에는 대기에 있는 이산화 탄소가 소량 들어 있습니다. 물은 대기 권에 남아 있는 동안, 토양에 있는 공기와 접촉합니다. 그리고 이산화 탄소를 생성하는 식물의 부분 압력 (뿌리 호흡)이 훨씬 높습니다. 이렇게 생긴 물질의 방사성 탄소 함유량이 소위 “최근” 수준이며, 연대 계산하는데 참조합니다. 평균적으로 대수 층에 있는 우물 20에서 60개 이상에서 샘플을 채집합니다. 10개 이하 우물에서 샘플 채집하는 것은 연구에 적합하지 않습니다. 이런 경우, 연대 해석이 종종 애매해 집니다.
토탄이나 갈탄처럼 화석 탄소가 있는 대수 층의 경우, 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 결과가 애매하기 때문에 이런 대수 층은 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 기법으로 연구하지 않습니다. 지표수에서 생긴 물은 유용한 “명백한 나이”을 제공해 주지만, 탄소 희석 수정이라는 피할 수 없는 문제가 있습니다. 이는 물에서 이산화 탄소가 압력을 받아 거품이 나올 때 대형 동위 원소 효과가 일어나기 때문입니다. 이런 경우 “최상의 연대 추정치”을 계산할 수 없습니다.
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면책조항: 이 비디오는 제3자의 사이트에 올렸으며, 광고가 포함되어 있습니다.
이 비디오 인용은 Beta 연구소 웨비나의 일부입니다 – [수문학의 101: 용해 탄소](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "수문학의 101: 용해 탄소").
## 대수층 오염과 개발 한계
인구 증가에 따라 대수층 수요가 기하급수적으로 증가합니다. 과도한 개발은 끝내 한계점에 도달할 것이며, 대수층의 재충전 구역에서부터 훨씬 먼 곳까지 영향을 미칩니다.
일반적으로 사람이 사는 지역 주변에 개발이 많이 안된 땅들이 둘려 싸여 있는 관계로, 주거 지역과 상업 지역의 개발은 가장 상업적인 결과를 반영하는 것이지만, 개발 지역이 완충 지역을 넘어서게 되면 인간의 급박한 수요 충족을 위해 새로 판 우물에서 물을 더 많이 퍼내어 재충전 선을 초과하게 되면 물 부족 현상이 발생합니다.
방사성 탄소 연대 측정 방법으로 그 지역의 지하수를 정기적으로 감시함으로써 상황이 걷잡을 수 없게 되기 전, 개발이 과도하게 되고 있는 것을 알 수 있는 구체적, 실증적 증거가 됩니다. 주거지와 상업 단지가 개발된 다음에 물의 공급을 제한하는 것은 매우 어려운 일입니다. 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 방법으로 물을 측정함으로써 대수층의 과잉 개발을 감시하고, 어떤 상황인지 이해하며, 통제 매카니즘을 얻게 됩니다.
*도표 1 – 대수 층 노두로부터 거리 간격 확인 기능으로서의 지하수 방사성 탄소 연대. 이 삽화는 한정된 노두로부터 서로 다른 거리 간격에 있는 세 개의 펌프하는 비율과 지하수 층이 곡선으로 흐르고 있다는 것을 보여줍니다. 마지막 우물은 너무 많이 끌어 올려져 얕은 단계에서 물이 아래로 떨이 집니다.*
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## 지하수 방사성 탄소 내용물 감시
우물의 방사성 탄소 함유량을 시간 단위로 측정하면 수원의 안정성과 수원에서 일어나는 변화 모두를 알 수 있습니다. 매년 물의 방사성 탄소 나이가 어려진다는 것은 더 어린 물이 위에서 아래로 내려온다는 것을 보여줍니다. 예를 들자면, 이는 다른 지역에서 물을 너무 많이 끌어 올린다거나 우물 파는 작업을 점차 많이 하고 있기 때문입니다. 어느 경우든, 이는 결국 오염된 표면수가 식수로 유입되고 있을 수도 있다는 것을 보여줍니다.
*삽화 2 – 매년 채집된 우물의 지하수 방사성 탄소 연대. 이 삽화에서는 1995년에 이 우물에서 처음으로 물을 퍼내기 시작했으며, 점진적으로 더 많은 물을 퍼내고 있다는 것을 보여줍니다. 물의 하향 통풍이 증가하는지, 혹은 표면수가 들어오기 전에 커브가 차츰 평평해지는지 여부를 확인하기 위해서는 계속적인 방사성 탄소 연대 측정이 필요합니다.*
방사성 탄소 연대 측정 방법을 하기 위해 각 우물의 샘플 채집 작업은 1년 또는 6개월마다 하는 게 제일 좋습니다. 이렇게 얻은 결과를 이전 결과들과 비교합니다. 수년에 걸친 방사성 탄소 나이가 (매년 혹은 6개월마다) 일정하게 유지되는 것이 가장 바람직한 상황입니다.
방사성 탄소는 지하수에 자연적으로 발생하기 때문에, 이 측정 결과는 대수 층에 아무 영향이 없이도 일어나며, 또한 측정 결과는 공급되는 물이 오염되기 시작 전에 이루어집니다. 지역간, 혹은 지역 내 수자원 관리에 대하여 경제적, 환경적으로 강력한 암시를 주고 있는 것입니다.
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### [Datação por Radiocarbono de Águas Subterrâneas – Conceito e Aplicação Prática](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/aguas-subterraneas-carbono-datacao.htm)
**Published:** August 25, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- A datação por radiocarbono pode ser usada para monitorar o bombeamento excessivo do aquífero.
- Recomenda-se a datação por radiocarbono de águas subterrâneas semestral ou anualmente.
O uso dadatação por radiocarbonona análisede água subterrânea pode ajudara prever o bombeamento excessivo do aquífero antes que o mesmo se torne contaminado ou superexplorado. Consulte o estudo “[Contaminação de água subterrânea e remediação](http://www.radiocarbon.com/images/study1.pdf)” (pdf).
A [datação por radiocarbono](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/sobre-carbono-datacao.htm "Radiocarbon dating") de águas subterrâneas é usada em combinação com as medições primárias de análises clássicas hidrológicas e químicas. A datação por radiocarbono produzirá os melhores resultados quando inclui medições múltiplas ou amostragens sequenciais. Os dados mais úteis vêm dessas comparações e não de idades absolutas.
No caso de medições múltiplas, as idades aparentes das águas subterrâneas retiradas de bombas localizadas em diferentes distâncias do afloramento do aquífero podem ser um meio de verificação do nível de fluxo e também indicam situações de bombeamento excessivo. No caso de amostragens sequenciais de um determinado poço a cada seis ou doze meses, qualquer mudança na idade aparente da água é registrada em comparação com o tempo. Em especial, se a idade da água diminuir com o tempo, isto costuma ser devido à mistura da água de camadas mais próximas da superfície. A datação por radiocarbono pode potencialmente alertar sobre uma contaminação iminente por águas da camada superficial.
## Datação por Radiocarbono de Águas Subterrâneas
A datação de água subterrânea por radiocarbono pode indicar quando a mesma deixou de ter contato com a atmosfera, ou seja, quando ela entrou no solo. No entanto, existem incertezas no cálculo da porcentagem de espécies de carbonato procedentes de plantas vivas no afloramento do aquífero e da atmosfera, ao contrário do que foi adicionado por depósitos antigos de carbonáceos na matriz aquífera. Por esta razão, a datação por radiocarbono de águas subterrâneas é mais útil quando fazemos amostragens repetidas. Neste caso, a obtenção de idades absolutas, com suas conseguintes incertezas, não são os números primários usados na interpretação do local. As idades aparentes não corrigidas são os números primários; eles são usados na comparação com outras idades aparentes no estudo. Isto vai evitar em grande parte a incerteza da correção. Em todos os casos, os dados mais úteis serão provenientes destas comparações e não das idades absolutas. Além disso, as idades aparentes não corrigidas podem ser interpretadas como idade máxima, ou seja, a idade real das águas subterrâneas é igual ou inferior à idade aparente.
Ao extrair os carbonatos da água para a datação por radiocarbono, as medições podem fornecer informações sobre a recarga dos depósitos subterrâneos, as direções e níveis de fluxo. Isso é válido para amostras de 10 a 40.000 anos de idade.
Águas superficiais e de chuva que se infiltram no solo contêm pequenas quantidades de dióxido de carbono extraído do ar. Deixando a atmosfera, a água entra em contato com o ar presente no solo, onde o dióxido de carbono gerado por pressão parcial da vegetação (respiração de raízes) é muito maior. O conteúdo de radiocarbono dessas fontes é conhecido como nível “moderno” e é usado como referência nos cálculos de idade. Em média, de vinte a até mais de sessenta poços são amostrados em um aquífero. Estudos que incluem amostras de menos de dez poços não são adequados. Neste caso, a interpretação das idades será muitas vezes ambígua.
No caso dos aquíferos que contêm carbono fóssil, tal como a turfa ou o carvão marrom, a datação por radiocarbono pode gerar resultados ambíguos e esses aquíferos não devem ser estudados por essas técnicas de datação. A água obtida de fontes de superfície pode fornecer “idades” aparentes úteis, mas há, inevitavelmente, um problema com a correção de diluição de carbono porque um grande efeito isotópico pode ser gerado quando o dióxido de carbono sob pressão na água facilmente é extaído por borbulhamento. Nesse caso, a “melhor idade estimada” não pode ser calculada.
---
Aviso legal: Este vídeo está hospedado em um site de terceiros e poderá conter publicidade.
Este trecho de vídeo é parte do webinário Beta – [Isotópos 101: Carbono dissolvido](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "Isotópos 101: Carbono dissolvido").
## Predizendo a Contaminação do Aquífero e os Limites de Exploração
Com o aumento da densidade populacional, as demandas sobre o aquífero aumentam exponencialmente. O desenvolvimento excessivo pode eventualmente levar à um abastecimento limitado, sendo que os maiores efeitos sejam sentidos pelos distritos mais distantes das zonas de recarga do aquífero.
Uma vez que terras subutilizadas geralmente circundam as áreas povoadas, o desenvolvimento habitacional e industrial se estende em direções que refletem os maiores rendimentos comerciais. No entanto, se as áreas em desenvolvimento avançam para as áreas de recarga, novos poços perfurados para satisfazer a demanda iminente podem gerar a falta de água se o bombeamento exceder a recarga.
Através do monitoramento periódico da idade de radiocarbono da água presente no sistema de poços de um distrito, evidências empíricas estarão disponíveis para compreender a exploração excessiva antes que fique fora de controle. Uma vez que residências ou indústrias forem estabelecidas, é muito difícil limitar seu abastecimento de água. A datação por radiocarbono da água fornece um mecanismo para monitorar, compreender e controlar a exploração do aquífero.
*Figura 1 – Idades de radiocarbono de águas subterrâneas como função da distância do afloramento do aquífero. Esta ilustração mostra as curvas de fluxo laminar de água subterrânea com três taxas de bombeamento localizadas emdistâncias diferentes do limite do afloramento. O último poço está bombeandoe extraindo água excessivamente dos níveis superficiais.*
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## Monitorando o Conteúdo de Radiocarbono de Águas Subterrâneas
O monitoramento baseado no tempo do conteúdo de radiocarbono de um poço pode revelar tanto a estabilidade como as mudanças nas fontes de água próximas às bombas. As idades mais recentes de radiocarbono da água a cada ano indicam que águas mais jovens estão sendo retiradas de cima. Isto pode ser causado, por exemplo, pelo bombeamento excessivo do poço ou pela expansão de perfurações em outras áreas. Nos dois casos, isto indica que águas de superfíciecontaminadaspodem entrar no abastecimento de água potável.
*Figura 2 – Idades de radiocarbono de água subterrânea de um determinado poço de onde são retiradas amostras anualmente. Neste caso ilustrativo, um novo sistema de bombeamento foi iniciado neste poço em 1995, aumentando substancialmente a taxa de bombeamento nesta região. A datação por radiocarbono deverá continuar para verificar se há uma indicação de que a retirada de águas superficiais está aumentando ou se a curva se aplana antes que as águas superficiais comecem a se introduzir.*
O uso do método de datação por radiocarbono é mais eficaz quando amostras são retiradas a cada um ou dois anos de um determinado poço. Os valores obtidos serão comparados aos de anos anteriores. A situação mais desejável é quando as idades de radiocarbono de águas sequencialmente amostradas (a cada seis ou doze meses) de um determinado poço permanecem a mesma ao longo dos anos.
Visto que o radiocarbono está naturalmente presente em águas subterrâneas, essa determinação é feita sem nenhuma adição ao aquífero. Além disso, a determinação é feita antes da contaminação entrar no sistema de abastecimento. Isso tem fortes implicações econômicas e ambientais para a gestão dos recursos hídricos dentro dos distritos e entre eles.
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### [Datation radiocarbone d'eaux souterraines – Concept et application pratique](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-eaux-souterraines.htm)
**Published:** June 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- La datation radiocarbone est utilisée pour surveiller le surpompage de l’aquifère.
- Un suivi annuel ou semi-annuel des eaux souterraines est recommandé.
L’utilisation de la datation par le radiocarbone pour l’analyse des eaux souterraines offre une méthode de prédiction du surpompage de l’aquifère avant qu’il ne soit contaminé ou surexploité, voir l’étude “[Surface water contamination and remediation](http://www.radiocarbon.com/images/study1.pdf)” (pdf en anglais).
[La datation radiocarbone](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/a-propos-datation-carbone.htm "La datation radiocarbone") des eaux souterraines est utilisée en combinaison avec des mesures d’analyses hydrologiques et chimiques classiques. Elle fournit les meilleurs résultats possibles dans le cadre de mesures multiples ou d’échantillonnages séquentiels. Les données les plus importantes sont issues de ces comparaisons et non des âges absolus.
Dans le cas de mesures multiples, l’âge apparent des échantillons d’eaux souterraines, prélevés depuis des pompes à des distances variables des affleurements des formations aquifères, peut aider à vérifier les débits et indiquer des situations de surpompage. L’échantillonnage séquentiel d’un puits tous les six à douze mois permet de suivre et de constater un changement dans l’âge apparent de l’eau au cours du temps, facilement mis en évidence avec un graphe temporel. Si l’âge diminue, témoignant d’une eau plus jeune, il se peut que les couches plus profondes subissent un pompage excessif. La datation radiocarbone permet dans ce cas de mettre en évidence une possible contamination des stocks d’eau potable par les eaux de surface.
## Datation radiocarbone des eaux souterraines
La datation radiocarbone des eaux souterraines permet de savoir quand l’eau a cessé d’être en contact avec l’atmosphère, et est devenue souterraine. Il y a toutefois des incertitudes sur les calculs de pourcentages des espèces de carbone, dues aux plantes vivant dans les affleurements des formations aquifères et à l’atmosphère, par opposition aux ajouts d’anciens dépôts carbonés dans la matrice de l’aquifère. Pour cette raison, la datation sur une série d’échantillons à travers le temps est utile. Les âges absolus obtenus, avec leurs incertitudes, ne sont plus la référence dans les interprétations. À la place, il est plus instructif de faire des comparaisons sur les âges apparents non corrigés, permettant de se débarrasser des incertitudes provenant des corrections. Les âges apparents non corrigés peuvent également être interprétés comme des âges maximaux, c’est-à-dire que l’âge réel des eaux souterraines est égal ou inférieur à l’âge apparent.
Les carbonates extraits de l’eau peuvent fournir des informations sur la recharge des gisements souterrains ainsi que sur leur débit et leur sens de circulation, pour des échantillons allant de 10 à 40000 ans.
L’eau de surface et les précipitations infiltrent du dioxyde de carbone dans le sol, qu’il soit issu de l’atmosphère, ou de l’air à la surface des sols qui est chargé en dioxyde de carbone issu de la respiration des organismes vivants. Ce phénomène est induit par une pression partielle plus importante. Le contenu en radiocarbone de ces sources définit le niveau “moderne”, et sert de référence dans le calcul des âges. En moyenne, entre vingt et soixante puits sont échantillonnés pour un aquifère. Moins de dix puits est un nombre insuffisant pour réaliser l’étude, à cause d’une interprétation des âges ambigüe.
Les aquifères contenant du carbone fossile, comme la tourbe ou le lignite, sont dans cette catégorie, et ne devraient pas être étudiés avec cette technique. Les eaux obtenues à partir des sources en surface peuvent fournir des “âges” apparents pratiques, mais il y a inévitablement des problèmes avec les corrections de la dilution du carbone car un effet isotopique important peut survenir lorsque le dioxyde de carbone sous pression dans l’eau s’échappe facilement. Dans ce cas, il n’est pas possible de calculer un “meilleur âge estimé”.
---
Avertissement : cette vidéo est hébergée sur un site tiers et peut contenir de la publicité.
Cet extrait vidéo fait partie du webinaire de Beta Analytic – [Isotopes 101: Carbone dissous](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "Isotopes 101: Carbone dissous").
## Prédire la contamination de l’aquifère et les limites de l’exploitation
Avec l’augmentation de la densité de la population, l’exploitation de l’aquifère va croître exponentiellement. Les ressources disponibles sont alors menacées par le surdéveloppement, particulièrement dans les régions les plus éloignées des zones de recharge.
Le développement immobilier et industriel autour des régions habitées, suivant des logiques commerciales, peut déborder sur ces zones de recharges, et les puits creusés pour satisfaire la nouvelle demande sont un risque réel de pénurie lorsque le pompage est supérieur au taux de renouvellement.
La surveillance régulière de l’âge radiocarbone de l’eau est un indicateur de surexploitation, donnant le pouvoir d’agir avant qu’il ne soit trop tard. Une fois les résidences ou les industries implantées, il est plus dur de limiter leur approvisionnement en eau. La datation radiocarbone des eaux souterraines permet de surveiller, comprendre, et contrôler l’exploitation aquifère.
*Figure 1 – L’âge radiocarbone des eaux souterraines en fonction de la distance par rapport aux affleurements de l’aquifère. Cette illustration montre les courbes d’écoulements laminaires, avec trois taux de pompages à différentes distances. Le dernier puits est en surpompage et puise à de faibles profondeurs.*
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## Surveiller le contenu en radiocarbone des eaux souterraines
Surveiller le contenu en radiocarbone du puits sur une longue période permet de révéler des variations dans l’âge de l’eau pompée. Un âge qui diminue, et donc une eau plus jeune, peuvent signaler un pompage excessif ou de nouveaux puits. Dans ce cas, une contamination des stocks d’eau potable est à craindre.
*Figure 2 – Les âges radiocarbone de l’eau souterraine d’un puits échantillonné annuellement. Dans cet exemple, un nouveau système de pompage a été installé en 1995, augmentant le taux de pompage. La datation devra être continuée pour vérifier s’il y a une augmentation des eaux des niveaux surface vers le bas, ou si la courbe s’aplatit avant l’infiltration des eaux de surface.*
L’utilisation des techniques de datation au radiocarbone est préférable avec des échantillonnages annuels ou semi-annuels des puits individuels. Les valeurs obtenues sont comparées à celles des années précédentes. Il est souhaitable d’obtenir, par la datation d’eaux échantillonnées successivement (semi-annuellement ou annuellement), des âges qui se maintiennent à un niveau constant sur plusieurs années.
Le radiocarbone étant présent naturellement dans les eaux souterraines, la datation se fait sans le moindre ajout dans l’aquifère. La détermination se fait avant la contamination, donc elle joue un rôle économique et environnemental crucial dans les politiques de gestion des ressources en eau dans une région donnée, mais aussi entre différentes régions.
---
### [Datación radiocarbónica de aguas subterráneas: Concepto y aplicaciones prácticas](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/aguas-subterraneas-carbono-datacion.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- La datación por radiocarbono se puede utilizar para controlar el exceso de bombeo de un acuífero.
- Se recomienda la datación anual o bianual de aguas subterráneas.
La aplicación de la datación por radiocarbono para el análisis de las aguas subterráneas ofrece una técnica con la que predecir el exceso de bombeo de un acuífero antes de que sea contaminado o sobreexplotado (véase un ejemplo de estudio “[Contaminación y recuperación de contaminación de aguas subterráneas](http://www.radiocarbon.com/images/study1.pdf)” en PDF).
[La datación por radiocarbono](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/sobre-carbono-datacion.htm "La datación por radiocarbono") de aguas subterráneas se utiliza en combinación con las mediciones principales de los análisis hidrológicos y químicos clásicos. La datación por radiocarbono producirá los mejores resultados cuando se trate de mediciones múltiples o cuando las muestras sean recolectadas de manera secuencial. Los datos más útiles proceden de esas comparaciones y no de las edades absolutas.
En el caso de múltiples mediciones, las edades aparentes de aguas subterráneas sacadas de bombas que se encuentran a diferentes distancias del afloramiento del acuífero podrían ser un medio con el que verificar la velocidad del flujo, y para señalar situaciones de bombeo excesivo. En el caso de tomar muestras de manera secuencial en un pozo en particular cada seis o doce meses, cualquier cambio en la edad aparente del agua se representa frente al tiempo. En particular, si la edad del agua es cada vez más joven con el tiempo, por lo general se debe a una reducción de las capas más superficiales de agua. La datación por radiocarbono tiene el potencial de dar aviso previo de la contaminación inminente en las capas superficiales del agua.
## Datación radiocarbónica de aguas subterráneas
La datación por radiocarbono de aguas subterráneas ofrece indicaciones sobre cuándo una masa de agua pierde el contacto con la atmósfera, es decir, cuándo pasó a ser subterránea. Sin embargo, hay incertidumbres presentes en el cálculo del porcentaje de especies de carbonato que se originaron de plantas vivas en el afloramiento del acuífero y la atmosfera en comparación con el añadido por antiguos depósitos carbonosos en la matriz del acuífero. Por esta razón, la datación por radiocarbono de aguas subterráneas es más útil cuando se toman muestras repetidamente. En este caso, la obtención de edades absolutas con sus consecuentes incertidumbres no son los números primarios utilizados en las interpretaciones del sitio. Las edades aparentes sin corregir son las cifras principales: se utilizan para comparar otras edades aparentes en el estudio. Esto evitaría en gran medida la incertidumbre de la corrección. En todos los casos, los datos más útiles provienen de esas comparaciones y no de las edades absolutas. Además, las edades aparentes no corregidas pueden ser interpretadas como edades máximas, es decir, la edad real del agua subterránea es igual o inferior a la edad aparente.
Mediante la extracción de los carbonatos de agua para la datación por radiocarbono, las mediciones pueden proporcionar información sobre la recarga de los depósitos subterráneos así como sobre las direcciones de flujo y de las tasas. Esto es válido para muestras de 10 años a 40.000 años de edad.
El agua superficial y el agua de la lluvia que se infiltran en el suelo contienen pequeñas cantidades de dióxido de carbono extraído del aire. Una vez que deja la atmosfera, el agua entra en contacto con el aire del suelo, donde la presión parcial del dióxido de carbono generado por la vegetación (raíz-respiración) es mucho mayor. El contenido de radiocarbono de estas fuentes es el denominado nivel “moderno” y se utiliza como referencia en los cálculos de edad. En promedio, se pueden tomar muestras de veinte a más de sesenta pozos en un acuífero. Las muestras de menos de diez pozos no representan un estudio adecuado, y en estos casos la interpretación de las edades será, a menudo, ambigua.
En el caso de los acuíferos que contienen carbono fósil, tales como la turba o el carbono marrón, la datación por radiocarbono puede dar resultados ambiguos y estos acuíferos no deben ser estudiados con esta técnica de datación. El agua obtenida de manantiales de superficie puede proporcionar “edades” aparentes útiles, pero inevitablemente hay un problema con la corrección de dilución de carbono debido a que un efecto de isótopo grande puede ser generado cuando el dióxido de carbono bajo presión en el agua burbujea hacia fuera. En ese caso, la “mejor edad estimada” no puede ser calculada.
---
Exención de responsabilidad: Este video está alojado en un sitio externo y puede contener publicidad.
Este vídeo forma parte del webinario de Beta Analytic – [Isótopos 101: Carbono disuelto](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "Isótopos 101: Carbono disuelto").
## La Predicción de la contaminación en acuíferos y los límites de la explotación
A medida que aumenta la densidad de población, la demanda de un acuífero se incrementará de manera exponencial. El desarrollo excesivo puede conllevar un suministro limitado que termine por afectar principalmente a los distritos más alejados de las zonas de recarga de los acuíferos.
Como las tierras infrautilizadas suelen rodear zonas pobladas, el desarrollo inmobiliario e industrial se extiende en direcciones que reflejan el mayor rendimiento comercial. Sin embargo, si las áreas en desarrollo invaden la zona de recarga, los nuevos pozos perforados para satisfacer las demandas consecuentes podrían generar escasez si el bombeo excede a la recarga.
La supervisión periódica de la edad radiocarbónica del agua del sistema de pozos de un distrito ofrece evidencia empírica para percibir la explotación excesiva antes de que esté fuera de control. Una vez que las residencias o industrias se han establecido, es muy difícil limitar el suministro de agua. La datación por radiocarbono del agua proporciona un mecanismo para monitorear, entender y controlar la explotación del acuífero.
*Figura 1 – Las edades de radiocarbono de las aguas subterránea en función de la distancia del afloramiento del acuífero. Este caso ilustrativo muestra curvas laminares de flujo de agua subterránea con tres tasas de bombeo situadas a diferentes distancias del limite del afloramiento. El último pozo tiene exceso de bombeo y esta sacando agua por debajo de los niveles superficiales.*
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## Monitoreo del contenido de radiocarbono de aguas subterráneas
El control del contenido de radiocarbono de un pozo en base al tiempo puede revelar tanto la estabilidad de las fuentes originales, así como sus cambios. Las edades más jóvenes de radiocarbono del agua cada año, indica que aguas más jóvenes están siendo atraídas desde arriba. Esto puede deberse, por ejemplo, a la sobreexplotación del pozo o por la ampliación de perforaciones de pozos en otras áreas. En ambos casos, indica que eventualmente aguas superficiales contaminadas podrían entrar en el sistema de abastecimiento de agua potable.
*Figura 2 – La edad de radiocarbono de aguas subterráneas de un pozo individual con muestras tomadas anualmente. En este caso ilustrativo, un sistema nuevo de bombeo fue iniciado en este pozo en 1995, aumentando sustancialmente la velocidad de bombeo en esta área. La datación por radiocarbono debe continuar para ver si hay una indicación de aumento de agua poco profunda llevada hacia abajo o si la curva se aplana antes de que el agua de la superficie comience a introducirse.*
El uso del método de datación por radiocarbono es más efectivo con el muestreo anual o bianual de pozos individuales. Los valores obtenidos se comparan con los de años anteriores. La situación más deseable es cuando las edades de radiocarbono de muestras de aguas secuencialmente muestreadas (cada seis o doce meses) de un pozo particular, permanece la misma en el correr de los años.
Desde que radiocarbono existe naturalmente en las aguas subterráneas, esta determinación es hecha sin ningún tipo de adiciones al acuífero. Además, la determinación es hecha antes de que la contaminación entre en el suministro. Esto tiene fuertes implicaciones económicas y ambientales para el manejo de los recursos hídricos dentro y entre los distritos.
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### [Grundwasser Radiokarbon Datierung - Konzept und Praktische Anwendung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/grundwasser-karbon-datierung.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Die Radiokarbon Datierung kann benutzt werden, um die Überpumpung der Grundwasser führenden Schichten zu überwachen.
- Es wird eine jährliche- oder halbjährliche Grundwasser C14 Datierung empfohlen.
Die Anwendung der Radiokarbon Datierung bei der Grundwasseranalytik kann eine Technik bereitstellen, die es ermöglicht, eine Überpumpung der Grundwasserschicht vorherzusagen, bevor sie verschmutzt oder zu sehr ausgebeutet wird. Siehe hierzu Muster-Studie (.PDF) “[Oberflächenwasser Kontamination und Sanierung](http://www.radiocarbon.com/images/study1.pdf)“
Die [Radiokohlenstoff Datierung](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/uber-karbon-datierung.htm "Radiokohlenstoff Datierung") von Grundwasser wird in Kombination mit den primären Messungen der klassischen hydrologischen und chemischen Analyse benutzt. Wenn mehrere Messungen oder eine fortlaufende Probenentnahme angewandt werden, liefert die Radiokohlenstoff Datierung die besten Resultate. Die nützlichsten Daten kommen aus dem Vergleich dieser Resultate und nicht dem absoluten Alter.
Im Falle von mehreren Messungen könnten die scheinbaren Alter des Grundwassers, welches von Pumpen, die in unterschiedlichen Abständen zum Wasserleiter das Grundwasser entnehmen, ein Mittel zur Überprüfung der Flussrate sein und auch auf eine Überpumpungssituation hinweisen. In dem Fall einer fortlaufenden Probenentnahme aus einer individuellen Quelle (alle 6 oder 12 Monate), werden alle Veränderungen des scheinbaren Wasseralters gegen die Zeit aufgezeigt. Wenn das Alter des Wassers mit der Zeit verjüngt, liegt dies insbesondere daran, dass eine Grundwasserabsenkung der oberen Wasserschichten stattfindet. Die Radiokohlenstoff Datierung kann möglicherweise ein Warnsignal bei einer bevorstehenden Kontamination des Grundwassers durch Oberflächenwasser anzeigen.
## Grundwasser C 14 Datierung
Die Radiokohlenstoff Datierung von Grundwasser kann Hinweise darüber geben, ab wann das Wasser keinen Kontakt mehr mit der Atmosphäre hatte, zum Beispiel, als es in den Untergrund versickerte. Allerdings gibt es Unsicherheiten bei der Berechnung des Prozentsatzes von Kohlenstoffarten, die aus lebenden Pflanzen im Grundwasserleiter im Gegensatz zu dem Prozentsatz von alten Karbonatablagerungen in der Grundwasser-Matrix und der Atmosphäre entstanden sind. Aus diesem Grund ist die C 14 Datierung von Grundwasser dann sehr sinnvoll, wenn man eine wiederholte Probenentnahme durchführt. In diesem Fall sind die absoluten Jahre, inklusive der begleitenden Unsicherheit, nicht die primären Zahlen, die für eine Interpretation herangezogen werden. Die unkorrigierten scheinbaren Alter sind die primären Zahlen; sie werden mit anderen scheinbaren Altern der Studie verglichen. Das beugt im Groben einer Korrekturunsicherheit vor. In all diesen Fällen kommen die brauchbarsten Daten durch das Vergleichen und nicht durch die absoluten Alter zustande. Auch die unkorrigierten scheinbaren Alter können als maximale Alter interpretiert werden, zum Beispiel ist das wahre Alter des Grundwassers gleich, oder etwas geringer, dem scheinbaren Alter.
Durch die Extraktion des Kohlenstoffs für die Radiokarbon Datierung aus dem Wasser, können die Messungen Informationen über die Anhäufung von Unterwasserablagerungen sowie Fließrichtung und Fließgeschwindigkeit liefern. Dies gilt für Proben, die zwischen 10 und 40.000 Jahre alt sind.
Oberflächen- und Regenwasser, das in den Boden eindringt, beinhaltet kleine Mengen Kohlendioxid, welches aus der Luft extrahiert wurde. Beim Verlassen der Atmosphäre kommt das Wasser in Kontakt mit verschmutzter Luft, wobei der Partialdruck der Vegetation (Wurzelatmung), generiert durch das Kohlendioxid, viel höher ist. Den C14 Anteil dieser Quellen nennt man „modern Level” und ist ein Bezugswert bei der Altersberechnung. Im Durchschnitt werden zwischen 20 und mehr als 60 Probenentnahmen aus Quellen eines Grundwasserleiters entnommen. Weniger als 10 Quellen eignen sich nicht für eine brauchbare Studie; in diesem Fall wäre die Interpretation der Alter oft nicht eindeutig.
Wenn die Grundwasserleiter fossilen Kohlenstoff enthalten, wie dies bei Torf oder Braunkohle der Fall ist, dann kann die C 14 Datierung nur weniger präzise Befunde liefern und diese Grundwasserleiter sollten nicht mit dieser Datierungstechnik untersucht werden. Wasser aus Oberflächenbrunnen kann brauchbare scheinbare „Alter” liefern, obwohl es zu einem unvermeidlichen Problem mit der Kohlenstoffvermischungskorrektur führt, weil ein großer Isotopeneffekt generiert werden kann, wenn das Kohlendioxid unter Druck Blasen in das Wasser abgibt. In diesem Fall kann kein „bestes geschätztes Alter” berechnet werden.
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Haftungsausschluss: Dieses Video wird auf der Website Dritter bereit gestellt und kann Werbung enthalten.
Dieser Videoauszug ist Teil des Webinars von Beta Analytic – [Isotope 101: Gelöster Kohlenstoff](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "Isotope 101: Gelöster Kohlenstoff").
## Vorhersage einer Grundwasserleiter Kontamination und Ausbeutungsbeschränkungen
Da die Bevölkerungsdichte ständig zunimmt, werden die Anforderungen an die Grundwasserleiter auch exponentiell zunehmen. Überentwicklung kann letztendlich zu begrenzter Versorgung führen, die ernsthafte Auswirkungen für die Stadtteile, die am Weitesten von einem Grundwasserleiter entfernt sind, hätten.
Da nicht besiedeltes Land normalerweise die bevölkerten Gebiete umgibt, breitet sich die wohnungsbauliche und industrielle Entwicklung immer in die Richtung aus, die den größten finanziellen Ertrag widerspiegelt. Wenn aber die Entwicklungsgebiete in die Grundwasserschutzzone eindringen und neue Brunnen gebohrt werden, um den Bedarf zu decken, dann kann es zu einer Verknappung kommen, da mehr abgepumpt wird, als sich auffüllen kann.
Durch das geregelte Überwachen des Gehalts an Kohlenstoff in einem städtischen Brunnensystem wird ein empirischer Nachweis für eine Überbevölkerung erkennbar werden, bevor die Situation außer Kontrolle gerät. Sobald sich Wohn- und Industriegebiete etabliert haben, ist es sehr schwierig ihren Wasserverbrauch zu begrenzen. Die C 14 Datierung von Wasser liefert eine Möglichkeit, die Erschöpfung von Grundwasserquellen zu kontrollieren und zu verstehen.
*Abb. 1 – Radiokohlenstoffalter von Grundwasser als eine Funktion der Entfernung des Wasserleiteraufschlusses. Dieser veranschaulichte Fall zeigt laminare Gundwasser Flusskurven mit drei Pumpfrequenzen und unterschiedlicher Entfernung zum Aufschlusslimit. Der letzte Brunnen überpumpt bereits und zieht sein Wasser aus geringeren Tiefen.*
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## Überwachung des Grundwasser Radiokohlenstoffgehalts
Das zeitliche Überwachen des C 14-Gehalts eines Brunnens kann Aufschluss über die Stabilität und die Veränderungen des Quellwassers an der Pumpstelle geben. Die jüngeren C 14 Alter des Wassers deuten drauf hin, dass Wasser von oben abgesenkt wird. Dies könnte zum Beispiel durch zu starkes Abpumpen des Brunnens oder durch erweiterte Brunnenbohrungen in anderen Bereichen verursacht sein. In beiden Fällen bedeutet dies, dass irgendwann kontaminiertes Oberflächenwasser in das Trinkwasser gelangen wird.
*Abb. 2 – Radiokohlenstoffalter von Grundwasser, das jährlich oder halbjährlich geprüft wird. In diesem veranschaulichten Fall wurde ein neues Pumpensystem 1995 eingebaut, dadurch wurde die Pumprate in diesem Gebiet erhöht. Nun muss fortwährend die Radiokarbon Datierung angewandt werden, um zu sehen, ob es Indikatoren für eine Grundwasserabsenkung gibt, ob die Kurve sich verflacht, oder bereits aus seichten Wassertiefen abgepumpt wird, bevor das Oberflächenwasser eindringen kann.*
Die C 14 Datierungsmethode sollte am sinnvollsten jährlich oder halbjährlich an Proben, die an verschiedenen Brunnen entnommen wurden, angewendet werden. Die auf diese Weise erhobenen Werte sollten mit den Werten aus früheren Jahren verglichen werden. Die wünschenswerteste Situation wäre, wenn das C 14 Alter von fortlaufenden Probenentnahmen von Wasser (alle 6 oder 12 Monate) aus einem bestimmten Brunnen über die Jahre immer gleichbliebe.
Da Radiokarbon ganz natürlich im Grundwasser vorkommt, wird die Bestimmung ohne weiteren Aufwand an dem Wasserleiter durchgeführt. Außerdem kann vorzeitig bestimmt werden, ob eine Verschmutzung des Grundwassers zu erwarten ist. Dies hat starke wirtschaftliche und ökologische Auswirkungen innerhalb und zwischen Stadtteilen auf die Bewirtschaftung der Wasserressourcen.
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### [Groundwater Radiocarbon Dating - Concept and Practical Application](https://www.radiocarbon.com/groundwater-carbon-dating.htm)
**Published:** April 18, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Radiocarbon dating can be used to monitor the over-pumping of the aquifer.
- Annual or semi-annual groundwater radiocarbon dating is recommended.
The application of radiocarbon dating to ground water analysis can offer a technique to predict the over-pumping of the aquifer before it becomes contaminated or overexploited, see sample study “[Surface water contamination and remediation](http://www.radiocarbon.com/images/study1.pdf)” (pdf).
[Radiocarbon dating](http://www.radiocarbon.com/about-carbon-dating.htm "Radiocarbon dating") of groundwater is used in combination with the primary measurements of classical hydrological and chemical analyses. Radiocarbon dating will produce the best results when it involves multiple measurements or sequential sampling. The most useful data come from these comparisons and not from absolute ages.
In the case of multiple measurements, the apparent ages of the groundwater taken from pumps that are at varying distances from the aquifer outcrop could be a means of verifying flow rate and also indicate situations of over-pumping. In the case of sequential sampling of an individual well every six or twelve months, any changes in the apparent age of the water are plotted versus time. In particular, if the age of the water is getting younger with time, it would usually be due to a drawing-down of the more shallow water layers. **Radiocarbon dating** has the potential of giving advance notice of impending contamination by surface layer waters.
## Radiocarbon Dating Groundwater
Radiocarbon dating of groundwater can give indications as to when the water was taken out of contact with the atmosphere, i.e. when it went underground. However, there are uncertainties present in calculating the percentage of carbonate species that originated from living plants in the aquifer outcrop and the atmosphere as opposed to that added by ancient carbonaceous deposits in the aquifer matrix. For this reason, radiocarbon dating of groundwater is most useful when repeated sampling occurs. In this case, obtaining absolute ages with their attendant uncertainties are not the primary numbers used in site interpretations. The uncorrected apparent ages are the primary numbers; they are used to compare with other apparent ages in the study. This will largely obviate the correction uncertainty. In all cases, the most useful data will come from these comparisons and not from absolute ages. Also, the uncorrected apparent ages can be interpreted as maximum ages, i.e. the real age of the groundwater is equal to or less than the apparent age.
By extracting the carbonates of the water for radiocarbon dating, the measurements can provide information on the recharge of underground deposits as well as flow directions and rates. This is valid for samples from 10 years old to 40,000 years old.
Surface water and rainfall infiltrating into the ground contain small amounts of carbon dioxide extracted from the air. Leaving the atmosphere, the water comes in contact with the soil air, where the partial pressure of vegetation (root-respiration) generated carbon dioxide is much higher. The radiocarbon content of these sources is the so-called “modern” level and is used for the reference in the age calculations. On average, from twenty to more than sixty wells are sampled in an aquifer. Less than ten wells is not a suitable study; in this case, interpretation of the ages will often be ambiguous.
In the case of aquifers containing fossil carbon, such as peat or brown coal, radiocarbon dating can give ambiguous results and these aquifers should not be studied with this dating technique. Water obtained from surface springs can provide useful apparent “ages”, but there is inevitably a problem with the carbon dilution correction because a large isotope effect can be generated when the carbon dioxide under pressure in the water readily bubbles out. In that case, a “best estimated age” cannot be calculated.
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Disclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.
This video excerpt is part of Beta Analytic’s webinar – [Isotopes 101: Dissolved Carbon](https://www.radiocarbon.com/dissolved-carbon-webinar/ "Isotopes 101: Dissolved Carbon").
## Predicting Aquifer Contamination and Exploitation Limits
As population density increases, demands on the aquifer will increase exponentially. Over-development can eventually lead to limited supply, with the greatest effects being to those districts farthest from the aquifers’ recharge zone.
Since under-utilized lands generally surround populated areas, housing and industrial development extends in directions reflecting the highest commercial yield. However, if the developing areas encroach onto the recharge zone, new wells drilled to satisfy the imminent demand could create shortages if pumping exceeds recharge.
By regularly monitoring the radiocarbon age of the water within a district’s well system, empirical evidence is available to realize overexploitation before it is out of control. Once residences or industries are established, it is very difficult to limit their water supply. **Radiocarbon dating** of the water provides a mechanism to monitor, understand, and control exploitation of the aquifer.
*Figure 1 – Radiocarbon ages of groundwater as a function of distance from the aquifer’s outcrop. This illustrative case shows laminar groundwater flow curves with three pumping rates located at different distances from the outcrop limit. The last well is over-pumping and drawing water down from shallow levels.*
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## Monitoring Groundwater Radiocarbon Content
Time-based monitoring of the radiocarbon content of a well can reveal both the stability of, and the changes in, the source waters at the pump head. The younger radiocarbon ages of the water each year indicate younger waters are being drawn down from above. This could be caused, for example, by over-pumping of the well or by expanded well drillings in other areas. In either case, it indicates that eventually contaminated surface waters could enter the drinking supply.
*Figure 2 – Radiocarbon ages of groundwater of an individual well sampled annually. In this illustrative case, a new pumping system was initiated at this well in 1995, substantially increasing the pumping rate in this area. Radiocarbon dating will have to be continued to see if there is an indication of increasing shallow water down-draft or if the curve flattens out before the surface water starts intruding.*
The use of the radiocarbon dating method is best with annual or biannual sampling of individual wells. The values obtained would be compared to those of previous years. The most desirable situation is when the radiocarbon ages of sequentially sampled waters (every six or twelve months) from a particular well remain the same over the years.
Since radiocarbon occurs naturally in groundwater, this determination is made without any additions to the aquifer. Also, the determination is made before contamination enters the supply. This has strong economic and environmental implications for water resource management within and between districts.
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### [Entendendo o Efeito da Madeira Antiga](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/madeira-antiga.htm)
**Published:** August 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Carvão vegetal e madeira são dois dos materiais mais amplamente usados na datação por radiocarbono pela técnica de espectrometria de massascom aceleradores (AMS). Os laboratórios de AMS preferem datar carvão vegetal e madeira por carbono porque esses materiais não requerem pré-tratamentos complexos. Willard Libby, o pioneiro em datação por radiocarbono, identificou o carvão vegetal como sendo o material mais confiável na datação por carbono.
## Cinética de Crescimento e o Problema da Madeira Antiga
A cinética de crescimento de um organismo refere-se ao seu crescimento total e período de intercâmbio com a biosfera. A cinética de crescimento de uma amostra afeta a maneira em que a idade de radiocarbono é convertida em anos. A cinética de crescimento de uma madeira depende do número de anéis considerados na [datação por radiocarbono](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/sobre-carbono-datacao.htm). Porém, os fragmentos de carvão vegetal podem ter uma cinética de crescimento que não pode ser quantificada.
Uma das principais suposições da datação por radiocarbono é que o momento da morte do organismo também é o momento em que o mesmo para de trocar carbono com a biosfera. Se este não for o caso, tal como ocorre com a madeira, a idade de radiocarbono do organismo é zero no momento de sua morte.
Ao datar um pedaço de madeira ou carvão vegetal por radiocarbono, o evento datado é o crescimento do anel da árvore. As árvores crescem pela adição de anéis, e os mesmos param de trocar carbono com a biosfera quando são abatidas. Portanto, a idade de radiocarbono do cerne e alburno de uma determinada árvore não será a mesma se o cerne mais profundo for significativamente mais antigo do que o alburno.
Qualquer amostra de carvão vegetal ou madeira que é datada por carbono terá uma idade aparente , a qual poderá resultar em erros de até centenas de anos, a menos que espécies jovens de árvores ou galhos sejam selecionados para a datação por radiocarbono.
A idade de radiocarbono de uma amostra pode revelar quando o organismo estava vivo e não quando o material desse organismo foi utilizado. O problema da “madeira antiga” deve ser levado em consideração para evitar conclusões erradas ao vincular artefatos a eventos e contextos.
O uso atrasado e a reutilização são processos que também contribuem para o problema da “madeira antiga”. O carvão vegetal ou a madeira podem ter sido tratados antes do uso da madeira de onde foi tirada a amostra submetida à datação por radiocarbono. As madeiras de lei que são muito resistentes ao apodrecimento podem ter sido reutilizadas em outras estruturas em anos posteriores.
Os efeitos destes processos deposicionais podem não ser quantificáveis, mas não devem ser negligenciados pois os [resultados da datação por carbono 14](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-exemplo-relatorio.htm) podem acabar sendo demasiadamente antigos para o contexto que está sendo datado.
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Aviso legal: Este vídeo está hospedado em um site de terceiros e poderá conter publicidade.
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### [了解舊木效應](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/old-wood-effect.htm)
**Published:** June 24, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
[木炭](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm "木炭") 和 [木頭](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-wood.htm "木頭") 是兩種最廣泛用於加速器質譜（AMS）放射性碳定年的材料。加速器質譜實驗室喜歡對木炭和木頭進行碳定年，因為這些材料不需要複雜的預處理。放射性碳定年的先驅Willard Libby認為，木炭是進行碳定年最可靠的材料。
## 時間跨度和舊木效應
生物體的時間跨度是指其總生長時間以及與生物圈相互作用的時間。時間跨度會影響樣品的放射性碳年齡轉換為曆年的方式。木頭的時間跨度取決於進行 [放射性碳定年](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/about-carbon-dating.htm)的樹木年輪數目。但是，木炭碎片的時間跨度可能不可以量化。
放射性碳定年的主要假設之一是，生物體的死亡時間也是其停止與生物圈進行碳交換的時間。如果不是這樣的假設，則生物體的放射性碳年齡不從其死亡開始計算。
當對木頭或木炭進行放射性碳定年時，測定的項目是樹木年輪的生長時間。樹木生長時，年輪會隨之增加，一旦被砍伐，樹木年輪即停止與生物圈的碳交換。因此，一棵樹邊材的放射性碳年齡不會與最裡面的心材放射性碳年齡相同，因為最裡面的心材比邊材年齡要大得多。
進行碳定年的木炭或木頭樣品會有一個表面年齡，這個年齡的誤差可能達數百年，除非選來進行放射性碳定年的是短壽命的樹種或樹枝。
樣品的放射性碳年齡可以告訴我們生物體曾經存活的時間，而不是該生物體材料被使用的時間。在對史前古器物進行定年時，必須考慮“舊木”的問題，避免得出錯誤的結論。
延遲使用和重覆使用也是導致“舊木”問題產生的另外兩種可能。實際用於定年的木頭或者木炭，可能之前已經經歷了很久的時間才用於燃燒或者使用。此外，質地堅硬的木材可能已保存多年並被重覆使用。
這些沉積過程的影響可能無法量化，但不應該忽視它們，因為 [碳14定年結果](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-results.htm)可能會比相應的定年環境更久遠。
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### [Istruzioni per la manipolazione dei campioni e la scelta dei contenitori](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/details.htm)
**Published:** July 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
## Manipolazione dei campioni
**Carbonati** – La manipolazione diretta dei campioni carbonatici non altera i risultati. Dal momento che per l’analisi al radiocarbonio viene utilizzata la porzione di CaCO3, non risulta rilevante la contaminazione da grassi ed altre sostanze organiche. Solo la presenza di altri carbonati può pregiudicare il risultato della datazione al carbonio.
**Materiale organico** – I campioni organici destinati alla datazione al radiocarbonio non dovrebbero essere toccati a mani nude poiché i grassi delle mani contaminerebbero il campione. Il contatto con un guanto di plastica pulito non comporta alterazioni. È possibile lavare il campione con acqua potabile (preferibilmente acqua distillata), mentre bisogna evitare il contatto con la carta.
**Matrice estranea** – I prezzi indicati fanno riferimento ai campioni in forma concentrata. Non è necessario rimuovere piccole quantità di sedimenti e di materiale organico aderenti. Tuttavia, i sedimenti sciolti in grandi quantità comportano una commissione supplementare e di conseguenza si raccomanda di rimuovere la maggior parte della matrice estranea. È sufficiente una singola setacciatura, ad esempio, con una rete da zanzariera comunemente disponibile in commercio. Prima dell’uso pulire il setaccio per rimuovere la polvere. Se si utilizzano setacci da laboratorio, assicurarsi che siano completamente puliti prima di utilizzarli con un altro campione.
**Campioni umidi/campioni asciutti –** Non è necessario asciugare il materiale, ma conoscere il peso del campione asciutto permette di stimare al meglio la quantità da inviare; possiamo comunque accettare campioni umidi per la datazione. Il laboratorio inizia l’analisi immediatamente all’arrivo del materiale, in modo da evitare che l’umidità provochi una contaminazione. Se si desidera asciugare i campioni, consigliamo di lasciarli ad una temperatura compresa tra 90 e 100 °C per 4-24 ore.
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## Contenitori e imballaggi consigliati
Attenzione: Mettere un solo campione in ogni bustina per evitare che diversi campioni si mischino durante il trasporto
**Campioni grandi** – Mettere direttamente in una bustina con zip.
Esempi: [corna, ossa](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-le-ossa.htm), [carbone](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-il-carbone-con-il-carbonio.htm), corallo, [letame](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-sterco.htm), gyttja, pelle, [torba](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-ams-torba.htm), piante, [vasellame](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-la-ceramica-con-l-ams.htm), [sedimenti](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-i-sedimenti-con-l-ams.htm), [conchiglie](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-le-conchiglie-al-carbonio.htm), denti, [tessuti](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datare-i-tessuti-con-l-ams.htm), [legno](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-ams-legno.htm)
**Campioni piccoli/fini** – Avvolgere il materiale in un foglio di alluminio, che lo contenga come in un sacchetto, prima di metterlo in una bustina con zip.
Esempi: collagene estratto, [otoliti di pesce](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-otoliti.htm), [peli](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-ams-forense.htm), insetti (chitina), [semi](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-ams-semi.htm), grani
**Campioni molto piccoli** – Utilizzare provette con tappo a vite, provette per microcentrifuga o vetrini, da inserire in una bustina con zip etichettata.
Esempi: [foraminiferi, ostracodi,](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-ams-foraminiferi.htm) [fitoliti](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-radiocarbonio-fitoliti.htm), [polline](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-ams-polline.htm)
**Liquidi** – Utilizzare, se possibile, bottiglie di plastica (HDPE, LDPE, PP). Se il vetro fosse l’unica opzione, assicurarsi di proteggere la bottiglia con imballaggio sufficiente a evitarne la rottura. Raccomandiamo comunque di preferire le bottiglie di plastica.
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## Utilizzare le scatole invece delle buste
**Solidi** – Raccomandiamo caldamente di inviare i campioni, quando possibile, in piccole scatole (invece di utilizzare buste imbottite) per proteggerne l’integrità durante la spedizione. Durante il processo di smistamento automatico da parte dei servizi postali, le buste vengono solitamente fatte passare su nastri trasportatori a rullo che potrebbero frantumare e polverizzare i piccoli frammenti.
**Liquidi** – Si prega di inserire le bottiglie in una busta di plastica e di sigillare la stessa con una zip o con del nastro isolante. In questo modo, nell’eventualità di una perdita durante la spedizione, l’acqua non indebolirà la scatola di cartone.
*Ultimo aggiornamento: febbraio 2020*
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### [サンプルを準備する前にお読みください](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/details.htm)
**Published:** March 30, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
## サンプルの取扱:
**炭酸塩試料 –** 炭酸塩試料を直接手で取り扱うことによって結果に影響を及ぼすことはありません。 CaCO3のみが放射性炭素分析に使用されるので、手からの油分や有機物によってサンプルが汚染されることはありません。 ただし異なるソースのCaCO3が含まれる場合は年代に影響します。
**有機物 –** 放射性炭素年代測定に使用する有機物のサンプルは手からの油分によって汚染されないように直接手で取り扱わないでください。 洗浄されたプラスティック手袋をご使用ください。 サンプルを水で洗浄することはできます。（蒸留水をご使用ください） サンプルを紙で包まないようにしてください。
**余分な付着物 –** 分析価格は、試料が選別された状態であることを想定していますが、少量の堆積物や付着した有機物などを除去する必要はありません。 ただし、付着物が多い場合は別途手数料がかかる場合がありますので、できるだけ試料は選別してお送りください。 使い捨ての金属性フルイなどを1試料につき1回限り使用していただくことは大丈夫です。 研究室用のフルイを使用する場合は、試料の選別を行う前に完全に洗浄されたものであることを確認してください。
**試料の乾燥状態 –** サンプルを乾燥させる必要はありません。 しかし、乾燥重量の方が測定に必要な試料量の推測が容易です。 湿った状態の試料をお送りいただくことも可能です。 試験所では到着後すぐに分析を開始しますので水分による汚染は生じません。 サンプルを乾燥する場合は90℃～100℃で4時間～24時間乾燥してください。
---
## お薦めする試料の包装と容器:
注記: 混同を避けるためそれぞれのジップロックバッグには1つだけ試料を入れてください。
**比較的大きな試料** – 直接ジップロックバッグに入れてください。
例：[ツノ、骨](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-bones.htm)、[炭化物](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm)、サンゴ、糞、骸泥、[革](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-leather.htm)、ピート、[植物](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-seeds.htm)、[土器](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-pottery.htm)、堆積物、[貝殻](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-shells.htm)、歯、[繊維](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-textiles.htm)、木など
**微小な試料、壊れやすい試料** – アルミフォイルに包んでからジップロックバッグに入れてください。
例：抽出されたコラーゲン、[魚耳石](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-ams-dating-fish-otoliths/)、髪、昆虫（キチン）、種子など
**極微量の試料** – バイアル、マイクロ遠心チューブ、スライドグラスなどに入れてからジップロックバッグに入れてください。
例：[有孔虫、](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-phytoliths.htm)プラントオパール、貝虫、[花粉など](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/ams-dating-pollen.htm)
**液体** – 液体はプラスチックボトルに入れてください。(HDPE, LDPE, PP可)
---
## 封筒などは使用せず、段ボールなど丈夫な箱に入れて送付してください。
**固体** – 輸送中の破損を防ぐため、可能な限り封筒などではなく、しっかりとした箱に入れてお送りください。
**液体** – 採水ボトルをプラスチックバッグに入れて密封してから箱に入れてください。そうすることによって、万が一ボトルが破損した場合にも外箱の損傷を避けることができます。
[試料の取扱いついてのよくあるご質問](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp-sample-questions/)
*最終更新：2020年2月*
---
### [Idoneità del campione: datazione AMS o radiometrica?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/radiometric-plus.htm)
**Published:** July 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
La scelta del metodo migliore per la [datazione al radiocarbonio](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-al-carbonio.htm "Datazione al radiocarbonio") dipende dalla quantità di campione disponibile o, in caso di materiali costosi, dalla quantità che è possibile distruggerne. La datazione AMS, ad esempio, richiede che il campione venga bruciato per essere convertito in grafite.
## **Vantaggi della datazione al radiocarbonio con AMS rispetto all’analisi radiometrica con LSC:**
(a) minima quantità di campione richiesta (fino ad un minimo di 20 mg), la datazione AMS è quindi raccomandata per la datazione al radiocarbonio di particelle di sangue, granelli, semi, piccoli artefatti e materiali molto costosi o rari;
(b) richiede meno tempo del metodo radiometrico (meno di 24 ore);
(c) garantisce una maggiore precisione rispetto alle tecniche radiometriche.
La datazione AMS è un metodo più avanzato rispetto all’analisi radiometrica effettuata con contatori a scintillazione liquida (LSC). Il costo della datazione AMS è più elevato.
Informazioni sulla datazione al radiocarbonio tramite contatore a scintillazione liquida (LSC)
*Beta Analytic non effettua più la datazione radiometrica con scintillatore.*
---
### [Contaminazione dei campioni e pretrattamenti](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/pretrattamenti-nella-datazione-al-carbonio.htm)
**Published:** July 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- La mancata rimozione dei contaminanti può comportare risultati imprecisi.
- I pretrattamenti fisici rimuovono i contaminanti senza l’utilizzo di prodotti chimici.
- I pretrattamenti chimici comportano spesso lavaggi acidi o basici per sciogliere i contaminanti conservando la parte di campione desiderata.
Uno dei presupposti principali nella [datazione al carbonio-14](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/datazione-al-carbonio.htm "Datazione al carbonio-14") è che il campione analizzato sia stato soggetto solo al decadimento radioattivo e non sia stato alterato da altri processi nel corso degli anni, dal momento in cui ha smesso di interagire con la biosfera.
Questo presupposto, però, è raramente valido. I reperti archeologici e i campioni geologici inviati ai laboratori per la datazione al radiocarbonio sono solitamente incorporati in o sepolti con altri materiali che potrebbero averne influenzato il contenuto di radiocarbonio. Qualsiasi materiale che contiene carbonio e che può influenzare il contenuto di carbonio-14 delle ossa è considerato un contaminante.
**Nota importante sui pretrattamenti** – È importante comprendere i pretrattamenti che saranno applicati ai campioni, dal momento che questi influenzano direttamente il risultato delle analisi. È possibile contattarci per discutere i pretrattamenti oppure richiedere di essere contattati dopo la loro applicazione (e prima della datazione).
Materiali come carbone, legno, torba e tessuti vengono normalmente sottoposti ad un trattamento [acido-base-acido (AAA)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm#Acid) prima della datazione al radiocarbonio.
I materiali come i sedimenti e la terra vengono invece sottoposti a lavaggi acidi (non alcalini) prima della datazione al radiocarbonio.
Conchiglie ed altri materiali in cui è necessario datare il carbonio inorganico (carbonato) vengono sottoposti a [morsura](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm#Etch) prima del pretrattamento.
Perché la garanzia di qualità è importante nella datazione al radiocarbonio?Avvertenza: questo video è ospitato su un sito esterno e potrebbe contenere pubblicità.---
## Fonti di contaminazione
La contaminazione può essere di origine naturale o artificiale. La prima riguarda l’introduzione nel campione di contaminanti provenienti dai materiali circostanti. Ad esempio, i campioni ossei possono essere contaminati dalla presenza nel suolo di calcare o di acidi organici (come gli acidi umici o fulvici). Un altro esempio di contaminante naturale è la penetrazione delle radici nel legno, carbone o terreno.
La contaminazione artificiale indica l’introduzione di contaminanti da parte dell’uomo durante la raccolta, la conservazione o l’imballaggio dei campioni. L’etichettatura dei campioni ossei con colla animale è un esempio di contaminazione artificiale. Altri contaminanti che possono essere introdotti durante la raccolta e l’imballaggio dei campioni sono biocidi, conservanti chimici come la colla vinilica e il glicole polietilenico, cenere di sigaretta ed etichette o confezioni di carta.
## Influenza dei contaminanti sui risultati della datazione al radiocarbonio
I campioni contaminati daranno naturalmente risultati imprecisi. L’effetto specifico sui risultati della datazione al radiocarbonio dipende dal tipo di contaminante, dal grado di contaminazione e dalle età relativa del campione e del contaminante.
Il calcare è di origine geologica ed è quindi molto più vecchio di qualsiasi campione archeologico; di conseguenza, la presenza di calcare durante la datazione al carbonio-14 renderebbe il campione più antico rispetto alla sua età reale.
Gli acidi umici e fulvici sono naturalmente presenti nel suolo dove è avvenuta la decomposizione microbica di piante ed animali. L’effetto di questi acidi organici sul campione, che renda il campione più antico o più recente, dipende dall’età dell’organismo originale.
Quando le radici delle piante penetrano nel legno, nel carbone, nel terreno o nelle ossa, introducono carbonio moderno. Questo evento può far apparire l’età dei campioni più recente di quella reale.
Il grado di contaminazione influenza l’imprecisione dei risultati della datazione al carbonio-14. Di norma, la contaminazione causata da materiali di età infinita rende il campione considerevolmente più antico, mentre la contaminazione con materiali moderni rende la sua età più recente di quella reale.
Indipendentemente dal metodo di datazione al carbonio utilizzato, che si tratti di datazione radiometrica o [spettrometria di massa con acceleratore (AMS)](http://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/spettrometro-di-massa-con-acceleratore.htm "Spettrometria di massa con acceleratore (AMS)"), è necessario eliminare tutti i possibili contaminanti prima di procedere all’analisi. Questo processo prende il nome di pretrattamento.
## I campioni per la datazione al radiocarbonio e i pretrattamenti
I laboratori di datazione al radiocarbonio ricevono svariati materiali da analizzare, ma non tutte le parti dei campioni possono essere utilizzate. Tenere presente che la datazione al radiocarbonio è applicabile solo ai materiali che facevano parte di un organismo vivente. Ossa, conchiglie, legno, carbone, torba, lino, lana e pergamena sono i materiali più comuni sottoposti alla datazione al radiocarbonio. Metallo e pietre non possono essere datati direttamente, a meno che contengano materiali organici.
Non esiste un metodo di pretrattamento standard applicabile a tutti i campioni destinati alla datazione al radiocarbonio. Il pretrattamento utilizzato dipende dal tipo di campione e dai possibili contaminanti. È sempre necessario informare i laboratori sulle condizioni ambientali e le tecniche di conservazione applicate al campione prima di procedere alla datazione al carbonio-14.
Esistono due tipi di pretrattamenti solitamente applicati ai campioni sottoposti alla datazione al radiocarbonio: fisici e chimici.
## Pretrattamenti fisici per la datazione al carbonio
I pretrattamenti fisici dei campioni datati al radiocarbonio comportano solitamente la rimozione dei contaminanti senza l’uso di prodotti chimici, seguita dalla riduzione delle dimensioni del campione.
I pretrattamenti fisici includono di solito la rimozione delle radichette introdotte nel campione con pinze o pinzette. Si tratta di un metodo molto semplice per la maggior parte dei campioni inviati ai laboratori, fatta eccezione per i campioni di torba essiccati, in cui non è facile distinguere le radichette dal resto del campione.
Un altro pretrattamento fisico applicato ai campioni datati al carbonio comporta la rimozione dei contaminanti, raschiando gli strati esterni con gli strumenti adatti. Vengono utilizzati bisturi chirurgici per il carbone e raschietti odontoiatrici per le ossa di grandi dimensioni. Per il pretrattamento della parte esterna delle conchiglie si utilizza un raschietto odontoiatrico o carta al carburo di silicio.
Dopo aver rimosso i contaminanti visibili, i campioni vengono ridotti per aumentarne l’area superficiale prima di un ulteriore pretrattamento. Conchiglie, rocce e campioni ossei vengono polverizzati con mortaio e pestello. Il carbone viene spesso frammentato in una piastra di Petri. I campioni di legno vengono battuti, cesellati o trasformati in segatura con un una macina. Il personale addetto alla datazione al radiocarbonio tratta i campioni di terreno con una setacciatura a materiale umido; solo le particelle fini o i macrofossili vengono datati al radiocarbonio.
## Pretrattamenti chimici per la datazione al radiocarbonio
I pretrattamenti chimici effettuati sui campioni sottoposti alla datazione al carbonio-14 servono a rimuovere ulteriori impurità. Non tutti i laboratori di datazione al radiocarbonio seguono necessariamente le stesse procedure o utilizzano le stesse concentrazioni chimiche durante il pretrattamento, poiché tengono in considerazione le condizioni dei campioni ricevuti. La maggior parte dei laboratori, tuttavia, utilizza gli stessi prodotti chimici.
***Pretrattamenti chimici comuni***
Carbone, legno, la maggior parte della torba e i tessuti vengono normalmente sottoposti ad un trattamento acido-alcalino-acido (AAA) prima della datazione al radiocarbonio. Nella letteratura scientifica, questo metodo è noto come acido-base-acido (ABA). Il pretrattamento AAA comprende il lavaggio dei campioni con acido cloridrico (HCl) a caldo, seguito da un lavaggio con idrossido di sodio (NaOH). Prima dell’asciugatura, il campione viene sottoposto ad un lavaggio finale con HCl. I laboratori di datazione al radiocarbonio applicano il metodo AAA anche a campioni di legno antico o molto contaminato, quindi effettuano l’estrazione della cellulosa.
Esistono anche casi in cui i laboratori di datazione al carbonio non utilizzano il metodo AAA, ma solo lavaggi acidi. Questo avviene per i campioni con componenti ricchi di carbonio solubili in una soluzione alcalina.
Le ossa vengono pretrattate con HCl a freddo per estrarre il collagene, che è la porzione necessaria per la datazione al radiocarbonio. Segue un lavaggio in soluzione basica per rimuovere gli acidi organici secondari. Il lavaggio basico non viene effettuato se il campione non è ben conservato e questo processo potrebbe rimuovere tutte le sostanze organiche rimaste.
I campioni come le conchiglie e gli altri materiali calcarei vengono sottoposti a morsura prima della datazione al radiocarbonio.
---
### [Italiano Homepage](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/index.htm)
**Published:** July 10, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [適用樣品：AMS或輻射測試法？](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/radiometric-plus.htm)
**Published:** June 23, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
在選擇 [放射性碳定年](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/about-carbon-dating.htm "放射性碳定年") 方法時，您可根據您的樣品量或可承受毀壞程度（如昂貴樣品）進行選擇。進行AMS測試時，我們需要焚燒樣品以便石墨化。
## **AMS加速器質譜儀定年優於LSC液體閃爍計數器定年的原因：**
(a) 所需樣品量較少（最低僅需20毫克），因此對於血液、顆粒、種子、小手工藝品或十分珍貴、稀少的材料，我們推薦使用加速器質譜儀進行定年。
(b) 測試速度快（不到24小時）
(c) 測試精準度較高
比起液體閃爍計數器（LSC），AMS是更為先進的定年方法。因而AMS的測試費用也比較高。
關於 液體閃爍計數器(LSC)放射性碳定年服務
*Beta實驗室已不再提供LSC液體閃爍計數器定年。*
---
### [AMS と Radiometricの比較](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/radiometric-plus.htm)
**Published:** April 12, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
[放射性炭素年代測定](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/about-carbon-dating.htm "放射性炭素年代測定") を行う際、AMS、Radiometricのどちらの方法を選択するかは、主に試料のサイズ、もしくは試験に供することによって破壊してしまっても良い試料のサイズによって決まります。 放射性炭素年代測定では試料を燃焼などによってCO2化することによって、試料は無くなってしまいます。
## **Radiometric法と比較した場合のAMS 法の利点**:
(a)試料量が少なくても測定可能 (試料の種類によって異なるが、mgオーダーの試料での測定が可能)
(b)測定にかかる時間が短い
(c)一般的にRadiometric 法よりも精度が高い
AMS年代測定は液体シンチレーション法(LSC)を用いたRadiometric法よりも進化した方法です。一般的に測定費用はAMS法の方が高くなります。
放射性炭素年代測定法の決定については 液体シンチレーション法 (LSC) を参考にして下さい。
*Beta Analyticでは現在液体シンチレーション法(LSC)によるRadiometric法を行っておりません。*
---
### [샘플의 적합성에 따라 AMS 방법, 혹은 방사 측정 방법으로 연대 측정하기](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/radiometric-plus.htm)
**Published:** January 27, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
샘플의 량, 경우에 따라서는 샘플이 귀한 것인지, AMS 연대 측정할 때 흑연으로 만들기 위해 태워야 하는데 샘플이 어느 정도 없어져도 되는지 여부에 따라서 어떤 방법으로 방사성 탄소 연대 측정을 할지 결정합니다.
## **액체 섬광 계수기 (LSC)에 의한 방사측정 분석 대비 가속 질량 분석기 (AMS)에 의한 방사성탄소 연대측정의 장점**
(a) 아주 소량의 샘플만 필요 (약 20 mg 정도), 따라서 혈흔, 곡식 알, 씨, 작은 물건, 또는 아주 고가이거나 귀한 물질들.
(b) 방사 측정 방법보다 시간이 적게 소요. (24시간 이내)
(c) 방사 측정 방법보다 고도의 정밀성.
액체 섬광 계수기 (LSC)를 이용한 방사측정 분석에 비해 AMS 연대측정은 고도로 발달된 기술이며, 비용은 더 비쌉니다.
*Beta 연구소는 액체 섬광 계수기를 이용한 방사측정 연대측정 서비스를 더 이상 제공하지 않습니다.*
---
### [Adequabilidade da Amostra: EMA ou Datação Radiométrica?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/radiometrico-plus.htm)
**Published:** August 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
A escolha do melhor método para a [datação por radiocarbono](http://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/sobre-carbono-datacao.htm "datação por radiocarbono") depende da quantidade de amostra disponível ou, no caso dos materiais caros, quanto deles você pode se dar ao luxo de destruir. A datação por EMA, por exemplo, inclui a combustão da amostra para convertê-la em grafite.
## **Ventagens da datação por radiocarbono com AMS sobre a análise radiométrica com LSC:**
(a) a pequena quantidade de amostra necessária (tão pouco quanto 20 mg) – portanto, ela é recomendada para a datação por radiocarbono de partículas de sangue, grãos, sementes, pequenos artefatos ou materiais muito caros ou raros;
(b) demora menos que o método radiométrico (menos de 24 horas);
(c) maior precisão do que as técnicas radiométricas.
A datação por AMS é um método avançado se comparado com a análise radiométrica, que utiliza a contagem de cintilação em meio líquido (LSC em inglês). O preço das análises com AMS é maior.
*Beta Analytic já não oferece a datação radiométrica com LSC.*
---
### [Quelle est la méthode appropriée pour l’analyse d’un échantillon, la datation par AMS ou par radiométrie?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/radiometric-plus.htm)
**Published:** June 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Choisir la meilleure méthode pour [la datation au radiocarbone](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/a-propos-datation-carbone.htm "la datation au radiocarbone") dépend de la quantité de matériaux disponible, ou, dans le cas de matériaux chers, quelle quantité peut en être sacrifiée, car pour la datation par AMS il faut brûler l’échantillon pour le transformer en graphite.
## **Avantages de la datation radiocarbone par AMS par rapport à l’analyse radiométrique par LSC:**
(a) seule une petite quantité est nécessaire (20mg suffisent). Cette méthode est conseillée pour la datation de particules de sang, de graines, de petits objets, ou des matériaux chers ou rares.
(b) elle est plus rapide que la méthode radiométrique (se fait en moins de 24 heures)
(c) elle permet une plus grande précision des résultats que ceux obtenus par radiométrie
La datation par AMS est une méthode plus avancée par rapport à l’analyse radiométrique qui utilise le comptage par scintillation liquide (LSC). Les tarifs d’une analyse par AMS sont donc plus élevés.
En savoir plus sur la détermination radiocarbone par comptage par scintillation liquide (LSC)
*Beta Analytic n’utilise plus le comptage par scintillation liquide pour l’analyse par radiométrie.*
---
### [Idoneidad de la muestra: ¿AMS o datación radiométrica?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/radiometrica-plus.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Elegir el mejor método para [datación por radiocarbono](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/sobre-carbono-datacion.htm "datación por radiocarbono") depende de la cantidad de muestra disponible o, en el caso de materiales costosos, de la cantidad que pueda permitirse destruir. La datación por AMS, por ejemplo, implica quemar una muestra para convertirla en grafito.
## **Ventajas de la datación por radiocarbono con AMS sobre el análisis radiométrico con LSC:**
(a) poca cantidad de muestra necesaria (tan solo 20 mg), por lo que se recomienda para datación por radiocarbono de partículas de sangre, granos, semillas, pequeños objetos, o materiales muy costosos o raros;
(b) lleva menos tiempo que el método radiométrico (menos de 24 horas);
(c) mayor precisión que la técnica radiométrica.
La datación por AMS es un método avanzado en comparación con el análisis radiométrico, que utiliza el recuento por centelleos de líquidos (LSC por sus siglas en inglés). El precio de los análisis con AMS es más alto.
*Beta Analytic ya no ofrece datación radiométrica con LSC.*
---
### [Probentauglichkeit: AMS oder radiometrische Datierung?](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/radiometrisch-plus.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
Um die beste Methode für eine [Radiokarbon Datierung](uber-karbon-datierung.htm "Radiokarbon Datierung") zu finden, kommt es darauf an, wie viel Probenmaterial man zur Verfügung hat oder im Falle von sehr teuren Materialien, wie viel Materialverlust man sich leisten kann. Die AMS Datierung beinhaltet z.B. die Verbrennung der Probe, um diese in Graphit umwandeln zu können.
## **Vorteile der AMS Radiokarbon-Datierung gegenüber der radiometrischen Analyse mittels LSC:**
(a) Es wird eine kleine Probenmenge benötigt (bis 20 mg möglich) deshalb wird sie für die Radiokarbon Datierung von Blutpartikeln, Körnern, Samen, kleinen Artefakten oder sehr teuren Materialien empfohlen;
(b) Sie braucht weniger Zeit als die radiometrische Methode (weniger als 24 Stunden);
(c) Höhere Präzision als die radiometrischen Techniken.
Verglichen mit der radiometrischen Analyse mittels Flüssigszintillationszählern (LSC), ist die AMS-Datierung eine fortschrittlichere Methode. Die Kosten für AMS-Analysen sind höher.
*Beta Analytic bietet keine radiometrischen Analysen mittels LSC mehr an.*
---
### [Beta Analytic: トレーサーフリー&社内一貫分析](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/tracer-free.htm)
**Published:** March 16, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
高品質な測定結果をいつも迅速にお客様にお届けするため、[ISO/IEC 17025:2017認定のBeta Analyticは](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/iso-certified.htm)、薬物動態研究用のC14トレーサー・サンプルや、 その他の人工のC14がラベルされたサンプルはクロス・コンタミネーションの危険を避けるためいっさいお引き受けしません。
また加速器分析は前処理からAMS測定にいたるまで社内一貫体制で行っており、どんな些細な一部分でも他のラボが行うことはありません。
一部またはいくつかの工程を複数のラボで行う”サテライト分析”は、検知不能なエラーの原因となり、Beta Analyticの品質管理プログラムに反します。
品質管理プログラムの要件をみたし、それぞれの試験結果に完全な責任を持つために全ての工程を社内で行っております。 社内で全ての分析工程に関 するデータを所持しているので即座にそれらにアクセスできいち早くお客様の疑問などにお答えすることが可能です。
## クロス・コンタミネーションの危険を避けるために
製薬会社は薬物動態を研究するために放射性物質のラベルされたサンプルを用います。 生物医学に加速器を利用する試験所は比較的安全に取り扱いのできるC14(放射性炭素年)をトレーサーとしてしばしば用います。 トレーサー用の[C14](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/about-carbon-dating.htm)サンプルはAMS施設においても化学処理ラインにおいても、 天然レベルの放射性炭素年測定用試料に対する汚染の原因となります。
「そういった研究に用いられる人工のC14はわれわれが取り扱う天然レベルのC14と比較して非常に高いレベルのC14を含みます。 いったん AMSラボで使われてしまうとその影響を取り除くことが 難しくクロス・コンタミネーションが避けられません。 その汚染レベルは生物医学用の施設では許容範囲ですが、われわれ年代測定の試験所ではまっ たく受け入れられません。」 ダーデン・フッド氏談。
## 高確度・高精度な結果を迅速に
お問合せは call +(1) 305-662-7760 まで
## 参考文献:
Memory effects in an AMS system: Catastrophe and Recovery. J. S. Vogel, J.R. Southon, D.E. Nelson. Radiocarbon, Vol 32, No. 1, 1990, p. 81-83 [doi:10.2458/azu\_js\_rc.32.1252](https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/view/1252) (Open Access)
Recovery from tracer contamination in AMS sample preparation. A. J. T. Jull, D. J. Donahue, L. J. Toolin. Radiocarbon, Vol. 32, No.1, 1990, p. 84-85 [doi:10.2458/azu\_js\_rc.32.1253](https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/view/1253) (Open Access)
Prevention and removal of elevated radiocarbon contamination in the LLNL/CAMS natural radiocarbon sample preparation laboratory. Zermeno, et. al. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms Vol. 223-224, 2004, p. 293-297 [doi: 10.1016/j.nimb.2004.04.058](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168583X0400583X)
High level 14C contamination and recovery at XI’AN AMS center. Zhou, et. al. Radiocarbon, Vol 54, No. 2, 2012, p. 187-193 [doi:10.2458/azu\_js\_rc.54.16045](https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/view/16045)
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### [Traditional Chinese Homepage](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/index.htm)
**Published:** April 4, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
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### [Japanese Homepage](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/index.htm)
**Published:** March 3, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [Korean Homepage](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/index.htm)
**Published:** December 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [Portugues Homepage](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/index.htm)
**Published:** July 27, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [Espanol Homepage](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/index.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [Deutsch Homepage](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/index.htm)
**Published:** September 11, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [ご連絡ありがとうございます。](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost-thank-you-jp.htm)
**Published:** February 11, 2019
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
ご連絡ありがとうございます。 E-Mailは営業時間 (8 AM-5 PM EST, Monday-Friday)に定期的にチェックしています。 できるだけ速くお返事差し上げます。 緊急のご連絡先 052(802)0703 日本代理店 (株)地球科学研究所所
---
### [試料の汚染と前処理による汚染の除去](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm)
**Published:** March 30, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- 汚染を適切に取り除かないと正しい年代が得られません
- 物理的前処理では、薬品を用いず汚染を取り除きます
- 化学的前処理では、酸やアルカリなどを用いて分析に必要な試料を保持しながら汚染を取り除きます
[放射性炭素年代測定](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/about-carbon-dating.htm)は、試料が放射崩壊以外のプロセスでC14濃度が変化していないことを前提としています。この前提は、実際の試料にはなかなか当てはまりません。ほとんどの試料はそのC14濃度に影響を与える可能性のある付着物などを包含しています。C14濃度に影響を与えるすべての炭素化合物がコンタミネーションとなりえます。
試料の前処理について理解することは、それが最終的な年代に直接影響を与えるので非常に重要です。前処理に関するご質問などがございましたご連絡ください。
Charcoal, Wood, Peatなどは[acid-alkali-acid(AAA)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid)処理が一般的です。
Sediment, Soilは acid wash が一般的です。
Shellなど無機炭素(炭酸塩)試料は[acid etching](https://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Etch)処理が一般的です。
放射性炭素年代測定ではなぜ品質保証が重要なのでしょうか？
品質保証(QA)がなければ、データが正しいか、一貫性があるかどうかわかりません。あらゆる局面において追跡可能でなければいけません。5年後にクライアントが論文を出版する際に質問を送っていただいても答えられるよう記録しておかなければなりません。何年たっても、測定が正しく行われたことを証明できる記録を残しておかなければなりません。
---
## コンタミネーションの要因
コンタミネーションには、自然要因のものと人為要因のものがあります。自然要因のものは試料を取り巻く環境に関係があります。例えば、骨は周囲の石灰岩や、土壌起源の有機酸の影響を受ける可能性があります。また、木材や植物に、他の植物の根が侵入することもあります。人為要因のコンタミネーションは、試料の採取・保存・梱包の過程で起こる可能性があります。例えば、炭素を含むマーカーなどで直接試料にラベリングを行えば、汚染の原因となります。骨の試料に付着した膠は汚染の一例です。殺虫剤、たばこの灰、紙による梱包などもコンタミネーションの原因となる可能性があります。
## コンタミネーションによる年代値への影響
自然要因によって汚染された試料を適切な処理を行わないで測定すると、正しい年代を与えません。コンタミネーションによる、年代のずれ加減は、汚染の種類、量、試料の年代と汚染物質の年代の関係などによって変わります。非常に古い石灰岩起源の炭素による汚染は、年代を古くします。 フミン酸、フルボ酸など動植物起源の物質による汚染は、年代を新しくも古くもする可能性があります。植物根の侵入、混入は通常年代を若くします。汚染の度合いが放射性炭素年代の正確さに影響を与えます。一般的にC14を含まないような古い炭素の汚染により年代は古くシフトし、現代の炭素の汚染により年代は新しくシフトします。
そういった、コンタミネーションは、C14を測定する前に、取り除かれていることが必要です。その工程を、”試料の前処理” といいます。
## 放射性炭素年代測定と前処理
放射性炭素年代測定の分析機関は、様々な試料を受領しますが、すべての物質が年代測定可能なわけではありません。放射性炭素年代測定は、生物起源の炭素を含む物質、例えばWood、Charcoal、骨、貝、Peat、繊維などが対象となります。直接、金属や石を放射性炭素年代測定することはできません。すべての試料に万能な前処理方法は存在しません。試料の特性、可能性のある汚染物質のタイプなどにより、試料ごとに前処理方法は異なります。前処理方法には、物理的な前処理と化学的な前処理があります。
## 物理的前処理
物理的前処理は基本的に、化学薬品などを使わずにコンタミネーションを取り除きます。例えば侵入した植物根はピンセットで丁寧に取り除きます。これは乾燥されたピートのように植物根が容易に分別できないような場合を除き、放射性炭素年代試験所において行われる直接的な方法です。他の方法としては、適切な器具を使い試料の周囲を取り除いてしまいます。歯科用のドリルや、外科用の手術器具などの医療用器具はよく使用します。視覚上、全ての汚染物質を取り除いた後、試料は化学的な前処理を行うために粉砕し表面積を増やします。貝、石、骨は乳鉢・乳棒で粉砕されます。炭化物はシャーレ内で粉砕を行うことがあります。木試料はミル内で細かく削ったり、その他の方法で粉砕されます。土壌の試料はふるいわけにより選別を行います。
## 化学的前処理
物理的前処理を行った後、さらに不純物を取り除くために化学的前処理を行います。多くの放射性炭素年代測定施設は、同一試料種に対して同じプロトコルによる前処理を行っていますが、Beta Analyticでは試料ごとに最適な条件で前処理を行います。
化学的前処理の詳細はこちらをご参照ください。 [More](http://www.radiocarbon.com/jp/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid)
***一般的な化学的前処理の方法***
炭化物、木試料、ピート、繊維などはacid-alkali-acid (AAA)が適用されます。一部の文献ではこの方法はacid-base-acid (ABA)と記載されています。AAA処理は、塩酸(HCL)による洗浄、水酸化ナトリウム(NaOH)による洗浄、塩酸(HCL)による洗浄、の順で行われます。
古い木試料や、ひどく汚染された木試料には、セルロースを抽出した後にAAA処理を行うこともあります。
試料がアルカリに溶解してしまい測定可能な有機物が無くなってしまうような場合は、酸処理だけで測定を行う場合もあります。
骨試料は冷塩酸を用いてコラーゲンを抽出します。その後二次的な有機酸を確実に取り除くためにアルカリ処理を行います。骨試料の場合も、保存状態が良くなくアルカリ処理に耐えられない場合は、その処理を行いません。
貝殻試料など炭酸塩の試料は、酸によるエッチングを行います。
*最終更新：2020年6月*
---
### [Contaminação de Amostras e Pré-tratamentos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-pre-tratamento.htm)
**Published:** August 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Resultados imprecisos são obtidos se os contaminantes não forem removidos.
- Os métodos de pré-tratamentos físicos removem os contaminantes sem o uso de produtos químicos.
- O pré-tratamento químico geralmente inclui banhos ácidos e alcalinos para dissolver os contaminantes e preservar a porção desejada da amostra.
Um dos pressupostos básicos em [datação por carbono 14](sobre-carbono-datacao.htm "datação por carbono 14") é que a amostra analisada sofreu apenas decomposição radioativa e quea mesma manteve-se inalterada por qualquer outro processo ao longo dos anos, desde que cessou a interação com a biosfera.
Esta suposição, no entanto, é raramente verdadeira. As amostras geológicas e os artefatos arqueológicos enviados aos laboratórios de datação por radiocarbono costumam ser encontrados embutidos ou enterrados com outros materiais que podem ter afetado o seu conteúdo de radiocarbono. Qualquer material que contenha carbono e que afete o conteúdo de carbono 14 de uma determinada amostra é, portanto, um contaminante.
**Observação importante sobre os pré-tratamentos** – É importante compreender os pré-tratamentos que serão feitos nas amostras, visto que os mesmos afetam diretamente o resultado final. Fique à vontade para entrar em contato conosco para discutir sobre os pré-tratamentos ou solicite que entremos em contato com você após os pré-tratamentos (e antes da datação).
Materiais como carvão, madeira, turfa e produtos têxteis costumam ser submetidos ao método de lavagem [ácida-alcalina-ácida (AAA)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-pretratamento-protocolos.htm#Acid) antes da datação por radiocarbono.
Materiais como sedimentos e diversos tipos de solo costumam ser submetidos a lavagens ácidas (sem alcali) antes da datação por radiocarbono.
Materiais como conchas e outras espécies onde se requer a data do carbono inorgânico (carbonato) costumam ser submetidos ao [condicionamento ácido](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-pretratamento-protocolos.htm#Etch) antes do pré-tratamento.
Qual é a importância da garantia de qualidade para a datação por radiocarbono?Aviso legal: Este vídeo está hospedado em um site de terceiros e poderá conter publicidade. ---
## Fontes de Contaminação
A ocorrência de contaminação pode ser natural ou artificial. A contaminação natural diz respeito à introdução de contaminantes na amostra por matérias circundantes. Por exemplo, as amostras de ossos podem ser contaminadas pela presença de calcário ou ácidos orgânicos no solo (como os ácidos húmicos ou fúlvicos), onde os mesmos foram encontrados. Outro exemplo de contaminante natural é a penetração de raízes de plantas em madeira, carvão vegetal ou no solo.
A contaminação artificial refere-se à introdução de contaminantes pelo homem durante a coleta, conservação in situ ou embalagem das amostras. A rotulação das amostras de ossos com cola animal é um exemplo de contaminação artificial. Outros contaminantes que podem ser introduzidos durante a coleta e embalagem das amostras são os biocidas, produtos químicos de conservação, tais como o acetato de polivinila e polietileno glicol, as cinzas de cigarro, e as embalagens e rótulos feitos de papel.
## Como os Contaminantes Afetam os Resultados da Datação por Radiocarbono?
As amostras contaminadas levam a resultados imprecisos. O efeito específico do contaminante em resultados de datação por radiocarbono depende do tipo de contaminante, do grau de contaminação e da idade relativa da amostra e do contaminante.
O calcário é de origem geológica e muito mais antigo do que qualquer amostra arqueológica. Por esse motivo, a presença de calcário durante a datação por carbono 14 faz com que a amostra pareça ser bem mais antiga do que realmente é.
Ácidos húmicos e fúlvicos estão naturalmente presentes no solo onde ocorre a degradação microbiana de plantas e animais. O efeito destes ácidos orgânicos na amostra, fazendo-a mais antiga ou recente, dependendo da idade de seu organismo original.
Quando raízes de plantas penetram na madeira, no carvão vegetal, solo ou ossos, o carbono moderno já está introduzido nas mesmas. Esta ocorrência pode fazer com que as amostras pareçam mais recentes do que realmente são.
O grau de contaminação afeta a magnitude da inexatidão dos resultados da datação por radiocarbono. Geralmente, a contaminação tipo idade infinita pode fazer com que uma amostra pareça ser consideravelmente mais antiga do que é, enquanto que a contaminação moderna faz o contrário.
Independentemente da metodologia de datação por carbono empregada, seja ela o método de datação radiométrica ou a [espectrometria de massas com aceleradores (EMA)](acelerador-massa-espectrometria.htm), um processo deve ser seguido antes da análise para livrar a amostra de todos os possíveis contaminantes. Este processo é chamado de pré-tratamento.
## Amostras para Datação por Radiocarbono e seu Pré-tratamento
Os laboratórios de datação por radiocarbono recebem vários materiais para análise, mas nem todas as partes das amostras podem ser utilizadas. Deve-se notar que a datação por radiocarbono só é aplicável aos materiais que que faziam parte, em algum momento, de um organismo vivo. Ossos, conchas, madeira, carvão vegetal, turfa, linho, lãe pergaminho são materiais comumente submetidos às análises por radiocarbono. Metal e pedras não podem ser diretamente datados, a menos que tenham materiais orgânicos incorporados aos mesmos.
Não existe um método padrão de pré-tratamento aplicável a todas as amostras submetidas à datação por radiocarbono. O método de pré-tratamento empregado depende do tipo de amostra e dos possíveis contaminantes. Portanto, os laboratórios de datação por radiocarbono devem ser informados das condições ambientais da amostra e das técnicas de preservação utilizadas antes de fazer a análise por carbono 14.
Existem dois tipos de pré-tratamento que costumam ser aplicados às amostras antes da datação por radiocarbono – física e química.
## Pré-tratamento Físico de Amostras para Datação por Radiocarbono
O pré-tratamento físico de amostras para datação por radiocarbono costuma ser feito através da remoção dos contaminantes sem o uso de produtos químicos, seguida da redução do tamanho da amostra.
O pré-tratamento físico costuma incluir a remoção de radículas que penetraram na amostra, utilizando-se pinças ou fórceps. Este é um método simples para a maioria das amostras enviadas aos laboratórios de datação por radiocarbono, com exceção das amostras de turfa seca, onde as radículas não podem ser facilmente distinguidas do resto da amostra.
Outro pré-tratamento físico feito em amostras submetidas à datação por radiocarbono é aquele que inclui a remoção de contaminantes através da raspagem das camadas exteriores da amostra, utilizando-se um equipamento adequado. Os bisturis cirúrgicos são utilizados para retirar contaminantes em carvão, enquanto que as brocas odontológicas são utilizadas em ossos grandes. Uma broca odontológica ou carborundum é utilizado no pré-tratamento da parte exterior de conchas.
Quando os contaminantes visíveis tiverem sido removidos, as amostras submetidas àdatação por radiocarbono passam a ser diminuidas de tamanho por um método adequado para aumentar a superfície antes que pré-tratamentos adicionais sejam feitos. Conchas, rochas e amostras ósseas são trituradas, utilizando-se um socador e pilão. O carvão vegetal costuma ser esmagado numa placa de Petri. As amostras de madeira são marteladas, talhadas ou transformadas em serragem em um moinho. Os técnicos de datação por radiocarbono tratam as amostras de solo peneirando-as em estado úmido. Apenas as partículas finas ou os macrofósseis são datados por radiocarbono.
## Pré-tratamento Químico de Amostras para Datação por Radiocarbono
O pré-tratamento químico é feito em amostras submetidas à datação por carbono 14 para remover mais impurezas. Os laboratórios de datação por radiocarbono não seguem necessariamente os mesmos procedimentos ou usam as mesmas concentrações químicas durante o pré-tratamento porque os mesmos levam em conta a condição das amostras durante o envio. A maioria dos laboratórios, no entanto, usa os mesmos produtos químicos.
***Métodos Comuns de Pré-tratamento Químico***
Carvão vegetal, madeira, a maioria das turfas e os produtos têxteis costumam ser submetidos ao método ácido-alcalino-ácido (AAA) antes da datação por radiocarbono. Em algumas publicações, este método é chamado ácido-base-ácido (ABA). O pré-tratamento AAA inclui a lavagem das amostras com ácido clorídrico quente (HCl), seguida de uma lavagem com hidróxido de sódio (NaOH). Uma lavagem final com ácido HCIA é feita antes da secagem da amostra. Os laboratórios de datação por radiocarbono também aplicam o método AAA em madeira antiga ou amostras de madeira altamente contaminadas, o que é seguido da extração de celulose.
Também há casos em que os laboratórios de datação por carbono não empregam o método AAA, mas apenas as lavagens com ácidos. Isto é aplicável às amostras com componentes ricos em radiocarbono e que são solúveis em uma solução alcalina.
Os ossos são pré-tratados com HCl frio para extrair o colágeno, que é a porção necessária para a datação por radiocarbono. Isto é seguido de uma lavagem alcalina para assegurar a remoção dos ácidos orgânicos secundários. A lavagem alcalina não é feita quando a amostra não está bem preservada e há o risco de lavagens adicionais removerem todas as substâncias orgânicas.
No caso das amostras como conchas e outros materiais calcários, o condicionamento ácido é feito antes da datação por radiocarbono.
---
### [樣品污染物及預處理](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm)
**Published:** June 23, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- 如果不去除污染物，獲得的碳定年結果有可能是不準確的。
- 物理預處理方法不使用化學品去除污染物。
- 化學預處理通常透過酸漂洗和鹼漂洗，來溶解污染物和保護樣品需要的成分。
[碳14定年](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/about-carbon-dating.htm "碳14定年")的基本假設之一是，被分析的樣品只產生放射性衰變，而且不和生物圈相互作用，因此多年來一直未發生任何外部改變。
然而，這種假設很少屬實。通常發現，送往實驗室進行放射性碳定年的史前文物和地質標本含有或夾雜可能影響其放射性碳含量的其他材料。因此，對樣品的碳14含量產生影響的含碳物質都是污染物。
**關於預處理的重要事項** – 了解樣品的預處理方式是非常重要的，因為預處理將會直接影響到最終測試結果。我們誠摯地歡迎您聯絡我們共同討論預處理方案，或者要求我們在預處理完之後、定年之前與您聯絡。
如木炭、木頭、泥炭和纺織品的材料，在放射性碳定年之前通常採用[酸-鹼-酸（AAA）](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid)方法。
如沉積物、土壤的材料，在放射性碳定年之前通常會採用酸洗（不鹼洗）。
如貝殼和無機碳（碳酸鹽）等材料，在預處理之前通常會經過[酸餾處理](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Etch)。
為什麼品質保證對放射性碳定年如此重要？
免責聲明：本視頻託管於第三方網站中，可能包含廣告。---
## 污染物的來源
污染的來源可以是自然的或人為的。自然污染是樣品周圍的物質把污染物帶入樣品。例如，在發現骨頭的土壤中存在的石灰石或有機酸（如腐植酸或黄腐酸）會污染骨質樣品。自然污染還包括植物根系滲入木頭、木炭或土壤。
人為污染是指人類在收集、現場維護或包裝時產生的污染。使用動物膠给骨質樣品貼標籤就是一種人為污染的例子。在樣品採集和包裝過程中可能產生的其他污染物如殺蟲劑、聚醋酸乙烯酯和聚乙二醇等保護化學品、烟灰，以及紙做的標籤和包裝等。
## 污染物如何影響放射性碳定年結果？
樣品被污染後，自然而然會得到不準確的結果。污染物對放射性碳定年結果的具體影響取決於污染物的種類、污染程度以及樣品和污染物的相對年齡。
石灰石是地質成因的物質，年齡會比任何考古樣品老很多；因此，如果碳14定年的過程中混入石灰石 ，將使樣品比其實際年齡更老。
腐植酸和黄腐酸是自然存在於土壤中的兩種物質，源自於植物和動物的生物分解。這些有機酸對樣品產生的影響（使樣品的年齡變老或變年輕）取決於有機酸的原始有機體年齡。
植物的根部渗入木頭、木炭、土壤或骨頭時，會把近代碳帶入。這種情況可以使樣品看上去比它們的實際年齡更小。
污染程度影響著碳14定年結果的誤差幅度。通常，遠古的污染物可導致樣品年齡變老，而近代污染物將導致樣品結果比實際年齡小很多。
不論採用哪種碳定年方法，也許是輻射測試法定年，或是 [加速器質譜儀（AMS）方法](http://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm "accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) method"), 在進行分析之前都必須去除所有可能存在的污染物。這個過程被稱為預處理。
## 放射性碳定年樣品及其預處理
放射性碳定年實驗室接收各種材料進行分析，但並不是樣品的所有成分都可以進行分析。請注意，放射性碳定年僅適用於曾經是生物體一部分的材料。骨頭、貝殼、木材、木炭、泥炭、亞麻、羊毛和羊皮都是提交用於放射性碳定年的常用材料。金屬和石頭不能直接進行碳定年，除非樣品中嵌入了一些有機物質。
沒有適用於所有放射性碳定年樣品的標準預處理方法。採用的預處理方法取決於樣品類型和可能存在的污染物。因此，在進行碳14分析前，必須告知放射性碳定年實驗室採樣的環境條件和保存技術。
進行碳定年的樣品通常採用兩種預處理方法：物理預處理和化學預處理。
## 放射性碳定年樣品的物理預處理
放射性碳定年樣品的物理預處理一般是在不使用化學試劑的情況下去除污染物。
物理預處理通常是使用鑷子或鉗子去除侵入樣品的根系。寄送至碳定年實驗室的大部分樣品都採用這一簡單直接的方法，除了已乾燥處理的泥炭樣品，因為不容易區分根系和樣品的其他部分。
另一種碳定年樣品的物理預處理是使用適當的設備刮去外部層，從而去除污染物。手術刀用來刮除木炭的污染物，而牙鑽用來去除大塊骨頭的污染物。貝殼外層的預處理則使用牙鑽或金剛砂紙。
當去除掉可見的污染物之後，接著透過適當的方法粉碎碳定年樣品，以增加表面的面積，然後再進一步進行預處理。用臼和杵粉碎貝殼類、石頭類和骨質樣品。木炭通常是在皮氏培養皿中被壓碎。木頭樣品被錘擊、鑿碎，或碾碎成木屑。放射性碳定年工作人員透過濕篩泥漿處理土壤樣品；只對细顆粒或化石進行放射性碳定年。
## 放射性碳定年樣品的化學預處理
碳14定年樣品需進行化學預處理，以進一步去除雜質。放射性碳定年實驗室在預處理過程中採取的流程或化學濃度不一定相同，因為實驗室會考慮到樣品送交時的狀況。然而，大多數實驗室都使用相同的化學品。
***常見的化學預處理方法***
木炭、木頭、大部分泥炭和纺織品，在放射性碳定年之前通常會採用酸-鹼-酸（AAA）方法。在一些文獻中，這種方法也被稱為ABA。AAA預處理用熱鹽酸（HCI）清洗樣品，接著用氫氧化鈉（NaOH）清洗樣品。在對樣品進行乾燥前進行最後一次鹽酸清洗。對於舊木或污染嚴重的木頭樣品，放射性碳定年實驗室也會先使用AAA方法，然後再進行纖维素提取。
碳定年實驗室也有不採用AAA方法，只採用酸洗的時候。這適用於含有豐富的放射性碳成分，且可溶於鹼性溶液的樣品。
對於骨頭樣品的預處理，使用冷鹽酸萃取骨膠原是進行放射性碳定年的必要步驟。隨後進行鹼洗，確保去除二級有機酸。如果樣品没有保存的很好，則可以跳過鹼洗步驟，以免去除掉所有的有機物質。
對於像貝殼和其他含碳酸鈣材料的樣品，放射性碳定年之前需要進行酸洗。
---
### [샘플 오염과 사전처리](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-pretreatment.htm)
**Published:** January 27, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- 오염 물질을 제대로 제거하지 않으면 부정확한 결과를 얻게 됩니다.
- 물리학적 사전 처리 방법은 화학 약품을 사용하지 않고 오염 물질을 제거합니다.
- 화학적 사전처리는 오염 물질을 용해하고 가장 이상적인 부분의 샘플을 보존하기 위해 주로 산과 알칼리 세척 작업을 합니다.
[방사성 탄소 연대 측정](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/about-carbon-dating.htm "방사성 탄소 연대 측정") 의 가장 기본적인 가정 중 하나는 분석을 하는 샘플은 단지 방사능 소멸만 하며, 생물체와 상호 작용을 멈춘 후 오랫동안 다른 과정으로 인해 변하지 않는 상태로 있어야 한다는 것입니다.
하지만 이런 가정은 거의 사실이 아닙니다. 방사성 탄소 연대 측정을 하기 위해 보낸 많은 고고학 유물과 지질학적 견본은 주로 다른 물질에 끼어 있었거나 묻혀있다가 발견되어서 이런 다른 물질들의 방사성 탄소에 영향을 받았을 수도 있습니다. 이렇게 샘플의 탄소 14에 영향을 주는 탄소를 포함한 어떤 물질 모두 는 오염 물질입니다.
**사전 처리에 관한 중요 사항** – 사전 처리는 최종 측정 결과에 직접적인 영향을 미치기 때문에 사전 처리를 이해하는 것이 중요합니다. 사전 처리에 대해 상담을 원하시거나, 사전 처리 후에(그리고 연대 측정 전에) 본 연구소로부터 연락을 받고 싶으시면 미리 연락 바랍니다.
목탄, 나무, 토탄 그리고 직물과 같은 재료들에는 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 전에 전형적으로 [산-알칼리-산(AAA)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Acid)방법으로 사전 처리를 합니다.
침전물이나 토양 같은 재료들에는 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 전에 전형적으로 산 세척(알칼리 없음)을 합니다.
무기 탄소 (탄산염)로 연대를 측정해야 하는 조개 껍질과 같은 물질들에는 전형적으로 사전 처리 전에 [산 부식](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/pretreatment-carbon-dating.htm#Etch) 처리를 먼저 합니다.
탄소 연대측정에서 왜 품질 보증이 문제일까?
면책조항: 이 비디오는 제3자의 사이트에 올렸으며, 광고가 포함되어 있습니다.---
## 오염의 근원 물질
오염은 자연적으로도, 또는 인공적으로도 생깁니다. 자연적 오염은 주변에 있는 물질이 샘플로 들어와 오염 물질로 자리잡은 경우입니다. 예를 들어, 뼈를 발견한 곳의 토양에 있는 석회석이나 유기산 (부식 산 이나 풀브 산 같은)이 뼈 샘플을 오염시킬 수 있습니다. 또 다른 예로 나무, 숯, 토양에 다른 식물의 뿌리가 자란 경우입니다.
인공적 오염은 발굴 후에 수집, 보존, 포장 단계에서 사람의 손에 의해 오염 됩니다. 인공적 오염의 예로 뼈 샘플에 동물성 접착제를 사용해 이름표를 붙이는 경우입니다. 샘플 수집과 포장 단계에서 생기는 인공적 오염 물질로는 살충제, 보존 화학 물질인 폴리 비닐 초산염, 폴리에틸렌 글리콜, 담뱃재, 그리고 종이로 만든 이름표와 포장지 등입니다.
## 오염 물질이 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 결과에 미치는 영향.
오염된 샘플의 연대 측정 결과는 자연적으로 정확하지 않습니다. 오염의 정도는 오염 물질의 종류, 오염도, 샘플과 오염 물질의 상대적 나이에 따라 다릅니다.
석회석은 지질학적으로 가장 오래된 물질이며, 어떤 고고학적 샘플보다 훨씬 더 오래되었습니다. 따라서 석회석로 오염된 샘플의 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 결과는 샘플의 실제 연대보다 훨씬 오래된 것으로 나옵니다.
부식 산과 풀브 산은 동식물이 썩으면서 자연스럽게 생깁니다. 이런 유기산에 오염된 샘플의 경우, 연대 측정 결과가 오래되었거나 젊다고 나오는데 이는 원 생명체의 나이에 따라 다릅니다.
식물의 뿌리가 나무, 숯, 토양, 뼈에 파고 들어가 자라고 있다면, 이미 최근의 탄소가 들어 갔으며, 연대 측정 결과는 샘플의 실제 연대보다 더 어리게 나옵니다.
이렇게 오염 정도에 따라 탄소 연대 측정 결과에 많은 영향을 끼칩니다. 일반적으로 최근의 오염 물질로 오염된 샘플은 샘플의 실제 나이보다 훨씬 어린 연대 측정 결과가 나오게 만들며, 엄청 오래된 오염 물질로 오염된 샘플의 연대 측정 결과는 실제 나이보다 훨씬 더 오래되게 만듭니다.
연대 측정을 하는 두 가지 방법인 방사성 연대 결정 방법과 [가속기 질량 분석법(AMS)](http://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/accelerator-mass-spectrometry.htm "가속기 질량 분석법(AMS)"), 중 어떤 방법을 사용하던 간에 분석 전 모든 존재 가능성이 있는 오염 물질을 제거해야 합니다. 이 절차를 사전 처리라 합니다.
## 샘플과 사전 처리
방사성 탄소 연대 연구소는 분석을 위해 다양한 샘플을 의뢰 받지만, 모든 샘플을 다 분석할 수는 없습니다. 한 때 살아 있었던 생물체의 일부였던 물질만 연대 측정할 수 있다는 사실을 아시기 바랍니다. 흔히 측정할 수 있는 물질로는 뼈, 껍질, 나무, 숯, 토탄, 리넨, 양털, 양피지 들이 있습니다. 돌이나 금속의 경우, 유기 물질이 그 안에 섞여있지 않으면, 연대 측정할 수 없습니다.
모든 샘플에 적용할 수 있는 표준화된 사전 처리 방법은 없습니다. 샘플의 종류와 있음직한 오염 물질에 따라 사전 처리 방법은 달라 집니다. 따라서 방사성 탄소 분석을 하기 전에 샘플의 환경 조건과 샘플의 보존 방법들을 실험실에 반드시 알려 주셔야 합니다.
두 가지 사전 처리 방법이 있습니다- 물리적 사전 처리와 화학적 사전 처리.
## 물리적 사전처리
물리적 사전 처리란 일반적으로 화학 물질을 사용하지 않고 오염 물질을 제거하는 것이며, 샘플 크기가 점차 작아집니다.
물리적 사전 처리는 주로 핀셋과 겸자를 사용해 샘플에 침투한 뿌리를 제거하는 것 입니다. 대부분의 샘플에 직접 사용하는 방법입니다. 단 예외로 뿌리들을 쉽게 구별할 수 없는 바짝 마른 토탄 샘플은 이 방법을 사용하지 않습니다.
또 다른 물리적 사전 처리 방법은 적당한 기구를 사용해 외부 층을 긁어서 오염 물질을 제거하는 것 입니다. 큰 뼈의 경우 치과용 드릴을 사용하고, 숯에 붙어 있는 오염 물질을 긁어 떼어내는 데는 수술용 메스를 사용합니다. 또한 껍질 외벽을 사전 처리하는 데는 치과용 드릴이나 연마 지를 사용합니다.
보이는 오염 물질을 제거한 후에, 추가 사전 처리 전에 샘플의 표면 면적을 늘리기 위해 적당한 방법으로 샘플을 잘게 쪼갭니다. 껍질, 암석, 뼈 샘플은 절구통에서 가루를 냅니다. 숯은 페트리 접시에서 으깹니다. 나무 샘플은 망치로 치거나, 끌로 파내거나, 갈아서 톱밥으로 만듭니다. 토양 샘플의 경우 흙 덩어리를 젖은 채로 걸러서 처리한 다음, 입자가 좋은 것이나 눈에 보이는 대형 화석으로 연대 측정합니다.
## 화학적 사전처리
불순물을 완전히 제거하기 위해 화학적 사전 처리를 합니다. 각 연구소마다 샘플의 상태가 다 다르기 때문에 일률적으로 정해진 절차나 화학 물질 농도로 사전 처리를 하지 않습니다. 하지만 화학 물질은 같은 것으로 사용합니다.
***일반적인 화학적 사전처리 방법***
숯, 나무, 대부분의 토탄, 직물은 전형적으로 산-알칼리-산(AAA) 방법으로 처리 합니다. 일부 논문에서는 이 방법을 Acid-Base-Acid (ABA)라고도 합니다. 이 AAA 사전 처리는 샘플을 뜨거운 염산 (HCI)으로 세척하고, 그 후 염화 나트륨 (NaOH)으로 세척을 합니다. 그리고 최종적인 염산으로 다시 세척한 다음에 말립니다. 오래된 나무나 매우 심하게 오염된 나무 샘플에 AAA 방법으로 처리하여 섬유소 추출을 합니다.
어떨 때는 AAA 방법을 사용하지 않고 오직 산 세척만 하는 경우도 있습니다. 방사성 탄소가 많이 함유되어 있지만 알칼리 용액에 녹는 샘플에 사용합니다.
뼈는 콜라겐을 추출하기 위해 차가운 HCI로 사전 처리 하는데, 이 콜라겐은 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 시 필요한 부분입니다. 이차 유기 산을 없애기 위해 알칼리 세척을 합니다. 샘플이 잘 보존되지 않아서 추가 세척을 하면 모든 유기 물질이 없어지게 될 경우, 알칼리 세척은 생략합니다.
껍질이나 석회석 물질과 같은 샘플들에는 방사성 탄소 연대 측정 전에 산 부식을 합니다.
---
### [Contamination de l'échantillon et prétraitement](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/pretraitement-datation-carbone.htm)
**Published:** June 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Des résultats inexacts sont obtenus si les contaminants ne sont pas enlevés.
- Les méthodes de prétraitement physique enlèvent les contaminants sans utiliser de produits chimiques.
- Les prétraitements chimiques font souvent intervenir des bains acides et alcalins pour dissoudre les contaminants et préserver la partie voulue de l’échantillon.
La [datation au carbone 14](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/a-propos-datation-carbone.htm "datation au carbone 14") est basée sur l’hypothèse que l’échantillon analysé subit uniquement une décroissance radioactive, et n’est altéré par aucun autre processus à partir du moment où il a cessé d’interagir avec la biosphère.
Ceci n’est toutefois pas tout à fait vrai. Les artefacts archéologiques et les spécimens géologiques envoyés aux laboratoires pour datation sont généralement retrouvés encastrés ou enfouis sous d’autres matériaux, qui peuvent en affecter le contenu radiocarbone. Tout matériau contenant du carbone qui affecte le contenu en radiocarbone d’un échantillon est donc considéré comme un contaminant.
**Remarque importante concernant le prétraitement** – Il est important de comprendre la nature des prétraitements qui seront appliqués à l’échantillon, car ils ont une influence directe sur le résultat final. N’hésitez pas à nous contacter pour en discuter. Vous pouvez également demander à ce qu’on vous recontacte une fois le prétraitement appliqué (avant la datation).
Certains types de matériaux comme le charbon, le bois, la tourbe et les textiles subissent généralement un traitement [acide-alcalin-acide (AAA)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/pretraitements-protocoles-datation-radiocarbone.htm#Acid) avant la datation.
Dans le cas de sédiments et de sols, seul le lavage acide est réalisé (pas de base).
Lorsqu’une datation sur du carbone inorganique (carbonate) doit être réalisé, comme pour des coquillages, un traitement à base d’attaque [acide](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/pretraitements-protocoles-datation-radiocarbone.htm#Etch) est réalisé avant le prétraitement.
Selon vous, pourquoi le contrôle qualité est-il important dans la datation au radiocarbone?
Avertissement : cette vidéo est hébergée sur un site tiers et peut contenir de la publicité.---
## Sources de contamination
La contamination peut être naturelle ou artificielle. La première est due à l’introduction de contaminants dans l’échantillon par son environnement. Des échantillons d’os peuvent par exemple être contaminés par du calcaire ou des acides organiques du sol où ils étaient enterrés (acides fulviques ou humiques). La contamination des bois, charbons ou sols par des racines de plantes en est un autre exemple.
La contamination artificielle fait référence à l’introduction de contaminants par l’homme durant le prélèvement, la conservation sur le terrain ou le conditionnement des échantillons. L’étiquetage des échantillons d’os avec de la colle animale en est un exemple. Plusieurs contaminants peuvent être introduits lors du prélèvement et du conditionnement comme des biocides, des produits chimiques de conservation, comme l’acétate de polyvinyle ou le polyéthylène glycol, de la cendre de cigarette ainsi que par des étiquettes et des emballages à base de papier.
## Comment les contaminants affectent les résultats de datation par le radiocarbone
Les échantillons contaminés vont donner des résultats inexacts. L’effet spécifique de la contamination dépend du type de contaminant, du degré de contamination, et des âges relatifs de l’échantillon et du contaminant.
Le calcaire d’origine géologique est beaucoup plus ancien que n’importe quel échantillon archéologique. Sa présence durant le processus de datation fera apparaître l’échantillon plus ancien qu’il n’est réellement.
Les acides humiques ou fulviques sont naturellement présents dans les sols à la suite de la dégradation microbienne de plantes et d’animaux. Ces acides organiques font apparaître l’échantillon plus jeune ou plus vieux suivant l’âge des organismes d’origine.
Les racines des plantes introduisent du carbone moderne dans les bois, les charbons, les sols et les os, et les font apparaître plus jeunes.
Le degré de contamination influe sur l’ampleur de l’erreur dans les résultats de datation au carbone 14. En général, les contaminations d’âge infini font apparaître un échantillon plus ancien, tandis que les contaminations modernes le font apparaître plus jeune que son âge réel.
Indépendamment de la méthode de datation entreprise, radiométrique ou par [spectrométrie de masse par accélération (AMS)](http://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/spectrometrie-acceleration-masse.htm "spectrométrie de masse par accélération (AMS)"), l’analyse est précédée par un ensemble de processus permettant de se débarrasser des contaminants : c’est le rôle des prétraitements.
## Datation au radiocarbone et prétraitement
Les laboratoires de datation par le radiocarbone reçoivent différents matériaux pour analyse, mais toutes les parties de l’échantillon ne sont pas forcément utilisables. La datation est uniquement applicable aux échantillons qui faisaient autrefois partie d’un organisme vivant. Os, coquillages, bois, charbons, tourbes, lins, laines et parchemins sont régulièrement soumis à l’analyse radiocarbone, contrairement aux métaux et pierres qui ne peuvent être datés directement à moins qu’ils ne contiennent du matériau organique.
Il n’y a pas de méthode standard de prétraitement applicable à tous les échantillons. Différentes approches sont utilisées suivant la nature de l’échantillon et des contaminants. Les laboratoires doivent par conséquent être informés des conditions environnementales et des techniques de conservation appliquées avant l’analyse.
Les prétraitements peuvent être de deux natures, physiques et chimiques.
## Prétraitement physique des échantillons pour la datation au carbone 14
Le prétraitement physique des échantillons prévus pour la datation est effectué sans l’usage de produits chimiques, et provoque une réduction en taille.
Il inclut généralement la suppression des radicelles accrochées à l’aide de pinces. C’est une méthode simple à mettre en œuvre dans la plupart des cas, sauf dans le cas des échantillons de tourbe séchée, pour lesquels il est difficile de distinguer les corps à retirer.
Un autre type de prétraitement physique consiste à éliminer certains contaminants en grattant les couches extérieures à l’aide de l’équipement adéquat. Un scalpel est utilisé pour racler le charbon de bois, tandis qu’une fraise dentaire sera utilisée pour de gros ossements, ou pour le traitement de coquilles extérieures. Elles peuvent également être traitées avec de l’abrasif carborundum.
Lorsque les contaminants visibles ont été éliminés, les échantillons à analyser sont réduits en taille afin d’augmenter la surface avant d’appliquer les traitements suivants. Les coquillages, pierres et ossements sont pulvérisés dans un mortier avec pilon. Le charbon de bois est souvent concassé dans une boite de pétri. Les échantillons de bois sont martelés, ciselés, ou transformés en sciure de bois. Les sols quant à eux subissent un tamisage humide, pour ne conserver que les particules fines et les macrofossiles pour la datation.
## Prétraitement chimique des échantillons pour la datation par le radiocarbone
Les prétraitements chimiques servent à éliminer les impuretés plus en profondeur. Les différents laboratoires de datation radiocarbone ne suivent pas toujours les mêmes procédures, ni utilisent les mêmes concentrations en appliquant les produits chimiques car celles-ci dépendent de l’état de l’échantillon lors de la soumission pour analyse. Toutefois, la plupart des laboratoires utilisent les mêmes produits chimiques.
***Méthodes courantes de prétraitement chimique***
Le charbon, le bois, la plupart des tourbes et des textiles sont généralement soumis à un traitement acide-alcalin-acide (AAA). Celui-ci consiste à rincer l’échantillon avec de l’acide chlorhydrique chaud (HCl) dans un premier temps, avant de passer par un bain au chlorure de sodium (NaOH), puis de terminer avec de l’acide HCl et le séchage. Cette méthode est appliquée au bois s’il est âgé ou s’il est fortement contaminé, avant l’extraction de la cellulose.
Parfois seul le bain acide est appliqué, notamment pour des échantillons constitués d’éléments riches en radiocarbone et solubles dans la solution alcaline.
Les os sont traités avec du HCl froid pour extraire le collagène, qui contient le radiocarbone nécessaire pour la datation. Un bain alcalin permet d’éliminer les acides organiques secondaires, sauf si l’échantillon est mal conservé, et qu’il y a un risque de supprimer toutes les substances organiques, auquel cas il n’est pas appliqué.
Les coquillages et autres matériaux calcaires sont soumis à des nettoyages à l’acide avant la datation.
---
### [Contaminación de muestras y pretratamiento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-pretratamiento.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Si no se eliminan los contaminantes, se obtienen resultados inexactos.
- Los métodos de pretratamiento físico eliminan los contaminantes sin utilizar químicos.
- Los pretratamientos químicos a menudo implican enjuagues ácidos y alcalinos para disolver los contaminantes y preservar la parte deseada de la muestra.
Uno de los supuestos básicos en la [datación por carbono 14](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/sobre-carbono-datacion.htm "datación por carbono 14") es que la muestra siendo analizada ha sufrido solamente la desintegración radioactiva y que ha permanecido inalterada por cualquier otro procedimiento a lo largo de loa años desde que dejó de interactuar con la biosfera.
No obstante, esta suposición rara vez es cierta. Los artefactos arqueológicos y especímenes geológicos enviados a los laboratorios de datación por radiocarbono suelen encontrarse incrustados en otros materiales, o enterrados con ellos, que pueden haber afectado a su contenido de radiocarbono. Cualquier material que contenga carbono y afecte al contenido de carbono-14 de cualquier muestra es considerado un contaminante.
**Pretratamiento** – Es importante entender el pretratamiento previo aplicado a las muestras ya que afecta directamente al resultado final. No dude en ponerse en contacto con nosotros para discutir sobre el pretratamiento o solicite que le contactemos una vez el pretratamiento haya finalizado (y antes de la datación).
Materiales como carbón, madera, turba y textiles normalmente son sometidos al [método ácido-alcalino-ácido (AAA)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/pretratamiento-protocolos.htm#Acid) antes de la datación por radiocarbono.
Los materiales como sedimentos y suelos normalmente son sometidos a lavados ácidos (sin alcalinos) antes de la datación por radiocarbono.
Los materiales como conchas y otros materiales en un fechado de carbono inorgánico (carbonato) normalmente son sometidos a un ataque [químico ácido](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/pretratamiento-protocolos.htm#Etch) antes del pretratamiento.
¿Por qué es importante el control de calidad en datación por radiocarbono?
Exención de responsabilidad: Este video está alojado en un sitio externo y puede contener publicidad.---
## Fuentes de contaminación
La contaminación puede ser natural o artificial. La contaminación natural se refiere a la introducción de contaminantes en las muestras causada por materiales circundantes. Por ejemplo, muestras de huesos pueden ser contaminadas por la presencia de piedra caliza o ácidos orgánicos en el suelo (como ácidos húmicos o fúlvicos) donde los huesos fueron encontrados. Otro ejemplo de un contaminante natural es la penetración de raíces en madera, carbón vegetal o suelo.
La contaminación artificial se refiere a la introducción de contaminantes causada una persona durante la colecta, la conservación del campo, o el embalaje de las muestras. El etiquetado de las muestras de huesos con pegamento de origen animal es un ejemplo de contaminación artificial. Otros contaminantes que se pueden introducir durante la colecta de las muestras y embalaje son biocidas, sustancias químicas como acetato de polivinilo y el polietileno glicol, la ceniza de cigarrillos, y etiquetas y envoltorios de papel.
## ¿Cómo afectan los contaminantes a los resultados de la datación radiocarbónica?
Por supuesto, las muestras contaminadas tendrán resultados inexactos. El efecto específico de los contaminantes en los resultados de la datación por radiocarbono depende del tipo de contaminante, el grado de contaminación, y la edad relativa de la muestra y el contaminante.
La piedra caliza es de origen geológico y, por tanto, mucho más antigua que cualquier muestra arqueológica, por lo que la introducción de piedra caliza durante la datación por carbono-14 provoca que los resultados sean más antiguos de lo que realmente son.
Los ácidos húmicos y fúlvicos están naturalmente presentes en el suelo, donde ocurre la degradación microbiana de las plantas y animales. El efecto de estos ácidos orgánicos en la muestra, ya sea que la muestra parezca más antigua o más reciente de lo que es, depende de la edad de su organismo original.
Cuando las raíces de las plantas penetran en madera, carbón vegetal, suelo o huesos, introducen carbono moderno. Este hecho puede hacer que las muestras parezcan más jóvenes de lo que son en verdad.
El grado de contaminación afecta la magnitud de la inexactitud en los resultados de datación por carbono-14. En general, la contaminación de edad infinita puede hacer que una muestra parezca mucho más antigua mientras que la contaminación moderna “rejuvenece” las muestras.
Independientemente de la metodología de datación por radiocarbono empleada, ya sea radiométrica o [AMS](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/acelerador-masa-espectrometria.htm "método espectrometría acelerador de masa (AMS)"), debe realizarse un pretratamiento para eliminar todos los posibles contaminantes. Este proceso se llama pretratamiento.
## La datación por radiocarbono de muestras y su pretratamiento
Los laboratorios de datación por radiocarbono reciben varios materiales para análisis pero no todas las partes de las muestras pueden ser utilizadas. Cabe señalar que la datación por radiocarbono solamente es aplicable a los materiales que alguna una vez fueron parte de un organismo vivo. Huesos, conchas, madera, carbón vegetal, turba, lino, lana, y pergamino son materiales comunes que suelen enviarse para su datación. Los metales y las piedras no pueden datarse directamente a menos que tengan materiales orgánicos incrustados en ellos.
No existe un método estándar de pretratamiento que pueda aplicarse a todas las muestras que van a ser datadas. El método de pretratamiento empleado depende del tipo de muestra y de los posibles contaminantes. Los laboratorios de datación por radiocarbono deben, por tanto, ser informados de las condiciones ambientales y de las técnicas de preservación realizadas a la muestra antes del análisis de carbono-14.
Normalmente suele aplicarse dos tipos de pretratamiento: físicos y químicos.
## Pretratamiento físico de muestras para la datación radiocarbónica
Este tipo de pretratamiento suele suponer la eliminación de contaminantes sin el uso de productos químicos y la reducción del tamaño de la muestra.
Normalmente, los pretratamientos físicos consisten en la eliminación con pizas y fórceps de las raicillas que se hayan podido introducir en la muestra. Es un método generalmente sencillo, a excepción de las muestras de turba que han sido secadas y en las que las raicillas no se pueden distinguir fácilmente del resto de la muestra.
Otro pretratamiento físico aplicado a las muestras que van a datarse consiste en la eliminación de contaminantes mediante el raspado de las capas exteriores con bisturís quirúrgicos o taladros dentales. En el pretratamiento de conchas también suele utilizarse en papel de lija.
Una vez los contaminantes visibles han sido eliminados, se reduce el tamaño de la muestra y se pulveriza con un mortero (conchas, rocas, huesos), una placa de Petri (carbón), o se transforman en serrín (madera) para aumentar su superficie. Las muestras de suelo son tamizadas en una suspensión húmeda, ya que sólo las partículas más finas serán datadas.
## Pretratamiento químico de muestras para la datación radiocarbónica
Este tipo de pretratamiento químico elimina las impurezas de cualquier muestra con más intensidad. Los laboratorios de datación por radiocarbono no siguen necesariamente los mismos procedimientos o utilizan las mismas concentraciones químicas para todas las muestras ya que tienen en cuenta las condiciones de las muestras durante el envío. La mayoría de los laboratorios, sin embargo, utilizan los mismos productos químicos.
***Métodos comunes de pretratamiento químico***
Las muestras de carbón, madera, turba, sedimento y tejidos suelen recibir un pretratamiento ácido-alcalino-ácido (AAA) antes de su datación. En algunas publicaciones este método se denomina ácido-base-ácido (ABA). El pretratamiento AAA consiste en un lavado de ácido hidroclorídrico (HCl) caliente, seguido de un lavado de hidróxido de sodio (NaOH). Antes de secar la muestra se realiza un último lavado de ácido HCl. Los laboratorios de datación por radiocarbono también aplican el método AAA en madera antigua o en muestras de madera altamente contaminadas antes de la extracción de celulosa.
También hay casos en los que los laboratorios de datación por radiocarbono no emplean el método AAA sino sólo lavados ácidos cuando las muestras con componentes ricos en radiocarbono son solubles en una solución alcalina.
Los huesos son pretratados con HCl frío para extraer colágeno, que es la parte necesaria para la datación por radiocarbono. Después se les aplica un lavado alcalino para asegurar la eliminación de ácidos orgánicos secundarios. El lavado alcalino se omite cuando la muestra no está bien conservada y el lavado puede eliminar todas las sustancias orgánicas.
Las muestras como conchas y otros materiales calcáreos pasan por un garbado ácido antes de ser datadas.
---
### [Proben Kontaminanten und Vorbehandlung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/karbon-datierung-vorbehandlung.htm)
**Published:** September 23, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Wenn Kontaminanten nicht entfernt werden, entstehen ungenaue Befunde.
- Die physische Vorbehandlung entfernt Kontaminanten ohne Chemikalien.
- Die chemische Aufbereitung beinhaltet Säure und Laugen Spülungen, um Kontaminanten zu lösen und um den gewünschten Teil der Probe zu erhalten.
Eine der grundlegenden Annahmen bei der [C-14 Datierung](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/uber-karbon-datierung.htm "C-14 Datierung") ist, dass die zu analysierende Probe nur den radioaktiven Zerfall und über die Jahre hinweg keinen anderen Prozess durchgemacht hat, nachdem sie die Interaktion mit der Biosphäre eingestellt hat.
Diese Annahme trifft allerdings selten zu. Die archäologischen Artefakte und geologischen Einzelproben, die an unser Labor für eine Datierung eingesandt werden, wurden in der Regel zusammen mit anderen Materialien vergraben. Diese Materialien können den C-14 Gehalt einer Probe verändern. Jedes Kohlenstoff enthaltende Material, dass den C-14 Anteil der Probe beeinflusst, ist deshalb ein Kontaminant.
**Wichtige Anmerkung zur Vorbehandlung** – Sie müssen die an den Proben vorzunehmenden Methoden der Vorbehandlungen kennen, da diese den Befund unmittelbar beeinflussen können. Daher bieten wir Ihnen an, dass Sie sich mit uns in Verbindung setzen, um mit uns über die Methoden der Vorbehandlung zu sprechen und uns zu bitten, Sie nach der Vorbehandlung, jedoch vor der Datierung, über die vorgenommenen Vorbehandlungen zu informieren.
Vor der Radiokarbon-Datierung durchlaufen Materialien wie Kohle, Holz, Torf und Textilien in der Regel das [Säure-Alkali-Säure (AAA)-Verfahren.](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-vorbehandlungsprotokolle.htm#Acid)
Vor der Radiokarbon-Datierung werden Materialien wie Sedimente und Bodenproben in der Regel einem Säure Bad unterzogen. (keine Lauge).
Vor der Vorbehandlung wird an Schalen, oder anderen Materialien, die auf Basis ihres anorganischen Kohlenstoffs (Karbonat) datiert werden, eine [Säureätzung](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/kohlenstoff-datierung-vorbehandlungsprotokolle.htm#Etch) vorgenommen.
Warum spielt die Qualitätssicherung bei der Radiokohlenstoffdatierung eine Rolle?
Haftungsausschluss: Dieses Video wird auf der Website Dritter bereit gestellt und kann Werbung enthalten.---
## Verunreinigungsquellen
Das Auftreten einer Kontamination kann natürlichen oder künstlichen Ursprungs sein. Die natürliche Kontamination bezieht sich auf die Einführung von Verunreinigungen in die Probe durch die umgebenden Materialien. So können z.B. Knochenproben durch die Gegenwart von Kalkstein oder organischen Säuren (Huminsäuren oder Fulvinsäuren) im Boden kontaminiert werden, falls diese Teil der Ausgrabungsstätte waren. Ein weiteres Beispiel für eine natürliche Kontamination ist das Eindringen von Pflanzenwurzeln in Holz, Kohle oder Erdboden.
Als künstliche Kontamination bezeichnet man die Zuführung von Verunreinigungen durch den Menschen während der Probenentnahme, der Arbeit an der Ausgrabungsstätte oder des Verpackens von Proben. Auch das Etikettieren von Knochenprobe mit Hilfe eines tierischen Klebers ist ein Beispiel für eine künstliche Kontamination. Andere Kontaminanten, die der Probe während der Probenentnahme oder während des Verpackens zugeführt werden könnten sind: Biozide, Konservierungschemikalien wie Polyvinylacetat und Polyethylenglykol, Zigarettenasche, und die Etikette und Verpackungen, die aus Papier hergestellt wurden.
## Wie beeinflussen Verunreinigungen die Radiokarbon Datierungsbefunde?
Kontaminierte Proben liefern grundsätzlich ungenaue Befunde. Die Auswirkungen eines durch Verunreinigungen beeinträchtigten Befundes hängen von der Art der Verunreinigung, ihrem Grad und dem relativen Alter der Proben zur Verunreinigung ab.
Kalkstein ist geologischen Ursprungs und somit viel älter als jede archäologische Probe; deshalb würde der Kontakt mit Kalkstein eine zu datierende Probe immer älter machen, als ihr wahres Alter.
Humin- und Fulvinsäuren sind natürlicherweise im Erdboden enthalten, wo der mikrobielle Abbau von Pflanzen und Tieren stattfindet. Ob der Einfluss dieser organischen Säuren die Probe älter oder jünger erscheinen lassen, hängt davon ab, wie alt der Organismus war, aus dem die Säuren entstanden sind.
Wenn Wurzeln oder Pflanzen in Holz, Kohle, Erde, oder Knochen eindringen, wird diesen folglich jüngerer Kohlenstoff hinzugefügt. Diese Situation lässt die Proben jünger als ihr wahres Alter erscheinen.
Der Grad der Kontamination wirkt sich auf das Ausmaß der Ungenauigkeit einer C-14 Datierung aus. Im Allgemeinen gilt, dass eine sehr alte Verunreinigung eine Probe wesentlich älter erscheinen lässt und eine moderne Verunreinigung eine Probe wesentlich jünger erscheinen lässt. Vor einer Analyse muss immer ein Verfahren angewandt werden, um alle möglichen Verunreinigungen zu entfernen, egal ob man eine radiometrische Methode oder die [Massen Spektrometrie](http://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/massen-beschleunigung-spektrometrie.htm "Massen Spektrometrie") für eine Radiokarbon Datierung verwenden möchte. Dieses Verfahren nennt man Vorbehandlung.
## Radiokarbon Datierungsproben und ihre Vorbehandlung
C-14 Datierungslabors erhalten verschiedenste Materialien für eine Analyse, aber nicht alle Teile der Proben können verwendet werden. Es ist anzumerken, dass die Radiokarbon-Datierung nur auf Materialien anwendbar ist, die einst Teil eines lebenden Organismus waren. Knochen, Muscheln, Holz, Holzkohle, Torf, Leinen, Wolle, und Pergament sind die häufigsten Materialien, die für eine C-14 Datierung eingeschickt werden. Metall und Steine können nicht direkt datiert werden, es sei denn, sie beinhalten organische Materialien.
Es gibt keine Standard-Vorbehandlungsmethode, die man auf alle zu datierenden Proben anwenden kann. Welche Vorbehandlung man anwendet hängt von der Art der Probe und ihren möglichen Verunreinigungen ab. Deshalb müssen C-14 Datierungslabors vor der Analyse über die Umweltbedingungen und Konservierungstechniken, der die Probe ausgesetzt wurde, informiert werden.
In der Regel gibt es zwei Arten von Vorbehandlungen, die an Proben vorgenommenen werden —eine physikalische und eine chemische.
## Die physikalische Vorbehandlung von Proben für die Kohlenstoffdatierung
Die physikalische Vorbehandlung von Proben für eine C-14 Datierung besteht aus der Entfernung von Verunreinigungen, ohne das hierfür Chemikalien verwendet werden. Danach wird die Probe zerkleinert.
Mit Hilfe von Zangen und Pinzetten werden während der physikalischen Vorbehandlung Wurzelfasern von der Probe entfernt. Dies ist ein einfaches Verfahren und gilt für die meisten Proben die an C-14 Datierungslabore eingeschickt werden. Eine Ausnahme sind allerdings Torfproben, die getrocknet wurden und man somit die Wurzelfasern nicht leicht von dem Rest der Probe unterscheiden kann.
Eine andere an Proben vorgenommene physikalische Vorbehandlung ist das Entfernen von Verunreinigungen durch das Abschaben der äußeren Schichten mit einem geeigneten Werkzeug. Chirurgische Skalpelle werden verwendet, um Verunreinigungen von Holzkohle zu kratzen, während Dentalbohrer bei großen Knochen eingesetzt werden. Ein zahnärztlicher Bohrer oder ein Carborundum Papier werden bei der Vorbehandlung von Schalen verwendet.
Wenn die sichtbaren Verunreinigungen entfernt wurden, werden die Proben dann durch ein geeignetes Verfahren zerkleinert, um die Oberfläche vor einer weiteren Vorbehandlung zu vergrößern. Schalen, Steine und Knochen werden mit einem Mörser und Stößel pulverisiert. Holzkohle wird häufig in einer Petrischale zerkleinert. Holzproben werden gehämmert, gemeißelt oder in einer Mühle zu Sägemehl gemahlen. Das C-14 Datierungspersonal bearbeitet Bodenproben durch Nasssiebung zu einem Brei; lediglich die feinen Partikel oder Makrofossilien werden C-14 datiert.
## Die chemische Vorbehandlung von Proben für die Kohlenstoff-Datierung
Durch die chemische Vorbehandlung werden weitere Verunreinigungen von der Proben entfernt. C-14 Datierungslabors benutzen nicht unbedingt die gleichen Verfahren oder chemischen Konzentrationen während der Vorbehandlung, da sie den Zustand der Proben zum Zeitpunkt der Einsendung berücksichtigen müssen. Die meisten Labors benutzen allerdings die gleichen Chemikalien.
***Verbreitete chemische Vorbehandlungsmethoden***
In der Regel durchlaufen Kohle, Holz, Torf und Textilien vor der C-14 Datierung das Säure-Alkali-Säure-Verfahren. Diese Vorbehandlung beinhaltet das Waschen der Proben mit heißer Salzsäure (HCl), gefolgt von einem Natriumhydroxid (NaOH) Bad. Vor der Trocknung wird die Probe noch einmal in HCl Säure gewaschen. C-14 Datierungslabors wenden dieses Verfahren auch bei alten oder stark kontaminierten Holzproben an.
Danach erfolgt eine Cellulose-Extraktion. Es kommt auch vor, dass C-14 Datierungslabors das Säure-Alkali-Säure-Verfahren nicht anwenden und die Proben nur in Säure waschen. Dies wird bei Proben gemacht, deren C-14 Anteile sich in einer Lauge auflösen würden.
Zur Extraktion des Kollagens werden Knochen wiederholt mit kalter HCl vorbehandelt, da das Kollagen für die C-14 Datierung benötigt wird. Danach folgt eine alkalische Waschung, die dazu dient, die sekundären organischen Säuren zu entfernen. Diese alkalische Waschung wird allerdings ausgelassen, wenn die Probe nicht gut erhalten ist und weitere Waschungen alle organischen Substanzen vernichten würden.
An Schalenproben oder anderen kalkhaltigen Materialien werden vor der C-14 Datierung Säureätzungen durchgeführt.
---
### [寄樣須知](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/details.htm)
**Published:** July 1, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
## 樣品處理
**碳酸鹽** – 直接觸碰碳酸鹽樣品不會影響分析結果。由於我們只將碳酸鈣部分用於放射性碳分析，手上的油脂和其他有機物質的污染是不相關的，只有其他碳酸鹽的存在才會影響碳定年結果。
**有機材料** – 欲進行放射性碳定年的有機樣品不應直接用手拿，因為人體分泌的油脂會污染樣品。建議穿戴塑膠手套處理。也可以用飲用水（建議用蒸餾水）清洗樣品。避免與紙張等其他有機物接觸。
**外來的基質物** – 我們的價格是假定送交的樣品是挑選後的樣品。雖然不需要去除少量的附著沉積物和有機物，但是大量的沉積物會產生額外費用，所以建議您去除多餘的基質物。可以使用五金店提供的拋棄式過濾材料，過濾材料應先沖洗過，以清除灰塵。在實驗室過濾時，樣品過濾後，應徹底清洗濾網後才能過濾另一個樣品。
**濕的樣品與乾的樣品** – 我們不要求對樣品進行乾燥處理。不過，預先知道乾重可以更準確地估算需送交的材料數量。可以送交濕的樣品進行碳定年。樣品抵達後，Beta實驗室會立即開始放射性碳分析，因此水分不會造成污染。如果想對樣品進行乾燥處理，建議在90°C到100°C的溫度範圍內加熱4到24小時。
---
## 建議的樣品包裝
請注意: 一個夾鏈袋只能放一個樣品，以避免在運輸過程中樣品交叉污染。
較大的樣品 – 請直接放入夾鏈袋。
如：[鹿茸、骨頭](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-bones.htm)、[木炭](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm)、珊瑚、[糞便](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-dung.htm)、黑泥、[皮革](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-leather.htm)、[泥炭](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-peat.htm)、植物、[陶器](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-pottery.htm)、沉積物、[貝殼](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/carbon-dating-shells.htm)、牙齒、紡織物以及木頭
小／細碎樣品 – 用鋁箔紙將樣品包裹後，再裝入標示好的夾鏈袋。
如：萃取的骨膠原、[魚耳石](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/c14-dating-fish-otoliths.htm)、[頭髮](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-forensics.htm)、昆蟲（角質類）、種子、穀物
非常微小的樣品 – 用帶有螺旋蓋的小瓶、離心管或載玻片裝好，再裝入夾鏈袋。
如：[有孔蟲](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/ams-dating-forams.htm)、介形蟲、植物化石以及孢粉
液體 – 請優先使用塑膠瓶（HDPE、LDPE、PP）。若您只有玻璃瓶，請一定要盡量包裝牢固，才能避免在運輸途中破損。我們強烈建議您使用塑膠瓶，而非玻璃瓶。
---
## 使用箱子寄送，而非信封
**固體樣品** – 在條件允許的情況下，我們強烈建議您使用箱子（而非信封）來寄送您的樣品，這樣可以在運送過程中，確保樣品的完整性。由於快遞服務會使用滾輪進行分揀，因此信封會穿過滾輪，而小的樣品可能會被壓碎並變成粉末。
**液體樣品** – 請在每個瓶子外面套上一個塑膠袋，並將封口用束帶或膠帶封好。這樣一來，如果運送途中瓶子破裂，水也不會浸蝕紙箱。
*最後更新2020年2月*
---
### [시료 취급 및 적정 용기](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/details.htm)
**Published:** January 27, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
## 시료 취급 시 주의사항
**탄산염** – 탄산염 시료의 경우 손으로 만져도 상관없습니다. 연대측정 작업 시 탄산칼슘 (CaCO3)을 사용하기 때문에 손에 묻어있는 기름이나 유기물질은 별로 상관이 없습니다만. 단지 다른 탄산염으로 인해 연대측정 결과에 영향을 미칠 수 있으므로 조심해야 합니다.
**유기물질** – 유기물질 시료의 경우 손에 묻은 기름이나 땀으로 인해 오염 가능성이 있으므로 손으로 직접 만지시면 안됩니다. 일회용 플라스틱 장갑을 사용하는 것이 좋습니다. 흔히 마시는 물로 세척할 수 있습니다. (증류수로 세척할 것을 권장합니다.) 종이에 닿지 않게 하여야 합니다.
**이물질** – 본 연구소의 방사성탄소 연대측정 가격은 제출하신 시료 상태가 실험에 적절한 상태에 기반을 둡니다. 시료에 붙어있는 작은 퇴적물이나 유기물까지 제거하실 필요는 없지만 다량의 퇴적물이 붙어있는 경우, 이를 제거하는데 추가 비용이 발생할 수 있습니다. 따라서 관련 없는 다량의 이물질을 제거하신 다음에 제출해 주시기 바랍니다. 일반 철물점에서 파는 일회용 채를 사용하시되, 처음 사용하실 때 잘 닦아 먼지를 제거해야 합니다. 기존에 쓰던 채를 사용하실 경우, 잘 청소하여 먼저 사용했던 샘플이 완전히 제거되었는지 꼭 확인해야 합니다.
**시료의 상태: 젖은 상태 마른 상태** – 시료가 반드시 건조 상태여야 할 필요는 없으나 실험에 필요한 무게를 판단하는데 건조 상태가 훨씬 도움이 됩니다. 젖은 상태의 시료를 보내도 상관없습니다. 시료가 실험실에 도착하자마자 분석 작업을 시작하기 때문에 물기로 인해 오염이 되지는 않습니다. 건조된 시료를 보내시고자 하면 90°C 에서 100°C로 4-24시간 건조시키면 됩니다.
---
## 시료의 용기 및 포장
참고 사항: 운송 중 섞이지 않게 각 시료 당 각각의 지프백을 사용합니다.
대형 시료 – 지프백에 바로 담는다.
예: [뼈, 뿔](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-bones.htm), [목탄](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-charcoal.htm), 산호, 배설물, 해니, [가죽](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-leather.htm), 토탄, [식물체](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-seeds.htm), [도자기](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-pottery.htm), 토양, 조개껍질, 치아, 섬유류, [목재류.](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-wood.htm)
소형 시료 – 알루미늄 호일로 포장한 후에 지프백에 넣는다.
예: 축출된 콜라겐, [어류의 이석](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/c14-dating-fish-otoliths.htm), 모발, 벌레 (키틴), 씨앗, 곡물류
미 소량 시료 – 뚜껑이 있는 바이알 병이나 튜브, 슬라이드에 넣은 후 지프백에 담는다.
예: [유공충, 갑각류](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-forams.htm), [식물암](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/carbon-dating-phytoliths.htm), [화분](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/ams-dating-pollen.htm)
액체류 – 아무 종류의 플라스틱 병 (HDPE, LDPE, PP) 에 담아 보내시면 됩니다. 유리 병의 경우, 깨질 위험성이 있으므로 플라스틱 병 사용을 권장합니다.
---
## 봉투 대신 상자 사용
고체 시료의 경우, 봉투 대신 작은 상자에 담아 보내주길 권장합니다. 봉투에 넣는 경우, 우체국에서 자동 분류 작업을 위한 롤러 운송 중 시료가 깨지거나 가루가 될 위험성이 있습니다.
액체 시료의 경우, 플라스틱 백에 병을 넣고 단단히 묶어서 설사 병이 깨지더라도 포장 상자가 젖지 않게 합니다.
*2020년 2월 업데이트*
---
### [Recomendações Para Manuseio de Amostras e Recipientes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/arqueologia-details.htm)
**Published:** August 26, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
## Manuseio De Amostras
**Carbonatos** – O manuseio direto de amostras de carbonato não afetará os resultados. Devido a porção de CaCO3 ser usada para a análise por radiocarbono, a contaminação com a oleosidade das mãos e outras substâncias orgânicas não é relevante. Apenas a presença de outros carbonatos afetará os resultados da datação por carbono.
**Materiais Orgânicos** – Amostras orgânicas usadas em datação por radiocarbono não devem ser manipuladas com as mãos desprotegidas porque a oleosidade da pele contaminará a amostra. Não há qualquer problema em manipular a amostra com luvas plásticas limpas. Não há problema em lavar a amostra em água potável (recomenda-se o uso de água destilada). Evite contato com papel.
**Matrizes exógenas** – Os preços consideram que as amostras serão submetidas em um formato concentrado. Não é necessário remover sedimentos pequenos ou materiais orgânicos que tenham aderido à amostra. Porém, sedimentos soltos em grandes quantidades incorrerão em taxas adicionais e, por este motivo, é recomendado que você remova a maior parte do que não seja essencial. Não haverá problema em usar uma só vez uma lâmina de acrílico como as que podem ser encontradas em lojas de utilidades domésticas. A lâmina deve ser enxaguada para remover o pó. Ao usar lâminas de laboratório, certifique-se de que elas estejam completamente limpas antes de serem usadas com outras amostras.
**Amostras secas ou úmidas** – Não é necessário secar a amostra. No entanto, se você souber o peso da amostra sem que esteja úmida, isso lhe permitirá estimar a quantidade de material a ser enviado. Não há problema em enviar amostras úmidas para a datação por carbono. O laboratório inicia as análises por radiocarbono imediatamente após o recebimento da amostra e, portanto, a umidade não induzirá à contaminação. Se você quiser secar suas amostras, recomendamos aquecê-las por um período de 4 a 24 horas, a uma temperatura de 90°C a 100°C.
---
## Recipientes recomendados e embalagem de amostras
Nota: Por favor, coloque apenas uma amostra em cada saco com fecho zip para evitar que várias amostras sejam misturadas durante o transporte.
**Amostras grandes** – Coloque diretamente em sacos com fecho zip
Exemplos: [chifres, ossos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-ossos.htm), [carvão vegetal](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-carvao.htm), coral, [esterco](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/datacao-carbono-esterco.htm), gyttja, [couro](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/datacao-carbono-couro.htm), [turfa](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/datacao-ema-turfa.htm), plantas, [cerâmica](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/ams-datacao-ceramica.htm), [sedimentos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/ams-datacao-sedimentos.htm), [conchas](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-conchas.htm), dentes, [têxteis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/ams-datacao-texteis.htm), [madeira](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/carbono-datacao-madeira.htm)
**Amostras pequenas ou finas** – Embrulhe em papel alumínio antes de colocá-las em um saco rotulado e com fecho zip.
Exemplos: colágeno extraído, [otólitos de peixes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/datacao-c14-otolitos-peixe.htm), [cabelo](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/datacao-ema-forense.htm), insetos (quitina), [sementes, cereais](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/datacao-ema-sementes.htm)
**Amostras muito pequenas** – Use frascos com tampas de rosca, microtubos, ou slides antes de colocá-los em um saco rotulado e com fecho zip.
Exemplos: [foraminíferos, ostracodes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/datacao-ema-foraminiferos.htm), [fitolitos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/datacao-carbono-fitolitos.htm), [pólen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/datacao-ema-polen.htm)
**Amostras líquidas** – Recomendamos a utilização de garrafas de plástico (PEAD, PEBD, PP) sempre que possível. No entanto, se você usar garrafas de vidro, enviar suficientemente protegidas para evitar a ruptura.
---
## Use caixas em vez de envelopes
**Para amostras sólidas** – Recomendamos que o envio das amostras seja realizado em pequenas caixas sempre que possível (em vez de usar envelopes) para proteger a integridade física das amostras durante o seu transporte. Geralmente o equipamento utilizado pelos serviços postais passa os envelopes por rolos durante o processo de classificação automática e a pequena pressão exercida durante o processo é suficiente para esmagar pequenos pedaços e transformá-los em pó.
**Para amostras líquidas** – Por favor, coloque as garrafas em um saco plástico e feche-o com um lacre ou fita adesiva reforçada. Se as garrafas vazarem durante o transporte, a água não vai enfraquecer a caixa onde as mesmas estão sendo transportadas.
*Última atualização: fevereiro de 2020*
---
### [Préparation et emballage des échantillons](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/details.htm)
**Published:** June 25, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
## Manipulation de l’échantillon
**Carbonates** – La manipulation directe des échantillons de carbonate n’influencera pas les résultats, puisque c’est la quantité de CaCO3 qui est utilisée pour l’analyse. La contamination par les graisses des mains et autres matières organiques est insignifiante. Seule la présence d’autres carbonates aura une incidence sur les résultats de la datation par le carbone.
**Matériel organique** – Les échantillons organiques ne doivent pas être manipulés à mains nues car vos huiles corporelles peuvent contaminer l’échantillon. Tout contact doit se faire avec des gants stériles. Vous pouvez laver l’échantillon à l’eau potable, mais l’eau distillée est recommandée. Évitez tout contact avec du papier.
**Matière étrangère** – Les prix présument que les échantillons présents sont sous une forme concentrée. Il n’est pas nécessaire d’enlever les sédiments rattachés et les matières organiques adhérentes. Cependant, avoir des sédiments en vrac en grandes quantités entraînera des frais supplémentaires; il est donc recommandé d’enlever la majeure partie des corps étrangers. Un usage unique d’un matériel de tamisage disponible dans une quincaillerie est indiqué. Le tamis doit être tout d’abord rincé afin d’en éliminer la poussière. Si vous utilisez des tamis de laboratoire, assurez-vous qu’ils sont parfaitement propres avant de les utiliser pour un autre échantillon.
**Échantillons humides et échantillons secs** – Le séchage de l’échantillon n’est pas indispensable, cependant, connaître le poids sec vous permettra de mieux estimer la quantité de matière à envoyer. Vous pouvez aussi envoyer des échantillons humides pour analyse. Le laboratoire commence les analyses dès l’arrivée de l’échantillon, l’humidité n’aura donc pas le temps d’entraîner une contamination. Si vous souhaitez sécher vos échantillons, le chauffage à 90 – 100°C pendant une durée de 4 à 24 heures est recommandé.
---
## Récipients et emballages recommandés
Remarque : Veuillez placer un seul échantillon par sac Ziplock afin d’éviter tout mélange pendant le transport.
**Échantillons de grande taille** – Placez-les directement dans un sac de type Ziplock.
Exemples : [Bois de cervidés, Ossements](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-os.htm), [Charbon](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-charbon.htm), Corail, [Excréments](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-excrements.htm), Gyttja, [Cuir](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-cuir.htm), [Tourbe,](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-ams-tourbe.htm) Plantes, [Poterie](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-sma-poteries.htm), [Sédiments](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-sma-sediments.htm), [Coquillages](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-coquilles.htm), Dents, Tissus, [Bois](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-bois.htm)
**Échantillons fins / de petite taille** – Emballez ces échantillons dans une feuille de papier aluminium afin de créer un récipient puis placez-les dans un sac de type Ziplock étiqueté.
Exemples : Collagène extrait, [Otolithes de poissons](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-c14-otolithes-poissons.htm), Cheveux, Insectes (chitine), [Graines](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-carbone-semences.htm)
**Échantillons de très petite taille** – Utilisez des flacons fermés par un bouchon, des tubes de micro-centrifugation ou encore des lames de comptage puis placez-les dans un sac de type Ziplock étiqueté.
Exemples : [Foraminifères, Ostracodes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-ams-foraminiferes.htm), [Phytolithes,](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-ams-phytolithes.htm) [Pollen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/datation-ams-pollen.htm)
**Échantillons liquides** – Merci d’utiliser des bouteilles en plastique (HDPE, LDPE, PP) quand cela est possible. Si vous utilisez une bouteille en verre, merci de la protéger suffisamment afin qu’elle ne casse pas. Veuillez noter que nous recommandons vivement l’utilisation de bouteilles en plastique.
---
## Veuillez utiliser des boîtes et non des enveloppes
**Échantillons solides** – Nous vous recommandons grandement d’envoyer vos échantillons dans de petites boîtes quand cela est possible (au lieu d’utiliser des enveloppes) pour protéger l’intégrité physique des échantillons pendant le transport. Les services postaux font en effet passer les enveloppes entre des rouleaux lors du processus de tri automatisé, ce qui risque d’écraser et de réduire les petits fragments en poudre.
**Échantillons liquides** – Merci de placer la bouteille dans un sac en plastique et le fermer avec une attache mono-usage ou du ruban adhésif. Si une fuite survient pendant le transport, l’eau n’endommagera pas le conteneur en carton.
*Dernière mise à jour de la page : février 2020*
---
### [Recomendaciones sobre recipientes y manipulación de muestras](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/details.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
## Manipulación de Muestras
**Carbonatos** – La manipulación directa de muestras de carbonatos no afecta a los resultados. Como la fracción de CaCO3 se utiliza para el análisis radiocarbónico, la contaminación con la oleosidad de las manos y otras substancias orgánicas no es relevante. Sólo la presencia de otros carbonatos afectará a los resultados de la datación radiocarbónica.
**Materiales orgánicos** – Las muestras orgánicas utilizadas para la datación radiocarbónica no deben ser manipuladas con las manos desnudas porque la oleosidad de la piel contaminará la muestra. La muestra puede manipularse con guantes de plástico limpios y se puede lavar con agua potable (se recomienda el uso de agua destilada). Evite el contacto con papel.
**Matrices exógenas** – Nuestros precios asumen que las muestras se envían de manera concentrada. No es necesario eliminar material orgánico o sedimentos pequeños, aunque si la muestra presenta sedimentos sueltos en grandes cantidades, su eliminación podría conllevar cargos adicionales. Por ello, recomendamos eliminar la gran parte de matrices no esenciales con cribas del tipo que se puede encontrar en ferreterías (enjuáguela antes de utilizarla) o cribas de laboratorio (asegúrese de que está completamente limpia antes de utilizarla).
**Muestras secas o húmedas** – No es necesario secar la muestra. Sin embargo, si usted conoce el peso de la muestra seca, esto le permitirá estimar la cantidad de material a enviar. Puede enviar muestras húmedas para su datación. El laboratorio inicia los análisis por radiocarbono inmediatamente después de recibir la muestra y, por esta razón, la humedad no la contaminará. Si desea secar sus muestras, le recomendamos que la caliente durante 4 – 24 horas a una temperatura de 90°C a 100°C.
---
## Recipientes recomendados para muestras y embalaje
Nota: Por favor, coloque solo una muestra en cada bolsa con cierre zip para evitar que varias muestras se mezclen durante el transporte.
**Muestras grandes** *–* Colocar directamente en bolsas con cierre zip
Ejemplos: [cuernos, huesos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-huesos.htm), [carbón vegetal](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-carbon.htm), coral, [estiércol](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-carbono-estiercol.htm), gyttja, [cuero](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-carbono-cuero.htm), [turba](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-ema-turba.htm), plantas, [cerámica](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/ams-datacion-ceramica.htm), [sedimento](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/ams-datacion-sedimentos.htm), [conchas](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-conchas.htm), dientes, [textiles](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/ams-datacion-textiles.htm), [madera](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/carbono-datacion-madera.htm)
**Muestras pequeñas o finas** *–* Envolver en papel de aluminio antes de meterlas en una bolsa con cierre zip etiquetada.
Ejemplos: colágeno extraído, [otolitos de peces](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-c14-otolitos-peces.htm), pelo, insectos (quitina), [semillas, cereales](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-ema-semillas.htm)
**Muestras muy pequeñas** *–* Utilizar viales con tapones de rosca, tubos de microcentrifugación, o portaobjetos antes de colocarlas en una bolsa con cierre zip etiquetada.
Ejemplos: [foraminífera, ostrácodos,](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-ema-foraminiferos.htm) [fitolitos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-carbono-fitolitos.htm), [polen](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/datacion-ema-polen.htm)
**Muestras líquidas** *–* Recomendamos utilizar botellas de plástico (HDPE, LDPE, PP) siempre que sea posible. No obstante, si utiliza botellas de vidrio, envíelas lo suficientemente protegidas para que no se rompan.
---
## Utilice cajas en vez de sobres
**Para muestras sólidas** – Le recomendamos que envíe sus muestras en pequeñas cajas siempre que sea posible (en vez de utilizar sobres) para proteger la integridad física de las muestras durante su envío. El equipamiento utilizado por los servicios postales suele pasar los sobres por rodillos durante el proceso automático de clasificación y la pequeña presión ejercida durante este proceso es suficiente para aplastar fragmentos pequeños y convertirlos en polvo.
**Para muestras líquidas** – Por favor, coloque las botellas en una bolsa de plástico y selle la bolsa con una abrazadera plástica o cinta adhesiva. Así, si alguna de las botellas dejase escapar el líquido durante el transporte, el agua no mojaría la caja de cartón.
*Última actualización de la página: Febrero de 2020*
---
### [Prévoir un rendez-vous](https://www.radiocarbon.com/prevoir-un-rendez-vous.htm)
**Published:** August 31, 2019
**Author:** IARC
---
### [感謝您與我們聯繫。](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost-thank-you-zh.htm)
**Published:** February 11, 2019
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
感謝您與我們聯繫。 我們會在上班時間內定時檢查電子郵件(週一至週五，上午8:30至下午5:30) 我們將盡快給您答覆。 若有緊急需求，請撥打電話(+886) 2-2175-2317
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### [연락주셔서 감사합니다](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost-thank-you-ko.htm)
**Published:** February 11, 2019
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
연락주셔서 감사합니다. 영업 시간 (오전 8시 – 오후 5시. EST, 월-금) 동안 이메일을 주기적으로 체크합니다. 가능한 빨리 연락드리겠습니다. 긴급 문의 사항이 있으시면, (+1) 305-667-5167로 전화 연락주시기 바랍니다.
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### [Grazie per averci contattato](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost-thank-you-it.htm)
**Published:** February 11, 2019
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
Grazie per averci contattato. Controlliamo le email regolarmente in orario d’ufficio (dalle 8 alle 17 EST, dal lunedì al venerdì). La ricontatteremo al più presto. Per richieste urgenti, contattare il numero +44 2036171094 int. 236 o +39 0689385880.
---
### [Thank you!](https://www.radiocarbon.com/francais/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost-thank-you-fr.htm)
**Published:** February 11, 2019
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
Merci de nous avoir contactés. Nous prenons connaissance de vos messages du lundi au vendredi de 8h à 17h. Nous reviendrons vers vous dans les meilleurs délais. Pour toute demande urgente, veuillez nous contacter au (+33) 1.77.68.25.03
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### [Gracias por comunicarse con nosotros](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost-thank-you-es.htm)
**Published:** February 11, 2019
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
Gracias por comunicarse con nosotros. Revisamos los correos electrónicos de manera regular en horario de oficina (8 AM-5PM EST de lunes a viernes). Nos comunicaremos con usted tan pronto como sea posible. Para consultas urgentes, por favor llámenos al teléfono (+1) 305-600-4733
---
### [Danke, dass Sie uns kontaktiert haben](https://www.radiocarbon.com/deutsch/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost-thank-you-de.htm)
**Published:** February 11, 2019
**Author:** DPRC
**Content:**
Danke, dass Sie uns kontaktiert haben. Wir prüfen unsere E-Mails regelmäßig während der Geschäftszeiten (8 bis 17 Uhr, Montag bis Freitag). Wir melden uns so schnell wie möglich bei Ihnen. Für dringende Anfragen rufen Sie uns bitte unter folgender Nummer an: +44 2071934661.
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### [No Access](https://www.radiocarbon.com/no-access.htm)
**Published:** July 17, 2018
**Author:** IARC
---
### [Danke, dass Sie uns kontaktiert haben](https://www.radiocarbon.com/danke-dass-sie-uns-kontaktiert-haben.htm)
**Published:** June 19, 2018
**Author:** IARC
**Content:**
# Danke, dass Sie uns kontaktiert haben.
#### Wir prüfen unsere E-Mails regelmäßig während der Geschäftszeiten (8 bis 17 Uhr, Montag bis Freitag).
Wir melden uns so schnell wie möglich bei Ihnen.
Für dringende Anfragen rufen Sie uns bitte unter fogender Nummer an: +44 2071934661.
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### [Redirect - About Beta 3](https://www.radiocarbon.com/about3.htm)
**Published:** May 12, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [Redirect Italian - Invio Falde Acquifere](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/invio-falde-acquifere.htm)
**Published:** July 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [Redirect Italian - Falde Acquifere](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/falde-acquifere.htm)
**Published:** July 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [Redirect Italian - Contaminazione Archeologia](https://www.radiocarbon.com/italiano/contaminazione-archeologia.htm)
**Published:** July 16, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [Redirect - Shipping](https://www.radiocarbon.com/shipping.htm)
**Published:** May 21, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
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**Published:** May 12, 2015
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**Published:** May 27, 2015
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---
### [Redirect - Sample Sizes](https://www.radiocarbon.com/samplesizes.htm)
**Published:** May 27, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
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### [Redirect - Sample 2](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sample2.htm)
**Published:** May 12, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [Redirect - Sample](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sample1.htm)
**Published:** May 12, 2015
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---
### [Redirect - Sample](https://www.radiocarbon.com/sample.htm)
**Published:** May 12, 2015
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---
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**Published:** May 12, 2015
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---
### [Redirect - Lab Methods](https://www.radiocarbon.com/labmethods.htm)
**Published:** May 12, 2015
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---
### [Redirect - La Contaminación de Artefactos Arqueológicos](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/arqueologia-contaminacion.htm)
**Published:** June 2, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
- Las fuentes de contaminación pueden ser naturales o artificiales.
- Los contaminantes afectan la edad de las muestras arqueológicas.
- Tratamiento previo realizado para retirar contaminantes depende del tipo de muestra.
Cualquier cosa que afecte el contenido de carbono 14 de una muestra se considera un contaminante. El suelo alrededor de un hueso o un pedazo de papel que se utiliza para envolverlo, contienen carbono que puede comprometer la edad de la muestra de hueso. Cualquier cosa que contenga carbono que entra en contacto con el artefacto arqueológico, afectará su contenido de radiocarbono.
## Contaminantes Naturales
Piedra caliza, ácidos húmico o fúlvico, y raíces de las plantas son ejemplos de contaminantes naturales. Ellos se introducen en los artefactos desde los materiales que los rodean, por ejemplo el suelo. Se consideran contaminantes porque introducen radiocarbono adicional sobre la muestra.
Piedra caliza, que es de origen geológico, debe ser removida antes de la [datación por radiocarbono](http://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/sobre-carbono-datacion.htm "datación por radiocarbono") porque hace que la muestra parezca más vieja que su verdadera edad. Raicillas de plantas que crecen en las muestras, le introducen carbono moderno, por lo tanto la muestra aparecerá mucho más joven. Ácidos húmico y fúlvico, que son productos de la degradación microbiana de plantas y animales, pueden hacer un artefacto significantemente más viejo o joven dependiendo de la edad de los organismos.
## Contaminantes Artificiales
La contaminación artificial ocurre después de la excavación, particularmente durante la recolección, conservación y envasado de los artefactos. Un hueso etiquetado usando papel y pegamento de origen animal, ya ha sido contaminado. Otros ejemplos de contaminación artificial son los biocidas, los productos químicos de conservación como acetato de polivinilo y el polietileno glicol, y la ceniza de cigarrillo.
Muestras arqueológicas que han sido contaminadas artificialmente suelen aparecer mucho más jóvenes que su verdadera edad. Esto se debe a la introducción de carbono moderno en las muestras.
## Los Métodos de Pretratamiento
Antes de que una muestra sea datada por radiocarbono, es pretratada para eliminar los contaminantes. Pretratamiento físico comienza con la remoción de los contaminantes visibles como raicillas de plantas y el raspado de la capa exterior. Esto a menudo es seguido por la reducción de tamaño a través de la trituración y otros métodos.
Los pretratamientos químicos siguen a los pretratamientos físicos para asegurar la eliminación de los contaminantes. Los productos químicos utilizados, su concentración, y el número de lavados químicos dependen del tipo de muestra y de los probables contaminantes. No hay ningún tratamiento químico previo estándar aplicable a todas las muestras para datación por radiocarbono.
---
### [Redirect - Korean Groundwater Shipping](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/groundwater-shipping.htm)
**Published:** January 22, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [Redirect - Korean Groundwater](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/groundwater.htm)
**Published:** January 22, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
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### [Redirect - Korean Archeaology Contamination](https://www.radiocarbon.com/korean/archaeology-contamination.htm)
**Published:** January 22, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
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**Published:** March 16, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
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**Published:** September 23, 2015
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**Published:** March 16, 2016
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**Published:** March 16, 2016
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### [Redirect - Aguas Subterraneas Envio](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/aguas-subterraneas-envio-htm.htm)
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**Author:** BeRC
---
### [Redirect - Aguas Subterraneas](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/aguas-subterraneas.htm)
**Published:** August 25, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [Redirect - Aguas Subterraneas](https://www.radiocarbon.com/espanol/aguas-subterraneas.htm)
**Published:** June 11, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [Redirect - About Beta 2](https://www.radiocarbon.com/about2.htm)
**Published:** May 12, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [Redirect - About Beta 1](https://www.radiocarbon.com/about.htm)
**Published:** May 12, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [Groundwater Traditional Chinese Redirect](https://www.radiocarbon.com/zh-hant/groundwater.htm)
**Published:** July 22, 2016
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [English - Homepage](https://www.radiocarbon.com/index.htm)
**Published:** May 8, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [Redirect - M](https://www.radiocarbon.com/m.htm)
**Published:** May 21, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [Redirect - Data Sheet Chinese](https://www.radiocarbon.com/data-sheet-guidechinese.htm)
**Published:** May 12, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [Search Results](https://www.radiocarbon.com/search-results.htm)
**Published:** May 4, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
**Content:**
---
### [Portugues Results Pages](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/results.htm)
**Published:** July 27, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [Portugues Radiocarbon Dating Pages](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/radiocarbon-dating.htm)
**Published:** July 27, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
---
### [Portugues Laboratory Pages](https://www.radiocarbon.com/portugues/laboratory.htm)
**Published:** July 27, 2015
**Author:** BeRC
---
## Webinars
### [Carbon-14 Analysis: Defining Biobased & Measuring Packaging, Plastics, and More](https://www.radiocarbon.com/webinars/carbon-14-analysis-defining-biobased-measuring-2/)
**Published:** July 30, 2026
**Author:** IARC
**Content:**
Join us to learn how Carbon-14 biobased testing fits into today’s complex sustainability landscape, including how biobased claims differ from recyclable and biodegradable claims and how they can be used together to avoid greenwashing risk. We’ll cover key material and product applications across packaging and plastics, along with global regulatory and market drivers shaping demand for biobased content. You’ll also gain clarity on biobased certification pathways and how verified claims support ESG goals, labeling compliance, and global market access.
What you’ll learn:
– Understanding Green Claims: a focus on biobased, biodegradable, and recyclable
– Materials & Applications: biobased packaging, plastics, and more
– Global demand & Regulation: single-use plastics restrictions
– Testing & Biobased Certification: USDA BioPreferred, SGS Green Marks, and other programs
– ESG & Market Strategy: avoid greenwashing and enable global market access
Who should attend:
This webinar is designed for sustainability leaders, product developers, and compliance teams who need a clear, science-backed way to substantiate biobased claims, navigate evolving plastics regulations, and turn certified materials into a competitive ESG and market-access advantage.
---
### [Understanding DIN CERTCO Biobased Certification and Carbon-14 Verification](https://www.radiocarbon.com/webinars/understanding-din-certco-biobased-certification-carbon/)
**Published:** July 30, 2026
**Author:** IARC
**Content:**
Agenda:
– The growing demand for transparent and credible biobased claims
– Understanding biobased content verification through Carbon-14 testing
– Overview of the DIN CERTCO Biobased Certification Program
– Certification requirements and application process
– Q&A and discussion with experts from SGS Beta and DIN CERTCO
---
### [Certificación Biobased de DIN CERTCO y Verificación del Contenido de Origen Biológico mediante Carbono-14](https://www.radiocarbon.com/webinars/certificacion-biobased-din-certco-verificacion-contenido/)
**Published:** July 30, 2026
**Author:** IARC
**Content:**
Agenda:
– La creciente demanda de declaraciones sobre contenido “biobased” o de origen biológico que sean transparentes y creíbles.
– Cómo se verifica el contenido “biobased” mediante análisis de Carbono-14.
– Visión general del programa de Certificación Biobased de DIN CERTCO.
– Requisitos de certificación y proceso de solicitud.
– Sesión de preguntas y respuestas (Q&A) y debate con expertos de SGS Beta y DIN CERTCO.
---
### [Integrating Radiocarbon and Isotope Analysis in Quaternary Research](https://www.radiocarbon.com/webinars/integrating-radiocarbon-isotope-analysis-quaternary-research/)
**Published:** July 30, 2026
**Author:** IARC
**Content:**
Agenda:
– The changing nature of Quaternary research: increasing interdisciplinary approaches
– Radiocarbon dating as the chronological foundation
– Moving beyond chronology with isotope analysis
– Building an integrated analytical strategy
– Sample selection and project planning
– Q&A
Who should attend:
Designed for archaeologists, geologists, palaeoecologists, palaeoclimatologists, geomorphologists and other Quaternary researchers who want to move beyond establishing when something happened to investigate where people, animals and materials originated, how they moved, and how environments changed through time.
---
### [Biogenic Carbon Determination of Biogas Using Carbon-14 testing](https://www.radiocarbon.com/webinars/biogenic-carbon-determination-biogas-carbon-14/)
**Published:** July 30, 2026
**Author:** IARC
**Content:**
Join us for a webinar focused on Biogas (Biomethane, RNG, BioLPG) testing using Carbon-14 analysis (ASTM D6866 and international equivalents) and its role for carbon accounting under various decarbonization schemes (RIN tax credits, LCFS programs, EU RED directive). This session will explain how C-14 testing accurately quantifies biogenic carbon content of hydrocarbons, and how it helps support emissions reduction claims, tax credit awards and regulatory compliance. We’ll also provide a strategic overview of how this testing integrates into broader sustainable strategies, ESG reporting (e.g. CI scores), regulatory compliance and marketing claims.
What you’ll learn:
– Market trends and global demand
– Regulatory framework & Carbon market
– How is biogenic carbon measured?
– Applications across sectors
– Sampling & testing
Who should attend:
This webinar is for any biogas producers or traders seeking to gain insights on biogenic testing to determine the biogenic share of biogas (co-processing, Anaerobic digestion, waste-to-biogas, biogas-to-electricity) for regulatory compliance purposes, ESG reporting and decarbonization goals.
---
### [化生物基宣称为实证：碳-14测试与SGS Green Marks助力市场信心](https://www.radiocarbon.com/webinars/zh-sgs-green-marks/)
**Published:** July 30, 2026
**Author:** IARC
**Content:**
现诚邀您参加SGS BETA实验室举办的研讨会，深入了解碳-14分析如何验证现代材料及产品中的生物基含量。本次研讨会将详细阐述ASTM D6866标准如何区分生物基碳与化石基碳，从而协助企业为其“生物基”声明提供确凿依据。我们将通过报告范例进行演示，重点分享涵盖包装、化工及消费品领域的实际案例研究，并展示碳-14（¹⁴C）检测结果如何为各类认证项目提供有力支撑。参会者将对围绕生物基含量验证、ESG可信度及市场透明度相关的分析方法与法规背景，建立清晰、全面的认知。
您将学到：
– 简介：为何可再生性验证至关重要，以及SGS在可信检测领域所扮演的角色。
– “生物基”的定义：深入解读 ASTM D6866、ISO 16620 和 EN 16640 等相关标准的核心要义。
– 碳-14 检测与标准：加速器质谱法（AMS）技术的运作原理及检测报告的呈现形式。
– 案例研究：来自包装、化工及消费品行业的真实应用案例。
– 认证、合规与市场影响。
– SGS GreenMarks标签如何支持生物基声明
– 实操指南：样品制备流程、检测周期及不确定度的解读方法。
– 问答环节。
欢迎参加：
从事可持续发展、合规管理、产品开发或认证工作，且涉及生物基声明验证或监管事务的专业人士。
---
### [Buenas prácticas en muestreo arqueológico para datación por radiocarbono](https://www.radiocarbon.com/webinars/buenas-practicas-muestreo-arqueologico-datacion-radiocarbono-2/)
**Published:** July 30, 2026
**Author:** IARC
**Content:**
Le invitamos a este seminario web gratuito sobre buenas prácticas en el muestreo arqueológico en campo y la selección de materiales para datación por radiocarbono. Dirigido a arqueólogos, geoarqueólogos y profesionales del patrimonio, esta sesión ofrecerá orientación práctica para elegir las muestras más adecuadas, construir cronologías sólidas y evitar errores comunes que pueden afectar la fiabilidad de los resultados.
Agenda:
– La datación por radiocarbono en el contexto arqueológico
– Construcción de cronologías: muestreo múltiple, replicación y lógica estratigráfica
– Buenas prácticas en la selección de muestras: carbón, hueso, semillas, carbonatos, sedimentos y materiales mixtos
– Supuestos clave y principales desafíos: efecto de “madera antigua”, materiales intrusivos, efecto reservorio y sesgos de conservación
– Casos de estudio
– Envío de muestras
---
### [Buenas prácticas en muestreo arqueológico para datación por radiocarbono](https://www.radiocarbon.com/webinars/buenas-practicas-muestreo-arqueologico-datacion-radiocarbono/)
**Published:** July 30, 2026
**Author:** IARC
**Content:**
Le invitamos a este seminario web gratuito sobre buenas prácticas en el muestreo arqueológico en campo y la selección de materiales para datación por radiocarbono. Dirigido a arqueólogos, geoarqueólogos y profesionales del patrimonio, esta sesión ofrecerá orientación práctica para elegir las muestras más adecuadas, construir cronologías sólidas y evitar errores comunes que pueden afectar la fiabilidad de los resultados.
Agenda:
– La datación por radiocarbono en el contexto arqueológico
– Construcción de cronologías: muestreo múltiple, replicación y lógica estratigráfica
– Buenas prácticas en la selección de muestras: carbón, hueso, semillas, carbonatos, sedimentos y materiales mixtos
– Supuestos clave y principales desafíos: efecto de “madera antigua”, materiales intrusivos, efecto reservorio y sesgos de conservación
– Casos de estudio
– Envío de muestras
---
### [Carbon-14 Testing for Biogenic Content in Biofuels](https://www.radiocarbon.com/webinars/carbon-14-testing-biogenic-content-biofuels/)
**Published:** July 30, 2026
**Author:** IARC
**Content:**
Join us for a webinar focused on the SEA Market on biofuels testing using Carbon-14 analysis (ASTM D6866 and international equivalent) and its role for carbon accounting under various clean fuels schemes (EU RED directive, LCFS programs, blending mandates). This session will explain how C-14 testing accurately quantifies biogenic content of biofuels, and how it helps support emissions reductions claims and regulatory compliance. We’ll also provide a strategic overview of how this testing integrates into broader sustainable strategies, ESG reporting (e.g. CI scores), regulatory compliance and marketing claims.
What you’ll learn:
– Growing role of biofuels for decarbonization
– Drivers, regulatory frameworks & incentives
– How biogenic carbon is measured
– Applications across sectors
– Carbon markets & certification
– Sampling & testing
---
### [웨비나 주제: 수자원 관리 - 동위원소 분석](https://www.radiocarbon.com/webinars/ko-webinar-89582803529/)
**Published:** July 30, 2026
**Author:** IARC
**Content:**
수자원 관리를 위한 동위원소 분석에 대한 웨비나에 참여하여 첨단 동위원소 분석 기법 활용에 대한 귀중한 정보를 얻으세요. 본 웨비나에서는 지하수 연대 측정 및 유동 역학 분석을 위한 방사성탄소 분석의 실제 적용 사례를 다루고, 붕소 및 스트론튬 동위원소가 물의 기원 및 수원 추적을 위한 지구화학적 특징을 어떻게 제공하는지 보여드립니다. 또한 정확한 결과를 얻기 위한 지하수 시료 채취 방법 및 실험실 프로토콜과 실제 사례 연구를 소개합니다.
주제:
– 지하수의 방사성탄소 분석
– 물의 기원 연구에서 붕소 및 스트론튬 동위원소 분석
– 연구 사례들
– 지하수 시료 채취 및 실험실 프로토콜
– Q&A
대상 : 수질 평가 및 수자원 관리에 동위원소 분석을 적용하고자 하는 수문학자, 수자원 관리자, 지질 화학자, 컨설턴트, 관련 연구원 및 환경 전문가.
---
### [Tracing Environmental Pollution: Isotopic Tools for Air, Water & Soil Monitoring](https://www.radiocarbon.com/webinars/tracing-environmental-pollution-isotopic-tools-air/)
**Published:** July 30, 2026
**Author:** IARC
**Content:**
Environmental contamination often involves multiple potential sources, making it difficult to determine where pollutants originate and how they move through air, water, and soil systems. This webinar explores how isotopic techniques such as Carbon-14 can be used to trace contamination sources, characterize environmental processes, and support remediation, monitoring, and regulatory investigations.
What you’ll learn:
– Introduction to environmental isotope tracing
– Isotopic tools for pollution source and process identification (14C, B, Sr, Pb)
– Case studies in air, water, and soil contamination
– Multi-isotope approaches for environmental forensics
– Analytical services and reporting
– Q&A
---
### [Decarbonization Solution: Carbon-14 Analysis for Biogenic Emissions & CCUS Projects](https://www.radiocarbon.com/webinars/decarbonization-solution-carbon-14-analysis-biogenic/)
**Published:** July 30, 2026
**Author:** IARC
**Content:**
Join us for a webinar focused on the Southeast Asia (SEA) market, exploring biogenic carbon testing through Carbon-14 analysis (ASTM D6866) and its role in carbon accounting, emissions schemes, ESG reporting, and CCUS. Designed for facilities aiming to monitor and quantify biogenic emissions, this session will explain how Carbon-14 analysis provides accurate measurement of biogenic content. These insights support net-negative claims, regulatory compliance, and carbon credit eligibility. We will also provide a strategic overview of how this testing integrates into broader emissions reduction strategies, certification frameworks, and reporting requirements—helping operators demonstrate verified climate impact.
What you’ll learn:
– Rising Carbon price and why biogenic carbon matters
– Regulatory frameworks & incentives
– How is biogenic carbon measured?
– CCUS in hard-to-abate sectors
– Applications across sectors
– Carbon markets & certification
– Sampling & testing
Who should attend:
This webinar is designed for operators seeking to better understand biogenic emissions monitoring, as well as facilities considering CCUS implementation or the use of captured CO₂ as a feedstock—particularly where a portion of the carbon is biogenic.
---
### [用于放射性碳测年的考古野外取样与材料选择](https://www.radiocarbon.com/webinars/zh-webinar-82440914808/)
**Published:** July 30, 2026
**Author:** IARC
**Content:**
SGS BETA实验室诚邀您参加本次免费网络研讨会，共同探讨用于放射性碳测年的考古野外取样与材料选择的最佳实践。本次研讨会专为考古学家、地质考古学家及文化遗产专业人士设计，旨在提供实用的指导，协助您在野外工作中选取合适的样品，从而建立可靠的遗址年代序列、规避常见误区，并提升测年结果的可靠性。
研讨会将覆盖以下内容：
– 考古背景下的放射性碳测年应用
– 建立可靠的遗址年代序列：多样品取样、重复取样及地层学逻辑的应用
– 样品选择的最佳实践与野外取样策略：针对木炭、骨骼、种子、碳酸盐、沉积物及混合材料的取样方法
– 关键假设与挑战：旧木效应、再沉积（扰动）效应、外来侵入物质、储库效应及保存偏差等问题
– 案例分析
– 样品寄送流程
---
### [Archaeological Field Sampling and Material Selection for Radiocarbon Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/webinars/archaeological-field-sampling-material-selection-radiocarbon/)
**Published:** July 30, 2026
**Author:** IARC
**Content:**
Join us for a complimentary webinar on best practices for archaeological field sampling and material selection for radiocarbon dating. Designed for archaeologists, geoarchaeologists, and heritage professionals, this session will provide practical guidance on selecting the right samples in the field to build robust site chronologies, avoid common pitfalls, and improve the reliability of dating results.
What you’ll learn:
– Radiocarbon dating in the archaeological context
– Building a robust site chronology: multiple samples, replication, and stratigraphic logic
– Best practices for sample selection & Field sampling strategy: charcoal, bone, seeds, carbonates, sediments, and mixed materials
– Key assumptions & challenges: old wood effect, reworking, intrusive material, reservoir effects, and preservation biases.
– Case studies
– Sample submission
---
### [Carbon-14 on Naturally Sourced Caffeine](https://www.radiocarbon.com/webinars/carbon-14-naturally-sourced-caffeine/)
**Published:** July 30, 2026
**Author:** IARC
**Content:**
Join us for a complimentary webinar on how Carbon-14 analysis is used to verify the authenticity of naturally sourced caffeine. Tailored for ingredient manufacturers, beverage and nutraceutical companies, and regulatory and quality teams, this session will provide practical insight into detecting synthetic adulteration, validating supplier claims, and supporting product integrity in a market under increasing scrutiny.
What you’ll learn:
– Market demand and risks around naturally-sourced caffeine claims
– Why natural vs synthetic caffeine is difficult to verify
– How Carbon-14 determines naturally sourced ingredients
– Detecting adulteration and verifying supplier claims
– Real-world applications for QA and product integrity
– How SGS Beta supports reliable, audit-ready testing
---
### [利用碳-14测试生物燃料和碳氢化合物气体的生物源含量](https://www.radiocarbon.com/webinars/zh-webinar-85341795097/)
**Published:** July 30, 2026
**Author:** IARC
---
### [Carbon-14 Analysis: Defining Biobased & Measuring Packaging, Plastics, and More](https://www.radiocarbon.com/webinars/carbon-14-analysis-defining-biobased-measuring/)
**Published:** July 30, 2026
**Author:** IARC
---
### [ASTM D6866 Testing for Biogenic Emissions and CCUS](https://www.radiocarbon.com/webinars/astm-d6866-testing-biogenic-emissions-ccus/)
**Published:** July 30, 2026
**Author:** IARC
---
### [Análisis de Carbono-14: Clave para Validar Ingredientes Naturales](https://www.radiocarbon.com/webinars/analisis-carbono-14-clave-validar-ingredientes/)
**Published:** July 30, 2026
**Author:** IARC
---
### [End-to-End Verification: Carbon-14 Measurement of Natural Ingredients Across the Supply Chain](https://www.radiocarbon.com/webinars/end-end-verification-carbon-14-measurement/)
**Published:** July 30, 2026
**Author:** IARC
---
### [Using ASTM D6866 to Verify Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)](https://www.radiocarbon.com/webinars/astm-d6866-verify-sustainable-aviation-fuel/)
**Published:** July 30, 2026
**Author:** IARC
---
## Downloads
### [BETA-ISO-17025-2017](https://www.radiocarbon.com/download/21680/?tmstv=1786284868)
**Published:** July 30, 2020
**Author:** IARC
---
## Categories
### [SGS Beta Updates](https://www.radiocarbon.com/category/beta-analytic-updates/)
**Description:** SGS Beta articles on radiocarbon dating and stable isotope analysis of various materials, participation at archaeology and geology conferences, and other company updates.
---
### [Japanese Articles](https://www.radiocarbon.com/category/jp/)
**Description:** SGS Beta articles in Japanese on various radiocarbon dating and stable isotopes analysis topics and company updates.
---
### [Japanese Blog](https://www.radiocarbon.com/category/jphome/)
**Description:** SGS Beta blog with Japanese articles on company updates and other radiocarbon dating and stable isotope analysis topics.
---
### [SGS Beta Webinars](https://www.radiocarbon.com/category/beta-analytic-updates/beta-analytic-webinars/)
**Description:** SGS Beta complimentary webinar series will demonstrate how the integration of stable isotopic analysis improves water quality and water management systems.
---
### [Radiocarbon Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/category/carbon-14-dating/)
**Description:** Articles on radiocarbon dating different materials like corals, fish otoliths, eggshells, teeth, bones, sand, among others.
---
### [Stable Isotope Analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/category/stable-isotopes-analysis/)
**Description:** Articles on stable isotope analysis of various materials including water, carbonates, bones and other samples. SGS Beta provides stable isotope analysis by IRMS and CRDS.
---
### [French Articles](https://www.radiocarbon.com/category/fr/)
**Description:** SGS Beta articles in French on various radiocarbon dating and stable isotopes analysis topics and company updates.
---
### [French Blog](https://www.radiocarbon.com/category/frhome/)
**Description:** SGS Beta’s blog with French articles on company updates and other radiocarbon dating and stable isotope analysis topics.
---
### [Spanish Articles](https://www.radiocarbon.com/category/es/)
**Description:** SGS Beta articles in Spanish on various radiocarbon dating and stable isotopes analysis topics and company updates.
---
## Tags
### [radiocarbon lab](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/radiocarbon-lab/)
---
### [radiocarbon laboratory](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/radiocarbon-laboratory/)
---
### [C14 lab](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/c14-lab/)
---
### [carbon dating services](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/carbon-dating-services/)
---
### [radiocarbon testing](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/radiocarbon-testing/)
---
### [Accelerator Mass Spectrometry facilities](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/ams-labs/)
---
### [ams laboratories](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/ams-laboratories/)
---
### [ams miami lab](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/ams-miami-lab/)
---
### [radiocarbon dating labs](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/radiocarbon-dating-labs/)
---
### [stable isotope analysis laboratory](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/stable-isotope-analysis-laboratory/)
---
### [加速器分析研究所](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/加速器分析研究所/)
---
### [c14 年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/c14-年代測定/)
---
### [放射性炭素年代測定](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/放射性炭素年代測定/)
---
### [radiocarbon dating services](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/radiocarbon-dating-services/)
---
### [radiocarbon analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/radiocarbon-analysis/)
---
### [carbon dating test](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/carbon-dating-test/)
---
### [14c dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/14c-dating/)
---
### [cost of radiocarbon dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/cost-of-radiocarbon-dating/)
---
### [carbon dating human bones](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/carbon-dating-human-bones/)
---
### [radiocarbon dating prices](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/radiocarbon-dating-prices/)
---
### [how much does carbon dating cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/how-much-does-carbon-dating-cost/)
---
### [carbon dating service](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/carbon-dating-service/)
---
### [radiocarbon dating companies](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/radiocarbon-dating-companies/)
---
### [carbon dating companies](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/carbon-dating-companies/)
---
### [carbon dating lab](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/carbon-dating-lab/)
---
### [radiocarbon dating cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/radiocarbon-dating-cost/)
---
### [Radiocarbon dating lab](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/radiocarbon-dating-lab/)
---
### [how much does radiocarbon dating cost](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/how-much-does-radiocarbon-dating-cost/)
---
### [radiocarbon dating bones](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/radiocarbon-dating-bones/)
---
### [carbon dating bones](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/carbon-dating-bones/)
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### [AMS lab](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/ams-lab/)
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### [bone dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/bone-dating/)
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### [ams analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/ams-analysis/)
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### [carbon sample](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/carbon-sample/)
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### [c14 carbon dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/c14-carbon-dating/)
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### [carbon date](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/carbon-date/)
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### [radiocarbon dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/radiocarbon-dating/)
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### [Carbon dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/carbon-dating/)
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### [Accelerator Mass Spectrometry](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/accelerator-mass-spectrometry/)
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### [C14 Dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/c14-dating/)
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### [stable isotope analysis](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/stable-isotope-analysis/)
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### [radiometric dating](https://www.radiocarbon.com/tag/radiometric-dating/)
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